General effluent standards Practiced in Different Countrues

(Comparesion between countries and proposed for Nepal)

Standards Practiced in
India Bangladesh Sri Lanka Jordan Kuwait Oman Tunisia Nepal
S.N. Parameters Unit
Disposal to Disposal Disposal to Disposal to To Inland To Land To Public Ground Reuse and Reuse and Reuse and WW into Effluent to Effluent to Ammend
To
Inland Surface to Public Land for Marine Coastal Surface for Sewers Water Inland S Inland S Public ment
Streams Recharge Discharge Discharge Discharge
Water (ISW) Sewer Irrigation Areas Water Irrigation with CETP Water Water Sewers ?
All efforts should be made
All efforts should be made All efforts should be made to remove colour and
to remove colour and to remove colour and
1 Colour and odour unpleasant odour as far as - unpleasant odour as far as
unpleasant odour as far as practicable.
practicable. practicable.

a) For process effluent-

100; b) For cooling water
2 Total Suspended solids 100 600 200 10 percent above total 150 200 500 60 50 15 15 30 50 30 - 200 600
suspended matter of
influent

a) Floatable solids–max. 3 Shall pass Shall pass

Particle size of suspended Shall pass 850 micron
3 solids
-
IS sieve
- - mm; b) settleable solids- 850-micron 850-micron
max. 850 µm. sieve sieve

4 pH - 5.5 to 9 5.5 to 9 5.5 to 9 5.5 to 9 6 to 9 - 5.5 to 10 6 to 9 6 to 9 6.5 to 8.5 6 to 9 6.5 to 8.5 5.5 to 9 5.5 to 9 5.5 to 9
Shall not exceed 5 0C Shall not exceed 5°C summer-40, summer-40,
5 Temperature °C, max. above the receiving - - above the receiving water
winter-45 winter-45 45 40 40 45
water temperature temperature

6 Oil and grease mg/l, max. 10 20 10 20 10 10 30 10 10 50

7 Total residual chlorine mg/l, max. 1 - - 1 3 0.5 to 1 1 1
Ammoniacal nitrogen (as
8 N)
mg/l, max. 50 50 - 50 50 75 50 70 45 15 5 50 50 50
Total kjeldahl nitrogen (as
9 N)
mg/l, max. 100 - - 100 100 100 500
10 Free ammonia (as NH3) mg/l, max. 5 - - 5 5 15 50 - 5 35
BOD (3 days at 27 oC or
11 5 days at 20 oC)
mg/l, max. 30 350 100 100 50 100 350 60 15 20 15 30 50 30-100 400
12 COD mg/l, max. 250 - - 250 200 400 850 150 50 100 150 90 250 250 1000
13 Arsenic (as As) mg/l, max. 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 1
14 Mercury (as Hg) mg/l, max. 0.01 0.01 - 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.005 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.01 0.01 0.01
15 Lead (as Pb) mg/l, max. 0.1 1 - 2 0.1 0.1 1 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.1 1 0.1 0.1 0.1
16 Cadmium (as Cd) mg/l, max. 2 1 - 2 0.05 0.5 1 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 2 2 2
Hexavalent chromium
17 (Cr+6)
mg/l, max. 0.1 2 - 1 0.1 1 0.1 0.1
18 Total chromium (Cr) mg/l, max. 2 2 - 2 0.5 1 2 0.02 0.02 0.15 0.05 0.1 2
19 Copper (as Cu) mg/l, max. 3 3 - 3 0.5 3 3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.05 0.5 3 3 3
20 Zinc (as Zn) mg/l, max. 5 15 - 15 5 10 5 5 5 2 5 5 5 5 5
21 Selenium (as Se) mg/l, max. 0.05 0.05 - 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
22 Nickel (as Ni) mg/l, max. 3 3 - 5 1 1 3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 o.2 3 3 3
23 Cyanides (as CN) mg/l, max. 0.2 2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 2 0.05 0.2 0.2 2
24 Fluorides (as F) mg/l, max. 2 15 - 15 7 10 20 1.5 1.5 25 1 3 2 2 10
25 Dissolved Phosphates (P) mg/l, max. 5 - - - 8 10 - 30
26 Sulphides (as S) mg/l, max. 2 - - 5 1 2 5 0.1 0.01 2 2 2
 Standards Practiced in
India Bangladesh Sri Lanka Jordan Kuwait Oman Tunisia Nepal
S.N. Parameters Unit
Disposal to Disposal Disposal to Disposal to To Inland To Land To Public Ground Reuse and Reuse and Reuse and WW into Effluent to Effluent to Ammend
To
Inland Surface to Public Land for Marine Coastal Surface for Sewers Water Inland S Inland S Public ment
Streams Recharge Discharge Discharge Discharge
Water (ISW) Sewer Irrigation Areas Water Irrigation with CETP Water Water Sewers ?

Phenolic compounds (as

27 C6H5OH)
mg/l, max. 1 5 - 5 1 1 5 1 1 1 10
Radioactive materials: a)
28 Alpha emitters
Micro 10-7 10 -7 10-8 10-7 - - 10 -8 10-7 10-7
curie/ml,
29 b) Beta emitters max. 10 -6 10 -6 10 -7 10 -6 - - 10 -7 10-8 10-8
90% survival of fish 90% survival 90% survival of fish 90% survival of fish after
after 96 h in 100% of fish after 96 after 96 h in 100% 96 h in 100% effluent
effluent h in 100% effluent
30 Bioassay test - effluent

31 Manganese (as Mn) mg/l, max. 2 2 - 2 5 5 - 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1

32 Iron (as Fe) mg/l, max. 3 3 - 3 2 2 - 5 5 5 1 0.5
33 Vanadium (as V) mg/l, max. 0.2 0.2 - 0.2 - 0.1 0.1 0.1
34 Nitrate nitrogen (as N) mg/l, max. 10 - - 20 10 10 - 50
35 Boron (as B) mg/l, max. 2 2 - 1 1 2 0.5 3
36 Chloride (Cl) mg/l, max. 600 600 900 350 350 650 2000 1000
37 Dissolved Oxygen mg/l, max. 4.5 to 8 4.5 to 8 - >1 >2 >2
micro
38 Electrical Conductivity
mho/cm
1200 1200 - 7000
39 Nitrate molecule mg/l, max. 10 10 - 45 30
40 Total Disolved Solids mg/l, max. 2100 2100 - 1500 1500 1500 1500 2100
41 Sulphates (as SO4) mg/l, max. 1,000 300 300 400 500
42 Pesticides mg/l, max. 0.2
43 Detergents/surfactants mg/l, max. 50
44 Silver mg/l, max. 0.1 0.1 0.1
45 Insecticides Absent Absent Absent
46 Mineral Oils mg/l, max. 10
Inhibition of nitrafication
47 test at 200 ml/l
<50%
 Annexure 2: Comparative standards applicable in different countries for
Septage, manure and leachate

Parameters Canada USA Taiwan Hungary China Saudi Arabia Tunisia

All soils Sandy soils All soils All soils Paddy crop Vegetables All soils
PH - 6.0-9.0 6.5-8.5 5.5-8.5 5.5-8.5 6.0-8.4 5.5-9.0

Total dissolved solids, 500- 1000- 1000-

- - - -
mg/L
3500 2000 2000

Suspended solids, mg/L - - 100 - 150 200 10

Chloride, mg/L - - 175 - 250 250 280

Sulphate, mg/L - - 200 - - - -
BOD, mg/L - - - - 80 80 10
COD, mg/L - - - - 200 150 -
Aluminum, g/L - 5000 5000 5000 - - 5000
Arsenic, g/L 100 100 1000 200 50 50 100
Boron, g/L 500-600 750 750 700 1000-3000 1000-3000 500
Beryllium, g/L 100 100 500 100 - - 10
Cadmium, g/L 10 10 10 20 5 5 100

Chromium (total), g/L 100 100 100 5000 100 100 50

Cobalt, g/L 50 50 50 50 - - 400

Copper, g/L 200-1000 200 200 2000 1000 1000 -
Iron, g/L 200 5000 2000 100 - - 5000
Lead, g/L - 200 - 1000 - - -
Manganese, g/L - - - 10 - - 200
Mercury, g/L Oct-50 10 5 0 1 1 1
Molybdenum, g/L 200 200 10 1000 - - 100
Nickel, g/L - 20 - - - - 200
Selenium, g/L 20-50 - - 5000 20 20 20
Zinc, g/L 1000-5000 2000 5000 10000 2000 2000 4000
Cyanide (total), g/L - - - - 500 500 500
Oil and grease, g/L - - 5000 50000 5000 5000 5000
Surfactants, g/L - - - - - - -

Radioactive –

alpha emitters - - - - - - -
Radioactive –
- - - - - - -
beta emitters

Bioassay - - - - - - -

C/N Ratio - - - - - - -
Source: Adopted from Andrew C. C., Albert L. P., Asano T., and Hesphanhol I., “Developing human health related chemical guidelines for recla
ountries for

India India
All soil Leachate
6.5-8.5 5.5-9.0

- 2100

20030 -

-2000 600
- -
100- 100
-90 -
- -
200100 200
-3000 -
- -
-10 -

-100 -

-100 -
-500 -
-5000 -
1000 -
-500 -
-1 -
- -
-200 -
-50 -
-5000 -
200 200
10000 5000
- -

10 -8

7-Oct -

90% fish
survival in 96 -
hrs

- -
ated chemical guidelines for reclaimed wastewater irrigation,” Water Science & Technology, 33(10–11), 463–472
Annexure 3: Standards for compost quality notified under MSW
Rules 2000
Parameters Concentration not to exceed * (mg/kg dry basis , except pH value and C/N ratio)

Arsenic 10

Cadmium 5

Chromium 50

Copper 300

Lead 100

Mercury 0.15

Nickel 50

Zinc 1000

C/N ratio 20-40

PH 5.5-8.5
Annexure 4: Standards for Leachate Quality from solid wastes dump sites as notified
under MSW Rules 2000

Standards ( Mode of Disposal )

Parameter
Inland surface water Public sewers
Suspended solids, mg/l, max 100 600
Dissolved solids (inorganic) mg/l,
2100 2100
max.
PH value 5.5 to 9.0 5.5 to 9.0
Ammonical nitrogen (as N), mg/l,
50 50
max.
Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (as N), mg/l,
100 -
max.
Biochemical oxygen demand ( 3 days
30 350
at 270 C) max.(mg/l)
Chemical oxygen demand, mg/l,
250 -
max.
Arsenic (as As), mg/l, max 0.2 0.2
Mercury (as Hg), mg/l, max 0.01 0.01
Lead (as Pb), mg/l, max 0.1 1
Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l, max 2 1

Total Chromium (as Cr), mg/l, max. 2 2

Copper (as Cu), mg/l, max. 3 3

Zinc (as Zn), mg/l, max. 5 15
Nickel (as Ni), mg/l, max 3 3
Cyanide (as CN), mg/l, max. 0.2 2
Chloride (as Cl), mg/l, max. 1000 1000
Fluoride (as F), mg/l, max 2 1.5
Phenolic compounds (as C6H5OH)
1 5
mg/l, max.
d wastes dump sites as notified

Land disposal
200

2100

5.5 to 9.0

100

0.2
-
-
-

-
-
-
0.2
600
-

-
Annexure 5: Comparative analysis of various technologies

Process technology type Land requirement Operation and maintenance cost Energy requirement

Activated Sludge
0.15 to 0.25 hectares / MLD installed Rs 0.3 to 0.5 million / year/
180 to 225 Kwh/ ML treated
capacity MLD installed capacity

Process

0.25 TO 0.65 hectares / MLD 180 Kwh/ML

Trickling Filter (TF) Slightly lower than ASP
installed capacity

treated
Energy required for the
Waste Stabilization
0.8 to 2.3 hectares/ MLD installed Rs 0.06 to 0.1 million/year/ operation of screen and
capacity MLD installed capacity grit chamber, negligible as
Ponds (WSP)
compared to ASP

Upflow anaerobic sludge 0.2 to 0.3 hectares/MLD installed Rs 0.08 to 0.17 million/ year / 10 to 15 KWh / ML sewage
blanket (UASB) capacity MLD installed capacity treated

Rotating 1biological
NA NA Very low as compared to ASP
contractor (RBC)

Sequencing Batch 0.1 to 0.15 hectares/ MLD installed 150 to 200

Higher than ASP
capacity
Reactor (SBR) KWh/ML treated

Fluidized Aerobic 0.06 Hectares / MLD installed 0.5 – 0.75 million/year/ MLD 99-170 KWh / ML
capacity installed capacity
Bed (FAB) sewage treated

Submerged Aerobic Fixed 0.05 hectares / MLD installed 1.14 million/ year /MLD 390 KWh /ML
Film (SAFF) reactor capacity installed capacity
treated

Membrane bioreactor
0.035 hectares / MLD installed Rs 0.6 to 0.75 million/ year /
180 to 220 KWh/ ML treated
capacity MLD installed capacity
(MBR)

Process technology type Land requirement Operation and maintenance cost Energy requirement

Septic tank with soak pit 0.2 hectares / MLD installed capacity NA Very low power required

Duckweed pond system 2-6 hectares / MLD installed Rs 0.18 million/ year / MLD It is much less as compared to
(DPS) capacity installed capacity ASP
Duckweed pond system 2-6 hectares / MLD installed Rs 0.18 million/ year / MLD It is much less as compared to
(DPS) capacity installed capacity ASP

Root zone treatment system 0.1 to 0.2 hectares /MLD installed Rs 0.05 million/ year /MLD
Energy requirement is very low
(RZT) capacity installed capacity

These systems do not rely on

Anaerobic baffled reactor + 0.7 to 0.8 hectares /MLD installed Rs 0.01 million/ year /MLD systems driven
RZTS capacity installed capacity
by machines and electricity

Source: 1. Compendium of Sewage Treatment Technologies by Vinod Tare and Purnendu Bose
Capital cost Effluent quality Distinct advantage

BOD: 10-20 mg/L Suspended

Rs 2 to
solids(SS): Land requirement is very less and performance
is not affected by normal variation in waste
water characteristic

4 million/ MLD 20 to 50 mg/L

capacity

Relatively Rugged system with simple and silent

Comparable to ASP
operation

lower than ASP

BOD: 30-50 mg/L Suspended
Rs 1.5 to 4.5 million/MLD solids(SS):
Very easy operation and maintenance
capacity 75 – 125 mg/L The color of the
water is greenish

BOD: 30-40 mg/L Suspended

Rs 2.5 to 3.5 million/MLD solids(SS): 75 – Can absorb hydraulic and organic shock
installed capacity loading. Sludge handling is minimal

100 mg/L
Ease of installation and commissioning. Simple
NA Comparable to ASP
to operate and maintain
BOD< 5 mg/L Total Suspended
Higher than
solids (TSS): The process is time controlled and flexible
ASP <10mg/L
BOD < 10mg/L Suspended
3-5 million/ MLD installed solids(SS): No sludge recycling and monitoring of MLSS
capacity required
<20mg/L
BOD < 10mg/L Suspended
Rs 7 million / MLD installed solids(SS): More compact than the conventional STP’s
capacity
<20mg/L
BOD < 5 mg/L Suspended
Rs 3-5 million/ MLD installed solids(SS): Highest effluent quality for reuse and very
capacity <10mg/L colorless water is high life cycle cost
obtained

Capital cost Effluent quality Distinct advantage

BOD < 10mg/L Suspended

Rs 1 million/ MLD installed solids(SS): Little space required, simple and durable
capacity
<20mg/L

Is of the same order as WSP BOD < 10mg/L Total Suspended

Easy to harvest, les sensitive to surrounding
with an additional cost floating solids(TSS):
environmental conditions
material
Is of the same order as WSP
Easy to harvest, les sensitive to surrounding
with an additional cost floating
environmental conditions
material <10mg/L
BOD < 5 mg/L Suspended solids
Rs 1 – 1.5 million/ MLD (SS): Low cost, natural looking and high pathogen
installed capacity <10mg/L. colorless water is removal
obtained
BOD < 5 mg/L Suspended
Rs 1 million/ MLD installed solids(SS): Less dependence on electricity and easily fits
capacity into landscaping
<10mg/L