Mon day.

12 September 2022
elASSMALe
Date
Page
Introduction to Softuware Engineeri ng
Software
Basically,a set ot Computer programs and
0Ssoci.ated documentation and data
i l It is a collection of instructions, data,er
u that enables ia user tointeact with comput

Charadteristics
O Funchionalits
Usabilits
EFficiencu
Flexibility
Reliabilihs
Maitainability
Potta.bilitsa
8Irtegrity

LSoftmare crisis
aDifficulty ot wtiting usefuliand
effiien program in tequired time

Size Cestadai.qualits delayed delivery

 Dafe
Page

LSoftwate develop ment

bon
A Set af computerscience activities
dedicated to the proces_ot creating,
designinq deploying and suppotng
Sottuware.

LConmponents

Programn Documentation Procedure

Set of insttuctionsSource informatii Step by.step
Used to perform Laboud product instructions
a Speciic tosk Contained in Compiled by an
design documents, orqanisation to
detailed code help_uwotkers Carny
Comments, etc O t co mplex tOUuhine
operations

Core major activities in software development

Softtware requirement
Software requirements or a system are
the description ot whatthe System should
do the serviccs thot proiides and the
constraints an jts aperation that means
the features and functionalite s of the
target System
Software derelopmentinpunnM iahnduo
Ihe process af bulding computer proqrams,
it involves the activities like,Conceiving
specitying. designing programming
documenting testing,and bug ixing
Softwae validation
The process of checkinq that a sofwate
System meets specifications and requirement
So that it fulfills its.intended putpose
Software evolution
I is the continual development of piece
of software after its iniial telea3e to
addtess ichanging stakehaldet Or matket
requirenments

Software tupe.s

Sustem software Applicaion softwate

Software designed to Softuare designed to cCam

provide a piatform for Qut a Specific task.
other softwares

Ex. Operading Systemsp Ex.ord processars

lindous.Linux,ct Clccountinq softwates, etu
 Date
Page

DFD Data Elow Diagram.

Basic Components

External enbity Entits which either provides.Or

takes informccion fromn he System
isknown as external entityItis
tepresented by rectangle

Data tlou I is represented by sinqle arro he

arrow Cant be biclèrectHonc..

Process ILis
represended using circle.Tt takes
Some intormation works_LLpon it,and passes
the information.

Database OL datastore AIL infoxmation ar data flouwinq

through the Sustcm is stred in
the data sBores.Or data bases
isrepre.setccl Lsinq
0r
 clASSMAA
Date
Page

Rules
*Ptocess Can directly connect to the other processes
extetnal enbtiesand data bases
Extenat Commtunicatian ot wo external eniies,
uo data bascs or on external entih wih -
database is hat possible
*(ommunication between external entiies and
databases must be established hmugha
pro cesS

DeD

araphical representation cf dato flouthrough sustem

*Fachproce.ss has i Own daa Flow.

Leue) o Level4 level o

Shous he Shot data Madules are further
whole.Sustm. he i tlo Por eadh broken dawn intn
input data, and modale Sub-mDduleg if
the owput dada Sep.aradels equirtd
 Date

Page

Dato tlow diagram for security s estem for Joginpage

Leve 0

Reqistered user

Secutit System
or loq in page

NeLd uset
Leve

ragistraion
Ned use
ddired o lgin
register
Stor ih check Login

SuCces f database
chek i f avaidabed

totgot Plasswo rd
Sucor
doq au
Supot su
pr |Jbgjn Registered
uspr
qserna me ask remmbty
usernamc
Paxparord

level
abk ugename
Reqisterepl use
Jpgi Horgot Pqst o ord
check
Sa CcEstu.
Pas word torgot ukerhame
rehm
Pdssword

dheek for Uschname

for
Paasuord

retun dotabase
Sername
 clsSMAe
Date
Page

Layered techno.logy
OSottware engincering isafJayered technology
To derelop a Softwate. we need to folloua the
Lauers
The layers ate as tollows
i Qualits focus
ii) Pracess
ii) Method
iv Tools

Qualits_Focus
i I t tefers to thc Continuous improvemcnts in
Sotttoare
i Itprouides 8ecurity to Softtuare So that data
Can be accessed bs onls an uthonned perSon,
ili Tttocuses on maitainabilih and usabilit

G Process
iBase Jayer of the sottuare engineerinq
ii It binds all layers toqether to enable developm.ent
ot Software on ime
il Tt detines a tamemark tor a sed of káy Proce.ss
Areas CKPAs) that must be estabhished for deliv/Cry
of Softuare enginecerinq techndlogu efectively.
iv I t covers al the activitieactions and tasks
tequiredto_be carried out tor software derelapment.

6Process_activitics
i Cornmunicatio.n Communication with cljents is necessary
 Date
Page

to know their tequirements and

actual
demands.

ii,Planning Itinvolues makinq blueprint of procass at

Sattuun redevelopment and document goals
and plans.

ii Modelinq: Themode is_created accoidinq to the clicnt,

So client can visualize ithe prodest. The
pupaseoB modeling is the beterment of
ynderstadnding.af client

iy Construction:Ttincludes codinq ond testinq t

the prablem.

VDeploument T includes the deliven of actucu

version of softuare to client for
evaluaion and feedback

Methods
i Thislauer Con:tains the methods, techhical knoualedge
and How-tos" in order to develop the software
ii f has the ifotmoction. of all the tasks which
includes communicahion tequi rement analusis,
desiqnmodelinqprogtam Construction testing
and 6upport

8Toals
Softwate enqineerinq tools prov ide a Self-operating
System tor pro.cesses and methads
ii Taals areinteqraded
 Date
Page

tools
Method
Pro.ce.s.S
Puality ocus

Layercd echnalngu

Pro.cesS tramework
Abstraction of the software develop.ment procesS
The steps and chronalogical arder ct a ptocess is
detalled here

Sottwate proceSS

frocess thamework

Ubrella activities 0 Risk management

Saftuware ttackinq and
LAcHon task Contioll
Softuoate quality-
agsúrance
formal technical
tesume
Softwate confiquration
manaqement
lotk product preparation.
pnduction
0 Reusabilks manaq.ement
Measwemenb.
 classmAte
Date
Page

Risk manaqement
Risks that may affect project autcome like
Curruptinq database time delayetc
ttackng
Sottware proiect dnd Control
Montoring the Drocess at software develapment
and testinq. Controllinqthe process that means-
it Can chanqe ifit seams wtonq. Take action
to keep the project ah ime and assess progie.sS

Softtoare qualits asSS uarance

To ensure the product quality

*Formct technical reuiews

lechnical discussions amanq the technical team
Erto identify inq and ixing

Software conHiquration management

Checkin.q with differe nt aspects Hhat can conPiqure
the Software

* otk produef prepaation andproductibn

Reuusabilis manaqement
Makinq teusable Code sD that it can be used
ag.aininfutue

MeaSurement:
The size of memony ot saftware can be Used
Calculating.spa.ce and time Complexities,
Comcg LUnder this
lod nday, 19 September 2020 clasSmALte
Date
Page

THocess Models l

he ahstraction of the entire

project

tupes

laterfal Splral Thciement al Protpiyping

RAD Loncuend CBD

wlaerfal model

LCammunication

Planning

LDesigninq
Cnnshuction
Testin
Maintainanc
 Date
Page

Also known as sequential model

*Steps are tollowed as ane atter anothe

Disad vantages
t Updations ate hot possible as chanqes cant be made later
ime Consuming
Cantt meet user tequirements if changes are asked
to be done ater.
Cost_affective as takesdor Consumes leng time.

Advantag.es
*EasySteps
Petfections are more
EPfecthve Por gmaller proie.cts.

Spiral madel

planni
ng

Communicahod
modeljnq

Deptoyment
malntainancg

Testing
Consructjon
 age

*In his model, Softuare is devided intv model.eg

* Each modale gaeg thmugh all the components 9that
are Communiccdhon, planning modeling Conshucttn
testinq Deployment andmaintainance
Hteh Completion of each modele, a spiralgets
Comple-ted
There are three tupes of spiralst, O Concept
developmenh, Software clevelopment ,SoMwarr
maintanance
*Asphtal-t

Advantages
Customer Satisfaction
2 Possible to_make chanqes (Updations)
3 Effective for Jatge prnjects.
Qualits of product
Disadvantages
ime consumming
Cost attechive
 Date
Page

RAD
Randonm Applicahion Development /Rapid Application Develop
*Sotttware is deuided into modules_,_and modules cue
assiqned to the teams.
* This mode is uscd when the software is to be
Completed witbin the Short span af timbe.

Teom Team2| Teamnl

Module1 Module Madule b

9Communicaion
Lplanning
Lplconstruction
Ly teshin
deploLumente maintainan.ce

Advantaqes
Jess Hme requured
*Incre.ases thc reusability Of features

DisadVantages
highls Bkilled and xperieneed desig ners are required
Can't be used for smallerprojects.
fails if project not delivered on time
Pratutyping Cpratoty ping
aDesign
lCommunication Custo mer

teuicu evaluahon
updaions

Maintainonce Testing Consmucion

tInthis madel the prutohipe Or blueprint of

Sottuare is shoLon to the clients tor thelr evauaion
T any changes are o be made ahd client Js not
Satisbed upd.ates shodd be made in the deslqh of
SoPtua
T Costomer is SatisPied with he desiqn heh
Softulare Qnesunder Con.stucton phasc, then testing,
Ond nalls_deploLLed n the cltent
ARdvandages
User Soaisfaction
2 Support earduproductmaurkehing
3 Maintainance cast is redluoed
4 Frror detection Js easu

Disadlantages
9ime-consunaing 03 durOhon of project isnt knoyn
2Tteotie
 clASSMALe
Date
Page

Incremental madel

*Lhitial_phasesis tocuscd mare

AHer achieving perfechions in
JSt stepit qets eliminaded in_
hcxt ite ration
*Thenfocus is qiven n fhe
hext_phase which is nou
became Hrst
*This qoes unllthe Jast
phase is perfectlu_Completed

Aduantaqe
ta3y error recognition
* Fass eshinq and debua.ging
Plexible
*Risk manaqement.is easy aj its_
ileraive
.
LDisadvantages
Expen&ire
Need of g0od planning
 CIASSMAte
Date
Page

Concuttent model

None

(Under development

awaitinq tor Under

changes review

Under
reiision

(Baselined)
(Done xk

*VariouS actiie happehs atthesame himc or

fas ter dexelopment ébetter
outcoboe
*Also knotun Os paralel Lworkinq model

Advantages
Easy error detection
2 Rapid feedback collectios

Disadvantagr
1Meedls moremaintauhanee
quality hot aasured
 elasSMALe
Date
Page

Lomponent Base.d Development(CBD)

*Retuses the already exishnq components

*Based oh reusabilits concept.
* Used when Softwar Stucture is Simple
Mainls tocused on-assemblinq Softtware ohd
COmponens anel not an developjnq them
Derelopment pocess is evolumonany

Tdentifs candidate
Components

Lonstruct nth iteraHon Look up

oP Susteo Compbhenk in
liabran

Put new COmpDnents Extactcopmponens

L in Ligbran if available
Buu'ld componentsk
unavailable
 Wolerfal mbdel Spirdl Mode Rto Model
t is also|knduun as sdgudntial lifeCombines idea of iteradive Ropid Appliaation Developmert
yle iode deydopmeht ith the sustematic Based on prototyping iterahive dejelopment
Conrolled aupecs o the +No speciHe plannring isirvolved|
ach phase nmust be compleed wdterfal modl * Hunctional modales art developed in parale
before the net phauc can begin E alous incremehtal releaseg ds protutyPes and ard integraded to make
Therc is ho brelapping in the of the product ot incremetalthe complete prbdupt for faster poduct
phases. deivery. tmodel and
The dut dome of ohe phase acts Fefinemdnt through eadh Folloub Heraive land incremetjal developes,
s rmall teums cbmpnisin9 of
as the ihput for the next phaje iaterahon aouhd the spira have represdntarives¢
domain xperts, cuwtomc
Sehuehhally Applicablewhen, reso urces wprking progrtssivel
other IT
Ppplicable whern, on their Componenb or prptoyP
*Riskevaluadionis important Applicahle when
Require mients are tery wel for mcdium to highrisk prpjedks
docurmended, clea Pxed Custo mer| is hot sure pf theirigh qvailabiluty of designers tr modeling
codc
Proplu dt dePinihion is stable requi remenh Budget permits uge of alutomaed
Requremerts are cpmplex enerdting tpals.
Technplogy is not dyhamic clanitsdDormal expets are
arculhble with
ND ambiguous requirements nced evaluatjon to get relevan bus in dss knowledge
The project|is short. Significant chdhq6s dre Aduantaqes
expechedin the prpduct du n acommoda-
Advotages hhnoinalrequirements
Changing| reatirtments|caun
ca bebelaccon
the devcloprnet cycl. ted
Fadyto understand ond use Progress cah bemeasured
Phases are process ed dnd Completed Aduardag THerdion hime coh be short with SE
POwertul RAD toal.
One a althme be
Changing reguurehents an Producthvity with fewer people in shott
Cleardy defihed stagels accommdaled. time
Easy th arange taiks Reduced Develbpend time compoheits
Abus extenbive use ofprototypest
Tncease6 teusablity of|
frocess and repults ae wel *Reduirpmecnds can be dopturep uigk ipitil fenkuss odeu
documerded more acciurotely +Erourdges customer lraolblack
* Deyelopment| can he divided
indo smalle paits ond the Disadvantages car
Disadvantages isky pats can be ldeycldped Only sustem that can be modpulamed
High amourt of risk landl be bullt using RAD
earler which helps in betcr
Fiskmahagemeu Requires highly $killed deelohers/desiq ne
under tahity * Higb depehdenaon Model ling skills
object Dis advarrtages *Management complexity is mlore.
Not good forl compler#
Oridnted projects and
Difficult to measure pragreis Managernert is more complex Suitable for componert based
End of prpjcct maynt be Scalablc $ustems.
withir Stages *Suutable for project reguiring|shortcr
Canrot accamodate changinq knoe rJy. development|tirpes
Expenshve for shmalll projtcks throighout the
reguurements Reguirds user fnvolvement
Process is Cormpltx. ife cycle
No working $otoare is procec
*Expens)ve
unthl Jate durngthe Lite.ayee Spiralmay go bn indefintely

Commuicahi anl
Cpmmanication
TcamTcamTan-Team
Panning9 plarpning MbduledMadaseMoclule Module
Dedgning- pmnunicaion
ConstrucHor
depaymtnt Lplarning
Testing deaigning dencig ning
maiheoinanee
deploy iendp Constri ctton
maantaj nanie testing
deploumcht maltainanc
(prutuchor
Teatng
 clASSMAte alassmate
Date
Page- Dafe
Page

Corbinicadian planninq ldesigning const7ucion esting DCe

maiiena.
planning cesigninq Consmictbon icgsthnalaaintainantel
Ioesigning conthucBn Hinq Enantaman
Lconsucion sHng mania naha
shng mauntaj nah el
maintainan.c

nea

LU
Sacturday i Octa 2022. elAsSMALe
Date
Page

Aqile Model
*lombinationof itcrativCand incremental process
models
FOCuses an process_adaptabilitsand custDmet
Satistaction by rapid delivey_of working softuare
product
* I n Aqile the tasks are divided to Himne boxesie Small
time fra mes to_deliver Specificfeatures for a telease
*Iteative approach is taken and w0kinq 6oFtware
build is_deyereaed after each itcration
k Each build isinctemental in tetms af Features
the final build holds all the features TeqLuird by
the Custo met.

Aduantaqes
I s a very realistic approach to saftware development.
* Promotes teamulork and cross tTaining
Functianalits can be develaped rapidly and demon.strated
k Resource requirements are minimum
Enable concu tent development and delivery within
an overall planned context
Little or ho planninq_tequired
Eagu to_manage
Gives Hlexibilitsto developers

Disadvantages
Not Suitable for handling Complcx dependen.cies
Risk otSustainabilihs , maintainability, and extensibili
Depends heavil_on customet inteyaction So l
Custo mcE 1S Hot elearteam CaD be driren in w1ong
directioh.
 Dafe
Page

* There is veny hiqh indiidual depenid.encygince

there is minimum do.cumentaion qenerated
Transfer of technalogy to ncw team members may be
quite challenqing due to lack of documentaion

Lplannina

Teshnq Requirement
analysis
Tteraion L

Bildina LDesianinq

Lplanninq

re stinq Requirement hrai

analysis irSi
Itcraion2

Buildin9 De.sianinq

plannina b

Tesinq Requirement
Cun aysis
Heraion 3

Building LDesianinq
 cIASSMALe
Date
Page

Extreme ProqrammingXP) h-
Crystal Aqile teshinq methods
Scrumn

Scrum
Primails tocuscd on uways to manaqe tasks n trom-
based development condiHons
SCum naster fcatures
SCzum_ is light-weighi trameuwork
Scrum emphasiz.es self-organizaion
Scrum is_Simple to understand
Scrunm framework help the team o Lwork together.

Sprint
Haduct assioned (2w eek,imontth) SReease
fcatures to Sprint
Lsprint erien

Asprintbacklaq
sprint
Sprint pla nning Tetrosp ehi ve
mcefi ng
Lproduc backlog
prioritizd feadurcs

Sprint: Release Sprint ievicto

timebox of When product is praduct.SHllhas Same non
one manth Complcted then achievable features,hen it
or Jess +90es o release be checked in this stage ho
Stnge passed to nekt Staqe
 ASSMAte
Date
Page

Sprint Retro.spectiveProduct Backlong Sprind Backlog

Puality status of ihodudt is organizedroduct assigcd
Or

product is checked according to fcatures to sprint

iprioritizedfeatures Sprint planningmecingH

Advantages Disadvantaqes.
tastmoving money efficient Changes into sprint are
works by devide conguer hot allouied
srategy lot fully described modcl,
ustomer Satistaction isvery i extreme.prDgram.minqXP
important kanbon DSDM are needed
adaptive, as it has no short 1 Dificultto plan, stucture
Sprint Organize aproject lacks clear
relu on_Constant feedback, definition
quality increases in Jess ime Daily.scrum meehings equent
reuiews reqLuire Substania
resources:

Extreme Proqramminp (xP)E

Used ta imprave Sottuware quality and responsireness to
Customer tequürements
* Ecreme Programmin is based oan Code revic
Tis a lightweiqht,eficient law-rsk testing
tesinq
flexble predichblescicntific.and fun incremental deuelopm eht
way to develop_a softtuare. Simplicihy
Provides valuesdprinciplesto guide team design
behaviour leam.is expected to self arganis
ed
inteqradion testing
+Speciic core prachiccs prnvided Ote
Fach pro.cthice is simple andself complete.
Combihaejoh afprachces producce- mare Complex and
emerqent behaviaur