TABLE OF CONTENT

S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.

PART - A (EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS)

CURRICULAM 05-14
Unit -1 COMMUNICATION SKILLS 15-29
Unit-2 SELF MANAGEMENT SKILLS 30-45
Unit-3 ICT SKILLS 46-54
Unit-4 ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS 55-66
Unit-5 GREEN SKILLS 67-76

PART - B (SUBJECT SPECIFIC SKILLS)

Unit -1 INTRODUCTION TO AI 77-85
Unit-2 AI PROJECT CYCLE 86-110
Unit-3 ADVANCE PYTHON 111-120
Unit-4 DATA SCIENCE 121-125
Unit-5 COMPUTER VISION 126-139
Unit-6 NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING 140-174
Unit-7 EVALUATION 175-189
PRACTICALS IN PYTHON 190-196
SAMPLE PAPERS 197-207
PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION PAPER 208-218

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 SYLLABUS
CBSE | DEPARTMENT OF SKILL
EDUCATIONCURRICULUM FOR
SESSION 2024-2025
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (SUB. CODE 417)
CLASS – X

OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE:

The objective of this module/curriculum - which combines both Inspire and Acquire modules is to develop a
readiness for understanding and appreciating Artificial Intelligence and its application in our lives. This
module/curriculum focuses on:

1. Helping learners understand the world of Artificial Intelligence and its applications through
games, activities and multi-sensorial learning to become AI-Ready.
2. Introducing the learners to three domains of AI in an age-appropriate manner.
3. Allowing the learners to construct meaning of AI through interactive participation and engaginghands-
on activities.
4. Introducing the learners to AI Project Cycle.
5. Introducing the learners to programming skills - Basic python coding language.

LEARNING OUTCOMES:

Learners will be able to

1. Identify and appreciate Artificial Intelligence and describe its applications in daily life.
2. Relate, apply and reflect on the Human-Machine Interactions to identify and interact with the three
domains of AI: Data, Computer Vision and Natural Language Processing and Undergo assessment for
analysing their progress towards acquired AI-Readiness skills.
3. Imagine, examine and reflect on the skills required for futuristic job opportunities.
4. Unleash their imagination towards smart homes and build an interactive story around it.
5. Understand the impact of Artificial Intelligence on Sustainable Development Goals to develop

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 responsible citizenship.
6. Research and develop awareness of skills required for jobs of the future.
7. Gain awareness about AI bias and AI access and describe the potential ethical considerationsof AI.
8. Develop effective communication and collaborative work skills.
9. Get familiar and motivated towards Artificial Intelligence and Identify the AI Project Cycle
framework.
10. Learn problem scoping and ways to set goals for an AI project and understand the iterativenature
of problem scoping in the AI project cycle.

11. Brainstorm on the ethical issues involved around the problem selected.
12. Foresee the kind of data required and the kind of analysis to be done, identify data requirementsand
find reliable sources to obtain relevant data.
13. Use various types of graphs to visualize acquired data.
14. Understand, create and implement the concept of Decision Trees.
15. Understand and visualize computer’s ability to identify alphabets and handwritings.
16. Understand and appreciate the concept of Neural Network through gamification and learn basic
programming skills through gamified platforms.
17. Acquire introductory Python programming skills in a very user-friendly format.

SKILLS TO BE DEVELOPED:

SCHEME OF STUDIES:

This course is a planned sequence of instructions consisting of units meant for developing employability and
vocational competencies of students of Class IX opting for skill subject along with other educationsubjects.

The unit-wise distribution of hours and marks for class IX & X is as follows:

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 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (SUBJECT CODE 417)
CLASS – X (SESSION 2024-2025)
Total Marks: 100 (Theory-50 + Practical-50)
NO. OF HOURS MAX. MARKS for
UNITS for Theory and Theory and
Practical Practical
Employability Skills
Unit 1: Communication Skills-II 10 2
PART A

Unit 2: Self-Management Skills-II 10 2

Unit 3: ICT Skills-II 10 2
Unit 4: Entrepreneurial Skills-II 15 2
Unit 5: Green Skills-II 05 2
Total 50 10
Subject Specific Skills Theory Practical

Unit 1: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence (AI) 15 - 7

Unit 2: AI Project Cycle 15 - 9
Unit 3: Advance Python
(To be assessed in Practicals only) - 30 --

Unit 4: Data Science (Introduction, Applications ofData

Sciences, Data Science: Getting Started (up to Data
PART

7 8 4
Access),
B

remaining portion is to be assessed in practical

Unit 5: Computer Vision (Introduction, Applications
of Computer Vision, Computer Vision:Getting Started
12 18 4
(up to RGB Images),
remaining portion is to be assessed in practical
Unit 6: Natural Language Processing 25 5 8
Unit 7: Evaluation 15 8
Total 150 40
Practical Work:
Practical File with minimum 15 Programs 15
PART C

Practical Examination 5
• Unit 3: Advance Python
5
• Unit 4: Data Science
• Unit 5: Computer Vision 5
Viva Voce 5
Total 35
Project Work / Field Visit / Student Portfolio
PART D

10
(Any one to be done)
Viva Voce 5

Total 15
GRAND TOTAL 210 100

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 DETAILED CURRICULUM/TOPICS FOR CLASS X
Part-A: EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS
S. No. Units Duration in Hours
1. Unit 1: Communication Skills-II 10
2. Unit 2: Self-management Skills-II 10
3. Unit 3: Information and Communication Technology Skills-II 10
4. Unit 4: Entrepreneurial Skills-II 15
5. Unit 5: Green Skills-II 05
TOTAL 50

Note: The detailed curriculum/ topics to be covered under Part A: Employability Skills
can be downloaded from CBSE website

Part-B – SUBJECT SPECIFIC SKILLS

❖ Unit 1: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence (AI)
❖ Unit 2: AI Project Cycle
❖ Unit 3: Advance Python
❖ Unit 4: Data Science
❖ Unit 5: Computer Vision
❖ Unit 6: Natural Language Processing
❖ Unit 7: Evaluation
UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

SUB- LEARNING SESSION/ ACTIVITY/ PRACTICAL

UNIT OUTCOMES
Foundation Understand the concept Session: What is Intelligence?
al concepts of human intelligence
of AI and its various Session: Decision Making.
components such as ● How do you make decisions?
● Make your choices!
reasoning, problem-
Session: what is Artificial Intelligence and whatis not?
solving, and creativity
Basics of Understand the Session: Introduction to AI and related
AI:Let’s concept ofArtificial terminologies.
Get Intelligence (AI) and its ● Introducing AI, ML & DL.
Started domains ● Introduction to AI Domains (Data Sciences,CV & NLP)
● Gamified tools for each domain-
o Data Sciences- Impact Filter (Impact ofrise in
temperature on different species)
https://artsexperiments.withgoogle.com
/impactfilter/
o CV- Autodraw (It pairs machine learning with
drawings from talentedartists to help you draw
stuff fast.)
https://www.autodraw.com/

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 SUB-UNIT LEARNING OUTCOMES SESSION/ ACTIVITY/ PRACTICAL
o NLP- Wordtune (AI writing tool that
rewrites, rephrases, and rewords your
writing)
https://www.wordtune.com/
Explore the use of AI in real
Session: Applications of AI – A look at Real-lifeAI
Life.
implementations
Learn about the ethical concerns Session: AI Ethics
involved in AI development, such ● Moral Machine Activity : a platform for
as AI bias,data privacy and how gathering a human perspective on moral
they canbe addressed. decisions made by machine intelligence,
such as self-driving cars.
http://moralmachine.mit.edu/

UNIT 2: AI PROJECT CYCLE

SUB-UNIT LEARNING OUTCOMES SESSION/ ACTIVITY/ PRACTICAL

Introduction Understand the stages involved Session: Introduction to AI Project Cycle
in the AI project cycle, such as
problem scoping, data
collection, data
exploration, modeling,
evaluation.
Problem Learn about the importance of Session: Understanding Problem Scoping &
Scoping project planning in AI Sustainable Development Goals
development and how to define
project goals and
objectives.
Data Develop an understanding of Session: Simplifying Data Acquisition
Acquisition the importance of data
collection in AI and how to
choose the right data sources.
Data Know various data exploration Session: Visualising Data
Exploration techniques and its importance
Modelling Know about the different Session: Introduction to modelling
machine learning algorithms ● Introduction to Rule Based & Learning
used to train AI models Based AI Approaches
● Activity : Teachable machineto
demonstrate Supervised
Learning
https://teachablemachine.withgoogl
e.com/
● Activity : Infinite Drum Machine to
demonstrate Unsupervised learning
https://experiments.withgoogle.com
/ai/drum-machine/view/
● Introduction to Supervised, Unsupervised &
Reinforcement Learning
Models(Optional)**
● Neural Networks
Evaluation Know the importance of
evaluation and various metrics Session: Evaluating the idea!
available for evaluation

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 UNIT 3 : ADVANCE PYTHON (To be assessed through Practicals)

SUB-UNIT LEARNING OUTCOMES SESSION/ ACTIVITY/ PRACTICAL

Recap Understand to work with Session: Jupyter Notebook
Jupyter Notebook, creating
virtual environment,
installing Python
Packages.
Able to write basic Python Session: Introduction to Python
programs using
fundamental concepts such
as variables, data
types, operators, and
control structures.
Able to use Python built-in Session: Python Basics
functions and libraries.

UNIT 4: DATA SCIENCES (To be assessed through Theory)

SUB-UNIT LEARNING OUTCOMES SESSION/ ACTIVITY/ PRACTICAL

Introduction Define the concept of Data Session: Introduction to Data Science
Science and understand its
applications in various fields. Session: Applications of Data Science
Getting Started Understand the basic concepts Session: Revisiting AI Project Cycle, Data
of data acquisition, Collection, Data Access
visualization, and exploration. Activities:
Game: Rock, Paper & Scissors
https://next.rockpaperscissors.ai/

UNIT 4: DATA SCIENCES (To be assessed through Practicals)

SUB-UNIT LEARNING OUTCOMES SESSION/ ACTIVITY/ PRACTICAL

Python Use Python libraries such as Session: Python for Data Sciences
Packages NumPy, Pandas, and • Numpy
Matplotlib for data analysis • Pandas
and visualization. • Matplotlib
Concepts of Understand the basic concepts Session: Statistical Learning & Data
Data Sciences of statistics, such asmean, Visualisation
median, mode, and standard
deviation, and applythem to
analyze data using
various Python packages.
K-nearest Understand the basic Activity: Personality Prediction (Optional)**
neighbour concepts of the KNN algorithm
model and its applications in Session: Understanding K-nearest
(Optional)** supervised learning. neighbourmodel (Optional)**

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 UNIT 5: COMPUTER VISION (To be assessed through Theory)

SUB-UNIT LEARNING OUTCOMES SESSION/ ACTIVITY/ PRACTICAL

Introduction Define the concept of Session: Introduction to Computer Vision
Computer Vision and
understand its applications in Session: Applications of CV
various fields.
Concepts of Understand the basic Session: Understanding CV Concepts
Computer concepts of image
Vision representation, feature ● Computer Vision Tasks
extraction, object detection, ● Basics of Images-Pixel, Resolution, Pixel
value
and segmentation.
● Grayscale and RGB images
Activities:
● Game- Emoji Scavenger Hunt
https://emojiscavengerhunt.withgoogle.com/
● RGB Calculator:
https://www.w3schools.com/colors/color
s_rgb.asp
● Create your own pixel art:
www.piskelapp.com
● Create your own convolutions:
http://setosa.io/ev/image-kernels/

UNIT 5: COMPUTER VISION (To be assessed through Practicals)

SUB-UNIT LEARNING OUTCOMES SESSION/ ACTIVITY/ PRACTICAL

OpenCV Use Python libraries such as
OpenCV for basic image Session: Introduction to OpenCV
processing and computer
vision tasks.
Hands-on: Image Processing

Convolution Apply the convolution operator Session: Understanding Convolution operator

Operator to process images and extract (Optional)**
(Optional)** useful features.
Activity: Convolution Operator (Optional)**

Convolution Understand the basic

Neural architecture of a CNN and its Session: Introduction to CNN (Optional)**
Network applications in computer
(Optional)** vision and image recognition. Session: Understanding CNN (Optional)**
● Kernel
● Layers of CNN

Activity: Testing CNN (Optional)**

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UNIT 6: NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING

SUB-UNIT LEARNING OUTCOMES SESSION/ ACTIVITY/ PRACTICAL

Introduction Understand the concept of Natural Session: Introduction to Natural
Language Processing (NLP) and its Language Processing
importance in the field of Artificial Activity : Use of Google Translate for
Intelligence (AI). same spelling words
Session: NLP Applications
Session: Revisiting AI Project Cycle
Chatbots Explore the various applications of NLP in Activity: Introduction to Chatbots
everyday life, such as chatbots,sentiment
analysis, and automatic
summarization
Language Gain an understanding of the challenges
Session: Human Language VS
Differences involved in understanding
Computer Language
human language by machine.
Concepts of Learn about the Text Normalization Session: Data Processing
Natural technique used in NLP and popular • Text Normalisation
Language NLP model - Bag-of-Words • Bag of Words
Processing
Hands-on: Text processing
● Data Processing
● Bag of Words
● TFIDF (Optional)**
● NLTK (Optional)**

UNIT 7: EVALUATION

SUB-UNIT LEARNING OUTCOMES SESSION/ ACTIVITY/ PRACTICAL

Introduction Understand the role of Session: Introduction to Model Evaluation
evaluation in the development ● What is Evaluation?
and implementation of AI ● Different types of Evaluation techniques-
systems. Underfit, Perfect Fit, OverFit
Model Learn various Model Session: Model Evaluation Terminologies
Evaluation Evaluation Terminologies ● The Scenario - Prediction, Reality, True
Terminology Positive, True Negative, False Positive,
False Negative
● Confusion Matrix
● Activity- to make a confusion matrix
based on data given for Containment
Zone Prediction Model
Confusion Learn to make a confusion
Matrix Session & Activity: Confusion Matrix
matrix for given Scenario
Evaluation Learn about the different typesof Session: Evaluation Methods
Methods evaluation techniques in AI,such ● Accuracy
as Accuracy, Precision, Recall and ● Precision
F1 Score, and theirsignificance. ● Recall
● Which Metric is Important? - Precision or
Recall
● F1 Score
Activity: Practice Evaluation

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 PART-C: PRACTICAL WORK

Suggested ● Write a program to add the elements of the two lists.

Programs List ● Write a program to calculate mean, median and mode using Numpy
● Write a program to display line chart from (2,5) to (9,10).
● Write a program to display a scatter chart for the following points (2,5),
(9,10),(8,3),(5,7),(6,18).
● Read csv file saved in your system and display 10 rows.
● Read csv file saved in your system and display its information
● Write a program to read an image and display using Python
● Write a program to read an image and identify its shape using Python
Important • https://cbseacademic.nic.in/web_material/Curriculum21/publication/secondar
Links y/Class10_Facilitator_Handbook.pdf
• Link to AI Activities & Jupyter Notebooks (including sample projects)
https://bit.ly/class_X_activities_jupyter_notebooks

PART-D: Project Work / Field Visit / Student Portfolio

* relate it to Sustainable Development Goals

Suggested Projects/ Field Visit / Portfolio (any one activity to be one)

Sample 1. Student Marks Prediction Model

Projects 2. CNN Model on Smoke and Fire Detection

Field Work Students’ participation in the following-

• AI for Youth Bootcamp
• AI Fests/ Exhibition
• Participation in any AI training sessions
• Virtual tours of companies using AI to get acquainted with real-life usage

Student • Maintaining a record of all AI activities

Portfolio (to • Hackathons
be continued • Competitions (CBSE/Interschool)
from class IX)
Note: Portfolio should contain minimum 5 activities
**NOTE: Optional components shall not be assessed. They are for extra knowledge

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LIST OF ITEMS/ EQUIPMENTS (MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS):

The equipment / materials listed below are required to conduct effective hands-on learning sessions while
delivering the AI curriculum to class 10 students. The list below consists of minimal configuration required to
execute the AI curriculum for class 10 and create social impact real time solutions/ projects. The quantities
mentioned here are recommended for a batch of 20 students keeping the human- machine ratio as 2:1. An
exhaustive list may be compiled by the teacher(s) teaching the subject.

S. NO. ITEM NAME, DESCRIPTION & SPECIFICATION

A SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS
Processor: Intel® Core™ i5-7300U Processor or equivalent with minimum SYSmark®2018
1
Rating of 750 or higher
2 Graphic Card: Integrated graphics
3 Form Factor: - USFF (Ultra Small Form factor) System chassis volume less than One Litre
4 RAM: 8GB DDR4 – 2400MHz or above

5 Storage: 500 GB HDD – 7200 rpm

6 Display: 18.5” LED Monitor with HDMI, in-built-speaker,

7 Keyboard: Keyboard with numerical keypad (recommended)

8 Mouse: Optical Mouse

9 Webcam: Full HD Camera

10 Headphones with Mic

11 Dual Band Wireless Connectivity Min 800 Mbps
12 Bluetooth V4.2 or Higher
Ports: 4 USB 3.0 ports, dual high-definition display ports (HDMI 2.0/DP/thunderbolt 3.0ports),
13
High definition 8-channel audio through HDMI interface or through audio jack.
VPU: - Integrated or support for VPU - vision processing unit to accelerate AI machinevision
14
applications.
B SOFTWARE SPECIFICATIONS

1 Operating System: Any

2 Anti-Virus Activated
3 Internet Browser: Google Chrome
4 Productivity Suite: Any (Google+ Suite recommended)
5 Anaconda Navigator Distribution (https://bit.ly/AI-installation-guide)
6 Conceptual installations (https://bit.ly/AI-installation-guide)
7 Intel Open VINO tools
8 Python

NOTE: In keeping with the spirit of Recycle, Upcycle and Reuse, it is recommended to make use ofany
equipment/ devices/ accessories from the existing inventory in school.

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 PART-A: EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS

UNIT-1: COMMUNICATION
SKILLS
Communication is the act of giving, receiving, and sharing information -- in other
words, talking or writing, and listening or reading. Good communicators listen
carefully, speak or write clearly, and respect different opinions.
Communication is defined as the imparting or exchanging of information by speaking,
writing, or using some other medium
Communication skills allow you to understand and be understood by others.
These can include but are not limited to effectively communicating ideas to others,
actively listening in conversations, giving, and receiving critical feedback and public
speaking.
Communication skills involve listening, speaking, observing, and empathizing. It is also
helpful to understand the differences in how to communicate through face to-face
interactions, phone conversations, and digital communications like email and social
media.
Session 1 – Methods of Communication:
The word ‘communication’ comes from the Latin word: commūnicāre, meaning‘to
share’.

Communication Skills

Communication has three important parts:

1. Transmitting — The sender transmits the message through one medium
or another.
2. Listening — The receiver listens or understands the message.
3. Feedback — The receiver conveys their understanding of the
message tothe sender in the form of feedback to complete
the communication cycle.

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Elements of Communication

The various elements of a communication cycle are:

Sender: the person beginning the communication.
Message: the information that the sender wants to convey.
Channel: the means by which the information is sent.
Receiver: the person to whom the message is sent.
Feedback: the receiver’s acknowledgement and response to the message.

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Types of Communication

Face-to-face informal communication: There is nothing better than face-to-face

communication. It helps the message to be understood clearly and quickly. Also, since body
language can be seen in this case; it adds to the effectiveness of the communication.
e-mail: e-mail can be used to communicate quickly with one or many individuals in various
locations. It offers flexibility, convenience and low-cost.
Notices/Posters: It is effective when the same message has to go out to a large group of
people. Generally used for where email communication may not be effective.
For example, ‘Change in the lunch time for factory worker,’ or ‘XYZ Clothing will remain
closed for customers on Sunday.’
Business Meetings: Communication during business meetings at an organisation are
generally addressed to a group of people. It can
be related to business, management and organisational decisions.
Other Methods There can be various other methods like social networks, message, phone
call for communication, newsletter, blog, etc.
Verbal Communication
Verbal communication includes sounds, words, language, and speech.
Type of Verbal Communication
Interpersonal Communication:
This form of communication takes place between two individuals and is thus, a one-on-one
conversation. It can be formal or informal.
Examples
1. A manager discussing the performance with an employee.
2. Two friends discussing homework.
3. Two people talking to each other over phone or video call.
Written Communication: This form of communication involves writing words. It can be
letters, circulars, reports, manuals, SMS, social media chats, etc. It can be between two
or more people.

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Examples
1. A manager writing an appreciation e-mail to an employee.
2. Writing a letter to grandmother enquiring about health.
Small Group Communication:
This type of communication takes place when there are more than two
people involved. Each participant can interact and converse with the rest.
Examples
1. Press conferences
2. Board meetings
3. Team meetings
Advantages of Verbal Communication:
• It is an easy mode of communication in which you can exchange ideas by saying
what you want and get a quick response.
• It enables you to keep changing your interaction as per the other person’s response.
Disadvantages of Verbal Communication:
• Since verbal communication depends on written or spoken words, sometimes the
meanings can be confusing and difficult to understand if the right words are not
used.

Non-Verbal Communication:
Non-verbal communication is the expression or exchange of information or messages
without using any spoken or written word. In other words, we send signals and messages to
others, through expressions, gestures, postures, touch, space, eye contact and para language.
Importance of Non-verbal Communication
In our day-to-day communication
• 55% communication is done using body movements, face, arms, etc.
• 38% communication is done using voice, tone, pauses, etc.
• only 7% communication is done using words. Around 93% of our communication is non-
verbal.

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Type of Non-Verbal Communication
Gestures
• Raising a hand to greet or say goodbye
• Pointing your finger at someone

Expressions
• Smiling when you are happy
• Making a sad face when you are sad

Body Language
Postures by which attitudes and feelings are communicated. Standing straight, showing interest

Visual Communication
Visual communication proves to be effective since it involves interchanging messages only
through images or pictures and therefore, you do not need to know any particular language for
understanding it. It is simple and remains consistent across different places.

Some examples:

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Communication Cycle and Importance of Feedback:
Feedback is an important part of the communication cycle. For effective communication,
it is important that the sender receives an acknowledgement from the receiver about
getting the message across.

Feedback can be positive or negative. A good feedback is always

• Specific
• Helpful
• kind
• Timely
• Offering continuous support

Importance of Feedback
Feedback is the final component and one of the most
important factors in the process of communication since
it is defined as the response given by the receiver to
the sender. Let us look at certain reasons why feedback
is important.
• It validates effective listening
• It motivates
• It is always there
• It boosts learning
• It improves performance

Barriers to Effective Communication

EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
Introduction: Effective communication is a two-way communication process where both
parties have right and convenience to express their messages opinions, facts and other
information

7Cs of Effective Communication

• Clear: While communicating one should be clear about what he / she say.
• Concise: Use simple words and say only what is needed.

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 • Concrete: Your arguments should be based on solid facts and opinions from
credible sources and you should share reliable data to support your stand.
• Correct: It’s essential that along with the factual information, the language and
grammar you use are correct.
• Coherent: Your words should make sense. Along with that it should related with the
main topic
• Complete: Your message should be complete. It should have all the needed
information
• Courteous: Be respectful, honest and friendly throughout your communication
Barriers in communication
• Linguistic Barrier: Language at times can be a barrier to effective communication
• Physical Barrier: If the surroundings do not support proper communication, it can
also act as a barrier to appropriate interaction.
• Cultural Barrier: Cultural differences hinder us from communicating properly.
• Interpersonal Barriers: It refers to the situations when the intended message is
received incorrectly due to many personal reasons.
• Organizational Barriers: In an organization if there is no clarity about the roles,
structures, responsibilities, it will hinder effective communication among the
members of the organization

Ways to Overcome Barriers to Effective Communication

• Use simple language
• Do not form assumptions on culture, religion or geography
• Try to communicate in person as much as possible
• Use visuals
• Take help of a translator to overcome differences in language
• Be respectful of other’s opinions

Writing Skills — Parts of Speech

Capitalisation Rules

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 Punctuation

Basic Parts of Speech

The part of speech indicates how a particular word functions in meaning as well as
grammatically within the sentence.

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Supporting Parts of Speech Types

Writing Skills — Sentences

Parts of a Sentence

Subject: Person or thing that performs an action.

Verb: Describes the action.
Object: Person or thing that receives the action.

Active and Passive Sentences

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 ONE MARK QUESTIONS
1 Which of the following is not a form of written communication? 1
a) Circulars b) Reports c) Discussion d) SMS
2 Which of these is NOT a common communication barrier? 1
a) Linguistic barrier
b) Interpersonal barrier
c) Financial barrier
d) Organizational barrier
3 Ramya travelled to Sweden from India to pursue her higher education. But 1
she doesn't know how to speak Swedish (language of Sweden). Because of
this, she was unable to find a part time job. This is an example of
_____________ .(CBSE 23-24)
(a) Interpersonal barrier
(b) Physical barrier
(c) Organisational barrier
(d) Linguistic barrier
4 Rohit, when leaving from his friend’s house is bidding goodbye by waving 1
his hands. Which type of non-verbal communication is used by Rohit?
a) Expression
b) Body language
c)Gesture
d)All the above
5 Identify the object, verb and subject in the sentence, 1
‘The car crashed into a tree.’
a) Object: a tree; Verb: crashed; Subject: the car
b) Object: The car; Verb: crashed; Subject: a tree
c) Object: crashed; Verb: the tree; Subject: the car
d) Object: crashed; Verb: the car; Subject: the tree
6 The ______ conveys the message to the sender in the form of feedback for 1
the completion of communication cycle.
(a) Sender
(b) Receiver
(c) Channel
(d) Protocol
7 Identify the sentence type - “I drove to the office, and then I walked to the 1
cabin.”
(a) Simple
(b) Compound
(c) Complex
(d) Both compound and complex
8 Which of the following is NOT an element of communication within the 1
communication process cycle?

KVS ZIET MYSORE 24

 (a) Channel
(b) Receiver
(c) Sender
(d) Time
9 How much % of the communication that we do in our day-to-day 1
communication is non-verbal?
a) 55% b) 93% c) 7% d) 38%
10 You need to apply leave at work? Which method of 1
communication will you use?
(a) e-mail
(b) Poster
(c) Newsletter
(d) Blog
11 Which of the following is an example of oral communication? 1
(a) Newspapers (b) Letters (c) Phone call (d) e-mail
12 Which of the following statement is true about communication? 1
(a) 50% of our communication is non-verbal
(b) 20% communication is done using body movements, face, arms, etc.
(c) 5% communication is done using voice, tone, pauses, etc.
(d) 7% communication is done using words
13 Which of these are examples of positive feedback? 1
(a) Excellent, your work has improved.
(b) I noticed your dedication towards the project.
(c) You are always doing it the wrong way.
(d) All of the above
14 Which of these sentences is capitalised correctly? 1
(a) Ravi and I are going to the movies.
(b) Salim is visiting India in July.
(c) The Tiger is a strong animal.
(d) She is arriving on Monday.
15 _________communication is the use of body language, gestures and facial 1
expressions to convey information to others. (CBSE 2020-21)

KVS ZIET MYSORE 25

 ANSWERS

1. c) Discussion 2. (c) Financial 3. (d) 4. c) Gesture 5. a) Object: a

barrier Linguistic tree; Verb:
barrier crashed; Subject:
the car
6. c) channel 7. b) Compound 8. d) Time 9. b) 93% 10. (a) e-mail
11. (c) Phone call 12. (d) 7% 13. (a) 14. (d) She is 15.Non-verbal
communication Excellent, arriving on Communication
is done using your work has Monday.
words improved

TWO MARK QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

1 List different methods of communication. 2
Ans:
Different methods of communication are: face to face talk, e-mail, letters,
notice board. Posters, meetings, phone call, video call, virtual meeting,
writing blog etc
2 Enumerate any two ways to overcome barriers to effective 2
communication.
Ways to Overcome Barriers to Effective Communication (Any Two)
a) Use simple language
b) Do not form assumptions on culture, religion or geography
c) Try to communicate in person as much as possible
d) Use visuals
e) Take help of a translator to overcome differences in language
f) Be respectful of other’s opinions
3 List two best practices for effective communication. (CBSE 2023-24) 2
Ans:
There are different methods of communication: non-verbal, verbal and
visual. However, all these methods can only be effective if we follow the
basic principles of professional communication skills. These can be
abbreviated as 7 Cs i.e.,
Clear, Concise, Concrete, Correct, Coherent, Complete and Courteous.
(Any two of 7 C’s)
4 The symbol shown represents “No Parking zone”. 2
What type of communication uses such symbols and
what is the advantage of using that form of
communication?

KVS ZIET MYSORE 26

 Ans:
a) Visual Communication
b) Visual communication proves to be effective since it involves
interchanging messages only through images or pictures and therefore, you
do not need to know any particular language for understanding it. It is
simple and remains consistent across different places.
5 Explain the following terms: a) Group Communication b) Interpersonal 2
Communication
Ans:
Group communication:
This type of communication takes place when there are more than two
people involved. Each participant can interact and converse with the rest.
Examples 1. Press conferences 2. Board meetings 3. Team meetings
Interpersonal Communication:
This form of communication takes place between two individuals and is
thus a one-on-one conversation. It can be formal or informal.
Examples 1. A manager discussing the performance with an employee. 2.
Two friends discussing homework. 3. Two people talking to each other
over phone or video call.
6 List the different types of verbal communication? 2
Ans:
a) Interpersonal Communication
b) Written Communication
c)Group Communication
d)Public Communication
7 Feedback is the final component and one of the most important factors in 2
the process of communication. Give two reasons to justify why feedback is
important.
Ans:
It validates effective listening: The person providing the feedback knows
they have been understood (or received) and that their feedback provides
some value.
• It motivates: Feedback can motivate people to build better work
relationships and continue the good work that is being appreciated.
• It is always there: Every time you speak to a person, we communicate
feedback so it is impossible not to provide one.
• It boosts learning: Feedback is important to remain focussed on goals,
plan better and develop improved products and services.
• It improves performance: Feedback can help to form better decisions to
improve and increase performance.
8 Write down the common communication barriers you may come across 2
when you move to a new city or country.
Ans:

KVS ZIET MYSORE 27

 When we are moving to a new country we may come across: -
Cultural barriers: when people of different cultures are unable to
understand each other’s customs, resulting in inconveniences and
difficulties.
Linguistic Barriers: Language barriers are the most common
communication barriers, which cause misunderstandings and
misinterpretations between people when in a new country or city.
9 Name the four main categories of Communication Styles. (CBSE 2020-21) 2
Verbal, Non - Verbal, Written and Visual
10 Draw any two common signs used for Visual Communication. Explain 2
what each conveys and where did you see it?

a) No parking Sign. Seen before gates of houses and

on areas where parking is not allowed.
b) Danger warning. Could be seen in places of
Potential danger like in a waterfall during rainy
season, Rough sea etc

11 Classify the following actions below as examples of bad and good non- 2
verbal communication
a) Laughing during formal communication b) Scratching head
c) Smiling when speaking to a friend d) Nodding when you agree
with something
12 List down the various elements of Communication Channel. 2
Ans: The various elements of a communication cycle are: Sender: the
person beginning the communication. Message: the information that the
sender wants to convey. Channel: the means by which the information is
sent. Receiver: the person to whom the message is sent. Feedback: the
receiver’s acknowledgement and response to the message.
13 Mention 2 positive facial expressions which you can use in making
effective communication.
Ans:
• Smiling when meeting someone.
• Keeping face relaxed.
• Matching expressions with your words.
• Nodding while listening.
14 List down the basic parts of speech.
Ans: The part of speech indicates how a particular word functions in
meaning as well as grammatically within the sentence. Some examples are
nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs.
15 Write two sentences of each type of sentence—statement, question,
exclamatory and order.

KVS ZIET MYSORE 28

 Examples: -
Statement:
1.The sun rises in the east 2. The earth revolves around the sun
Question:
1.What is a solar eclipse? 2.Do you know where he is?
Exclamation:
1. Alas We lost the match!
2. Hurray!!! Tomorrow is a holiday
Order:
1.Please lower your voice 2. Meet me at my office.

KVS ZIET MYSORE 29

 UNIT-2: SELF-MANAGEMENT
SKILLS
COMPONENTS OF SELF MANAGEMENT

Stress
Management

Time Self
Management Awareness

Goal Self
Setting Motivation

Self-Management:
Self-management is the ability to control one’s emotions, thoughts and behaviour
effectively in different situations.
Essential Skills for Success:

Discipline Punctuality Goal - setting Teamwork Problem Solving

Responsibility Adaptability Professionalism

Dedication

Importance of Self-Management:
Self-sufficient and independent
Ownership and accountability lead to self-confident
Goal-oriented and strategy maker
Self-monitoring and discipline reinforce good habits and behaviours
Organise life and remove stress

KVS ZIET MYSORE 30

 Methods of Self-Management

Stress: Stress can be defined as emotional, mental, physical and social reaction to
any perceived demands or threats.

Symptoms of Stress:

Sign of Physical stress Sign of Mental stress

Breathlessness Irritation
Indigestion Boredom
Fatigue Mood swings
Cold hands and feet Loneliness
Dry mouth or choking feeling Anxiety
Nausea
Sweaty palms

Causes of Stress:
Conflict or rivalry,
Lack of confidence Meeting deadlines or
Work pressure expectations
Physical discomfort Change of routine
Effects of Stress:
• Deteriorates mental and physical health
• Lack of concentration and productivity in work
• Damage in personal and professional relationships

Stress Management:

Managing stress is about planning to cope effectively with daily pressures.

Advantages of Stress Management:

✓ Focus and Goal-setting
✓ Better planning

KVS ZIET MYSORE 31

 ✓ Execute the work smoothly within deadline
✓ Better work-life balance

Methods of Stress Management:

A B C
Adversity Beliefs Consequences

 Step 1: Awareness about stress

 Step 2: Identify the cause of stress
 Step 3: Apply Stress management techniques

Stress Management Techniques:

1) Proper time management
2) Physical exercise, Yoga, balanced diet, and healthy lifestyle
3) Maintain positive attitude and outlook
4) Organise schedule, complete all the works on time
5) Adequate sleep and relaxation
6) Spending quality time with friends and family.

Self-Awareness
Know Yourself: Belief, Background, Opinion, Choice, Values

Realising Strength and Weakness:

Identify skills, abilities, interests, what you are good at and successful
Identify shortcomings, apathies, where you face difficulty and defeat
Consider honest feedback from others
Continue practising skills
Overcome weakness and improvise

KVS ZIET MYSORE 32

 SWOT Analysis: SWOT analysis is an important framework for identifying and
analysing the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats.

Self-Motivation:
Self-motivation is the internal force that drives one to act towards achievement of
goals.
Types of Motivation:

Internal MotivationSelf-interest and love for the work or hobby

• Doing task of own interest makes one happy, healthy and feel good.

External Motivation Reward

• Doing the task brings respect, recognition and appreciation

Qualities of Self-Motivated People:

 Aware of expectations from life

 Focussed towards goal
 Aware of importance of things
 Dedicated to fulfil dreams

Steps to Build Self-Motivation:

Stay loyal to
Goals despite
Develop Plan to adversity
achieve Goals
Set Goals and
Focus on them

Find own
Strength

Self-Reliance - Ability to Work Independently

Importance of The Ability to Work Independently

KVS ZIET MYSORE 33

Following benefits of working independently advocate its importance.
• Ensures greater learning.
• Individuals feel more empowered and responsible.
• It provides flexibility to choose and define working hours and working mechanisms.
• Failure and success of the task assigned are accounted by individuals.
• Individuals become assets to organizations, groups and nations at large.
• It ensures creativity and satisfaction amongst individuals.

Goal Setting

➢ Goals: Goals are a set of dreams with a deadline to achieve them.

➢ Goal Setting: Goal setting is all about finding and listing one’s goals in life
and planning on achieving them.
➢ Importance of Goal Setting:
o Helps to think and decide about future
plans o Helps to prioritize things in life o
Helps to focus on important tasks

Nature of Goals: SMART

Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic Time bound

Who is involved How

in the goal? much?
What do I want to
do? How
many? Breaking Can be Definite time
Where do I start? down big planned and frame to
goals into work achieve the
When do I start towards it goals
and finish? smaller parts
How to for success
Which means do I know about
use? achieved
Why am I doing results?
this?

KVS ZIET MYSORE 34

Time Management:
Time management is the ability to plan and control on spending time in order to complete
all the intended work.

Benefit of Time Management:

1. Timely completion of tasks
2. Prepare and follow a daily timetable
3. Correct estimation about duration of a work
4. Correct utilisation of time
5. Sense of accomplishment resulting satisfaction and happiness

Healthy habits for Time Management:

1. Avoid unnecessary delay or postpone of planned activity
2. Organise the workplace to develop good working environment
3. Utilise leisure and waiting time productively
4. Prepare To-Do list and prioritise works
5. Develop healthy habits and productive hobby

Steps for Effective Time Management:

• Plain daily Activities

Organise • Prepare timetable and follow it
• Organise working area

Prioritise • Prepare To - Do list of activities

• Rank the activities as per priority

Control • Gain control over activities and time utilisation

• Avoid wasting time on useless things

• Identify all the works done throughout the day

and the amount of time spent on them
Track
• Analysis of time helps in better planning and
execution of tasks and minimize time waste

KVS ZIET MYSORE 35

Emotional Intelligence:

Emotional intelligence is the ability to identify and manage own and others’
emotions.

Steps to Manage Emotions:

1.Understand emotions: Observe behaviour

2.Rationalise: Think judiciously, then decide and act
3.Control: Practice Yoga and meditation to keep calm

Quality of a good Team Member:

i. Work towards a common Goal set by the team
ii. Selflessness - Help and Adjust with the group
iii. Good interpersonal skills
iv. Team spirit and group management skills
Quality of Independent workers:

i. Self-awareness, self-monitoring and self-correcting

ii. Awareness of Goal
iii. Taking initiative
iv. Recognising mistakes and self-performance analysis
v. Continuous learning

Personality Management:

Personality includes proper sense of dressing, personal hygiene, and good

communication skills to have positive impression on others.

KVS ZIET MYSORE 36

 ONE MARK QUESTIONS
1 1.Which of the following activities helps in reducing stress? 1
a) Yoga
b) Walking
c) Meditation
d) All of these
2 ___________________refers to focusing human efforts for 1
maintaining a healthy body and mind capable of better
withstanding stressful situations.
a) Mental Health
b) Emotional Health
c) Self-Management
d) Stress Management
3 __________ is a series of postures and breathing exercises 1
practiced to achieve control of body and mind.
points
a. Meditation
b. Nature Walk
c. Yoga
d. drill
4 Pranjali gets up at 5 am and goes to her badminton classes. Then 1
she comes home and finishes her homework before going to
school. She does this all by herself. No one tells her to do it. This is
an example of
(a) Self-motivation
(b) External motivation
(c) Both self and external motivation
(d) Not any specific type of motivation

KVS ZIET MYSORE 37

 5 Statement 1: A realistic goal is one that has no timeline or plans for 1
execution.
Statement 2: Breaking down big goals into smaller parts will make
the goal
achievable.
a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct
b) Both Statement I and Statement Il are incorrect
c) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
d) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct
6 ______ the work is all about identifying and noting how we spent 1
our time, and analysing how to spend our time effectively. (CBSE
2023-24)
(a) Organising
(b) Prioritising
(c) Controlling
(d) Tracking
7 SMART method can be used to set goals to make you successful in 1
your career and personal life. What does 'A' in SMART stand for?
(CBSE 2023-24)
(a)Abrupt
(c)Achievable
(b)Accountable
(d)Admirable
8 Which of the following is not a key element of self-management 1
skills?
(a)Prioritising your work
(b)Not taking feedback
(c)Goal setting
(d)Staying updated about new practices
9 Sonika gets up at 6 am and goes for her hobby classes. Then she 1
comes back home and finishes her homework before going to
school. She does all work by herself. No one tells her to do so. This
is called ___________.
a. Self-Awareness b. Self-Motivation c. Self-Regulation d.
Discipline
10 High expectations from self can leave one with chronic anxiety and 1
stress, thus leading to _____________stress.
a. Physical b. Emotional c. Mental d. Financial

KVS ZIET MYSORE 38

 11 EXPAND ‘S.M.A.R.T ‘w.r.t to goal setting. 1
12 Gathering insights on your personality and work-specific 1
proficiencies is known as
(a) responsibility
(b) self - awareness
(c) adaptability
(d) time management
13 What are the ABC of Stress Management? (CBSE 2022-23) 1
a) Avertible, Belief, Consequences.
b) Adversarial, Being, Control,
c) Adversity, Belief, Consequences
d) Adversity, Belief, Control
14 Which of the below is not a step of Effective Time Management? 1
(CBSE 2022-23)
a) Organize b) Prioritize c) Control d) Remember
15 Managing stress is about making 1
A) A Plan to visit Psychologist.
B) A plan to develop emotional stability.
C) A plan to be able to cope effectively with daily pressures.
D) A plan to fun trip

ANSWERS:

1. d) All of 2. d) Stress 3. c. Yoga 4. (a) Self- 5. d) Statement I is

these Management motivation incorrect but
Statement II is
correct

6. (d) 7.(c)Achievable 8. (b)Not 9. b. Self- 10. c.Mental

Tracking taking Motivation
feedback
11.Specific, 12. (b) self - 13. c) 14. d) 15. C) A plan to be
Measurable, awareness Adversity, Remember able to cope
Achievable, Belief, effectively with
Realistic,Time Consequences daily pressures.
bound

KVS ZIET MYSORE 39

 TWO MARK QUESTIONS- SELF MANAGEMENT SKILLS
1 What is stress? Enlist few simple stress management techniques.

2 In SMART goals, what does ‘S’ stand for? Explain.

3 Mention any two benefits of working Independently.

4 List down any two methods that can be followed for effective
time management.

5 What is the importance of setting goals in life?

6 What are the factors that affect self-confidence?

7 Sameera is always punctual at school. She has a regular schedule

that she follows every day. She plans for study and play time in
advance. Enlist the four steps Sameera must have followed for
effective time management. (CBSE 2022-23)

8 What are the 2 types of motivation?

9 What is the best way to work on long-term goals?

10 What is Time Management?

11 How can tracking your time help you?

12 Raghu always schedules all the activities he has to complete in a
day. What is he doing? Elaborate on that quality you see in Raghu
which you can imbibe.
13 Describe the steps of gaining self-motivation.

KVS ZIET MYSORE 40

 14 Disha is going to start a new business with own investment. What
qualities she should possess to work independently?
15 Mention any two symptoms of stress.

TWO MARK ANSWERS - SELF MANAGEMENT SKILLS

1 What is stress? Enlist few simple stress management techniques.
Stress can be defined as our emotional, mental, physical and social
reaction to any perceived demands or threats
Here are a few simple stress management techniques. (Any two)
a) Time management
b) Positivity
c)Physical Exercise and Fresh Air
d)Healthy Diet
e) Holidays with Family and Friends
f) Good Sleep
g) Organising your work and not delaying

2 In SMART goals, what does ‘S’ stand for? Explain.

We can use SMART method to set goals. SMART stands for:
• Specific: A specific and clear goal answers six questions. Who
is involved in the goal? What do I want to do? Where do I start?
When do I start and finish? Which means do I use? Why am I
doing this? Not a specific goal: “I would learn to speak English.”
Specific goal: “I would learn to speak English fluently by joining
coaching classes after my school every day, and in six months I
will take part in the inter-school debate competition.”
3 Mention any two benefits of working Independently.
Two benefits of working independently
1. Ensures greater learning

KVS ZIET MYSORE 41

 2. Individuals feel more empowered and responsible
4 List down any two methods that can be followed for effective
time management.
Tips for Practicing Effective Time Management
• Avoid delay or postponing any planned activity
• Organise your room and school desk
• Develop a ‘NO DISTURBANCE ZONE’, where you can sit and
complete important tasks
• Use waiting time productively
• Prepare a ‘To-do’ list
• Prioritise
• Replace useless activities with productive activities
5 What is the importance of setting goals in life?
Following are the importance of Goal setting1. Goals allow you to
separate out what’s important. 2. It helps you to focus on the end
result instead of less Important work. 3. This will make you
successful in your Career and personal life.
6 What are the factors that affect self-confidence?
Answer- Factors that affect self-confidence are: -
a) When we think we cannot do a particular work.
b) When we keep thinking of our past mistakes and feel bad about
it, instead of learning from them.
c) When we expect to be successful at the first attempt itself and
do not try again.
d) When we are surrounded by people who have a negative
attitude, which is reflected in their speech
7 Sameera is always punctual at school. She has a regular schedule
that she follows every day. She plans for study and play time in
advance. Enlist the four steps Sameera must have followed for
effective time management. (CBSE 2022-23)
The four steps of effective time management which Sameera must

KVS ZIET MYSORE 42

 have
followed are:
(i) Organise
(ii) Prioritise
(iii) Control
(iv) Track
8 What are the 2 types of motivation?
Internal Motivation: LOVE We do things because they make us
happy, healthy and feel good. For example, when you perform on
your annual day function and you learn something new, such as
dancing, singing, etc., you feel good.
External Motivation: REWARD We do things because they give
us respect, recognition and appreciation. For example, Suresh
participated in a 100m race and won a prize. This motivated him
to go for practice every morning.
9 What is the best way to work on long-term goals?
The best way to work on long-term goals is:
• Commit to one long-term goal at a time.
• Break your goal into sub-goals.
• Set up a timetable for your goal and sub-goals.
• Work on your self-discipline.
• Develop habits that aid in accomplishing your goal.
• Review your progress regularly.
• Take breaks regularly.
• Try to make your goal fun.
• Celebrate your successes
10 What is Time Management?
Time management is the ability to plan and control how you spend
the hours of your day well and do all that you want to do. An
example of good time management skills would be when you
decide to finish your homework immediately after school so you
have time to watch TV later in the evening.
11 How can tracking your time help you?

KVS ZIET MYSORE 43

 Tracking your time helps you gain perspective on your life, so you
can determine whether the way you spend your time is true to your
priorities and what is important to you.
By tracking your time, you can
i. See how many hours you work.
ii. Discover what your priorities are.
iii. Time feels richer.
iv. A time log can lead to real change.
12 Raghu always schedules all the activities he has to complete in a
day. What is he doing? Elaborate on that quality you see in Raghu
which you can imbibe.
Ans:
Raghu is managing his time effectively by scheduling and
planning the activities he has to complete in time. Time
management is the ability to plan and control how you spend the
hours of your day well and do all that you want to do.
The effective time management techniques that we can imbibe
from Raghu are: -
a) Organise b) Prioritize c) Control and d) Track
13 Describe the steps of gaining self-motivation.
Step 1: Find own Strength
Step 2: Set goal and focus
Step 3: Plan and work
Step 4: Stick to the goal
14 Disha is going to start a new business with own investment. What
qualities she should possess to work independently?
• Self-awareness – Know strength, weakness, risk,
opportunity
• Define Goals, take initiative to plan and work
• Self-performance analysis, recognising mistake
• Continuous learning from surroundings

KVS ZIET MYSORE 44

 15 Mention any two symptoms of stress.
(Any two)
• Breathlessness
• Irritation
• Indigestion
• Boredom
• Fatigue
• Mood swings
• Cold hands and feet
• Loneliness
• Dry mouth or choking feeling
• Anxiety
• Nausea
• Sweaty palms

KVS ZIET MYSORE 45

 UNIT-3: ICT SKILLS

TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

An Operating System (OS) is an interface between a computer user and

computer hardware. An operating system is a software which performs all
the basic tasks like file management, memory management, process
management, handling input and output, and controlling peripheral
devices such as disk drives and printers.

Some popular operating systems are:

• DOS (Disk Operating System)

• Windows It is an operating system developed by Microsoft.
• Linux It is an operating system designed for personal computers. It is a

free and Open Source Software

• Mobile operating Systems
✓ Android

✓ Symbian

✓ Windows Phone

✓ iOS

Following are some of important functions of an operating System.

• Memory Management
• Processor Management
• Device Management
• File Management
• Security
• Control over system performance
• Job accounting

KVS ZIET MYSORE 46

 • Error detecting aids

The different types of operating systems are as follows:

Interactive (GUI-based) A graphical user interface is a user-friendly operating

system in which commands can be entered by clicking/double-clicking/right-
clicking a mouse. Windows operating system is an example of an interactive
operating system.

Single-user, single-task operating system: This type of operating system

allows only one user to do a task on the computer and one thing at a time.

Single-user, multi-task operating system: This type of operating system is

used on Desktop computers, laptops, where a single user can operate on several
programs at the same time. For example, Windows, Apple MacOS are examples
of single-user multi task operating system.

Multi-user: A multi-user operating system enables multiple users to work on

the same computer at different times or simultaneously.

Real Time: A real time operating system is used to control machinery,

scientific instruments, like robots, in complex animations and computer
controlled automated machines. A real-time operating system is a computing
environment that reacts to input within a specific period of time. It manages the
resources of the computer so that any particular operation is executed in the
same amount of time every time it is executed.
Windows CE and Lynx OS are examples of real-time operating systems.

Distributed: A distributed operating system runs on a set of computers that are

interconnected by a network. It combines the different computers in the network

KVS ZIET MYSORE 47

 into a single integrated computer and storage location. Windows, UNIX, and
LINUX are examples of distributed operating systems.

Windows 7 operating system:

Windows 7 is an operating system developed by Microsoft and is used on
personal computers. After loading Windows 7, the first screen that appears on
the monitor is called desktop. From the desktop, you can access different
components of Windows 7.
By default, Windows 7 has a picture for the desktop background. This is called wallpaper.

Small pictures on the desktop are called icons. These icons represent files,
folders, 31 applications, etc. At the bottom of the desktop is a long bar called the
Taskbar. To the left of the taskbar is the Start button.
File Concept, File Operations, File Organization, Directory Structures And File
SystemStructures

Everything you store on your computer is stored in the form of a file. There are
specific naming conventions for naming files or folders, like characters that can
be used, maximum number of characters, etc. Files can be separately placed into
groups, called folders/directories. Each directory/folder can contain related files
and/or sub-folders.

CARE AND MAINTENANCE OF COMPUTER

Regular maintenance of the computer system is very important.

Some of the maintenance activities are:

• Keep the components of the computer, like keyboard, mouse, monitor, etc. clean.
• Replace hardware that is not functioning properly
• Keep food items away from the computer
• Cables and chords should not be messed up

KVS ZIET MYSORE 48

 • Removing unauthorized software from the computer
• Take regular backup of the data
• Ensure backups are working properly by periodically restoring or checking of

data. You should use external hard drive for backup of data on your computer.
• Run anti-virus periodically
• Keep anti-virus software up to date
• Do not overcharge the batteries
• Do not block the vents
• Always shut down the computer properly

Section -A (1 Mark Questions)

Q1. One of the most important contributions of ICT in the field of 1
education……….
a. Easy access to teaching
b. Easy access to books
c. Easy access to learning
d. Easy access to workload
Ans: c
Q2. Internet Explorer is a ……... 1
a. Internet
b. Web browser
c. Search Engine
d. Service Provide
Ans: b
Q3. ICT stands for: 1
a. Inter Connected Terminals
b. Intra Common Terminology
c. International Communication Technology
d. Information and Communication Technology
Ans: d
Q4. Physical part of computer is called . . . . . .. 1
a. Hardware
b. Software
c. Shareware
d. None of the above

KVS ZIET MYSORE 49

 Ans: a
Q5. Software that starts working as soon as we switch on a computer is 1
a. RAM
b. ROM
c. Operating System
d. None of the above
Ans: c
Q6. __________ act as an interface between the user and the computer. 1
a. Operating System
b. MS Excel
c. Impress
d. Digital Documentation
Ans: a
Q7. Which of the following is a valid file extension for Notepad file? 1
a. .jpg b. .doc c. .text d. .txt
Ans: d
Q8. How can an antivirus protect your device? 1
a. It can protect it from overheating.
b. It can increase its performance.
c. It can prevent data from getting corrupt.
d. It can backup data.
Ans: d
Q9. Which of the following is essential for maintaining a keyboard? 1
a. Turn the keyboard upside down and shake it to remove foreign
material.
b. Blow dust and other particles with help of a blower.
c. Use a very dilute combination of soap and water applied with a
non-abrasive cloth to remove stains from the keycaps.
d. Cover the keyboard whenever not in use
Ans: c
Q10. When the information is stored or recorded on electronics device, refers to 1
a. Raw form
b. Digital form
c. Paper form
d. None of the above
Ans: b
Q11. Manisha pressed a key on keyboard that moved the cursor to the 1
beginning of a new line but she did not know which key has been presses

KVS ZIET MYSORE 50

 by her. Identify the key pressed by her:
a. Enter
b. Shift
c. Ctrl
d. Windows
Ans: a

Q12. Which of the following is not an advantage of cyber security? 1

a. Makes the system slower
b. Minimizes computer freezing and crashes
c. Gives privacy to users
d. Protects system against viruses
Ans: a
Q13. In which of the following, a person is constantly followed/chased by 1
another person or group of several peoples?
a. Phishing
b. Bulling
c. Stalking
d. Identity theft
Ans: c
Q14. _______ is a type of software designed to help the user's computer detect 1
viruses and avoid them.
a. Malware
b. Adware
c. Antivirus
d. Both B and C
Ans: c
Q15. It is the set of programs that enables your computer's hardware devices 1
and application software to work together
a. Management
b. Processing
c. System Software
d. Utility software
Ans: c

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 Section -B (2 Mark Questions)
Q16. What do you mean by ICT term? 2
Ans: ICT stands for Information and communication technology. It refers
to all the tools related to storing, recording and sending digital
information.
Q17. How can we increase the performance of a computer? 2
Ans: We can increase the performance of system by:
1. Using an updated Antivirus
2. Removing unnecessary files and data such as temporary files and
images.
Q18. Rama is eager to know about the use of ICT, especially the role of ICT in 2
education, so help her to know more about this term.
Ans: Information and Communication technology (ICT) play a significant
role in all aspects of modern Society.
● ICT enables use of innovative resources and renewal of learning
methods.
● It establishes a more active collaboration of students.
● Simultaneous acquisition of technical knowledge.
Q19. Ravi wants to know about the benefits and flaws of ICT, so help him by 2
writing the advantages and disadvantages of Information and
Communication technology.
Each digital device contains its advantages and disadvantages.
Advantages of ICT:
● Enhanced the modes of communication.
● Better teaching and learning methods
● Paperless technique
Disadvantage of ICT:
● Teacher requires experience to handle ICT
● Traditional books and handwritten methods at risk
● Risk of Cyber-attack and hacking
Q20. Aisha is searching some contents related to sports in search engine but 2
during searching help her about how to prevent her data while using the
internet?
Ans: To protect the data following measures should be take care:
● Use a strong password in your account.
● Install antivirus and firewall
● Keep the information in encrypted format
● Click only on secure websites during internet surfing.

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 Q21. How to maintain a computer system? 2
Ans: For maintenance of the system keep the following points in mind:
● Keep the devices clean such as keyboard, screen, CPU etc.
● Prepare a maintenance schedule such as daily or weekly.
Q22. List the various threats to a computer and its data. 2
Ans: The various threats to a computer and its data:
● Virus
● Phishing
● Online theft
● Cyber crime
● Hacking

Q23. Write the functions of the operating system 2

Ans: The following are the functions of operating system:
● It checks whether the device is functioning properly.
● It controls all the software resources.
● It manages computer memory.
● It allows you to create, copy and delete files.
Q24. Seema is using a laptop and trying to copy data from pen drive but she 2
does not know about how a system gets affected with virus so help her by
mentioning a few ways how the system gets infected with virus.
Ans: A computer can gets affected with virus in any following ways:
● Infected files
● Infected pen drives
● Infected CD ROM /DVD ROM
● Through infected files attached in emails
Q25. Define hardware and software in Computer systems. 2
Ans: Hardware refers to the physical and visible components of the
system such as a monitor, CPU, keyboard and mouse.
Software: Software refers to a set of instructions which enable the
hardware to perform a specific set of tasks. Software is a generic term
used to refer to applications, scripts and programs that run on a device.
Q26. Why is the CPU calling the “Brain of a computer”? 2
Ans: The CPU is called as Brain of the computer" because the Central
Processing Unit (CPU) is responsible for executing instructions and
performing calculations in a computer. It acts as the brain of the computer
by controlling and coordinating all the operations of the system, including
processing data, running programs, and managing hardware resources.
Without a CPU, a computer would not be able to function and perform

KVS ZIET MYSORE 53

 task.

Q27. Define antivirus and what is the use of antivirus. 2

Ans: Anti-virus software is a program that protects your email, files, and
downloads attached to software.
● It scans and detects potential threats such as viruses, malware, and
spyware, preventing them from infecting your system.
● It also provides real-time protection by constantly monitoring your
computer for any suspicious activity.
● By regularly updating its virus definitions, it can identify and
remove the latest threats

Q28. Rishi wants to categorize different types of devices so help him to list any 2
four input, output and storage devices which are used in day to day life.
Ans: Input Devices: Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Microphone
Output Devices: Monitor, printer, plotter, Speaker
Storage Devices: Hard Disk, CD/DVD, Pen Drive, Memory card
Q29. How to delete files and folders permanently from the recycle bin window? 2
Ans: 1. Double click on the Recycle bin
2. The Recycle bin window appears
3. Click empty the Recycle
Q30. Ravish wants to change his phone but he wants to transfer his old data 2
for later use so suggest him the term regarding this process.
Ans: The process through which Ravish can transfer his old data for later
use is known as data backup. Backing up data means to save the
information present on your computer on another device, such as
CD/DVD drives or hard disk.

KVS ZIET MYSORE 54

 UNIT-4: ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS

MIND MAP:

Topic 1- Entrepreneurship and Society

Entrepreneurs’ Contribution to Society

• Improve Standard of Living

• Wealth Creation
• Accelerate Economic Growth
• Create Jobs
• Bring efficiency in society
• Bring more choices to customers
Topic 2- Qualities and Functions of an Entrepreneur

Qualities Functions

Confidence Decision Making

Innovation Business Management

Calculated Risk Financial Management

Taking

Creativity Risk Analysis

Patience Setting Vision for

Organisation

Perseverance Efficiency in Operations

Leadership Sustenance of Business

KVS ZIET MYSORE 55

 Topic 3- Myths about Entrepreneurship
1. Every business idea needs to be unique or special.
2. A person needs a lot of money to start a business.
3. Only a person having a big business is an entrepreneur.
4. Entrepreneurs are born, not made.

Topic 4- Entrepreneurship as a career option

Advantages Disadvantages
Independence Risk
Ambition Excessive
Fulfilment Workload
Wealth Creation Uncertainty
Work-Life Challenges
Autonomy

KVS ZIET MYSORE 56

 Topic 1- Entrepreneurship and Society
Contribution of Entrepreneurs towards Society
• Fulfil Customer Needs: Entrepreneurs find out what people want. Then,
they use their creativity & innovation to come up with a business idea that
will meet that demand and satisfy customer needs
• Use Local Materials: Entrepreneurs use locally sourced material and
workforce available around them, to make products at least cost. This
ensures business efficiency.
• Create Jobs: With the growth of a business, entrepreneurs look for more
people to help them. They buy more material. They also hire more people
to work for them, thereby providing livelihood opportunities to others.
• Bring down cost of goods and services: As more entrepreneurs sell the
same product, the price of the product goes down due to innovation and
market competition.
• Improve Standard of Living: With newer and better products, standard
of living of common man rises and everyone experiences better life.
• Increase Economic Pie: As entrepreneurs grow their business, the people
working for them and they themselves too become wealthy. This helps
increase nation’s economic growth.

Topic 2- Qualities and Functions of an Entrepreneur

Qualities of an Entrepreneur
• They are confident: Entrepreneurs are confident beings. They decide to
take up a venture and it is their confidence that ensures survival and
success of their idea.
• They try new and innovative ideas: Entrepreneurs introduce new and
innovative ideas in the market. Sometimes, such ideas may even displace
the inefficient players from the market.
• They are creative: Entrepreneurs are creative people. They always try to
find opportunities for a better product/service through their creativity.
• They show patience: Entrepreneurs are resilient people. They wait till
the venture succeeds. This quality also helps them deal effectively with
their employees.

KVS ZIET MYSORE 57

 • Perseverance: Entrepreneurs show perseverance as any small hurdle
doesn’t stop them from achieving their ambitions. They keep on working
towards fulfilment of their ambition.
• Takes responsibility: Entrepreneurs take responsibility to successfully
execute the business idea into a full-fledged profit-making enterprise.
• Have leadership Skills: Entrepreneurs are leaders as well. They have the
responsibility to lead the venture towards its Organisational Vision.
Further, they also lead the team of employees and guide them to work
effectively towards Organisational Goals.
• Hard working: Entrepreneurs work hard, especially in the initial phase
of venture. This quality ensures that they keep on working with passion
and dedication.
• Take calculated risk: Entrepreneurs take calculated risk, which pays
them off well as they always keep in mend the Risk-Reward ratio.
• Never Give Up spirit: Entrepreneurs don’t give up easily. This persist
with their efforts and always try to turn things around.
Functions of an Entrepreneur
• Making Decisions: Decision making is part of everyday routine of an
entrepreneur. Decision make include a Technical Decision, Managerial
Decision, Administrative Decision or even a Strategic Decision. Decision
making by entrepreneurs is often based on risk-reward ratio, feedback
from market, customer demand and offerings by the competition.
• Managing the Business: Entrepreneurs often plan a vision for the venture
and in order to achieve it, they try to manage the business well as only a
well-managed business can sustain in the long run.
• Keep track of Finances: Entrepreneur keeps track of whom to pay how
much and what for. They pay the employees’ salaries, service providers,
suppliers’ payments, etc.
• Taking Risk: Entrepreneurs take risk, though a calculated one. They
KVS ZIET MYSORE 58
 factor-in all variables & risks before reaching to a decision. A calculated
risk pays off well as its risk-reward ratio is not too skewed.
• Create a New Method, Idea OR Product: Entrepreneurs introduce new
and innovative ideas in the market. Sometimes, such ideas may even
displace the inefficient players from the market.

Topic 3- Myths about Entrepreneurship

What is a misconception?
A myth, or a misconception, is a false belief or opinion about something.
Misconception 1: Every business idea needs to be unique or special
• A person can take an idea that is already there in the market and do
something different with it.
• For example: Cab Service named ‘inDrive’ simply introduced an option
wherein a user can quote his/her fare and negotiate with cab driver. This is
unlike stand Cab Service providers like ‘Ola’ and ‘Uber’

Misconception 2: A person needs a lot of money to start a business

• Capital is important for starting. However, every business does not need a
lot of capital to start. Moreover, today there is no dearth of credit and even
venture capitalists are willing to provide funding.
• Depending on how much money you have or can borrow, you can start a
business with that much money. Once you make more money, you can
reinvest profits back into your business to make it bigger.
• For example: ‘BTW’ or “Bittoo Tikki Wala” initially started as a street
seller and later on expanded based on reploughing of profits back into
business.

Misconception 3: Only a person having a big business is an entrepreneur

• No business is big or small. If a person is running a business to fulfil a
customer need, they are an entrepreneur from Day 1. Most businesses

KVS ZIET MYSORE 59

 start small. It becomes big with hard work and creativity, over time.

Misconception 4: Entrepreneurs are born, not made.

• It is only a myth that some people have the talent for doing business. An
entrepreneur is a person who does whatever it takes to make the business
successful. Being an entrepreneur starts with a way of thinking.
Moreover, entrepreneurial skills cam be developed too through training.

Topic 4- Entrepreneurship as a career option

A person who chooses to become an entrepreneur goes through a career
process. This process is as follows:
• Entry: When an entrepreneur is starting, they are just entering the
market to do business
• Survival: There are many entrepreneurs in the market. The
entrepreneur has to survive in a competitive market. This is the most
crucial phase for an entrepreneur.
• Growth: Once the business is stable, an entrepreneur thinks about
expanding his or her business.

Advantages of choosing entrepreneurship as a career option are:

A) Independence
• An entrepreneur is not dependent on anyone for his/her
livelihood. He/she is self-reliant
B) Ambition Fulfilment
• Entrepreneurship helps fulfil one’s ambition and passion
simultaneously. Hence, the entrepreneur feels self-satisfaction
C) Wealth Creation
• Entrepreneurs are the wealth creators in the economy. They help
expand the economy of the nation through their innovative ideas.
D) Work-Life Autonomy
• An entrepreneur enjoys work-life autonomy as he/she is one’s
own boss and has full freedom to decide one’s working hours.

KVS ZIET MYSORE 60

 Disadvantages of choosing entrepreneurship as a career option are:

A) Risk:
• Contrary to wage employment, one has to risk one’s own savings,
time and efforts
B) Workload:
• It takes serious hustle to get a new business up and running from
scratch. While it can be an exciting time, full of possibility, it can
also be exhausting for an entrepreneur.
C) Challenges:
• Being an entrepreneur is not without its challenges. One may face
lonely weekends and late-night works. Further low funding in
initial stages may also lower chances of success of the venture.
D) Uncertainty:
• Entrepreneurs often face headwinds from various quarters. Change
in market dynamics, government policies or even consumer
preferences, all can affect survival chances of a venture.

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 SECTION A: OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Q. Answer the given questions on Entrepreneur Skills (1 Mark each)

1. The process of developing a business plan, launching and running a 1
business using innovation and meet customer needs and to make profit is
_______________.
a. Software Engineer
b. Entrepreneurship
c. Civil Engineer
Mechanical Engineer
2. What is the aim of entrepreneurship? 1
a. Earn a profit
b. Solve customers need innovatively
c. Both of the above
None of the above
3. Entrepreneurs create _____________ opportunities to grow the economy 1
of the country.
a. Business
b. Credit
c. Money
None of the above
4. Qualities of a entrepreneurs are 1
a. Never Giving up
b. Hardworking
c. Perseverance
All of the above
5. There are various natural resources present around us _____________. 1
Entrepreneurs keep working to find the most optimal ways of using the
resources to reduce costs and increase their profits.
a. Renewable
b. Non-renewable
c. Both a and b
None of the above
6. Ritu leaves the company she worked for and starts catering food for 1
marriage programmes. She is an _________________.
a. Entrepreneur
b. Employee
c. Cook

KVS ZIET MYSORE 62

 Unemployed
7. Ravi’s customer comes to his store and starts shouting at him. He does not 1
get angry. He listens to what his customer is saying. He is ________.
a. Hardworking
b. Confident
c. Patient
Trying new ideas
8. Susheela decides to sell her company tyres in Sri Lanka. It does not sell 1
and she has a loss. She apologises to the people who work for her. She
says she will plan better next time. She _________ .
a. takes responsibility for her mistakes
b. thinks before deciding
c. does not give up
is creative
9. _________ are people who work for a person or an organization and get 1
paid for that work.
a. Self employed
b. Wage employed
c. Both of the above
None of the above
10. The money used to start a business is called ________ . 1
a. Capital
b. Business Money
c. Start ups
None of the above
11. Which of the following are misconception about Entrepreneur? 1
a. Entrepreneurs are born, not made.
b. A person having a big business is an entrepreneur.
c. A person needs a lot of money to start a business.
d. All of the above
12. A self-employed person who is always trying to make his/her business 1
better by taking risks and trying new ideas is called _______ .
a. Skilled man
b. Business man
c. Entrepreneur

KVS ZIET MYSORE 63

 None of the above

13. Positive impact of entrepreneurship on society is _________ 1

a. Accentuates economic Growth
b. Encourages welfare of the society
c. Solves the problems of the society
All of the above
14. Dr. Ravi has his own clinic so he is a _____________ Person. 1
a. Self-employed
b. Wage-employed
c. Both of the above
None of the above
15. Benefits of Entrepreneurship 1
a. Do what you are interested in
b. Make profits for your self
c. More risk, more profit
All of the above

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Who is an entrepreneur? 2
Ans: An entrepreneur is a person who is self-employed, is willing to take a
calculated risk and brings in a new idea to start a business.
2. How do entrepreneurs help in growing the area and society they live in? 2
Ans: Entrepreneurs run their businesses in a market. The market has
people who buy products and services and people who sell them also.
When people are buying and selling from each other, it is helpful for
everyone because everyone involved makes money. This is how
entrepreneurs help in growing the area and society they live in.

3. List two qualities of successful Entrepreneurs. 2

Ans) They are confident. They believe in themselves
and their abilities.
• They keep trying new ideas in their business.
• They are patient.
• They are creative and think differently about
business ideas.
• They take responsibility for their actions. (Any two Points)

KVS ZIET MYSORE 64

 4. Differentiate between waged employee and self-employed people. 2
Ans) Waged employed people are people who work for a person or an
organization and get paid for that work. Self-employed people are those
who start businesses to satisfy the needs of people.

5. What do entrepreneurs do when they run their business? 2

Ans:
1. Fulfil Customer Needs
2. Use Local Materials
3. Help Society
4. Create Jobs
5. Sharing of Wealth
6. Lower Price of Products
(Any four points)
6. What is the difference between a misconception and reality? 2
Ans) Misconception: A myth, or a misconception, is a false belief or
opinion about something.
Reality: Reality means the things which actually exist. In other words,
reality is all the things which has real existence irrespective of appearance
or not.

7. Match each story below with the misconception about 2

entrepreneurship.
Story Misconception

Ramu owns a large clothes shop. a) Every business idea needs to

Shamu has a small store selling be unique or special.
handmade sarees. Shamu does
not call himself an entrepreneur.
Ans: c
Anna has a great idea for a (b) Entrepreneurs are born, not
website. She has 5,000. She is made.
waiting for 20,000 more, so that
she can start it.
Ans: b
In a city of thousands of tailoring (c) A person needs to have a big
shops, Gauri is a tailor who business to be called an
stitches good quality clothes and entrepreneur.
has a very successful business.
Ans: a
8. Write against the option, if the business idea is of self-employment or 2
wage employment.

KVS ZIET MYSORE 65

 (a) Cooking in a restaurant
(b) Owning a clothing business
(c) Having a dosa selling stall
(d) Working for someone
Ans) a) Waged Employee b) Self Employed
c) Self-employed d) Waged employee

KVS ZIET MYSORE 66

 UNIT-5: GREEN SKILLS

Society and Environment

Over the years, with economic development, there has been an increase in
environmental pollution. For example, with the introduction of high input
agriculture, we can grow more food by using fertilizers, pesticides and hybrid
crops. But it has led to soil and environmental degradation. We need to plan the
use of resources in a sustainable manner so that we and our future generations
can enjoy a good environment.
What is Sustainable Development?
Sustainable development is the development that satisfies the needs of the
present without compromising the capacity of future generations, guaranteeing
the balance between economic growth, care for the environment and social
well-being.

Importance of Sustainable Development

Sustainable development is defined as ‘development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs’(World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987

Problems Related to Sustainable Development

Three major problems related to sustainable development are:

(a) Food: The amount of rich, fertile land needed to grow crops, such as wheat,

rice, etc., is becoming less as we are using up more and more land for other
purposes. Soil nutrients are also getting depleted and lots of chemicals are
spoiling the soil due to use of chemical fertilizers.

KVS ZIET MYSORE 67

 (b) Water: We use fresh water from rivers and ponds for drinking and cleaning

but dump garbage into them. The rivers and ponds are getting polluted. This
way after several years, we will have no clean water for our use.
(c) Fuel: We are using a lot of wood from trees as fuels and for construction of

homes and furniture. As more and more trees are being cut, it is affecting the
climate of the place. Extreme weather conditions, such as floods, extreme cold
or heat, are seen inmany places, which affect the people living there.

Sustainable development includes

• reducing excessive use of resources and enhancing resource conservation;
• recycling and reuse of waste materials;
• scientific management of renewable resources, especially bio-resources;
• planting more trees; green grassy patches and trees to be interspersed

betweenconcrete buildings;
• using more environment friendly material or biodegradable material and
• use of technologies, which are environmentally friendly and based on efficient

use ofresources.

Sustainable Development Goals

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a universal call of action to end
poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity.
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were launched at the United

KVS ZIET MYSORE 68

 Nations Sustainable Development Summit in New York in September 2015,
forming the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. It has set targets that the
countries have to should work towards and achieve by 2030. The 17 SDGs have
been made with the aim to take care of important issues facing businesses,
governments and society. Some of these issues are poverty, gender equality,
water use, energy, climate change and biodiversity. Countries are now making
policies and regulations that will promote sustainable systems needed in all
economic sectors to provide a secure, affordable and sustainable economy.
Our Role in Sustainable
Sustainable development can actually happen only when each one of us works
towards it. We have to become responsible environment citizens who can
protect the environment through our own efforts. Here are some basic ways in
which people canhelp towards Sustainable Development Goals.

Quality Education
Education is the most important factors for sustainable development. Children
who have gone to school will be able to do jobs so that they can take care of
themselves and their families. Education helps us become aware of our role as a
responsible citizen. We should
1. use the facilities present in our areas.
2. take our friends to school.
3. help friends' study.
4. Stop friends from dropping out of school.

Clean Water and Sanitation

We must make efforts to make India free of open defecation by building toilets
and creating awareness
towards sanitation.

KVS ZIET MYSORE 69

 Affordable and Clean Energy
Using solar power i.e., power generated using the sun does not cause pollution
as it does not require burning of non-renewable fuels, such as coal. We are
making efforts to increase the solar power generation so that our electricity needs
are met and at thesame time we do not pollute the environment
Decent Work and Economic Growth
We can
(a) study and find good jobs to take care of ourselves and our families.
(b) work hard and contribute to society.
(c) learn and develop skills so that we get add value in our community.

Reduced Inequalities
To reduce inequalities, we can
1. be helpful to one another.
2. be friendly with everyone.
3. include everyone while working or playing.
4. help others by including everyone whether they are small or big, girl or boy,

belongto any class or caste.

Sustainable Cities and Communities
Creating Sustainable Cities
1. Save energy by switching off lights and fans when not in use.
2. Use natural light as much as possible.
3. Use energy-efficient lights (LED bulbs) and appliances.
Responsible Consumers and Producers
We can become responsible about our own environment by
1. reusing paper, glass, plastic, water, etc.
2. taking cloth bags to market carrying fruits and vegetables.
3. donate things we do not use such as clothes, books, furniture, food, etc.

KVS ZIET MYSORE 70

 4. Buy and eat seasonal fruits and vegetables from local growers.
5. Repair leaking taps and pipes to avoid wasting water.
6. Sort and treat garbage before disposing.
Protect Life Below Water
Tons of plastic is found in the seas, which is killing marine life. Protecting
marine life, saving our oceans from pollution is necessary to preserve the marine
life.
Protect Life on Land
Cutting of trees is leading to soil erosion and making land dry and unusable for
cultivation. Planting more tree to replace the ones that we have cut is an
important step towards sustainable development.

KVS ZIET MYSORE 71

 ONE MARK QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following is/are the result of exploiting our Nature? 1
a. Scarcity of clean water to drink.
b. Scarcity of pure air to breathe
c. Depletion of ozone layer
d. All of the above
2. Solution to these global problems like scarcity of clean water to drink, 1
scarcity of pure air to breathe, scarcity of unadulterated food, rising issue
of global warming is _______
a. Stop using these resources.
b. Sustainability
c. to make people aware
d. None of the above
3. ____ is the development that satisfies the needs of the present without 1
compromising the capacity of future generations.
a. Overall development
b. Economic development
c. Sustainable development
d. None of the above
4. The aim of Sustainable development is 1
a. to inculcate the value of self-resistance amongst the people
b. to save natural resources for everyone
c. to utilize judiciously and ensure its availability for future generations
d. All of these
5. Which of the following are common Sustainable Practices? 1
a. Reusing of Waste Water
b. Conserving Rain Water
c. Segregating waste at source
d. All of the above
6. Which of the following will help to protect our environment? 1
a. Solar Power Plants
b. Waste Water Treatment Plants
c. Electric Vehicles
d. All of the above
7. Which of the following is not included in Sustainable development? 1
a. Green grassy patches and trees to be interspersed between concrete
buildings
b. Use of technologies, which are environmentally friendly
c. Excessive use of resources and decreasing resource conservation
d. None of the above.
8. SDGs stands for _____ 1
a. Sustainable Development Goals
b. Sustainable Development Goal seeker
KVS ZIET MYSORE 72
 c. Sustainable Developmental Goals
d. None of the above
9. There are _______ SDGs 1
a. 13
b. 17
c. 12
d. 15
10. In Organic Farming, farmers use _____ 1
a. Chemical Fertilizers
b. Pesticides
c. Chemical Spray
d. None of the above
11. Which of the following activities help to conserve the environment? 1
a. Organic Farming
b. Vermi-Composting
c. Rainwater harvesting
d. All of the above
12. Choose the option which is not a sustainable development goal according 1
to United Nations.
a. Clean Water and Sanitation
b. Gender Equality
c. Population
d. Reduced Inequalities
13. Sustainable Development is the responsibility of _________. a. 1
a person
b. a city
c. a nation
d. the world
14. Problems Related to Sustainable Development are _____ . 1
a. Large population
b. Poverty
c. Lack of Awareness
d. All of the above
15. Choose the option which defines sustainable development. 1
a. Taking care of future generations.
b. Taking care of only ourselves.
c. Taking care of ourselves and the future generations.
d. None of the above

KVS ZIET MYSORE 73

 TWO MARKS QUESTIONS
1. What is the meaning of sustainable development? 2
2. List some ways in which we can use resources sensibly 2
3. Mention two major advantages gained by using ‘Kulhads’ 2
4. Explain the importance of education towards sustainable development. 2
5. Why do you think the United Nations has made the 17 Sustainable 2
Development Goals?
6. Discuss briefly about any two problems related to Sustainable 2
Development
7. By what are the people of Charanka benefited? 2
8. How can we become responsible about our own environment? 2
9 Explain Organic Farming. 2
10 What innovation did Mr Avasth Hedge make? Explain 2
11 What do you understand by the term sustainable agriculture? 2
12 What led to Environment Pollution? 2
13 “With increasing population and income, the consumption of goods is 2
increasing day by day.” - Comment
14 What are the core skills required by a person who wants to contribute 2
towards environment?
15 How can we achieve Sustainable development? 2

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 Answer Key
Q. Answer the given questions on Green Skills (2 Marks each)
1. Sustainable development is the development that satisfies the needs of the 2
present without compromising the capacity of future generations,
guaranteeing the balance between economic growth, care for the
environment and social well-being
2. 1. reusing paper, glass, plastic, water, etc. 2
2. taking cloth bags to market carrying fruits and vegetables.
3. donate things we do not use such as clothes, books, furniture, food, etc.
4. Buy and eat seasonal fruits and vegetables from local growers.
3. 1. reduce cutting of tree for making paper cups. 2
2. job creation for potters, which contributes to economy.
4. Education is the most important factors for sustainable development. 2
Children who have gone to school will be able to do jobs so that they can
take care of themselves and their families.
5. The 17 SDGs have been made with the aim to take care of important issues 2
facing businesses, governments and society. Some of these issues are
poverty, gender equality, water use, energy, climate change and
biodiversity.
6. (a) Food: The amount of rich, fertile land needed to grow crops, such as 2
wheat, rice, etc., is becoming less as we are using up more and more land
for other purposes.
(b) Water: We use fresh water from rivers and ponds for drinking and
cleaning but dump garbage into them. The rivers and ponds are getting
polluted.
(c) Fuel: We are using a lot of wood from trees as fuels and for
construction of homes and furniture. As more and more trees are being cut,
it is affecting the climate of the place.
(Any two issue)
7. Large scale production of solar power in Charanka has reduced the 2
dependence on non-renewable fossil fuels in Gujarat. The people of
Charanka have benefited as they have a good source of income and this
will also help future generations in the next 40–50 years to come

8. We can become responsible about our own environment by 2

1. reusing paper, glass, plastic, water, etc.
2. taking cloth bags to market carrying fruits and vegetables.
3. donate things we do not use such as clothes, books, furniture, food, etc.
4. Buy and eat seasonal fruits and vegetables from local growers.
5. Repair leaking taps and pipes to avoid wasting water.

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 6. Sort and treat garbage before disposing (any two valid points)
9 Organic farming is where farmers do not use chemical pesticides and 2
fertilisers to increase their production. They use organic and natural
fertilisers, such as cow dung to help in growing crops. This helps in better
quality chemical free crops while at the same time maintaining the soil
quality for future use.
10 When plastics were banned by the municipal corporation of Mangalore, an 2
innovator and entrepreneur Mr Avasth Hedge found an eco-friendly
alternative. He made a 100 per cent bio-degradable bag which can dissolve
in hot water and decompose in natural environment.
11 Sustainable agriculture consists of environment friendly methods of 2
farming that allow the production of agricultural crops or livestock without
damage to human or natural systems. It also involves preventing the use of
chemicals so as to avoid adverse effects to soil, water and biodiversity.
12 With economic development, there has been an increase in environmental 2
pollution. For example, with the introduction of high input agriculture, we
can grow more food by using fertilisers, pesticides and hybrid crops. But it
has led to soil and environmental degradation.
13 “With increasing population and income, the consumption of goods is 2
increasing day by day.”
This has led to increase in production and utilisation of natural resources,
which are required for producing goods. Society must thus change its
development strategy to a new form where development will not destroy
the environment.
14 The core skills required by a person who wants to contribute towards 2
environment include environmental awareness and willingness to learn
about sustainable development. If one is responsible about life, then they
will do their best at home, in school and at their workplace to help the
environment and the people around them.
15 Sustainable development can actually happen only when each one of us 2
works towards it. We have to become responsible environment citizens
who can protect the environment through our own efforts

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 PART-B: SUBJECT SPECIFIC SKILLS

UNIT-1: INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Intelligence:
Intelligence is an ability to understand information, and to retain it as knowledge to be
applied in a particular situation or context.

Artificial Intelligence:
Refers to any technique that enables computers to mimic human intelligence. It gives
the ability to machines to recognize a human’s face; to move and manipulate objects; to
understand the voice commands by humans, and also do other tasks. The AI-enabled
machines think algorithmically and execute what they have been asked for intelligently.
Artificial Intelligence vs Natural Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence Natural Intelligence
Found in Machines Found in Humans
AI Machines are Built/Designed with Built based on observation, Learning
Data and Algorithms and etc.
Machines with AI Can perform large Humans have limitation to compute.
complex calculations
What is NOT AI:
It is very common for us to misunderstand any other technology as AI.
The machine/device which is trained with data and makes decision or prediction
based on data and algorithms are considered as AI. Below are some examples
which are not AI.
An Automatic Washing machine operates based on instructions provided by the
user.
Air Conditioner is operated by humans using remote. Humans need to set the
timer and temperature based on requirement. Air Conditioner can be turned
on/off from a different location. Still it needs human to operate.
Smart TV uses different applications and technologies in it, which make ease of
using. These also need humans to operate.

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 Self-Driving cars which are operated based on remote control, sensor based does
not make them as AI.

Applications of AI
A. AI in E-Commerce websites
(Examples: Amazon, Flipkart, Myntra and etc.)
B. AI in Virtual Assistants (Examples: Google Assistant, Alexa, Siri and etc)
C. AI in Self Driving Cars (Examples: Tesla, XUV 700 and etc)
D. AI in Health care (Examples: Medical Image Analysis, AI Enabled Medical
Diagnosis and etc.)
E. AI in Gaming (Examples: Cricket, FIFA, Racing Games and etc.)

AI Bias:
AI model is trained with huge set of data. This data is called training data. If this data is
biased, the output of the AI model will also be biased.
AI Bias is an irregularity in the outcome of a model/Algorithm due to data collected is
unbalanced and based on wrong assumptions.

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS 1 MARK

1. Chatbots and smart bots are related to ______________ domain of AI.
a. Data Science
b. Machine Learning
c. Computer Vision
d. Natural Language Processing

2. In Weather forecasting system, to predict the temperature, rainfall and etc. The
type of technology used is _________________.
a. Computer Vision
b. Interpersonal Intelligence
c. Natural Language Processing
d. Artificial Intelligence

3. An important technology used for facial recognition in phones is

_______________ of AI.

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 a. Data Science
b. Machine Learning
c. Computer Vision
d. Natural Language Processing
4. What is/are the reason(s) for AI Bias in data?
a. Improper assumptions
b. Uneven data collection
c. No testing on Data
d. All the above
5. Which of the following is Not AI?
i. Air Conditioner
ii. Automatic Washing Machine
iii. Self-Driving Car
iv. Smart TV
a. i, ii & iii
b. i & ii
c. i, ii & iv
d. iii & iv
6. Aaron is facing issue in his internet connectivity at home. He called customer
care service, A virtual assistant took his complaint and replied with an
acknowledgement number. What is the AI technology used by Internet service
provider?
a. Data Science
b. Machine Learning
c. Computer Vision
d. Natural Language Processing
7. Which of the following statement is incorrect?
a. Email Filtering is an application of NLP
b. Price comparison websites are applications of Data Science
c. Virtual Assistants are not applications of NLP
d. Self-driving cars are applications of Computer Vision.
8. What is important to make a Good AI Machine?
a. Algorithm
b. Data
c. Test cases
d. All the above.
9. Deep Face technology, which creates a person real in virtual world is based on

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 ______________.
a. Computer Vision
b. Computer Aided Design
c. Natural Language Processing
d. Data Science
10.Results based on discriminatory assumptions made while developing algorithm
by the developer is called as ____________.
a. AI Ethics
b. AI Bias
c. Test Data
d. Training Data
11.Rajan is an employee in MNC, whenever he feels stressed, he would like to
spend some time with friends, listens to music and relieves his stress, He possess
________________ Intelligence.
a. Kinesthetic
b. Spatial
c. Inter Personal
d. Intra Personal
12.Which of the following is invalid with regard to Data Privacy?
a. Allow all permission while installing apps in smart phones can leak data.
b. Denying all permission will allow to install app in smart phone.
c. Use apps which don’t make permissions compulsory.
d. Use apps Reliable and Authentic.
13.In a company a person knows the income and expenditure of the company and
calculates Salary based on Leaves is said to have ________________
intelligence.
a. Spatial
b. Musical
c. Mathematical
d. Interpersonal
14. An organization is using a AI enabled Security surveillance system. Surya works
as a Security guard in the Organization. Due to usage of AI enabled security system
he has a feeling that he may not be needed in the near future. What is this situation?
a. Data Privacy b. AI Bias c. AI Access d. AI is creating Unemployment

15. AI Machines are composed of

a. Software

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 b. Hardware
c. Machine/Device
d. Software. Hardware & Machine

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 2 MARKS

1. Describe how Machines are made Smart/Intelligent?
2. How Deep Learning Machines work?
3. What is AI Bias?
4. Define AI Ethics.
5. Write a difference between Interpersonal vs Intrapersonal
6. Give Examples of machines that are smart but not AI.
7. What is AI Access?
8. Write Examples of Features or applications used in Smart Phone that uses AI.
9. How do you understand whether a machine/application is AI based or not? Explain
with an example.
10.Define Intelligence.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 4 MARKS

1. What are the different types of Intelligences.

2. Write the Applications of AI
3. What are the different domains of AI
4. Explain the AI Categories/branches?

MARKING SCHEME
OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS 1 MARK
1. (d) Natural Language Processing
2. (d) Artificial Intelligence
3. (c) Computer Vision
4. (d) All the above
5. (c) i, ii & iv
6. (d) Natural Language Processing
7. (c) Virtual Assistants are not applications of NLP
8. (d) All the above

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 9. (a) Computer Vision
10. (b) AI Bias
11. (d) Intra Personal
12. (b) Denying all permission will allow to install app in smart phone.
13. (c) Mathematical
14. (d) AI is creating Unemployment
15. (d) Software. Hardware & Machine
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 2 MARKS
1. Describe how Machines are made Smart/Intelligent?
Answer:
Machines are trained using data and algorithms. Once the machines give the
expected result/output these are tested repeatedly. These machines are updated based
on data, past results. Hence Machine can analyze data and can take decisions
intelligently.

2. How Deep Learning Machines work?

Answer:
Deep Learning is a subset of Machine Learning. Deep Learning enables machines to
train with huge amount of data which helps it in training itself around the data.
These machines are capable to develop algorithms for themselves.
3. What is AI Bias?
AI Bias is an irregularity in the outcome of a model/Algorithm due to data collected
is unbalanced and based on wrong assumptions.
4. Define AI Ethics.
AI Ethics are Set of principles to be followed while developing an AI
model/machine/algorithm.
5. Write a difference between Interpersonal vs Intrapersonal Intelligence.
Intra-personal Intelligence is related to a person’s ability to understand about
himself/herself, feelings and thoughts.
Interpersonal Intelligence is related to a person's ability to understand and
communicate effectively with others.
6. Give Examples of machines that are smart but not AI.
Answer:
Air Conditioner,
Automatic Washing Machine,
IOT Devices,
Smart TV and etc.

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7. What is AI Access?
The people who can afford AI enabled devices make the most of it while others who
cannot are left behind. Because of this, a gap has emerged between these two classes
of people and it gets widened with the rapid advancement of technology.
8. Write Examples of Features or applications used in Smart Phone that uses AI.
Answer:
Face Lock, Google Maps, Google Assistant,
E-Commerce apps, Social Media apps,
Audio/Video Streaming Platforms and etc.
9. How do you understand whether a machine/application is AI based or not? Explain
with an example.
Answer:
Any machine/application that is trained with data and can make
decisions/predictions on its own can be termed as AI.
Example: The bot or automation machine is not trained with any data is not an AI.
while a chatbot that understands and processes human language is an AI.
10.Define Intelligence.
Intelligence is an ability to understand information, and to retain it as knowledge to
be applied in a particular situation or context.
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 4 MARKS
1. What are the different types of Intelligences
A. Mathematical Logical Reasoning:
A person's ability to regulate, measure, and understand numerical symbols,
abstraction and logic.
B. Linguistic Intelligence
It is a person's ability of Language processing skills both in terms of understanding
or implementation in writing or verbally. Examples: Poets, Journalists and etc are
said to have this intelligence.
C. Spatial Visual Intelligence
It is defined as the ability to perceive the visual world and the relationship of one
object to another. Examples: Architects, Sculptures and etc are said to have this form
of intelligence
D. Kinaesthetic Intelligence
It is an ability that is related to how a person uses his limbs in a skilled manner.
Examples: Athletes, dancers and etc are said to have this form of intelligence.
E. Musical Intelligence
This intelligence is about a person's ability to recognize and create sounds, rhythms
and sound patterns.

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 Examples: Musicians, Singers, Instrument Players and etc are said to have this form
of intelligence
F. Intrapersonal Intelligence
It is a person ability to know his thoughts, feelings, weakness and strength.
G. Existential Intelligence
This intelligence is related to religious and spiritual awareness about life, our
existence, purpose, meaning of life and etc.
H. Naturalist Intelligence
This intelligence is related to the ability to process information around us. To know
about living things, non-living things and etc.
I. Interpersonal intelligence
It is the ability to communicate with others by understanding their feelings.
2. Applications of AI
F. AI in E-Commerce websites (Examples: Amazon, Flipkart, Myntra and etc.)
G. AI in Virtual Assistants (Examples: Google Assistant, Alexa, Siri and etc.)
H. AI in Self Driving Cars (Examples: Tesla, XUV 700 and etc.)
I. AI in Health care (Examples: Medical Image Analysis, AI Enabled Medical
Diagnosis and etc.)
J. AI in Gaming (Examples: Cricket, FIFA, Racing Games and etc.)

3. Domains of AI
The Three Domain of AI:
A. Data Science: -
Data science is a domain of AI related to data systems and processes, in which
the system collects numerous data, maintains data sets and derives
meaning/sense out of them.
The information extracted through data science can be used to decide about it.
Applications:
Price Comparison Websites, Targeted Advertising, Stock Market Analysis and
etc
B. Computer Vision: -
Computer Vision is a domain of AI that depicts the capability of a machine to
get and analyse visual information and afterwards predict some decisions
about it.
The entire process involves image acquiring, screening, analysing, identifying
and extracting information.
This makes devices visually enabled and gives the capability to understand the

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 visual information.
Applications:
Self-Driving Cars, Face lock in smart phones, Filters in images and etc.
C. Natural Language Processing: -
Natural Language Processing is a domain of AI that deals with the interaction
of computers and humans using the natural language.
Natural language refers to language that is spoken and written by people.
Natural Language Processing (NLP) attempts to extract information from the
spoken and written words to understand its meaning.
Applications: -
Virtual Assistants, E-Mail Filters, Speech to Text conversion and etc.

4. AI Categories:
Artificial Intelligence:
Refers to any technique that enables computers to mimic human intelligence. It gives
the ability to machines to recognize a human’s face; to move and manipulate objects;
to understand the voice commands by humans, and also do other tasks. The AI-
enabled machines think algorithmically and execute what they have been asked for
intelligently.

Machine Learning (ML)

It is a subset of Artificial Intelligence which enables machines to improve at tasks
with experience (data). The intention of Machine Learning is to enable machines to
learn by themselves using the provided data and make accurate Predictions/
Decisions.

Deep Learning (DL)

It enables software to train itself to perform tasks with vast amounts of data. In Deep
Learning, the machine is trained with huge amounts of data which helps it in training
itself around the data. Such machines are intelligent enough to develop algorithms
for themselves.

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 UNIT-2: AI PROJECT CYCLE

What is an AI Project Cycle?

Project Cycle is a step-by-step process to solve problems using proven

scientific methods and drawing inferences about them.

Let us take some daily examples as projects, requiring

steps to solve the problem. Creating a birthday card.
1. Checking the factors like budget, etc which will help us decide
the next steps and understanding the Project.
2. Acquiring data from different sources like online, with friends
etc for Designs and ideas.

3. Making a list of the gathered data.

4. Creating or modelling a card on the basis of the data collected.

5. Showing it to Parents or cousins to let them check it or evaluate it.

Components of AI Project Cycle?

Components of the project cycle are the steps that contribute to

completing the Project. The Components of AI Project Cycle are:
-
❖ Problem Scoping - Understanding the problem
❖ Data Acquisition - Collecting accurate and reliable data
❖ Data Exploration - Arranging the data uniformly
❖ Modelling - Creating Models from the data
❖ Evaluation - Evaluating the project

1. Problem Scoping

Problem Scoping refers to understanding a problem, finding out

various factors which affect the problem, define the goal or aim of

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 the project.

Sustainable Development Goals Sustainable Development: To

Develop for the present without exploiting the resources of the future.

o 17 goals announced by United Nations.

o Aim to achieve them by 2030.
o Pledge taken by all the member nations of the UN.
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global
Goals, were adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015 as a
universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that
all people enjoy peace and prosperity.

4 W's of Problem Scoping

Problem Statement Template
The 4W’s of Problem Scoping are Who, What, Where, and Why.
This W’s helps in identifying and understanding the problem in a better and
efficient manner.
❖ Who - “Who” part helps us in comprehending and categorizing
who all are affected directly and indirectly with the problem and
who are called the Stake Holders.

❖ What - “What” part helps us in understanding and identifying the

nature of the problem and under this block, you also gather
evidence to prove that the problem you have selected exists.
❖ Where - "Where” does the problem arise, situation, context, and location?
❖ Why - “Why” is the given problem worth solving?
Problem Statement Template
The Problem Statement Template helps us to summarize all the key
points into one single template. So that in the future, whenever there is a
need to look back at the basis of the problem, we can take a look at the

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 Problem Statement Template and understand its key elements of it.
Have a look at Problem Statement Template.
The Stakeholder Who
Have a problem Issue/Problem What
When/While Context/Situation/Location Where
Ideal Solution How the solution will help the Why
stakeholders
2. Data Acquisition
The process of collecting accurate and reliable data to work with. Two types of Data
Sets

Base Training set Testing set

Use Used for Training the model Used for Testing the model after it is
trained
Size Is allot bigger than testing data It is smaller than Training set and
and constitutes
constitutes about 70% to 80% about 20% to 30%

Data Features
o Refer to the type of data you want to collect.
o E.g.: Salary amount, increment percentage, increment period, bonus etc.
Big data
o It includes data with sizes that exceed the capacity of
traditional software to process within an acceptable time
and value.
o The main focus is on unstructured type of data

a) Volume
• Amount of data produced
b) Variety
Big Data • Types of data produced
c) Velocity
• Speed of data produced

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 ❖ Observations
● When we observe something carefully, we get some information

● For ex: Scientists Observe creatures to study them.

● Observations are a time-consuming data source.

❖ Surveys

● The survey is a method of gathering specific information from a sample of

people.
● Example, a census survey for analysing the population

Data Exploration

In this stage of project cycle, we try to interpret some useful information

out of the data we have acquired. For this purpose, we need to explore
the data and try to put it uniformly for a better understanding. This stage
deals with validating or verification of the collected data and to analyze
that:

⮚ The data is according to the specifications decided.

⮚ The data is free from errors.

❖ Web Scraping

● Web Scraping means collecting data from web using some

technologies.
● We use it for monitoring prices, news and etc.
● Example: Web Scrapping using beautiful soup in python.
❖ Sensors

● Sensors are very important but very simple to understand.

● Sensors are the part of IoT (Internet of things)
● Sensors collect the physical data and detect the changes.

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 ❖ Cameras

● Camera captures the visual information and then that

information which is called image is used as a source of data.
● Cameras are used to capture raw visual data.

❖ API

● Application Programming interface.

● API is a messenger which takes requests and tells the
system about requests and gives the response.
● Ex: Twitter API, Google Search API
⮚ The data is meeting our needs This stage is divided into 2 sub stages.
1) Data Cleaning
2) Data Visualization.
1) Data Cleaning

Data cleaning helps in getting rid of commonly found errors and

mistakes in a data set. These are the 3 commonly found errors in data.

1) Outliers: Data points existing out of the range.

2) Missing data: Data points missing at certain places.
3) Erroneous data: Incorrect data points.

Outliers

An outlier is a data point in a dataset

that is distant from all other
observations.
or
An outlier is something that behaves
differently from the combination/
collection of the data.
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 Missing Data
What do these NaN valuesindicate?
They are the missing values in the
data set.
We can handle them in two ways:
1. By eliminating the rows of missing
values. (Generally, not recommended
as it might reduce the data set to some
extent leading to less data to be trained)

2. By Using an Imputer to find the best possible substituteto replace missing values.
3. Erroneous Data:

Class
Erroneous data is test data that falls outside of what is
acceptable and should be rejected by the system. Student Name
RIYA GEORGE XA
JOSHUA SAM XA
APARNA BINU XA
SIDHARDH V R XA
NITHILA M 57
ATHULYA M S XA
ANUJA MS XB
KEERTHI KRISHNANATH XB

1) Data Visualization

Why we need to explore data through visualization?

1) We want to quickly get a sense of the trends, relationships, and

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 patterns contained within the data.
2) It helps us define strategy for which model to use at a later stage.
Visual representation is easier to understand and communicate to others. Example

3: Data Visualization Techniques

1. Area Graphs
Area Graphs are Line Graphs but with the area
below the line filled in with a certain colour or
texture. Like Line
Graphs, Area Graphs are used to
display the development of quantitative
values over an interval or time period. They
are most commonly used to show trends, rather
than convey
specific values.
2. Bar Charts
The classic Bar Chart uses either horizontal or
vertical bars (column chart) to show discrete,
numerical comparison across categories. Bars
Charts are distinguished from Histograms, as
they do not display continuous
developments over an interval. Bar Chart's

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 discrete data is categorical data and therefore
answers the question of "how many?" in each
category.

3. Histogram

A Histogram visualizes the distribution of

data over a continuous interval or certain time
period. Each bar in a histogram represents the
tabulated frequency at each interval/bin.
Histograms help give an estimate as to where
values are concentrated, what the extremes are
and whether there are any gaps or unusual
values.
4. Line Graphs
Line Graphs are used to display
quantitative values over a continuous
interval or time period. A Line Graph is
most frequently used to show trends and
analyze how the data has changed over time.
Line Graphs are drawn by first plotting data
points on a Cartesian coordinate grid, then
connecting a line between all of these
points.
Typically, the y-axis has a quantitative
value, while the x-axis is a timescale or a
sequence of intervals. Negative values can
be displayed below the x-axis.

5. Scatterplots

A scatterplot is a type of data display that

shows the relationship between two
numerical variables. Each member of the

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 dataset gets plotted as a point whose (x,
y) coordinates relates to its values for the
two variables.

6. Flow Charts
This type of diagram is used to show the sequential
steps of a process. Flow Charts map out a
process using a series of connected symbols,
which makes process easy to understand and
aids in its communication to other people. Flow
Charts are useful for explaining how a complex
and/or abstract procedure, system, concept or
algorithm work. Drawing a Flow Chart can also
help in planning an developing an existing one
relationship or correlation between the two
variables exists.
process or improving an
7. Pie Charts

Pie Charts help show proportions and percentages between categories, by

dividing a circle into proportional segments. Each arc length represents a
proportion of each category, while the full circle represents the total sum
of all the data, equal to 100%. Pie Charts are ideal for giving the reader a
quick idea of the proportional distribution of the data.

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 4. Modelling

It’s the fourth stage of AI project cycle. In previous stage, i.e.

graphical representation makes the data understandable for humans as
we can discover trends and patterns out of it. But when it comes to
machines accessing and analyzing data, it needs the data in the most
basic form of numbers (which is binary – 0s and 1s) and when it
comes to discovering patterns and trends in data, the machine goes in
for mathematical representations of the same.

The ability to mathematically describe the relationship

between parameters is the heart of every AI model.
Generally, AI models can be classified as follows:

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 Rule Based Approach

In this approach, the rules are defined by the developer. The machine
follows the rules or instructions mentioned by the developer and
performs its task accordingly. So, it’s a static model. i.e. the machine
once trained, does not take into consideration any changes made in the
original training dataset
Rule based approach
Data
rule Answer
Thus, machine learning gets introduced as an extension to this as in that
case, the machine adapts to change in data and rules and follows the
updated path only, while a rule-based model does what it has been taught
once.
Learning Based Approach
It’s a type of AI modelling where the machine learns by itself. Under
the Learning Based approach, the AI model gets trained on the data fed
to it and then is able to design a model which is adaptive to the change
in data. That is, if the model is trained with X type of data and the
machine designs the algorithm around it, the model would modify itself
according to the changes which occur in the data so that all the

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 exceptions are handled in this case.

Data
Learningbasedapproach
Rules Answers

After training, the machine is now fed with testing data. Now, the testing
data might not have similar images as the ones on which the model has
been trained. So, the model adapts to the features on which it has been
trained and accordingly predicts the output.

In this way, the machine learns by itself by adapting to the new data
which is flowing in. This is the machine learning approach which
introduces the dynamicity in the model.
Generally, learning based models can be classified as follows:

MachineLearningModels

L UnsupervisedL ReinforcementL
earning earning earning

Dimensionality
Regression Classification Clustering Reduction

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I. Supervised Learning

In a supervised learning model, the dataset which is fed to the machine

is labelled. In other words, we can say that the dataset is known to the person
who is training the machine only then he/she is able to label the data. A label is
some information which can be used as a tag for data. For example, students
get grades according to the marks they secure in examinations. These grades
are labels which categorize the students according to their marks.

There are two main types of supervised learning models:

Regression
Supervised
Learning
Classification

a) Classification

In this model, data is classified according to the

labels. For example, in the grading system, students
are classified on the basis of the grades they obtain
with respect to their marks in the examination. This
model works on discrete dataset which means the
data need not be continuous.
b) Regression

This model work on continuous data. For example, if

you wish to predict your next salary, then you would
put in the data of your previous salary, any
increments, etc., and would train the model. Here, the
data which has been fed to the machine is continuous.
II. Unsupervised Learning

An unsupervised learning model works on unlabeled dataset. This means

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 that the data which is fed to the machine is random and there is a possibility
that the person who is training the model does not have any information
regarding it. The unsupervised learning models are used to identify
relationships, patterns and trends out of the data which is fed into it. It helps
the user in understanding what the data is about and what are the major
features identified by the machine in it.
For example, you have a random data of 1000 dog images and you wish
to understand some pattern out of it, you would feed this data into the
unsupervised learning model and would train the machine on it. After training,
the machine would come up with patterns which it was able to identify out of
it. The Machine might come up with patterns which are already known to the
user like colour or it might even come up with something very unusual like the
size of the dogs.
There are two main types of unsupervised learning models:

Clustering
Unsupervised
Learning
Dimensionality
Reduction

Clustering
It refers to the unsupervised learning algorithm which can
cluster the unknown data according to the patterns or trends
identified out of it. The patterns observed might be the ones
which are known to the developer or it might even come up
with some unique patterns
out of it.
a) Dimensionality Reduction
We humans are able to visualize up to 3 Dimensions
only but according to a lot of theories and algorithms,
there are various entities which exist beyond 3-

99
 Dimensions.
For example, in Natural language Processing, the words are
considered to be N-Dimensional entities. Which means that
we cannot visualize them as they exist beyond our
visualization ability. Hence, to make sense out of it, we
need to reduce their dimensions. Here, dimensionality
reduction algorithm is
used.
III. Reinforcement Learning

It a type of machine learning technique that enables an agent(model) to learn in

an interactive environment by trial and error using feedback from its own
actions and experiences. Though both supervised and reinforcement learning
use mapping
between input and output, unlike supervised
learning where feedback provided to the
agent(model) is correct set of actions for
performing a task, reinforcement learning uses
rewards and punishment as signals for positive
and negative behavior. Reinforcement learning is
all about making decisions sequentially.

5. Evaluation
Evaluation is a process of understanding the reliability of any AI model,
based on outputs by feeding the test dataset into the model and comparing it
with actual answers. i.e. o once a model has been made and trained, it needs to
go through proper testing so that one can calculate the efficiency and
performance of the model. Hence, the model is tested with the help of Testing

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 Data (which was separated out of the acquired dataset at Data Acquisition
stage.

The efficiency of the model is calculated on the basis of the parameters mentioned below:

1. Accuracy
Accuracy is defined as percentage of the correct predictions out of all the observations.

2. Precision
Precision is defined as the percentage of true positive cases versus all the cases where

the prediction is true.

3. Recall
Recall is defined as the fraction of positive cases that are correctly Identified.
4. F1 score
The F1 score is a number between 0 and 1 and is the harmonic mean of precision and r

ONE MARK QUESTIONS

1. The AI Project Cycle is a ____________ that a company must follow in order to derive
value from an AI project and to solve the problem.
a. Step-by-step process
b. Random process
c. Reverse process
d. None of the above
2. 2. The stages of the AI project cycle are _____________.
a. Problem Scoping & Data Acquisition
b. Data Exploration & Modeling
c. Evaluation
d. All of the above
3. Fill in the blank: Neural Network is a mesh of multiple ____________. (Hidden Layers)
4. Divya was learning neural networks. She understood that there were three layers in a
neural network. Help her identify the layer that does processing in the neural network.
(a) Output layer

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 (b) Hidden layer
(c) Input layer
(d) Data layer
5. How you can identify the problem scoping in the project.
a. Understand why the project was started
b. Define the project’s primary objectives
c. Outline the project’s work statement.
d. All of the above
6. Identify the algorithm based on the given graph

(a) Dimensionality reduction

(b) Classification
(c) Clustering
(d) Regression
7. Smita is working on a project that involves over a lakh of records. Which of the following
should she use to make the best project?
(a) Traditional programming
(b) Manual processing
(c) IoT
(d) Neural networks
8. __________ element helps us to understand and categorize who is directly and indirectly
affected by the problem.
a. Who
b. What
c. Where
d. Why
9. For better efficiency of an AI project Training data should be _______
i) Relevant ii) Scattered iii) Structured iv) Authentic
Choose the correct option:
(a) Both i and ii
(b) Both i and iv
(c) Only I
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 (d) Only iv
10.___________ section aids us in analyzing and recognizing the nature of the problem.
a. Who
b. What
c. Where
d. Why

11. _________ elements help to find where the problem arises.

a. Who
b. What
c. Where
d. Why

12.___________refers to why we need to address the problem and what the advantages will
be for the stakeholders once the problem is solved.
a. Who
b. What
c. Where
d. Why

13.________ summarizes all of the important points in one place.

a. Problem statement template
b. Problem statement document
c. Problem statement file
d. None of the above
14.The method of collecting correct and dependable data to work with is known as
___________.
a. Problem Scoping
b. Data Acquisition
c. Data Exploration
d. Modeling
15.What is data in AI?
a. Facts
b. Instruction
c. Information
d. All of the above
16.Which of the following refers to where among 4Ws canvas?
a. stakeholders b. nature of the problem
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 c. context/situation/location d. solution or benefits to the stakeholders
17. What are the different types of data __________.
a. Structured Data
b. Unstructured Data
c. Both a) and b)
d. None of the above
18. If data is easily accessible by humans and program, and easy to read is known as
_____________.
a. Structured Data
b. Unstructured Data
c. Both a) and b)
d. None of the above
19._________ data doesn’t follow traditional data models and is difficult to read, store and
manage.
a. Structured Data
b. Unstructured Data
c. Both a) and b)
d. None of the above
20.The dataset is divided in two parts ___________.
a. Machine dataset & Model dataset
b. Training dataset & Test dataset
c. Gaolable dataset & local dataset
d. None of the above
21.________ is a collection of data in tabular format.
a. Dataset
b. Structured Data
c. Unstructured Data
d. None of the above
22.A device that detects or measures a physical property is called __________.
a. Sensor
b. API
c. Observation
d. None of the above
23.An __________ is a software interface that enables the interaction between two apps.
a. Sensor
b. API
c. Observation
d. None of the above

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24.What is a System Map?
a. Helps to make relation between multiple element
b. Only one element will be responsible
c. Indicate the relationship using + or –
d. Both a) and c)
25.Data analysts utilize data visualization and statistical tools to convey dataset
characterizations, such as ___________.
a. size
b. amount
c. accuracy
d. All of the above
26.Data exploration is a technique used to visualize data in the form of statistical methods or
using graphs.
a. Statistical methods
b. Graphical methods
c. Both a) and b)
d. None of the above
27.Data Exploration helps you gain a better understanding of a _________.
a. Dataset
b. Database
c. accuracy
d. None of the above
28._____________helps to represent graphical data that use symbols to convey a story and
help people understand large volumes of information.
a. Dataset
b. Data visualization
c. Data Exploration
d. None of the above
29.A machine that work and react like human is known as ____________.
a. Artificial Intelligence
b. Machine Learning
c. Deep Learning
d. None of the above
30. Machine have abilities to learn from the experience or data.
a. Artificial Intelligence
b. Machine Learning
c. Deep Learning
d. None of the above

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31._________ is a program that has been trained to recognize patterns using a set of data.
a. AI model
b. Dataset
c. Visualization
d. None of the above
32.Type of AI model are _____________.
a. Lesson Based and Rood Based
b. Learning Based and Rule Based
c. Machine Learning and Visualization
d. None of the above
33.___________refers to AI modelling in which the developer hasn’t specified the
relationship or patterns in the data.
a. Learning Based
b. Rule Based
c. Decision Tree
d. None of the above

34. After a model has been created and trained, it must be thoroughly tested in order to
determine its efficiency and performance; this is known as ___________.
a. Evaluation
b. Learning
c. Decision
d. None of the above
35.Which of the following is the first and the crucial stage of AI Project development which
focuses on identifying and understanding problems?
a) Problem Scoping (ii) Data Acquisition (iii) Data Exploration (iv) Modelling
36.…………………… refer to the type of data to be collected.
a) Data security (ii) Data policy (iii) Data quality (iv) Data features
37.Which of the following uses dots to represent the relationship between two different
numeric variables represented on the x and y axis?
a) Histogram (ii) Scatter plot (iii) Bullet Graphs (iv) Tree Diagram
38.Statement A: Neural networks are made up of layers of neurons.
Statement B: Human brain consists of millions of neurons.
i)Only Statement A is correct (ii) Only Statement B is correct
(iii) Both the statements are correct (iv) None of the statements is correct
39. The process of developing AI machines has different stages that are collectively
known as Al …………………… .

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 a) Project status (ii) Project cycle (iii) Both a) and (b) (iv) None of these

TWO MARK QUESTIONS

1) Define AI Project Cycle, Name all the stages of an AI Project cycle.

Ans) Project Cycle is a step-by-step process to solve problems using proven scientific
methods and
drawing inferences about them. The AI Project Cycle provides us with an appropriate
framework which can lead us towards the goal.
The AI Project Cycle mainly has 5 stages: They are
a) Problem Scoping b) Data Acquisition c) Data Exploration d) Modelling e) Evaluation.
2) Name the 4Ws of problem canvases under the problem scoping stage of the AI
Project Cycle.
Ans) a. Who, b. What c. Where d. Why
3) What is a problem statement template and what is its significance?

Ans) The problem statement template gives a clear idea about the basic framework required
to achieve the goal. It is the 4Ws canvas which segregates; , who is affected, what is the
problem, where does it arise, why is it a problem? It takes us straight to the goal.
4) What is the need of an AI Project Cycle? Explain.
Ans) Project cycle is the process of planning, organizing, coordinating, and finally
developing a project effectively throughout its phases, from planning through execution
then completion and review to achieve pre-defined objectives. Our mind makes up plans for
every task which we have to accomplish which is why things become clearer in our mind.
Similarly, if we have to develop an AI project, the AI Project Cycle provides us with an
appropriate framework which can lead us towards the goal. The major role of AI Project
Cycle is to distribute the development of AI project in various stages so that the
development becomes easier, clearly understandable and the steps / stages should become
more specific to efficiently get the best possible output. It mainly has 5 ordered stages
which distribute the entire development in specific and clear steps: These are Problem
Scoping, Data Acquisition, Data Exploration, Modelling and Evaluation.
5) What is Sustainable development?
ANS – Sustainable development is the development that satisfies the needs of the present
without compromising the capacity of future generations.
This was a warning to all countries about the effects of globalization and economic growth
on the environment.
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 6) How many goals are there in
Sustainable Development? Mention any
two goals
ANS – In 2015, The general assembly of UN
adopted the 2030 agenda for SD based on the
principle “Leaving None Behind”. The 17 goals
in Sustainable Development goals are –
1. No poverty
2. Zero Hunger
3. Good Health and Well Being
4. Quality Education
5. Gender Equality
6. Clean water and Sanitation
7. Affordable and Clean Energy
8. Decent Work and Economic Growth
9. Industry Innovation and Infrastructure
10.Reduced Inequalities
11.Sustainable Cities and Communities
12.Responsible Consumption and Production
13.Climate Action
14.Life Below Water
15.Life on Land
16.Peace, Justice and Strong Institution
17.Partnership for the Goals

7) Why we need to explore data through visualization?

Ans) 1) We want to quickly get a sense of the trends, relationships, and patterns
contained within
the data.
2) It helps us define strategy for which model to use at a later stage.
3) Visual representation is easier to understand and communicate to others.

8) What precautions to be taken while acquiring data for developing an AI Project?

Ans) Data should be collected from an authentic source, and should be accurate. The
redundant and irrelevant data should not be a part of prediction.
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 9) Explain Data Exploration Stage.
Ans) In this stage of project cycle, we try to interpret some useful information out of the
data we have
acquired. For this purpose, we need to explore the data and try to put it uniformly for a
better
understanding. This stage deals with validating or verification of the collected data and to
analyse
that:
➢ The data is according to the specifications decided.
➢ The data is free from errors.
➢ The data is meeting our needs

10) What are the features of an Artificial Neural Network?

Ans) Any Artificial Neural Network, irrespective of the style and logic of
implementation, has a few basic features as given below.
• The Artificial Neural Network systems are modelled on the human brain and nervous
system.
• They are able to automatically extract features without feeding the input by
programmer.
• Every node of layer in a Neural Network is compulsorily a machine learning algorithm.
• It is very useful to implement when solving problems for very huge datasets.

11) Explain Rule-based AI modelling approaches.

Ans)Rule Based Approach: It refers to the AI modelling where the relationship or patterns
in data are defined by the developer. The machine follows the rules or instructions
mentioned by the developer, and performs its task accordingly. For example, suppose you
have a dataset comprising of 100 images of apples and 100 images of bananas. To train
your machine, you feed this data into the machine and label each image as either apple or
banana. Now if you test the machine with the image of an apple, it will compare the image
with the trained data and according to the labels of trained images, it will identify the test
image as an apple. This is known as Rule based approach. The rules given to the machine in
this example are the labels given to the machine for each image in the training dataset.
12) Explain learning-based AI modelling approaches.?
Ans) Learning Based Approach: In this approach, the machine learns by itself. It refers to
the AI modelling where the relationship or patterns in data are not defined by the
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 developer. In this approach, random data is fed to the machine to figure out patterns and
trends out of it. Generally, this approach is followed when the data is un labelled and too
random for a human to make sense out of it. For example, suppose you have a dataset of
1000 images of random stray dogs of your area. You would put this into a learning
approach-based AI machine and the machine would come up with various patterns it has
observed in the features of these 1000 images which you might not have even thought of!
13) Explain the Supervised Learning

Ans) a) Supervised learning is an approach to creating artificial intelligence (AI), where the
program is given labelled input data and the expected output results. OR Supervised learning
is a learning in which we teach or train the machine using data which is well labelled that
means some data is already tagged with the correct answer. After that, the machine is
provided with a new set of examples (data) so that supervised learning algorithm analyses the
training data (set of training examples) and produces a correct outcome from labelled data. In
a supervised learning model, the dataset which is fed to the machine is labelled. It means
some data is already tagged with the correct answer. In other words, we can say that the
dataset is known to the person who is training the machine only then he/she is able to label
the data.
14) Explain the Unsupervised Learning

Ans) Unsupervised Learning: An unsupervised learning model works on unlabelled dataset.

This means that the data which is fed to the machine is random and there is a possibility that
the person who is training the model does not have any information regarding it. The
unsupervised learning models are used to identify relationships, patterns and trends out of the
data which is fed into it. It helps the user in understanding what the data is about and what
are the major features identified by the machine in it.
15) Explain the graphical representation of Classification AI model.

Ans) Classification: The classification Model works on the labelled data. For example, we
have 3 coins of different denomination which are labelled according to their weight then the
model would look for the labelled features for predicting the output. This model works on
discrete dataset which means the data need not be continuous.
16) Draw the graphical representation of Regression AI model.
Regression: These models work on continuous data to predict the output based on patterns.
For example, if you wish to predict your next salary, then you would put in the data of your
previous salary, any increments, etc., and would train the model. Here, the data which has
been fed to the machine is continuous.

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 UNIT-3: ADVANCE PYTHON

ADVANCE PYTHON

Advanced Python refers to the expert-level concepts, techniques, and libraries that go beyond
the basics of the Python programming language. It includes:
- Advanced data structures and algorithms
- Decorators, generators, and asynchronous programming
- Web development frameworks like Django and Flask
- Data analysis and visualization libraries like Pandas, NumPy, and Matplotlib
- Machine learning libraries like scikit-learn and TensorFlow
- Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) concepts and design patterns
- Regular Expressions (regex) and advanced text processing
- Concurrency and parallel processing
- Debugging and testing techniques
- Advanced numerical computing and scientific computing

Mastering advanced Python concepts allows you to:

- Build complex applications and systems

- Optimize code performance and efficiency
- Work with large datasets and perform data analysis
- Build machine learning models and predictive systems
- Create web applications and RESTful APIs
- Automate tasks and workflows

Some advanced Python concepts also include:

- Lambda functions
- Map, filter, and reduce
- Context managers
- Descriptor protocols
- Metaclasses
(ONE MARK QUESTIONS)
1. What is the purpose of a decorator in Python?
a) To decorate code with colors
b) To modify or extend function behavior
c) To print output
d) To raise errors

Answer: b) To modify or extend function behavior

111
2. What is a generator in Python?
a) A special type of list
b) A function that generates a sequence of values
c) A type of dictionary
d) A class

Answer: b) A function that generates a sequence of values

3. What is asynchronous programming used for in Python?

a) To run code synchronously
b) To perform multiple tasks concurrently
c) To slow down code execution
d) To print output

Answer: b) To perform multiple tasks concurrently

4. What is the purpose of the "async" and "await" keywords in Python?

a) To define asynchronous functions and pause their execution
b) To print output
c) To raise errors
d) To decorate code

Answer: a) To define asynchronous functions and pause their execution

5. What is the main advantage of using NumPy arrays over Python lists?
a) Slower performance
b) Faster performance and efficient memory usage
c) Less memory usage
d) More memory usage

Answer: b) Faster performance and efficient memory usage

6. What is the purpose of the "pip" package manager in Python?

a) To install packages
b) To write code
c) To run code
d) To debug code

Answer: a) To install packages

7. What is the purpose of the "@" symbol in Python decorators?
Answer: To indicate a decorator.
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 8. What is the name of the built-in Python module for asynchronous programming?
Answer: asyncio.

9. What is the main benefit of using generators in Python?

Answer: Memory efficiency.

10. What is the name of the popular Python library for data analysis and manipulation?
Answer: pandas.

11. What is the purpose of the "async" keyword in Python?

Answer: To define an asynchronous function.

12. What is the name of the Python library for machine learning and data modeling?
Answer: scikit-learn.

13. What is the purpose of the "await" keyword in Python?

Answer: To suspend the execution of an asynchronous function.

14. What is the name of the Python library for natural language processing?
Answer: NLTK.

15. What is the purpose of the "yield" keyword in Python?

Answer: To define a generator function.

(TWO MARKS QUESTIONS)

1. What is the difference between a generator and an iterator in Python?
Answer: A generator is a function that returns an iterator, while an iterator is an
object that keeps state and returns the next value on each iteration.

2. How do you define a decorator in Python?

Answer: A decorator is defined using the "@" symbol followed by a function that
takes another function as an argument and returns a new function.

3. What is the purpose of the "asyncio" module in Python?

Answer: The "asyncio" module provides support for asynchronous programming,
allowing you to write single-threaded concurrent code using coroutines, multiplexing
I/O access over sockets and other resources, and implementing network clients and
servers.

4. What is the difference between "join()" and "concat()" in Pandas?

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 Answer: "join()" is used to join two DataFrames based on a common column, while
"concat()" is used to concatenate two or more DataFrames along a particular axis.

5. What is the purpose of the "yield from" statement in Python?

Answer: The "yield from" statement is used to delegate iteration to another iterator,
allowing you to chain generators together.

6. How do you define a class decorator in Python?

Answer: A class decorator is defined using the "@classmethod" decorator and a
function that takes a class as an argument and returns a new class.

7. What is the purpose of the "groupby()" function in Pandas?

Answer: The "groupby()" function is used to group data by one or more columns
and perform aggregation operations on the grouped data.

8. What is the difference between "sort()" and "sorted()" in Python?

Answer: "sort()" is a list method that sorts the list in-place, while "sorted()" is a
built-in function that returns a new sorted list without modifying the original list.

9. What is the difference between collections. Counter and collections. Default dict?
Answer: Counter is a dictionary subclass for counting hashable objects, while
defaultdict is a dictionary subclass that calls a factory function to supply missing
values.

10. Hat is the purpose of the functools. wraps decorator?

Answer: It preserves the metadata (name, docstring, etc.) of the original function.

11. How do you define a dataclass in Python?

Answer: Using the @dataclass decorator.

12. What is the difference between pandas. DataFrame.merge and pandas.DataFrame.join?

Answer: pandas.DataFrame.merge is used for merging on a common column, while
pandas.DataFrame.join is used for joining on an index.

13. What is the purpose of the concurrent. futures module in Python?

Answer: It provides a high-level interface for asynchronously executing callables.

14. How do you define a metaclass in Python?

Answer: Using the __metaclass__ attribute or the metaclass parameter in the type
function.

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15. What is the purpose of the __(link unavailable) file in a Python package?
Answer: It indicates that the directory should be treated as a package.

(FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS)

1. Explain the concept of coroutines in Python and how they are used in asynchronous
programming. Provide an example of a coroutine-based asynchronous function.
Answer: Coroutines in Python are special functions that can be paused and resumed during
execution, allowing for cooperative multitasking. They are used in asynchronous
programming to enable concurrent execution of tasks without blocking the main program
flow.

In Python, coroutines are implemented using the async and await keywords. An async
function is a coroutine that can be paused and resumed, while an await expression
suspends the execution of a coroutine until a specific condition is met.

Here's an example of a coroutine-based asynchronous function:

async def fetch_data(url):

async with aiohttp. ClientSession() as session:
async with session.get(url) as response:
data = await response.text()
return data

In this example, the fetch_data function is an asynchronous coroutine that uses the aiohttp
library to fetch data from a given URL. The async with statement creates a context
manager that ensures the session and response objects are properly closed.

The await expression suspends the execution of the coroutine until the response text is
available. Once the data is received, the coroutine resumes execution and returns the
fetched data.

To run this coroutine, you would use the asyncio library:

import asyncio

async def main():

data = await fetch_data("(link unavailable)")
print(data)

115
asyncio.run(main())

This code defines a main coroutine that calls the fetch_data coroutine and prints the result.
The asyncio.run function runs the main coroutine to completion.

Coroutines enable efficient and scalable asynchronous programming in Python, allowing

you to write concurrent code that's easy to read and maintain.

2. Describe the difference between the pandas.DataFrame.apply method and the

pandas.DataFrame.applymap method. Provide an example of when you would use each.
Answer: The apply and applymap methods in pandas DataFrame are used to apply
functions to the data, but they differ in their scope and usage:
apply method:
- Applies a function along an axis (rows or columns) of the DataFrame.
- Can be used to perform operations on entire rows or columns at once.
- Returns a Series or DataFrame, depending on the output of the applied function.

Example:

import pandas as pd

# create a sample DataFrame

data = {'A': [1, 2, 3], 'B': [4, 5, 6]}
df = pd.DataFrame(data)

# define a function to calculate the square of a row

def square_row(row):
return row ** 2

# apply the function to each row

result = df.apply(square_row, axis=1)
print(result)

Output:

A B
0 1 16
1 4 25
2 9 36

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applymap method:

- Applies a function element-wise to each cell in the DataFrame.

- Can be used to perform operations on individual elements.
- Returns a DataFrame with the same shape as the original.
Example:

import pandas as pd

# create a sample DataFrame

data = {'A': [1, 2, 3], 'B': [4, 5, 6]}
df = pd.DataFrame(data)

# define a function to calculate the square of a number

def square(x):
return x ** 2

# apply the function to each element

result = df.applymap(square)
print(result)

Output:

A B
0 1 16
1 4 25
2 9 36
3. Explain the concept of meta classes in Python and how they are used to customize class
creation. Provide an example of a simple meta class that adds a new attribute to a class.
Answer: Meta classes in Python are classes that create classes. They are used to customize
the creation of classes, allowing you to modify or extend the class definition before it's
created. A meta class is a class that inherits from type and defines a __new__ method,
which is responsible for creating the new class.

Here's a simple example of a meta class that adds a new attribute to a class:

class AddAttributeMeta(type):
def __new__(cls, name, bases, namespace):
# Create the new class
new_class = super().__new__(cls, name, bases, namespace)

117
 # Add a new attribute to the class
new_class.new_attribute = "This attribute was added by the metaclass"

return new_class

# Use the metaclass to create a class

class MyClass(metaclass=AddAttributeMeta):
pass

# The new class has the added attribute

print(MyClass.new_attribute) # Output: This attribute was added by the metaclass

In this example, the AddAttributeMeta metaclass inherits from type and defines a __new__
method. This method is called when a new class is created using the metaclass. The method
creates the new class using the super().__new__ call, and then adds a new attribute
new_attribute to the class.

The MyClass class is created using the AddAttributeMeta metaclass, and as a result, it has
the added attribute new_attribute.

Metaclasses are powerful tools for customizing class creation, and can be used for a wide
range of tasks, such as:

- Adding new attributes or methods to classes

- Modifying the class hierarchy
- Enforcing certain constraints or conventions on class definitions
- Creating classes dynamically based on certain conditions

However, metaclasses can also make the code harder to understand and debug, so they
should be used judiciously and only when necessary.

4. Describe the difference between the functools.partial function and the functools.reduce
function. Provide an example of when you would use each.
Answer: The functools.partial and functools.reduce functions in Python are both higher-
order functions, but they serve different purposes:

functools.partial:

- Creates a new function that "partially applies" a given function by fixing some of its
arguments.
- Returns a new function that can be called with the remaining arguments.

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Example:
from functools import partial

def add(x, y, z):

return x + y + z

add_5_3 = partial(add, 5, 3)
result = add_5_3(2) # calls add(5, 3, 2)
print(result) # Output: 10

In this example, partial creates a new function add_5_3 that has x and y fixed to 5 and 3,
respectively. When we call add_5_3(2), it's equivalent to calling add(5, 3, 2).

functools.reduce:

- Applies a binary function to an iterable, reducing it to a single output.

- Returns the accumulated result of applying the function to the first two elements, then to
the result and the next element, and so on.

Example:
from functools import reduce

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
product = reduce(lambda x, y: x * y, numbers)
print(product) # Output: 120

In this example, reduce applies the multiplication function to the elements of the list,
starting from the first two elements (1 and 2), then to the result (2) and the next element (3),
and so on, until the final result is calculated.

In summary:
- functools.partial creates a new function with some arguments fixed, while
- functools.reduce applies a function to an iterable, reducing it to a single output.

Use partial when you need to create a new function with some arguments pre-set, and
reduce when you need to aggregate values from an iterable using a binary function.

5.Explain the concept of descriptor protocols in Python and how they are used to implement
advanced attribute access and behavior. Provide an example of a simple descriptor that
implements a read-only attribute.

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Answer: Descriptors in Python are a way to customize attribute access and behavior. They
are special objects that implement the descriptor protocol, which consists of the __get__,
__set__, and __delete__ methods. These methods are called by Python when an attribute is
accessed, set, or deleted, respectively.
Descriptors are used to implement advanced attribute access and behavior, such as:

- Read-only or write-only attributes

- Computed attributes (attributes whose value is computed on the fly)
- Validation of attribute values
- Caching of attribute values
- Lazy loading of attribute values

Here's an example of a simple descriptor that implements a read-only attribute:

class ReadOnlyDescriptor:
def __init__(self, value):
self.value = value

def __get__(self, obj, objtype):

return self.value

def __set__(self, obj, value):

raise AttributeError("Can't set read-only attribute")

class MyClass:
my_attribute = ReadOnlyDescriptor("Initial value")

obj = MyClass()
print(obj.my_attribute) # Output: Initial value
obj.my_attribute = "New value" # Raises AttributeError

In this example, the ReadOnlyDescriptor class implements the descriptor protocol. The
__get__ method returns the value of the attribute, and the __set__ method raises an
AttributeError to prevent the attribute from being set.

The MyClass class uses the ReadOnlyDescriptor to define a read-only attribute

my_attribute. When we try to set the attribute, the __set__ method raises an error.
Descriptors are a powerful tool for customizing attribute access and behavior in Python.
They can be used to implement a wide range of advanced features and patterns, such as
caching, validation, and more.

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 UNIT-4: DATA SCIENCE

DATA SCIENCE
Data science is a field that combines statistics, computer science, and domain expertise to
extract insights and knowledge from data. It involves using various techniques such as
machine learning, data visualization, and statistical modeling to analyze and interpret
complex data sets.

The uses of data science are numerous and diverse, including:

1. Predictive maintenance: Predicting equipment failures and scheduling maintenance.

2. * Fraud detection*: Identifying unusual patterns and anomalies to detect fraud.
3. Recommendation systems: Personalized product recommendations based on user
behavior.
4. Healthcare: Analyzing medical data to improve patient outcomes and reduce costs.
5. Customer segmentation: Grouping customers based on behavior and preferences.
6. Supply chain optimization: Optimizing logistics and inventory management.
7. Image and speech recognition: Developing AI-powered recognition systems.
8. Climate change analysis: Analyzing data to understand and mitigate climate change.
9. Business intelligence: Informing business decisions with data-driven insights.
10.Social media analysis: Analyzing social media data to understand public opinions and
trends.

These are just a few examples of the many uses of data science. The field is constantly
evolving and has the potential to transform various industries and aspects of our lives.
Here are some of the advantages and disadvantages of data science

Advantages:
- Better decision-making: Data science helps businesses and organizations make
better-informed decisions.
- Improved efficiency: Data science can help companies and organizations streamline
their operations by identifying inefficiencies and areas for improvement.
- Enhanced customer experience: Data science can help businesses and organizations
tailor their products and services to better meet the needs of their target audience.
- Predictive analytics: Data science can be used for predictive analytics, which
involves using data to forecast future trends and outcomes.
- Innovation and new discoveries: Data science can lead to new discoveries and
innovations by revealing previously unknown relationships and insights in data.

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Disadvantages:
- Data privacy concerns: There is a risk of data privacy concerns when data is collected
and analyzed.
- Bias in data: Data can be biased due to many factors, such as the selection of the data
or the way it is collected.
- Misinterpretation of data: Data science involves complex statistical analysis, which
can sometimes lead to misinterpretation of the data.
- Data quality issues: Data science depends on the quality of the data used. If the data
is not accurate, complete or consistent, it can lead to incorrect results.
- Cost and time: Data science can be time-consuming and expensive.

(ONE MARK QUESTIONS)

1. What is the primary goal of data science?

Answer: To extract insights and knowledge from data.

2. Which technique is used to build predictive models?

Answer: Machine learning.

3. What is the term for the process of cleaning and preparing data?
Answer: Data preprocessing.

4. Which data science tool is used for data visualization?

Answer: Tableau (or Power BI, Matplotlib, Seaborn, etc.).
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5. What is the name of the popular programming language used in data science?
Answer: Python (or R, SQL, etc.).

6. Which algorithm is used for clustering data?

Answer: K-means (or Hierarchical Clustering, DBSCAN, etc.).

7. What is the term for the process of reducing data dimensions?

Answer: Dimensionality reduction.

8. Which technique is used to analyze text data?

Answer: Natural Language Processing (NLP).

9. What is the name of the popular data science framework?

Answer: scikit-learn (or TensorFlow, PyTorch, etc.).

10.Which data science technique is used to analyze time-series data?

Answer: Time-series analysis (or Forecasting).

11.What is data science?

Answer: The extraction of insights and knowledge from data.

12.Which programming language is widely used in data science?

Answer: Python.

13.What is machine learning?

Answer: A subset of AI that involves training algorithms to make predictions.

14.What is data preprocessing?

Answer: The process of cleaning and preparing data for analysis.

15.What is data visualization?

Answer: The process of creating graphical representations of data.

(TWO MARKS QUESTIONS)

1. What is the goal of data visualization?

Answer: To communicate insights and patterns in data through graphical
representations.

2. Which algorithm is used for finding the most important features in a dataset?
Answer: Principal Component Analysis (PCA).

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3. What is the name of the technique used to handle missing values in a dataset?
Answer: Imputation.

4. Which type of machine learning model is used for recommending systems?

Answer: Collaborative Filtering.

5. What is the name of the popular data science tool used for data manipulation and
analysis?
Answer: Pandas.

6. Which technique is used to evaluate the performance of a machine learning model?

Answer: Cross-validation. (2 marks)

7. What is the name of the algorithm used for clustering data?

Answer: K-Means. (2 marks)

8. Which type of data is used to train a machine learning model?

Answer: Training data. (2 marks)

9. What is the name of the technique used to reduce the dimensionality of a dataset?
Answer: Feature selection.

10.Which machine learning model is used for predicting continuous outcomes?

Answer: Regression.

11.What is the name of the popular data science library used for machine learning?
Answer: scikit-learn.

12.Which technique is used to select the most important features in a dataset?

Answer: Feature engineering.
13.What is the name of the algorithm used for text classification?
Answer: Naive Bayes.

(FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS)

1. Describe the steps involved in the data science workflow.

Answer: The data science workflow typically involves:
- Problem definition and hypothesis formation
- Data collection and cleaning
- Data exploration and visualization
- Modeling and evaluation

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 - Deployment and maintenance
2. Explain the concept of overfitting in machine learning and how it can be prevented.
Answer: Overfitting occurs when a model is too complex and performs well on
training data but poorly on new data. Techniques to prevent overfitting include:
- Regularization (L1, L2)
- Early stopping
- Data augmentation
- Cross-validation
- Ensemble methods

3. What is feature engineering, and how is it important in data science?

Answer: Feature engineering is the process of selecting and transforming variables to
create new features that improve model performance. It's important because:
- It helps reduce dimensionality
- Improves model interpretability
- Enhances model performance
- Reduces noise and correlations
- Facilitates feature selection

4. Describe the difference between supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement

learning.
Answer: Supervised learning involves labeled data and predicts outcomes.
Unsupervised learning involves unlabeled data and discovers patterns. Reinforcement
learning involves an agent learning from interactions with an environment to
maximize rewards.

5. Explain the concept of bias and variance in machine learning and how they affect
model performance.
Answer: Bias refers to systematic error, while variance refers to model sensitivity to
data. High bias leads to under fitting, while high variance leads to overfitting. The
goal is to balance bias and variance to achieve optimal model performance.

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 UNIT-5: COMPUTER VISION

Introduction to Computer Vision

Computer vision is a branch in the Domain of AI that enables computers to analyze meaningful
information from images, videos, and other visual inputs.
Computer vision is the same as the human eye, it enables us see-through images or visual data,
process and analyses them on the basis of algorithms and methods in order to analyse actual
phenomena with images.

Applications of Computer Vision

This decade and the upcoming one can witness a significant leap in technology that has
put computer vision on the priority list. Some common uses of Computer Vision are:

Facial recognition
The most frequently used technology is smartphones. It is a technology to remember and
verify a person, object, etc from the visuals from the given pre-defined data. Such kinds of
mechanics are often used for security and safety purposes.
For eg: Face security lock-in devices and traffic cameras are some examples using facial
recognition.

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Facial filters
Modern days social media apps like Snapchat and Instagram use such kinds of technology
that extract facial landmarks and process them using AI to get the best result.

Goggle lens
To search data, Google uses Computer vision for capturing and analysing different
features of the input image to the database of images and then gives us the search.

Automotive
The machinery in industries is now using Computer vision. Automated cars are equipped
with sensors and software which can detect the 360 degrees of movements determine the
location, detect objects and establish the depth or dimensions of the virtual world.
For eg: Companies like Tesla are now interested in developing self-driving cars.

Medical Imaging
For the last decades, computer vision medical imaging application has been a trustworthy
help for physicians and doctors. It creates and analyses images and helps doctors with
their interpretation.
The application is used to read and convert 2D scan images into interactive 3D models.

Computer Vision Tasks

The Application of the computer is performed by certain tasks on the data or input
provided by the user so it can process and analyse the situation and predict the outcome.

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 Single object Multiple object
Image Classification: - Image Object detection: - Object
Classification is the task of detection tasks extract features from
identifying an object in the input the input and use learned
image and label from a predefined formulas to recognize instances of an
category object category.

Classification + Localization: - As Instance segmentation: - Instance

the name suggests, the task identifies segmentation assigns a label to each
the object and locates it in the input pixel of the image. It is used for tasks
image. such as counting the number of
objects

Basics of Images
The word “pixel” means a picture element.
Pixels
• Pixels are the fundamental element of a photograph.
• They are the smallest unit of information that make up a picture.
• They are typically arranged in a 2-dimensional grid.
• In general term, the more pixels you have, the more closely the image resembles the
original.

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Resolution
• The number of pixels covered in an image is sometimes called the resolution
• Term for area covered by the pixels in conventionally known as resolution.
• For eg :1080 x 720 pixels is a resolution giving numbers of pixels in width and height
of that picture.
• A megapixel is a million pixels.
Pixel value
• Pixel value represent the brightness of the pixel.
• The range of a pixel value in 0-255(2^8-1)
• where 0 is taken as Black or no colour and 255 is taken as white

Why do pixel values have numbers?

Computer systems only work in the form of ones and zeros or binary systems. Each bit
in a computer system can have either a zero or a one. Each pixel uses 1 byte of an
image each bit can have two possible values which tells us that the 8 bits can have 255
possibilities of values that start from 0 and ends at 255.

Grayscale Images
• Grayscale images are images which have a range of shades of gray without apparent
colour.
• The lightest shade is white total presence of colour or 255 and darkest colour is black
at 0.
• Intermediate shades of gray have equal brightness levels of the three primary colours
RBG.
• The computers store the images we see in the form of these numbers.

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RBG colours
• All the coloured images are made up of three primary colours Red, Green and Blue.
• All the other colour are formed by using these primary colours at different
proportions.
• Computer stores RGB Images in three different channels called the R channel, G
channel and the B channel.

Image Features
• A feature is a description of an image.
• Features are the specific structures in the image such as points, edges or objects.
• Other examples of features are related to tasks of CV motion in image sequences, or
to shapes defined in terms of curves or boundaries between different image regions.

Open CV or Open Source Computer Vision Library is that tool that helps a computer
to extract these features from the images. It is capable of processing images and videos
to identify objects, faces, or even handwriting.

Questions on Computer Vision

One Mark Questions
Q.No Question
1. What is the primary goal of Computer Vision?
A) To enhance image quality
B) To interpret and make decisions based on visual data
C) To store images efficiently
D) To increase resolution of images
2. Which of the following is an example of an application of Computer Vision?
A) Word processing
B) Speech recognition
C) Facial recognition
D) Data encryption
3. What does a pixel represent in an image?
A) A segment of a video
B) The smallest unit of an image
C) The color depth of an image
D) The brightness of an image

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4. Which of the following tasks involves identifying and locating objects within
an image?
A) Image compression
B) Feature extraction
C) Object detection
D) Image enhancement
5. A _______________ is a technology based on computer vision that
identifies, verifies, or matches a digital image of a human face against a
database of stored facial images.
6. What does segmentation in Computer Vision refer to?
A) Enhancing image details
B) Dividing an image into parts or regions
C) Reducing image size
D) Increasing image resolution
7. A grayscale image represents intensity values ranging from 0 to ________.
8. What is feature extraction in Computer Vision?
A) Reducing image noise
B) Identifying and describing relevant characteristics from an image
C) Increasing image contrast
D) Storing image data
9. What is the main function of the Google Translate App when interpreting
foreign language signs?
A) To provide dictionary definitions
B) To teach grammar rules
C) To translate text into your preferred language almost instantly
D) To convert voice to text
10. What does the pixel value represent in a grayscale image?
A) The color
B) The intensity
C) The contrast
D) The brightness
11. Which of the following is a common use of Computer Vision in medical
imaging?
A) Audio transcription
B) Image segmentation
C) Video streaming
D) Data encryption
12. Which of the following is a primary color in the RGB color model?
A) Yellow B) Cyan
C) Green D) Magenta

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13. What is a common application of Computer Vision in security systems?
A) Document editing
B) Video streaming
C) Facial recognition
D) Web browsing
14. Which format is typically used to store a color image in digital form?
A) Grayscale
B) Binary
C) RGB
D) Indexed
15. ____________ is the core technology behind the development of
autonomous vehicles
16. ____________allows you to point your phone’s camera at the words and tell
you what it means in your preferred language almost instantly.
17. True/False
A higher resolution in an image implies less detail.
Assertion Reasoning Questions
18. Assertion (A): Computer vision is a field of artificial intelligence that enables
computers to interpret and make decisions based on visual data from the world.

Reasoning (R): Computer vision uses algorithms to process and analyse images
and videos, enabling tasks like object detection and facial recognition.

A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation for A.

B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation for A.
C. A is true, but R is false.
D. A is false, but R is true.
E. Both A and R are false.

19. Assertion (A): Image classification is the process of categorizing and labeling
groups of pixels or vectors within an image based on specific rules.
Reasoning (R): Image classification is a crucial step in medical imaging,
allowing for the diagnosis of diseases from X-rays or MRI scans.
A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation for A.
B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation for A.
C. A is true, but R is false.
D. A is false, but R is true.
E. Both A and R are false.

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20 Assertion (A): Computer vision can be used in automated quality inspection in
manufacturing industries.
Reasoning (R): Automated quality inspection systems use computer vision to
identify defects or irregularities in products on a production line.

A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation for A.

B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation for A.
C. A is true, but R is false.
D. A is false, but R is true.
E. Both A and R are false.

Subjective Questions-2 marks

1. Explain the term "Computer Vision" and its primary goal.
2. What is the significance of Computer Vision in AI?
3. Name two applications of Computer Vision in the healthcare industry.
4. Describe an application of Computer Vision in the automotive industry.
5. What is the role of feature extraction in Computer Vision?
6. Explain the concept of image segmentation.
7. Differentiate between object detection and image classification.
8. What is the significance of edge detection in Computer Vision tasks?
9. Define pixel and explain its importance in digital images
10. What is resolution, and how does it affect image quality?
11. Explain the difference between grayscale and RGB images
12. How is pixel value represented in a grayscale image?
13. Describe the role of color channels in an RGB image.
14. What are the advantages of using high-resolution images in Computer Vision
tasks?
15. Explain how pixel density affects the visual quality of an image.

Subjective Questions-4 marks

1. Explain two different real-world applications of Computer Vision and how they
benefit society.
2. Explain the concepts of pixel value, resolution, and color channels in digital
images, and how they collectively affect image quality.
3. Discuss the evolution of Computer Vision and its impact on modern technology.
4. Describe the concept of feature extraction and its importance in different
Computer Vision tasks.
5. Compare and contrast object detection, image classification, and image
segmentation in Computer Vision.
Case Study/Application-Based Questions on Computer Vision- 5 marks

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1. Case Study: Autonomous Vehicles

An autonomous vehicle relies on Computer Vision to navigate and make driving

decisions. Explain how Computer Vision helps in tasks such as lane detection,
pedestrian recognition, and traffic sign recognition. Additionally, discuss the
potential challenges that the vehicle might face in adverse weather conditions
and how these can be mitigated
2. Case Study: Medical Imaging

In the healthcare industry, Computer Vision is utilized for analysing medical

images such as MRI and CT scans. Describe how Computer Vision can assist in
detecting abnormalities such as tumours, and discuss the advantages of using this
technology in early diagnosis and treatment planning.
3. Case Study: Surveillance Systems

Consider a smart surveillance system that employs Computer Vision for security
purposes. Explain how object detection and facial recognition are used in this
system to enhance security. What ethical considerations should be considered
when implementing such a system?
4. Case Study: Digital Image Restoration

A company specializes in restoring old, damaged photographs using Computer

Vision techniques. Explain how understanding pixel values, resolution, and color
channels is crucial in this process. How does Computer Vision enhance the
quality of these restored images?
5. Case Study: Retail Industry
In the retail industry, Computer Vision is used to improve customer experience
and store management. Describe how Computer Vision can be applied for tasks
such as inventory management, customer behaviour analysis, and automated
checkout. What are the benefits and challenges associated with implementing
these technologies in retail stores?
Answers

Q.No One Mark Answers

1. B) To interpret and make decisions based on visual data
2. C) Facial recognition
3. B) The smallest unit of an image
4. C) Object detection
5. facial recognition system
6. B) Dividing an image into parts or regions
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7. 255
8. B) Identifying and describing relevant characteristics from an image
9. C)To translate text into your preferred language almost instantly
10. B) The intensity
11. B) Image segmentation
12. C) Green
13. C) Facial recognition
14. C) RGB
15. Computer vision
16. Google Translate app
17. FALSE
18. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation for A.
19. B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation for A
20. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation for A.

Subjective Questions-2 marks

1. Computer Vision is a field of Artificial Intelligence that enables computers to
interpret and make decisions based on visual data, with the primary goal of
automating tasks that the human visual system can do.
2. Computer Vision is significant in AI because it allows machines to understand
and interpret visual information, leading to automation in areas like image
recognition, object detection, and scene understanding, which are crucial for
applications such as autonomous driving and medical imaging.
3. Two applications of Computer Vision in healthcare are medical imaging
analysis (e.g., detecting tumors in MRI scans) and surgical assistance systems
(e.g., guiding robotic surgery with real-time imaging).
4. In the automotive industry, Computer Vision is used in autonomous vehicles for
tasks such as lane detection, pedestrian recognition, and traffic sign recognition,
enhancing safety and enabling self-driving capabilities
5. Feature extraction involves identifying and describing relevant characteristics
from an image, which can then be used for tasks such as object recognition,
classification, and tracking.
6. Image segmentation is the process of dividing an image into multiple regions or
segments, each representing a different part of the image. This helps in isolating
objects and understanding the structure of the scene.
7. Object detection identifies and locates objects within an image, providing
bounding boxes for each object, whereas image classification assigns a label to
the entire image based on the objects it contains without providing their
locations.
8. Edge detection is significant because it helps in identifying the boundaries and
structure within an image, which is essential for object detection, segmentation,
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 and recognition tasks.

9. A pixel is the smallest unit of a digital image, representing a single point in the
image with a specific color or intensity. Pixels are important because they
collectively form the entire image, determining its resolution and detail.
10. Resolution refers to the number of pixels in an image, usually measured in
pixels per inch (PPI). Higher resolution means more pixels and greater detail,
resulting in better image quality.
11. Grayscale images consist of shades of gray, ranging from black to white, with
each pixel representing an intensity value. RGB images use three color channels
(Red, Green, Blue), where each pixel is a combination of these three colors,
allowing for a wide range of colors in the image.
12. In a grayscale image, the pixel value is represented by an intensity level ranging
from 0 to 255, where 0 represents black, 255 represents white, and values in
between represent different shades of gray.
13. In an RGB image, each pixel has three color channels (Red, Green, Blue). The
intensity of each channel determines the final color of the pixel. By combining
different intensities of these three channels, a wide range of colors can be
represented.
14. High-resolution images provide more detail and clarity, which can improve the
accuracy of Computer Vision tasks such as object detection, recognition, and
segmentation, as they allow for better feature extraction and analysis.

15. Pixel density, measured in pixels per inch (PPI), affects the sharpness and clarity
of an image. Higher pixel density means more pixels are packed into a given
area, resulting in a crisper and more detailed image, which is particularly
important for high-quality displays and prints.

Subjective Questions-4 marks Answers

1. Healthcare: Computer Vision is used in medical imaging to detect anomalies
such as tumours, improving early diagnosis and treatment outcomes. It also
assists in robotic surgeries, providing precise guidance and enhancing surgical
accuracy.

Security: In security systems, Computer Vision is used for facial recognition to

identify individuals in surveillance footage, aiding in crime prevention and
investigation. It enhances public safety by monitoring public spaces and alerting
authorities to suspicious activities.

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2. Pixel Value: In digital images, pixel value represents the intensity or color
information of a pixel. In grayscale images, it ranges from 0 (black) to 255
(white). In RGB images, it is defined by the intensities of red, green, and blue
channels.
Resolution: Resolution refers to the number of pixels in an image, typically
measured in pixels per inch (PPI). Higher resolution means more pixels and
greater detail, enhancing image clarity and quality.
Color Channels: In RGB images, each pixel is composed of three-color
channels (red, green, blue). The combination of these channels at varying
intensities produces a wide range of colors. High-quality images require
accurate representation of these color channels.
Collective Impact: High pixel values, resolution, and well-defined color
channels contribute to a detailed, sharp, and color-rich image. Lower values or
resolution can result in blurred, pixelated, or distorted images, reducing visual
quality and effectiveness in Computer Vision tasks.

3. Computer Vision has evolved from basic image processing techniques to

advanced AI-driven algorithms that can understand and interpret complex visual
data. This evolution has had a significant impact on modern technology,
enabling advancements in areas such as autonomous driving, facial recognition,
medical diagnostics, and augmented reality. As a result, many industries have
seen improved efficiency, safety, and innovation through the integration of
Computer Vision technologies.

4. Feature extraction involves identifying and isolating significant information

from an image, such as edges, textures, and shapes. This process is crucial for
various Computer Vision tasks:
Object Recognition: Features help in identifying objects within an image by
matching extracted features with known patterns.
Image Classification: Features are used to classify images into categories based
on their content.
Tracking: Extracted features allow for tracking objects across frames in video
analysis, crucial for surveillance and motion detection.
Augmented Reality: Features are used to overlay virtual objects accurately
onto real-world scenes

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5. Object Detection: This task involves identifying and locating objects within an
image, providing bounding boxes around detected objects. It focuses on
detecting multiple objects and their positions.
Image Classification: This task assigns a single label to an entire image based
on its content. It does not provide the locations of objects, only categorizes the
image as a whole.
Image Segmentation: This task divides an image into segments, each
representing a different object or region. It provides pixel-level classification,
offering detailed information about the structure and boundaries within the
image.
Case Study/Application-Based Questions on Computer Vision- 5 marks-
Answers
1. Computer Vision helps in lane detection by using cameras to identify lane
markings on the road, ensuring the vehicle stays within its lane. Pedestrian
recognition involves detecting and tracking pedestrians to avoid collisions.
Traffic sign recognition uses image processing to identify and interpret traffic
signs, allowing the vehicle to respond accordingly. Challenges in adverse
weather conditions include reduced visibility and accuracy. These can be
mitigated by using additional sensors such as radar and LIDAR, as well as
implementing advanced algorithms to enhance image processing in poor
visibility.
2. Computer Vision algorithms can analyze medical images to detect abnormalities
like tumors by identifying unusual patterns and shapes that indicate the presence
of disease. The advantages include faster and more accurate diagnosis, early
detection of diseases, and improved treatment planning. This technology reduces
the workload on medical professionals and increases the chances of successful
treatment by identifying issues at an early stage.

3. Object detection is used to identify and monitor objects within the surveillance
area, alerting security personnel to any suspicious activity. Facial recognition
identifies individuals by comparing captured images with a database of known
faces, enhancing security by recognizing potential threats. Ethical considerations
include privacy concerns, potential biases in recognition algorithms, and the
need for transparency and accountability in how the data is used and stored.
4. Understanding pixel values helps in identifying the intensity and color
information of each pixel, which is essential for correcting damaged areas.
Resolution knowledge is important for maintaining image detail during
restoration. Color channels are used to accurately restore the colors in RGB
images. Computer Vision enhances quality by using algorithms to fill in missing
parts, correct color imbalances, and sharpen details, resulting in a restored image
that closely resembles the original.
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5. Computer Vision can track inventory levels in real-time by analyzing shelf
images, ensuring timely restocking. It can analyze customer behavior by
monitoring movement patterns and product interactions, helping in optimizing
store layout and marketing strategies. Automated checkout systems use image
recognition to identify products and streamline the payment process. Benefits
include increased efficiency, reduced labor costs, and improved customer
satisfaction. Challenges include the high cost of implementation, potential
technical issues, and ensuring data privacy and security.

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 UNIT-6: NATURAL LANGAUGE PROCESS (NLP)
INTRODUCTION

Computers can understand the structured form of data like spreadsheets and the
tables in the database, but human languages, texts, and voices form an unstructured
category of data, and it gets difficult for the computer to understand it, and there
arises the need for Natural Language Processing.

Natural Language Processing, or NLP, is the sub-field of AI that is focused on

enabling computers to understand and process human languages. AI is a subfield of
Linguistics, Computer Science, Information Engineering, and Artificial
Intelligence concerned with the interactions between computers and human
(natural) languages, in particular how to program computers to process and analyze
large amounts of natural language data

In NLP, we can break down the process of understanding English for a model into
a number of small pieces.

A usual interaction between machines and humans using Natural Language

Processing could go as follows:

• Humans talk to the computer

• The computer captures the audio
• There is an audio to text conversion
• Text data is processed Data is converted to audio
• The computer plays the audio file and responds to humans

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Applications of Natural Language Processing

1. Chatbots

Chatbots are a form of artificial intelligence that is

programmed to interact with humans in such a way that they
sound like humans themselves. Chatbots are created using
Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning, which
means that they understand the complexities of the English
language and find the actual meaning of the sentence and they
also learn from their conversations with humans and become
better with time. Chatbots work in two simple steps.

First, they identify the meaning of the question asked and collect all the data
from the user that may be required to answer the question. Then they answer the
question appropriately.

2. Autocomplete in Search Engines

Have you noticed that search engines tend to guess what you are
typing and automatically complete your sentences? For example,
on typing “game” in Google, you may get further suggestions for
“game of thrones”, “game of life” or if you are interested in maths
then “game theory”. All these suggestions are provided using auto
complete that uses Natural Language Processing to guess what you
want to ask. Search engines use their enormous data sets to
analyze what their customers are probably typing when they enter
particular words and suggest the most common possibilities. They
use Natural Language Processing to make sense of these words
and how they are interconnected to form different sentences.

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3. Voice Assistants

These days voice assistants are all the rage! Whether its
Siri, Alexa, or Google Assistant, almost everyone uses one of
these to make calls, place reminders, schedule meetings, set
alarms, surf the internet, etc. These voice assistants have
made life much easier. But how do they work? They use a
complex combination of speech recognition, natural
language understanding, and natural language processing to
understand what humans are saying and then act on it.

4.Language Translator

Want to translate a text from English to Hindi but don’t

know Hindi? Well, Google Translate is the tool for you!
While it’s not exactly 100% accurate, it is still a great
tool to convert text from one language to another. Google
Translate and other translation tools as well as use
Sequence to sequence modeling that is a technique in
Natural Language Processing. It allows the algorithm to
convert a sequence of words from one language to
another which is translation.

5.Grammar Checkers

Grammar and spelling is a very important factor while writing

professional reports for your superiors and even assignments for
your lecturers. After all, having major errors may get you fired
or failed! That’s why grammar and spell checkers are a very

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 important tool for any professional writer. They can not only
correct grammar and check spellings but also suggest better
synonyms and improve the overall readability of your content.
And guess what, they utilize natural language processing to
provide the best possible piece of writing! The NLP algorithm
is trained on millions of sentences to understand the correct
format. That is why it can suggest the correct verb tense, a
better synonym, or a clearer sentence structure than what you
have written. Some of the most popular grammar checkers that
use NLP include Grammarly, WhiteSmoke, ProWritingAid,
etc.

6.Sentiment Analysis

Almost all the world is on social media these days! And companies can use
sentiment analysis to understand how a particular type of user feels about a
particular topic, product, etc. They can use natural language processing,
computational linguistics, text analysis, etc. to understand the general sentiment of
the users for their products and services and find out if the sentiment is good, bad,
or neutral. Companies can use sentiment analysis in a lot of ways such as to find
out the emotions of their target audience, to understand product reviews, to gauge
their brand sentiment, etc. And not just private companies, even governments use
sentiment analysis to find popular opinion and also catch out any threats to the
security of the nation.

7. Email Classification and Filtering

Emails are still the most important method for professional communication.
However, all of us still get thousands of promotional Emails that we don’t want to
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read. Thankfully, our emails are automatically divided into 3 sections namely,
Primary, Social, and Promotions which means we never have to open the
Promotional section! But how does this work? Email services use natural language
processing to identify the contents of each Email with text classification so that it
can be put in the correct section. This method is not perfect since there are still
some Promotional newsletters in Primary, but it’s better than nothing. In more
advanced cases, some companies also use specialty anti-virus software with natural
language processing to scan the emails and see if there are any patterns and phrases
that may indicate a phishing attempt on the employees.

8. Text Summarization

Text summarization is the process of creating a shorter version of the text with
only vital information and thus, helps the user to understand the text in a shorter
amount of time. The main advantage of text summarization lies in the fact that it
reduces user’s time in searching the important details in the document.

9.Text Classification

Texts are a form of unstructured information that possesses very prosperous

records inside them. Text Classifiers categorize and arrange exceptionally a great
deal with any form of textual content that we use currently. Text classification
makes it possible to assign predefined categories to a document and organize it to
help you find the information you need or simplify some activities.
Tokenisation

After segmenting the sentences, each sentence is then further divided into tokens.
Tokens is a term used for any word or number or special character occurring in a
sentence. Under tokenisation, every word, number and special character is
considered separately and each of them is now a separate token.

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Removing Stop words, Special characters and Numbers

In this step, the tokens which are not necessary are removed from the token list.
What can be the possible words which we might not require?

Stop words are the words in any language which do not add much meaning to a
sentence. They can safely be ignored without sacrificing the meaning of the
sentence

Humans use grammar to make their sentences meaningful for the other person
to understand.

But grammatical words do not add any essence to the information which is to be
transmitted through the statement hence they come under stop words. Some
examples of stop words are:

These words occur the most in any given sentence but talk very little or nothing
about the context or the meaning of it. Hence, to make it easier for the computer to

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focus on meaningful terms, these words are removed.

Along with these words, the sentence might have special characters and/or
numbers. Now it depends on the type of sentence in the documents that we are
working on whether we should keep them in it or not. For example, if you are
working on a document containing email IDs, then you might not want to remove
the special characters and numbers whereas in some other textual data if these
characters do not make sense, then you can remove them along with the stop
words.

Converting text to a common case

After the stop words removal, we convert the whole text into a similar case,
preferably lower case. This ensures that the case-sensitivity of the machine does not
consider same words as different just because of different cases.

Here in this example, the all the 6 forms of hello would be converted to lower
case and hence would be treated as the same word by the machine.

Stemming

In this step, the remaining words are reduced to their root words. In other words,
stemming is the process in which the affixes of words are removed and the words
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are converted to their base form.
Note that in stemming,
the stemmed words
(words which are we get
after removing the
affixes) might not be
meaningful. Here in this
example as you can see:
healed, healing and healer
all were reduced to heal but studies was reduced to studi after the affix removal
which is not a meaningful word. Stemming does not consider if the stemmed word
is meaningful or not. It just removes the affixes hence it is faster.
Lemmatization

Stemming and
lemmatization both are
alternative processes to
each other as the role of
both the processes is same
– removal of affixes. But
the difference between
both of
them is that in lemmatization, the word we get after affix removal (also known as
lemma) is a meaningful one. Lemmatization makes sure that lemma is a word with
meaning and hence it takes a longer time to execute than stemming.

As you can see in the same example, the output for studies after affix removal has
become study instead of studi.

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Difference between stemming and lemmatization can be summarized by this
example:

With this we have normalised our text to tokens which are the simplest form of
words. Now it is time to convert the tokens into numbers. For this, we would use
the Bag of Words algorithm

Bag of words (BOW)

Bag of Words is a Natural Language Processing model which helps in extracting

features out of the text which can be helpful in machine learning algorithms. In bag
of words, we get the occurrences of each word and construct the vocabulary for the
corpus.

This image gives us a brief overview about how bag of words works. As you can
148
see at the right, it shows us a list of words appearing in the corpus and the numbers
corresponding to it shows how many times the word has occurred in the text body.
Thus, we can say that the bag of words gives us two things:

• A vocabulary of words for the corpus

• The frequency of these words (number of times it has occurred in the whole corpus).

Here calling this algorithm “bag” of words symbolises that the sequence of
sentences or tokens does not matter in this case as all we need are the unique words
and their frequency in it.

Here is the step-by-step approach to implement bag of words algorithm:

Text Normalisation: Collect data and pre-process it

Create Dictionary: Make a list of all the unique words occurring in the corpus. (Vocabulary)

Create document vectors: For each document in the corpus, find out how many
times the word from the unique list of words has occurred.

Create document vectors for all the documents. Let us go through all the steps
with an example:

Step 1: Collecting data and pre-processing it.

Document 1: Aman and Anil are

stressed Document 2: Aman went

to a therapist

Document 3: Anil went to download a health chatbot

Here are three documents having one sentence each. After text normalisation, the text
becomes:

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 Document 1: [aman, and, anil, are,

stressed] Document 2: [aman, went,

to, a, therapist]

Document 3: [anil, went, to, download, a, health, chatbot]

Note that no tokens have been removed in the stop words removal step. It is
because we have very little data and since the frequency of all the words is almost
the same, no word can be said to have lesser value than the other.

Step 2: Create Dictionary

Go through all the steps and create a dictionary i.e., list down all the words which
occur in all three documents:
Dictionary

Note that even though some words are repeated in different documents, they are all
written just once as while creating the dictionary, we create the list of unique words.

Step 3: Create document vector

In this step, the vocabulary is written in the top row. Now, for each word in the
document, if it matches with the vocabulary, put a 1 under it. If the same word
appears again, increment the previous value by 1. And if the word does not
occur in that document, put a 0 under it.

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Since in the first document, we have words: aman, and, anil, are, stressed. So, all
these words get a value of 1 and the rest of the words get a 0 value.

Step 4: Repeat for all documents

Same exercise has to be done for all the documents. Hence, the table becomes:

In this table, the header row contains the vocabulary of the corpus and three rows
correspond to three different documents. Take a look at this table and analyze the
positioning of 0s and 1s in it.
Finally, this gives us the document vector table for our corpus. But the tokens
have still not converted to numbers. This leads us to the final steps of our
algorithm: TFIDF.

TFIDF: Term Frequency & Inverse Document Frequency

Bag of words algorithm gives us the frequency of words in each document we have
in our corpus. It gives us an idea that if the word is occurring more in a document,
its value is more for that document. For example, if I have a document on air
pollution, air and pollution would be the words which occur many times in it. And
these words are valuable too as they give us some context around the document.
But let us suppose we have 10 documents and all of them talk about different issues.
One is on women empowerment, the other is on unemployment and so on. Do you
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think air and pollution would still be one of the most occurring words in the whole
corpus? If not, then which words do you think would have the highest frequency in
all of them?

And, this, is, the, etc. are the words which occur the most in almost all the
documents. But these words do not talk about the corpus at all. Though they are
important for humans as they make the statements understandable to us, for the
machine they are a complete waste as they do not provide us with any information
regarding the corpus. Hence, these are termed as stopwords and are mostly removed
at the pre-processing stage only.

Take a look at this graph. It is a plot of occurrence of words versus their value. As
you can see, if the words have highest occurrence in all the documents of the
corpus, they are said to have negligible value hence they are termed as stop words.
These words are mostly removed at the pre- processing stage only. Now as we
move ahead from the stop words, the occurrence level drops drastically and the
words which have adequate occurrence in the corpus are said to have some amount

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of value and are termed as frequent words. These words mostly talk about the
document’s subject and their occurrence is adequate in the corpus. Then as the
occurrence of words drops further, the value of such words rises. These words are
termed as rare or valuable words. These words occur the least but add the most
value to the corpus. Hence, when we look at the text, we take frequent and rare
words into consideration.

TFIDF stands for Term Frequency and Inverse Document Frequency. TFIDF helps
in identifying the value for each word.

Term Frequency

Term frequency is the frequency of a word in one document. Term frequency

can easily be found from the document vector table as in that table we mention
the frequency of each word of the vocabulary in each document.

Here, you can see that the frequency of each word for each document has been
recorded in the table. These numbers are nothing but the Term Frequencies!

Inverse Document Frequency

Now, let us look at the other half of TFIDF which is Inverse Document Frequency.
For this, let us first understand what does document frequency mean. Document
Frequency is the number of documents in which the word occurs irrespective of
how many times it has occurred in those documents. The document frequency for
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the exemplar vocabulary would be:

Here, you can see that the document frequency of ‘aman’, ‘anil’, ‘went’, ‘to’ and
‘a’ is 2 as they have occurred in two documents. Rest of them occurred in just one
document hence the document frequency for them is one.

Talking about inverse document frequency, we need to put the document frequency
in the denominator while the total number of documents is the numerator. Here, the
total number of documents are 3, hence inverse document frequency becomes:

Finally, the formula of TFIDF for any word W becomes:

TFIDF(W) = TF(W) * log(IDF(W))
Here, log is to the base of 10. Don’t worry! You don’t need to calculate the log
values by yourself. Simply use the log function in the calculator and find out!
Now, let’s multiply the IDF values to the TF values. Note that the TF values are for
each document while the IDF values are for the whole corpus. Hence, we need to
multiply the IDF values to each row of the document vector table.

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 Here, you can see that the IDF values for Aman in each row is the same and
similar pattern is followed for all the words of the vocabulary. After
calculating all the values, we get

Finally, the words have been converted to numbers. These numbers are the values
of each for each document. Here, you can see that since we have less amount of
data, words like ‘are’ and ‘and’ also have a high value. But as the IDF value
increases, the value of that word decreases. That is, for example:

Total Number of documents: 10

Number of documents in which ‘and’ occurs: 10
Therefore, IDF (and) = 10/10 =1
Which means: log (1) = 0. Hence, the value of ‘and’ becomes 0.
On the other hand, number of documents in which ‘pollution’
occurs: 3 IDF (pollution) = 10/3 = 3.3333…

Which means: log (3.3333) = 0.522; which shows that the word ‘pollution’ has
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 considerable value in the corpus.
Summarizing the concept, we can say that:
Words that occur in all the documents with high term frequencies have the least
values and are considered to be the stop words.

For a word to have high TFIDF value, the word needs to have a high term
frequency but less document frequency which shows that the word is important for
one document but is not a common word for all documents.

These values help the computer understand which words are to be considered while
processing the natural language. The higher the value, the more important the word
is for a given corpus.

Applications of TF-IDF

Document Classification: TF-IDF helps in classifying the type and genre of a

document by looking at the frequencies of words in the text. Based on the TF-IDF
values, it is easy to classify emails as spam or ham, to classify news as real or fake
and so on.

Topic Modelling: It helps in predicting the topic for the corpus. Topic modelling
refers to a method of identifying short and informative descriptions of a document in
a large collection that can further be used for various text mining tasks such a
summarization, document classification etc.

Key word Extraction: It is also useful for extracting keywords from

text. Information Retrieval System: To extract the important

information out of a corpus. Stop word Filtering: It helps in removing

unnecessary words out of a text body.

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NTLK:
NLTK is a leading platform for building Python programs to work with human
language data. It provides easy-to-use interfaces to over 50 corpora and lexical
resources such as WordNet, along with a suite of text processing libraries for
classification, tokenization, stemming, tagging, parsing, and semantic reasoning,
wrappers for industrial-strength NLP libraries, and an active discussion forum.
NLTK is suitable for linguists, engineers, students, educators, researchers, and
industry users alike. NLTK is available for Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. Best
of all, NLTK is a free, open source, community-driven project.
NLTK has been called “a wonderful tool for teaching, and working in,
computational linguistics using Python,” and “an amazing library to play with
natural language.”

Natural Language Processing with Python provides a practical introduction to

programming for language processing. Written by the creators of NLTK, it guides
the reader through the fundamentals of writing Python programs, working with
corpora, categorizing text, analyzing linguistic structure, and more.

Installing NLTK

1. Install NLTK: run pip install --user -U nltk

2. Install Numpy (optional): run pip install --user -U numpy

3. Test installation: run python then type import nltk

For older versions of Python it might be necessary to install setuptools

(see https://pypi.python.org/pypi/setuptools) and to install pip sudo easy_install pip ).

(
NLTK requires Python versions 3.7, 3.8, 3.9
or 3.10 32-bit binary installation

157
 Install Python 3.8: https://www.python.org/downloads/ (avoid the 64-bit
versions) Install Numpy (optional):
https://www.scipy.org/scipylib/download.html
Install NLTK: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/nltk
Test installation: Start>Python38, then type import nltk

Installing NLTK Data

After installing the NLTK package, please do install the necessary datasets/models
for specific work.
NLTK data, on the command line type python -m nltk.downloader popular, or in
the Python interpreter import nltk; nltk.download('popular')

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 QUESTION BANKS – MCQS:
1. What is NLTK tool in Python?
(a) Natural Linguistics Tool
(b) Natural Language Toolkit
(c) Neutral Language Kit
(d) Neutral Language Toolkit
2. TF-IDF in NLP is defined as:
a. Term Frequency and Definite Frequency
b. Term Frequency and Indefinite Frequency
c. Term Frequency and Inverse Document Frequency
d. Term Frequency and Integrated Document Frequency
3. What do we call the process of dividing a string into component words?
a. Regression
b. Word Tokenization
c. Classification
d. Clustering
4. “Converting text to a common case” is a step in Text Normalisation. (True/False)
5. The higher the value, the more important the word in the document – this is
true of which model?
(a) Bag of Words
(b)TF-IDF
(c) YOLO
(d) SSD
6. Which of these is not an NLP library?
(a) NLTK
(b) NLP Kit
(c) Open NLP
(d) NLP Suite
7. What is a chatbot called which uses simple FAQs without any intelligence?
(a) Smart Chatbot
(b) Script Chatbot
(c) AI Chatbot
(d) ML Chatbot
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8. What is the process of extracting emotions within a text data using NLP called?
a. Sentiment Analysis
b. Emotional Data Science
c. Emotional Processing
d. Emotional Classification
9. After Lemmatization, the words which we are get after removing the affixes is called
a. Lemmat
b. Lemma
c. Lemmatiz
d. Lemmatiza
10. _____are the words which occur very frequently in the corpus but do not add
any value to it.
a. Special Characters
b. Stopwords
c. Roman Numbers
d. Useless Words

SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS 2 MARKS:

1. Explain the key steps of NLP – based text analysis.

i) Sentence Segmentation
ii) Tokenization
iii) Removing Stop words, Special Characters and Numbers
iv) Stemming
v) Converting Text to common Case
vi) Lemmatization
2. Compare Bag of words and TF-IDF and share your finding.

Bag of Words is a Natural Language Processing model which helps in

extracting features out of the text which can be helpful in machine
learning algorithms. In bag of words, we get the occurrences of each
word and construct the vocabulary for the corpus. Bag of Words just
creates a set of vectors containing the count of word occurrences in the
document (reviews). Bag of Words vectors are easy to interpret.
TFIDF is commonly used in the Natural Language Processing domain.
160
 Some of its applications are:
· Document Classification - Helps in classifying the type and genre of a document.

· Topic Modelling - It helps in predicting the topic for a corpus.

· Information Retrieval System - To extract the important

information out of a corpus. Stop word filtering - Helps in removing
the unnecessary words out of a text body.

3. What are some of the applications of chatbots in health care?

The most valuable features of using chatbots in healthcare include:

· Monitoring: Awareness and tracking of user’s behavior, anxiety, and

weight changes to encourage developing better habits.

· Anonymity: Especially in sensitive and mental health issues.
· Personalization: Level of personalization depends on the specific
application. Some applications make use of measurements of:
. Physical vitals (oxygenation, heart rhythm, body temperature) via mobile
sensors.
. Patient behaviour via facial recognition.
· Real time interaction: Immediate response, notifications, and reminders.
· Scalability: Ability to react with numerous users at the same time.

4. Explain the difference between Stemming and Lemmatization.

Stemming: Stemming is a rudimentary rule-based process of stripping
the suffixes (“ing”, “ly”, “es”, “s” etc) from a word.
Stemming is a process of reducing words to their word stem, base or root
form (for example, books — book, looked — look).
Lemmatization: Lemmatization, on the other hand, is an organized & step
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 by step procedure of obtaining the root form of the word, it makes use of
vocabulary (dictionary importance of words) and morphological analysis
(word structure and grammar relations).

5. What is the difference between how humans interpret communication and how NLP
interpret?
The communications made by the machines are very basic and simple. Human
communication is complex. There are multiple characteristics of the human
language that might be easy for a human to understand but extremely difficult for a
computer to understand.

For machines it is difficult to understand our language. Let us take a look at

some of them here:
Arrangement of the words and meaning - There are rules in human language.
There are nouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives. A word can be a noun at one time
and an adjective some other time. This can create difficulty while processing by
computers.

Analogy with programming language- Different syntax, same semantics: 2+3

= 3+2 Here the way these statements are written is different, but their meanings
are the same that is 5. Different semantics, same syntax: 2/3 (Python 2.7) ≠ 2/3
(Python 3) Here the statements written have the same syntax but their meanings
are different. In Python 2.7, this statement would result in 1 while in Python 3,
it would give an output of 1.5. Multiple Meanings of a word - In natural
language, it is important to understand that a word can have multiple meanings
and the meanings fit into the statement according to the context of it.

162
Q. Mar
No ks
PART -A
1. Find the odd men out 1
a) Chatbot
b) Grammar Checkers
c) Jabber-wacky
d) PriceGrabber
2. WhiteSmoke is an example of ____________ domain of AI 1
a) Data Science
b) Computer Vision
c) NLP
d) None of these
3. The Email services use __________________________ to identify the 1
contents of each Email with text classification.
a) Grammar checker
b) Natural Language Processing
c) Computer Vision
d) Data Analysis
4. Companies can use _____________ in a lot of ways such as to find out the 1
emotions of their target audience, to understand product reviews, to gauge
their brand.
a) Sentiment Analysis
b) structure Analysis
c) Deep Learning
d)Emails
5. Two main approaches to summarising text documents are 1
a) Extractive Method & Abstractive Method
b) Classification & Regression
c) Clustering & calculating
d) Chat box & Smart bot
6. Spam filtering in email is an example of ______________ 1
a) Text summarisation
b) Text Classification
c) Sentiment Analysis
d) None of the above
7. Google Assistant, Alexa, Cortana, Siri are examples of 1
a) Script Bot
b) Smart Bot
c) Sling Bot
d) None of these
163
8. _________ is a term used for any word or number or special character 1
occurring in a sentence in Text Normalisation.
a) Tokens
b) Numbers
c) Common case
d) None of the above
9. In text normalization, text from multiple documents and the term used for 1
the whole textual data from all the documents altogether is known as
_________
a) Corpus
b) Tokens
c) Lemma
d) Stem
10. Using the , we can find a vocabulary of words for the corpus and the 1
frequency of these words (number of times it has occurred in the whole
corpus.
11. The process of extracting the root form of the word is known as 1
_________
a) Tokenisation
b) Stemming
c) Lemmatisation
d) Segmentation
12. ___________ is a statistical measure that evaluates how relevant a word 1
is to a document in a collection of documents.
a) TF b) IDF c) TF -IDF d) All of these
13. How many tokens are there in the following sentence: 1
“Traffic Jams have become a common part of our lives nowadays. Living
in an urban area means, you have to face traffic each and every time you
get out on the road. Mostly,
school students opt for buses to go to school.
14. NLP stands for ___________________. 1
a) Natural Language Processing
b) Natural Language Program
c) Neural Language Program
d) Natural Learning Program
15. A corpus contains 4 documents in which the word ‘diet’ was appearing 1
once in document 1. Identify the term in which we can categorise the word
‘diet’.
(a) Stop word (b) Rare word
(c) Frequent word (d) Removable word

164
16. Aditi, a student of class XII developed a chatbot that clarifies the doubts of 1
Economics students. She trained the software with lots of data sets
catering to all difficulty levels. If any student would type or ask questions
related to Economics, the software would give an instant reply. Identify
the domain of AI in the given scenario.
(a) Computer Vision
(b) Data Science
(c) Natural Language Processing
(d) None of these
17. What do you mean by syntax of a language? 1
a) Meaning of a sentence
b) Grammatical structure of a sentence
c) Semantics of a sentence
d) Synonym of a sentence
18. There are 10 documents in which the word “and” appears totally 10 times.
What is the IDF value for “and”
a) 10
b)10/1
c) 1
d) 0
19. The formula of TFIDF for any word W is: 1
a) TFIDF(W) = IDF(W) * log (IDF(W)
b) TFIDF(W) = TF(W) * log (IDF(W)
c) TFIDF(W) = IDF(W) * log (TF(W)
d) TFIDF(W) = IDF(W) * log (DF(W)

20. The stem of the word ‘Healer’ is 1

a) Heal b) Heale
c) Hea d) Healer
PART -B
21. Differentiate between Stemming and Lemmatisation. 2
22. Write the step-by-step approach to implement bag of words algorithm. 2
23. Brief the terms – Stop words, frequent words and rare words. 2
24. What is a Chatbot? 2
25. Differentiate between a script-bot and a smart-bot. (Any 2 differences) 2
26. Write the sentence segmentation for the following text: 2
“ Raj and Vijay are best friends. They play together with other friends. Raj
likes to play football but Vijay prefers to play online games. Raj wants to
be a footballer. Vijay wants to become an online gamer”

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27. Write the stem ans lemma words for the following: 2
Healing, studies, studying, caring
28. Define Text Summarisation. 2
29. Identify the stop words in the given sentence: 2

Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment

that cause adverse change. The three types of pollution are air pollution,
water pollution and land pollution. Mail details [email protected]
30. What is NLTK? 2
31. While working with NLP what is the meaning of? 2
a. Syntax
b. Semantics
32. What is term frequency? 2
33. What do you mean by corpus? 2
34. Does the vocabulary of a corpus remain the same before and after 2
text normalization? Why?

35. What is the need of text normalization in NLP? 2

PART -C
36. a) Briefly explain the applications of TF-IDF 4(3
b) Draw the plot of occurrence of words versus their value graph +1)
37. Create a document vector table for the following documents 4
Document 1: Divya and Rani both are stressed
Document 2: Rani went to a therapist
Document 3: Divya went to download a health chatbot
38. Define Text normalization and explain the different steps in involved. 4
39. List out the applications of Natural Language Processing. 4
40. What is the difference between human language and computer language. 4

166
Q. Answers Marks
No
PART -A
1. d) PriceGrabber 1
2. c) NLP 1
3. b) Natural Language Processing 1
4. a) Sentiment Analysis 1
5. a) Extractive Method & Abstractive Method 1
6. b) Text Classification 1
7. b) Smart Bot 1
8. a) Tokens 1
9. b) Tokens 1
10. Bag of words algorithm 1
11. c) Lemmatisation 1
12. c) TF -IDF 1
13. 47 1
14. a) Natural Language Processing 1
15. (b) Rare word 1
16. (c) Natural Language Processing 1
17. b) Grammatical structure of a sentence 1
18. c) 1
19. b) TFIDF(W) = TF(W) * log (IDF(W) 1
20. a) Heal 1
PART -B
21. Stemming is the process of removing a part of a word, or reducing to its 2
stem or root, e.g., in stemming, the word “studies” gets reduced to its
stem ’studi’ with ‘ed’ removed; similarly, the word ‘advisable’ gets
reduced to its stem ‘advis’.

Lemmatisation is very similar to stemming, where the goal is to remove

inflections from the word and map a word to its root form. But unlike
stemming, lemmatisation tries to do it the proper way. It doesn’t just
chop things off, it actually transforms words to the actual root, a real
word in dictionary. The reduced forms resulting out of lemmatisation are
called lemmas, the word ‘advisable’ gets reduced to its stem ‘advis’.

167
22. 1.Text Normalization: Collect data and pre-process it by removing the 2
known stop words.
2. Design the vocabulary. Prepare the corpus (a collection of words)
from the words in the document. The whole collection of textual data
from all the documents is called corpus.

3. Create Document vectors. Score the word’s frequency in the

document.

4. Calculate TF-IDF. Calculate Term Frequency and Inverse Document

Frequency.
23. It is a plot of occurrence of words versus their value, if the words have 2
highest occurrence in all the documents of the corpus, they are said to
have negligible value hence they are termed as stop words. These words
are mostly removed at the pre-processing stage only.
The stop words, the occurrence level drops drastically and the words
which have adequate occurrence in the corpus are said to have some
amount of value and are termed as frequent words.
These words mostly talk about the document’s subject, and their
occurrence is adequate in the corpus. Then as the occurrence of words
drops further, the value of such words rises. These words are termed as
rare or valuable words. These words occur the least but add the most
value to the corpus.
24. A chatbot is a computer program that can learn over time how to best 2
interact with humans. It can answer questions and troubleshoot customer
problems, evaluate and qualify prospects, generate sales leads and
increase sales on an e-commerce site.
OR
A chatbot is a computer program designed to simulate conversation with
human users. A chatbot is also known as an artificial conversational
entity (ACE), chat robot, talk bot, chatterbot or chatterbox.
OR
A chatbot is a software application used to conduct an on-line chat
conversation via text or text-to-speech, in lieu of providing direct contact
with a live human agent.

168
25. 2
Script-bot Smart-bot
a. A scripted chatbot doesn’t carry even a a. Smart bots are built on
glimpse of AI. NLP and ML.
b. Script bots are easy to make Script bot b. Smart –bots are
functioning is very limited as they are comparatively difficult to
less powerful. make.
c. Script bots work around a script which c. Smart-bots are flexible
is programmed in them. and powerful.
d. No or little language processing skills e. NLP and Machine
learning skills are required.
e. Limited functionality e. Limited functionality
Example: the bots which are deployed in Example: Google Assistant,
the customer care section of various Alexa, Cortana, Siri, etc.
companies
26. 2
1. Raj and Vijay are best friends.
2. They play together with other friends.
3. Raj likes to play football but Vijay prefers to play online games.
4. Raj wants to be a footballer.
5. Vijay wants to become an online gamer.
27. 2
Stem Lemma
Healing Heal Heal
Studies Stud Study
Studying Studi Study
caring car care
28. Text summarisation is the process of creating a shorter version of the 2
text with only vital information and thus, helps the user to understand the
text in a shorter amount of time. The main advantage of text
summarisation lies in the fact that it reduces user’s time in searching the
important details in the document.
169
29. is, the, of, that, into, are, and 2
30. NLTK is a Python Package that you can use for NLP. It is a platform 2
used for building Python programs that work with human language data
for applying in statistical natural language processing (NLP). It contains
text processing libraries for tokenisation, parsing, classification,
stemming, tagging and semantic reasoning.
31. Syntax: Syntax refers to the grammatical structure of a sentence. 2
Semantics: It refers to the meaning of the sentence.
32. Term frequency is the frequency of a word in one document. Term 2
frequency can easily be found from the document vector table as in that
table we mention the frequency of each word of the vocabulary in each
document.
33. In Text Normalization, we undergo several steps to normalize the text to 2
a lower level.
That is, we will be working on text from multiple documents and the
term used for the whole textual data from all the documents altogether is
known as corpus.
OR
A corpus is a large and structured set of machine-readable texts that have
been
produced in a natural communicative setting.
OR
A corpus can be defined as a collection of text documents. It can be
thought of as just a bunch of text files in a directory, often alongside
many other directories of text files.
34. No, the vocabulary of a corpus does not remain the same before and after 2
text normalization. Reasons are –
● In normalization the text is normalized through various steps and is
lowered to minimum vocabulary since the machine does not require
grammatically correct statements but the essence of it.
● In normalization Stop words, Special Characters and Numbers are
removed.
● In stemming the affixes of words are removed and the words are
converted to their base form.
So, after normalization, we get the reduced vocabulary.
35. Since we all know that the language of computers is Numerical, the very 2
first step that comes to our mind is to convert our language to
numbers. This conversion takes a few steps to happen. The first step to it
is Text Normalization.
Since human languages are complex, we need to first of all simplify
them in order to make sure that the understanding becomes possible.
170
 Text Normalization helps in cleaning up the textual data in such a way
that it comes down to a level where its complexity is lower than the
actual data.
PART -C
36. a) 4
Document Classification: TF-IDF helps in classifying the type and genre
of a document by looking at the frequencies of words in the text. Based
on the TF-IDF values, it is easy to classify emails as spam or ham, to
classify news as real or fake and so on.
Topic Modelling: It helps in predicting the topic for the corpus. Topic
modelling refers to a method of identifying short and informative
descriptions of a document in a large collection that can further be used
for various text mining tasks such a summarisation, document
classification etc.
Key word Extraction: It is also useful for extracting keywords from text.
Information Retrieval System: To extract the important information out
of a corpus.
Stop word Filtering: It helps in removing unnecessary words out of a text
body

b)

37. After text normalization, the text would be: 4

Document 1: [Divya, and, Rani, both, are, stressed]
Document 2: [Rani, went to, a, therapist]
Document 3: [ Divya, went to, download, a, health, chatbot]
Create a Dictionary
Divya and Rani both are stressed
went to a therapist download Health
chatbot
171
 Create a document vector

38. Text Normalization is a process to reduce the variations in text’s word 4

forms to a common form when the variation means the same thing. The
different in text normalization is
1. Sentence Segmentation
2. Tokenisation
3. Removing Stop words, Special characters and Numbers
4. Converting text to a common case
5. Stemming
6. Lemmatization

1. Sentence Segmentation: Under sentence segmentation, the whole text

is divided into individual sentences.
2. Tokenisation: After segmenting the sentences, each sentence is then
further divided into tokens. Tokens is a term used for any word or
number or special character occurring in a sentence. Under tokenisation,
every word, number and special character is considered separately and
each of them is now a separate token.
3. Removing Stop words, Special characters and Numbers: Stop words
are the words in any language which do not add much meaning to a
sentence. They can safely be ignored without sacrificing the meaning of
the sentence These words occur the most in any given sentence but talk
very little or nothing about the context or the meaning of it. Hence, to
make it easier for the computer to focus on meaningful terms, these
words are removed.
4. Converting text to a common case: After the stop words removal, we
convert the whole text into a similar case, preferably lower case. This
ensures that the case-sensitivity of the machine does not consider same
words as different just because of different cases.

5. Stemming: -stemming is the process in which the affixes of words are

removed, and the words are converted to their base form. In stemming,
the stemmed words (words which are we get after removing the affixes)
might not be meaningful.

172
 6. Lemmatization: In lemmatization, the word we get after affix removal
(also known as lemma) is a meaningful one. Lemmatization makes sure
that lemma is a word with meaning and hence it takes a longer time to
execute than stemming.

39. Chatbots are a form of artificial intelligence that is programmed to 4

interact with humans in such a way that they sound like humans
themselves.
Depending on the complexity of the chatbots, they can either just
respond to specific keywords or they can even hold full conversations
that make it tough to distinguish them from humans. Chatbots are
created using Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning,
which means that they understand the complexities of the English
language.

a. NLP is used in search engines they suggest the text to be typed

automatically

b. Siri, Alexa, or Google Assistant uses NLP. They use a complex

combination of speech recognition, natural language understanding, and
natural language processing to understand what humans are saying and
then act on it.

c. Language Translator - Google Translate and other translation tools as

well as use Sequence to sequence modelling that is a technique in
Natural Language Processing. It allows the algorithm to convert a
sequence of words from one language to another which is translation.

d. Sentiment Analysis - companies can use sentiment analysis to

understand how a particular type of user feels about a particular topic,
product, etc. They can use natural language processing, computational
linguistics, text analysis, etc. to understand the general sentiment of the
users for their products and services and find out if the sentiment is
good, bad, or neutral

e. Grammar Checkers - They use not only correct grammar and check
spellings but also suggest better synonyms and improve the overall readability
of your content. The NLP algorithm is trained on millions of sentences to
understand the correct format. Some of the most popular grammar checkers
that use NLP include Grammarly, WhiteSmoke, ProWritingAid, etc.

173
40. Human language Computer Language 4
Human language is Machine/computer
made up of letters, understands the language of
words and sentences numbers (binary numbers-
depending on the 0’s and 1’s). Everything that
languages. is sent to the machine has to
be converted to numbers.
It is very easy for For machines
humans to process understanding and
and communicate in generating natural
natural languages like languages is very
English, Hindi etc. complex process.
Our brain keeps on Computer uses NLP
processing the sounds techniques like Text
that it hears around Normalisation, Bag of
itself and tries to make words to convert the
sense out of them all the text to numbers for it to
time. process.

174
 UNIT-7: EVALUATION

Problem Scoping ----- > Data Acquisition ---- > Data Exploring ------ > Modelling >
Evaluation.

Evaluation is the final stage in AI Project Cycle. Once a model has been made and
trained, it needs to go through proper testing so that one can calculate the efficiency
and performance of the model. Hence, the model is tested with the help of Testing
Data.

Evaluation is the process of understanding the reliability and final performance of

any AI model by giving the test data set into the model and comparing it`s output
with actual answers.

175
 Why do we need evaluation?

While in modelling, we make different types of models. Then a decision to be

taken which model is better than another. So, for that proper testing and evaluation
is needed to calculate the efficiency and performance of a model.
An efficient evaluation model proves helpful in selecting the most suitable
modelling method thatwould represent our data.
We must keep in mind that it is not advisable to use the data that we used to create
the model to evaluate it. Why?

Ans-Training data must not be used for evaluation purposes because a model simply
remembers the whole of training data, therefore always predicts the correct output
for any point in the training set whenever training data is fed again. But it gives
very wrong answers if a new dataset is introduced to the model. This situation is
known as overfitting.

Evaluation is basically done by two things:

1. Prediction The output given by the machine after training and testing the data
is known as Prediction. (Output of the machine)
2. Reality Reality is the real situation and real scenario where prediction has been
made by the machine. (Reality or truth)
We will consider many scenarios for evaluation. Then what is Scenario?

Consider an AI based prediction model which is deployed to identify Football or a

soccer ball. Objective is to find out whether the given image is a football. Now
there exists two conditions as discussed above-
Prediction- output given by the machine
Reality- real scenario about image shown when
prediction is done. There are various combination based
on these two conditions:
176
1. Case 1
Is this a Football?

1. Prediction = YES
2. Reality = YES
3. True Positive

Here, we can see in the picture that it’s a football. The model’s prediction
is Yes which means it's football. The Prediction matches Reality. Hence, this
condition is termed as True Positive.
2. Case 2
Is this a Football?
1. Prediction = NO
2. Reality = NO
3. True Negative

Here this is Not an image of Football hence the reality is No. In this case, the
machine has predicted it correctly as a No. Therefore, this condition is termed as
True Negative.
3. Case 3
Is this a Football?

1. Prediction = YES
2. Reality = NO
3. False Positive (Type 1 Error)

Here the reality is that it is not Football. But the machine has incorrectly predicted
that this is Football. This case is termed False Positive.
Another example- You predicted that India won the cricket match series against
England but they lost.

177
4.Case 4
Is this a Football?
1. Prediction = NO
2. Reality = YES
3. False Negative ( Type 2 Error)

Here, a Football has been in a different look because of which the Reality is Yes
but the machine has incorrectly predicted it as a No which means the machine
predicts that it is not Football. Therefore, this case becomes False Negative.
Now these combinations are done by using different metrics. One of them is the
Confusion Matrix.
Confusion Matrix-

1. The comparison between the results of Prediction and reality is called the Confusion
Matrix.
2. It is a record that helps in evaluation.
3. It is not a calculation; it is a performance measurement for machine learning

classification problems where output can be two or more classes.

Now again consider the example of football:
Result of comparison between prediction and reality can be recorded in a confusion
matrix.
Parameters to evaluate the Model-
There are four methods to evaluate the model.

178
1) Accuracy- It is the percentage of correct predictions out of all the observations.

A prediction is correct if it matches the reality.

All True positive and True Negative are the cases in which the Prediction matches with
reality.

Accuracy Formula

OR

Here Total cases/observations=

TP+TN+FP+FN EXAMPLE-

Let us again take the football example.

Assume that the model always predicts that object is not football. But in reality,
there is 5% chances of object being a football. In this case, for 95 cases, the model
will be right but for 5 cases in which the object was a football, the model
predicted it to be not a football. Here,

1. True Positives = 0
2. True Negatives = 95
3. Total cases = 100
4. Therefore, accuracy

becomes: 95+0/100 =
95%

2. Precision Parameter-
It is defined as the percentage of true positive cases versus all the cases where the
prediction is true. It takes True Positives and False Positives.

179
Going back to the football example, in this case, assume that the model always
predicts that object is a Football irrespective of the reality. In this case, all the
Positive conditions would be considered that is,

• True Positive (Prediction = Yes and Reality = Yes)

• False Positive (Prediction = Yes and Reality = No)

In this case, the Players will check for the ball all the time to see if it is
Football or not (which means if the reality is True or False).
If Precision is high, this means the True Positive cases are more, giving lesser False
predictions.
3. Recall Parameter
It is the fraction of positive cases that are correctly identified. It considers the true
reality cases where in Reality, there was a football but the machine either detected
it correctly or didn`t. That is, it considers True Positive (There was a football in

reality and the model predicted a football) and False Negative (object is a football
and model predicts it is not).

We can see that the Numerator in both Precsion and Recall is same; True Positive.
But in the denominator, Precision counts the False Positive while Recall takes
False Negative into consideration.
Which one is more important than another, Precision or Recall?
1. Choosing between Precision and Recall depends on the condition in which
the model has been deployed. In a case like Forest Fire, a False Negative can cost
us a lot and is risky too. Imagine no alert being given even when there is a Forest
Fire. The whole forest might burn down.
180
 2. Another case where a False Negative can be dangerous is Viral Outbreak.
Imagine a deadly virus has started spreading and the model which is supposed to
predict a viral outbreak does not detect it. The virus might spread widely and
infect a lot of people.

3. On the other hand, there can be cases in which the False Positive
condition costs us more than False Negatives. One such case is Mining. Imagine a
model telling you that there exists treasure at a point and you keep on digging
there but it turns out that it is a false alarm. Here, the False Positive case
(predicting there is a treasure but there is no treasure) can be very costly
.
4. Consider a model that predicts whether a mail is spam or not. If the model
always predicts that the mail is spam, people would not look at it and eventually
might lose important information. Here also False Positive condition (Predicting
the mail as spam while the mail is not spam) would have a high cost.
- If we want to know if our model`s performance is good, we need these two
measures: Precision and Recall. For some cases, you might have High precision but
Low Recall or Low Precision but High Recall. But since both the measures are
important, there is a need for a parameter which takes both Precision and Recall into
account.
4. F1 Score
It can be defined as the measure of balance between precision and recall.

An ideal situation is there when we have a value of 1 for both Precision and Recall.
Then F1 score would also be 1(100%). It is known as the perfect value for F1
Score. A model is having a good performance if F1 Score is high.

181
182
 1 Mark question
The process of understanding the reliability of any AI model based on output
by feeding the test dataset is
a. Data feed
1
b. Data Reliability
c. Model Evaluation
d. None of these
The percentage of true positive cases versus all the cases where the prediction
is true is defined as
a. Precision
2
b. Accuracy
c. F1 Score
d. None of these
The percentage of correct predictions out of all observations.
a. Prediction
3 b. Accuracy
c. F1 Score
d. None of these
The result of comparison between the prediction and reality is recorded in
a. F1 Score
4 b. Confusion matrix
c. Evaluation Model
d. All of these
The measure of balance between precision and recall.
a. Accuracy
5 b. F1 Score
c. Precision
d. None of these
Which of the following talks about how true the predictions are by any
model?
a. Accuracy
6
b. Reliability
c. Recall
d. F1 Score
Which of the following parameters will be consider by recall, while
evaluating a model`s performance?
i. False negative
ii. True negative
7 iii. False positive
iv. True Positive
Choose the correct option:
a. only (i) b. (ii) and (iii)
c. (iii) and (iv) d. (i) and (iv)

183
 The output given by the AI machine is known as ________
8 a. Prediction
b. Reality
Which of the following statements is not true about overfitting models?
(a) This model learns the pattern and noise in the data to such extent that it
harms the performance of the model on the new dataset
9
(b) Training result is very good and the test result is poor
(c) It interprets noise as patterns in the data
(d) The training accuracy and test accuracy both are low
Seema is learning the conditions that make up the confusion matrix. She came
across a scenario in which the machine that was supposed to predict a bird
was
always predicting a bird. What is this condition called?
10
a. False Positive
b. True Positive
c. False Negative
d. True Negative
What is the value of F1 score if the model is 100 % accuracy?
a. 100
11 b. 1
c. 0
d. 50
When the prediction is True and reality is False, that condition is termed as
a. TN
12 b. TF
c. FP
d. FN
Out of the following, which evaluation methods are used to calculate F1
score?
a. Accuracy & recall
13 b. Precision & F1 score
c. Accuracy and Precision
d. Precision & Recall

14 The F1 score ranges from ________to ______

Recall method is not depend on True negative. (True/False)
15
Arun was confused with the terms used in the evaluation stage. Suggest her
the term used for the percentage of correct predictions out of all the
observations.
16
(a) Accuracy (b) Precision (c) Recall (d) F1 Score

184
 In spam email detection, which of the following will be considered as “ False
negative” ?
a. When a spam email is mistakenly identified as legitimate.
17
b. When an email is accurately recognised as spam.
c. When an email is inaccurately labelled as important.
d. When a legitimate email is accurately identified as not spam.
When the prediction is False and reality is True, that condition is
called………..
a. TN
18
b. TF
c. FP
d. FN
Statement 1: F1 score is evaluated based on precision or recall.
Statement 2: When the F1 score is 0, the model accuracy is 100%

a. Both statement1 and statement 2 are correct.

19
b. Both statement1 and statement 2 are incorrect.
c. Statement 1 is correct but statement 2 is incorrect.
d. Statement 1 is incorrect but statement 2 is correct.

20 The final step in AI project cycle is……………….

2-mark questions
1 What is evaluation of an AI model?
2 Define confusion matrix?
3 Explain the concept of overfitting with respect to AI model evaluation.
4 Explain accuracy of an AI model? How do you calculate accuracy?
5 Explain recall of an AI model with formula.
6 Explain precision of an AI model? Write the formula.
7 Define F1 score with formula.
8 Explain the condition TP.
9 Explain the condition TN .
10 What is the need of AI model evaluation?
11 Give the possible reasons for an AI model not being efficient?
12 Define the term prediction and reality.
Consider the data given below based on AI prediction model,
TP=50, TN=40,FN=60, FP=50.
13
Calculate the total number of tests have been performed according to the data
given.

185
 According to the data given below, Calculate TP,TN,FP,&FN.
Index 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Actual Bird Bird Bird Not Not Bird Not Bird Not Bird
14
bird Bird bird bird
Predicted Bird Bird Not Bird Not Bird Bird Not bird Not
Bird Bird bird bird
Consider the confusion matrix and calculate the recall and precision.
Reality
Confusion matrix
15 YES NO
YES 40 60
prediction
NO 80 20
4 mark question
1 Explain the different methods of evaluation of AI models.
Consider the scenario where the AI model is created to predict if there will be
rain or not. The confusion matrix for the same is given below. Calculate
precision, accuracy and recall.
2 Reality
Confusion matrix
YES NO
YES 70 30
prediction
NO 50 50
A binary classification model has been developed to classify the information
spread through social media is as either “Fake ” or “Real ”. The model was
tested on a dataset of 300 information, and the resulting confusion matrix is as
follows:

3 Reality
Confusion matrix
YES NO
YES 150 40
prediction
NO 50 60

calculate Accuracy, precision, recall and F1 score.

The country was shaken up by a series of flood which has done a huge
damage to the people as well as the infrastructure. To address this issue, an AI
model has been created which can predict if there is a chance of a flood or
not. The confusion matrix for the same is as below: calculate Accuracy,
precision, recall and F1 score.
4
Reality
Confusion matrix
YES NO
YES 90 10
prediction
NO 10 50

186
 An IT company situated in Bombay developed an AI model which predicts
the purchasing of electronic gadgets. During testing, the AI model came up
with the following predictions.
Based on the given predictions, calculate the following
Reality
Confusion matrix
5 YES NO
YES 60 25
prediction
NO 5 10

i. How many total tests have been performed in the above scenario.
ii. Calculate precision, recall and F1 score.
ANSWERS
1 mark questions
1 Model Evaluation
2 Precision
3 Accuracy
4 Confusion matrix
5 F1 score
6 Accuracy
7 d (I &iv)
8 Prediction
9 Training result is very good and the test result is poor
10 False Negative
11 1
12 TN
13 Precision & Recall
14 0 to 1
15 True
16 Accuracy
17 When a spam email is mistakenly identified as legitimate.
18 FN
19 Statement 1 is correct but statement 2 is incorrect.
20 Model Evaluation
2-mark question
1 Evaluation is the process of understanding the reliability of any AI model,
based on outputs by feeding test dataset into the model and comparing with
actual answers

2 Confusion matrix is a table that shows the result of comparison between the
prediction and reality. The confusion matrix allows us to understand the
prediction results.

187
 Reality
Confusion matrix
YES NO
YES TP FP
prediction
NO FN TN
3 Overfitting is a problem where the evaluation of machine learning algorithms
on training data is different from unseen data.
4 Accuracy is defined as the percentage of correct predictions out of all the
observations. A prediction can be said to be correct if it matches the reality.
%

5 Recall is defined as the fraction of positive cases that are correctly identified.

6 Precision is defined as the percentage of true positive cases versus all the
cases where the prediction is true.

7 F1 score is defined as the measure of balance between precision and recall.

8 TP stands for True Positive. When the Prediction matches with the Reality,
that condition is called TP. That is, prediction is True and the Reality is True.
9 TN stands for True Negative. When the model evaluate that the prediction is
False and the Reality is also False.

10 The primary purpose of evaluation in the AI project cycle is to check the

reliability of the AI model. It helps determine if the model is performing as
expected and if it can make accurate predictions or classifications based on
the test dataset.

11 • Lack of Training Data

• Unauthenticated Data / Wrong Data
• Inefficient coding / Wrong Algorithms
12 • Prediction is the output which is given by the machine
• Reality is the real situation and real scenario where prediction has been
made by the machine.
13 Total no of tests performed=TP+TN+FP+FN
=50+40+60+50=200
14 TP=3
TN=1
FP=3
FN=3

188
15

4 mark question
1 Accuracy is defined as the percentage of correct predictions out of all the
observations. A prediction can be said to be correct if it matches the reality.
%
Recall is defined as the fraction of positive cases that are correctly identified.

Precision is defined as the percentage of true positive cases versus all the
cases where the prediction is true.

F1 score is defined as the measure of balance between precision and recall.

2 Accuracy =(70+50)/200=0.60
Recall=70/120=0.58
Precision=70/100=0.7
F1 Score=2*(.58*0.70)/0.58+0.70=0.639
3 Accuracy=(150+60)/300=0.7
Recall=150/200=0.75
Precision=150/190=0.789
F1 score=2*0.75*0.789/(0.75+0.789)=0.76
4 Accuracy=(90+50)/160=0.875
Recall=90/100=0.9
Precision=90/100=0.9
F=2*recall*precision/(recall+precision)
=2*0.81/1.8=0.9

5 Precision = True Positives / (True Positives + False Positives) = 60 / (60 + 5)

= 0.923 Recall = True Positives / (True Positives + False Negatives) = 60 /
(60 + 25) = 0.706
F1 Score = 2 * (Precision * Recall) / (Precision + Recall) = 2 * (0.923 *
0.706) / (0.923 + 0.706) ≈ 0.801
(ii) Total tests performed = Sum of all entries in the confusion matrix = 60 +
25 + 5 + 10 = 100
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 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (417) SUGGESTED PRACTICAL LIST 2024-25
Activity 1: Write a Python code to calculate Simple Interest if the
principle_amount = 2000 rate_of_interest = 8 time = 10
P=2000
T=10
R=8
SI=(P*T*R)/100
print(“Simple Interest is”,SI)
o/p:
Simple Interest is 1600.0

Activity 2: Write a Python code to calculate Area of a triangle with Base and
Height
B=int(input(“Enter Base of a rectangle”))
H=int(input(“Enter Height of a rectangle”))
print(“Area of a rectangle is”,0.5*B*H)
o/p:
Enter Base of a rectangle5
Enter Height of a rectangle4
Area of a rectangle is 10.0

Activity 3: Write a Python code to check whether a person is eligible to vote or

not.
Age=int(input(“Enter person’s age”))
if Age>=18:
print(“Person is Eligible to vote”)
else:
print(“Person is not Eligible to vote”)
o/p:

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 Enter person’s age 21
Person is Eligible to vote

Activity 4: Write a Python code to print sum of first 10 natural numbers

S=0
for i in range(1,11):
S=S+i
print(“Sum of first 10 natural numbers is”,S)
o/p:

Sum of first 10 natural numbers is 55

Activity 5: Write a program to create a list and display list elements.

l=[]
n=int(input(“Enter length of the list”))
for i in range(n):
a=eval(input(“Enter list element”))
l.append(a)
print(“Created list is”,l)
o/p:
Enter length of the list5
Enter list element10
Enter list element20.5
Enter list element45
Enter list element78
Enter list element23
Created list is [10, 20.5, 45, 78, 23]

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Activity 6: Write a program to add the elements of the two lists.

l1=[20,30,40]
l2=[30,50,10]
l3=l1+l2
print("Addition of",l1,"and",l2,"is",l3)
o/p:
Addition of [20, 30, 40] and [30, 50, 10] is [20, 30, 40, 30, 50, 10]

Activity 7: Write a program to calculate mean, median and mode using

Numpy
import numpy as np
import statistics as st
l=[30,20,50,60,20]
l1=np.array(l)
print("Mean of",l1,"is",st.mean(l1))
print("Median of",l1,"is",st.median(l1))
print("Mode of",l1,"is",st.mode(l1))
o/p:

Mean of [30 20 50 60 20] is 36

Median of [30 20 50 60 20] is 30
Mode of [30 20 50 60 20] is 20

Activity 8: Write a program to display line chart from (2,5) to (9,10).

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
x=(2,9)
y=(5,10)
plt.plot(x,y)
plt.title("Line chart")
plt.show()

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 o/p:

Activity 9: Write a program to display a scatter chart for the following points
(2,5), (9,10),(8,3),(5,7),(6,18).
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
x=[2,9,8,5,6]
y=[5,10,3,7,18]
plt.scatter(x,y)
plt.title("Line chart")
plt.show()
o/p:

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Activity 10: Write a program to display bar chart for the following data with
appropriate titles:
Subjects=[“Eng”,”Sci”,”Soc”,”Maths”,”AI”]
Marks=[89,87,78,90,99]
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
Sub=["Eng","Sci","Soc","Maths","AI"]
Marks=[89,87,78,90,99]
plt.bar(Sub,Marks)
plt.title("Term-1 Performance")
plt.xlabel("Subjects")
plt.ylabel("Marks")
plt.show()
0/p:

Activity 11: Read CSV file saved in your system and display 5 rows
import pandas as pd
df=pd.read_csv(r"C:\Users\ADMIN\Desktop\abc.csv",nrows=10)
print(df)

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 o/p:
RNO NAME MARKS
0 1 HARI 67
1 2 RAMESH 89
2 3 SOMESH 56
3 4 RAJESH 78
4 5 BHIMESH 45
Activity 12: Read CSV file saved in your system and display its
information
import pandas as pd
df=pd.read_csv(r"C:\Users\ADMIN\Desktop\abc.csv",nrows=10)
print(df)
o/p:
RNO NAME MARKS
0 1 HARI 67
1 2 RAMESH 89
2 3 SOMESH 56
3 4 RAJESH 78
4 5 BHIMESH 45
5 6 SRIKANTH 67
6 7 SRINIVAS 89
7 8 SANDHYA 90
8 9 SADANA 56
9 10 RAJU 45

Activity 13: Write a program to read an image and display using

Python
import cv2
img=cv2.imread("abc.jpg")
cv2.imshow('Image',img)
cv2.waitKey(0)
o/p:

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Activity 14: Write a program to read an image and display image shape
and size using Python
import cv2
img=cv2.imread(r"C:\Users\ADMIN\Desktop\abc.jpg")
cv2.imshow('myimg',img)
print("The shape of the image is",img.shape)
print("The Size of the image is",img.size)
cv2.waitKey(0)
o/p:

The shape of the image is (148, 259, 3)

The Size of the image is 114996

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 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (SUBJECT CODE - 417)
Sample Question Paper for Class X (Session 2024-2025)

Max. Time: 2 Hours Max. Marks: 50

General Instructions:

1. Please read the instructions carefully.

2. This Question Paper consists of 21 questions in two sections: Section A &

Section B
3. Section A hasObjective type questions whereas Section B contains
Subjective type questions.
4. Outof the given (5 + 16 =) 21 questions, a candidate has to answer (5 +
10 =) 15 questions in the allotted (maximum) time of 2 hours.
5. All questions of a particular section must be attempted in the correct order.
6. SECTION A - OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS (24 MARKS): i. This
section has 05 questions. ii. Marks allotted are mentioned against each
question/part. iii. There is no negative marking.
iv. Do as per the instructions given.
7. SECTION B – SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS (26 MARKS): i. This
section has 16 questions. ii. A candidate has to do 10 questions. iii. Do
as per the instructions given. iv. Marks allotted are mentioned against
each question/part

SECTION A: OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTION

Q. 1 Answer any 4 out of the given 6 questions on Employability 1x4
Skills =4
(i) What is the primary purpose of active listening in 1
communication?
(a) To formulate a response while the other person is speaking
(b) To understand the speaker's message fully and accurately
(c) To interrupt and ask clarifying questions immediately
(d) To dominate the conversation with personal experiences
(ii) Adam is in a meeting where he disagrees with the proposed strategy. 1
How should he communicate his disagreement effectively?
(a) Raise his voice to emphasize his point
(b) Wait until after the meeting to share his concerns privately
(c) Interrupt the speaker to express his disagreement
(d) Use diplomatic language and provide constructive feedback during
the discussion

197
(iii) Which of the following is a key aspect of time management? 1
(a) Procrastination and delaying tasks
(b) Prioritizing tasks based on urgency and importance
(c) Taking on more tasks than can be realistically completed
(d) Ignoring deadlines and commitments
(iv) You are training employees on safe computing practices to avoid 1
cyber threats. What steps would you take while using public Wi-Fi
networks?
(a) Disable firewall protection
(b) Avoid accessing sensitive websites
(c) Use a Virtual Private Network (VPN)
(d) Share Wi-Fi login credentials with others
(v) What is a key characteristic of successful entrepreneurs? 1
(a) Avoiding risks and playing it safe
(b) Focusing solely on short-term profits
(c) Being adaptable and willing to learn from failures
(d) Rejecting new ideas and sticking to traditional methods
(vi) Ecotech Solutions is a company specializing in green technologies. 1
They are planning to expand their operations globally. What
strategies can they adopt to ensure their expansion aligns with green
principles?
(a) Prioritizing cost-cutting measures over environmental concerns
(b) Implementing renewable energy sources in their production facilities
(c) Disregarding local environmental regulations for faster growth
(d) Promoting excessive consumption of their products without
considering sustainability
Q.2. Answer any 5 questions out of 6 1x5=
5
(Fill in the blanks: "Human intelligence encompasses various components 1
i such as reasoning, problem-solving, and
) ."
( Artificial Intelligence (AI) always operates ethically and without bias. - 1
i True or False?
i
)
(iii) With Great Power Comes Great Responsibility"? List 2 1
suggestions for responsible use of AI.
(iv) Which of the following statements about AI bias are incorrect? 1
a) AI bias can result from biased training data.
b) AI systems are inherently unbiased.
c) Addressing AI bias requires diverse and inclusive data.
d) Regular monitoring and auditing can help mitigate AI bias.

198
 (How can AI be used in real life? 1
va) Autonomous driving vehicles
)b) Personalized medicine
c) Predicting future stock prices
d) All of the above
(vi) What are some ethical concerns involved in AI development? 1
a) AI bias
b) Data privacy
c) Unemployment due to automation
d) Transparency in decision-making
Q3 Answer any 5 out of the given 6 questions 1x5
=5
(i) What is the first step in the AI project cycle? 1
(a) Model training
(b) Data collection and preprocessing
(c) Model deployment
(d) Evaluation and testing
(ii) Which technique is commonly used in data science to handle missing 1
data in a dataset? (a) Ignoring the missing values
(b) Filling missing values with the mean or median
(c) Dropping rows with missing values
(d) Creating synthetic data to replace missing values
(iii) What is the primary application of object detection in computer vision? 1
(a) Classifying images into categories
(b) Segmenting images into regions
(c) Identifying and locating objects within an image
(d) Generating captions for images
(iv) Which task in natural language processing involves predicting the next 1
word in a sequence of words?
(a) Named Entity Recognition (NER)
(b) Sentiment Analysis
(c) Part-of-Speech Tagging (POS)
(d) Language Modeling
(v) What is the purpose of model evaluation in machine learning? (a) 1
To train the model on new data
(b) To select the best model based on performance metrics
(c) To preprocess the data before training
(d) To collect data for future analysis
(vi) The total number of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were 1
launched at the United Nations Sustainable Development Summit in New
York in the year 2015, forming the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development are:
a) 17 b)15 c)13 d)1

199
Q 4. Answer any 5 out of the given 6 questions 1X5
=5
(i) Which of the following includes major tasks of NLP? 1
a) Automatic Summarization
b) Discourse Analysis
c) Machine Translation
d) All of the mentioned
(ii) Which NLP task involves determining the sentiment or emotional tone 1
expressed in a piece of text such as positive, negative, or
neutral?
a) Named entity recognition
b) Sentiment analysis
c) Part of speech tagging
d) Machine translation
(iii) Rock, Papers, and Scissors game is based on the following domain. 1
a) Data for AI b) Natural Language Processing
c) Computer Vision d) Image Processing
(iv) The makes the data understandable for humans as we can 1
discover trends and patterns out of it.
a) Random Data
b) Graphical Representation
c) Unstructured Data
d) None of the above
(v) In unsupervised learning model, if we need to reduce their 1
dimension, which algorithm do we have to use?
a) Supervised algorithm
b) Dimensionality reduction algorithm
c) Clustering algorithm
d) None of the above
(vi) Chatbots often use a specific type of NLP model to maintain the context of 1
a conversation. What is the name of this model?
a) Recurrent Neural Network (RNN)
b) Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)
c) Transformer Model
d) Decision Tree Classifier
Q5 Answer any 5 out of the given 6 1x5=
5
(i) What is the primary purpose of a confusion matrix in model evaluation? 1
a) To compare different machine learning algorithms b.) To
visualize the model's decision boundary
c) To measure model's prediction accuracy
d) To evaluate the performance of classification model

200
(ii) Each evaluation metric represents the ratio of true negatives to all actual 1
negative instances and is commonly used in binary
classification.
a)Accuracy b)Precision c)Recall d)Specify

(iii) In model evaluation, what is the term for the process of splitting the data 1
set into two parts? One for training and one for testing. a). Data
sampling.
b). Data cleaning. c). Data splitting.
d). Data transformation.
(iv) If evaluation model will simply remember the whole training set, and 1
will therefore always predict the correct label for any point in the training
set. This is known as :
a) Overfitting
b) Overriding
c) Over remembering
d) None of the above
(v) The percentage of true positive cases versus all the cases where the 1
prediction is true is called
A. Overfitting
B. Accuracy
C. Precision
D. Data Acquisition
(vi) Rhea wants to know what is the primary purpose of validation data set 1
in machine learning.
It is:
A. To train the model.
B. To evaluate the model on unseen data.
C. To test the model's performance on the training data.
D. To visualize data relationships.

SECTION B: SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer any 3 out of the given 5 questions on Employability Skills
Answer each question in 20 – 30 words. 2x3=6
Q 6. How can AI-powered chatbots be utilized to enhance customer 2
service in a retail business? Provide specific examples of how such
technology can improve communication with customers and
resolve common queries.

201
Q 7. As a student managing multiple assignments and deadlines. How could 2
you use AI tools or apps to organize your tasks, set priorities, and ensure
timely completion of each assignment? Provide 2 AI-based strategies for
effective self- management.
Q 8. How can AI-based recommendation systems enhance the user 2
experience on e-commerce platforms? Provide an example of how
these systems work.
Q 9. Discuss the role of AI in improving agricultural practices to reduce 2
water usage and increase crop yield.
Q 10. Mention precautions to take to do secure online payments 2
Answer any 4 out of the given 6 questions in 20 – 30 words each (2 x 4 = 8 marks)
Q 11. Compare and contrast the approaches of symbolic AI and machine 2
learning in solving AI tasks, highlighting their strengths and limitations.
Q 12. Evaluate the role of continuous testing and validation throughout the AI 2
project cycle in ensuring the reliability and accuracy of AI models.
Q 13. Explain the impact of data quality on the outcomes of data science 2
projects, considering factors such as data completeness, accuracy, and
relevance
Q 14. What are the ethical considerations related to the use of facial 2
recognition technology in public spaces, discussing privacy concerns
and potential biases.
Q 15. What are NLP systems with machine learning-based approaches, 2
highlighting their applicability in different NLP tasks.
Q 16. Evaluate the effectiveness of different evaluation metrics, such as 2
precision, recall, and F1 score, in assessing the performance of AI models
across various tasks.
Answer any 3 out of the given 5 questions in 50– 80 words each 4 x 3 = 12
Q 17. Aaadya is multi-talented and has excelled in academics, music, dancing, 4
sports and painting.
Describe different types of intelligences by naming and explaining any four
types of intelligences?
Q 18. After class 12 Rahul wanted to join for AI course. His parents didn’t know 4
much about its domains Explain them the domains of AI.

Q 19. You're explaining neural networks to your classmate Varun in a class 10 4

AI lesson. How would you describe the basic structure and functioning of
a neural network using a simple example? Also, mention one real-world
application of neural networks that you find interesting and explain how
neural networks are beneficial in that context.

202
Q 20. Normalise the text on the segmented sentences given below: 4
Document 1: Diya and Riya are best friends.
Document 2: Diya likes to play guitar but Riya prefers to play violin

Q 21. A social media company has developed an AI model to 4

predict which users are likely to churn (cancel their account).
During testing, the AI model came up with the following predictions.
Confusion Matrix Reality (i) Calculat
yes no e precision,
Predicted yes 60 25 recall and
no 5 10 F1 Score
for churn prediction
(ii) How many total tests were performed in the above scenario?

203
 ANSWER KEY
Q1 (i) (b) To understand the speaker's message fully and accurately
(ii) (d) Use diplomatic language and provide constructive feedback
during the discussion
(iii) (b) Prioritizing tasks based on urgency and importance
(iv) (c) Use a Virtual Private Network (VPN)
(v) (c) Being adaptable and willing to learn from failures
(vi) (b) Implementing renewable energy sources in their
production facilities
Q2 (i) creativity
(ii) False
(iii)(a) Ensure transparency in AI decision-making processes
(b) Regularly audit AI systems for bias and fairness
(iv) b) AI systems are inherently unbiased.
(v) d) All of the above
(vi)(a) AI bias(b) Data privacy
Q3 (ii) (b) Filling missing values with the mean or median
(iii) (c) Identifying and locating objects within an image
(iv) (d) Language Modeling
(v) (b) To select the best model based on performance metrics
(vi) (a) 17
Q4 (i) d) All of the mentioned
(ii) b) Sentiment analysis
(iii) d) Image Processing
(iv) b) Graphical Representation
(v) b) Dimensionality reduction algorithm
Q5 (i) d) To evaluate the performance of classification model
(ii) c) Recall
(iii) c) Data splitting
(iv) a) Overfitting
(v) C. Precision
(vi) B. To evaluate the model on unseen data.
Q6 AI-powered chatbots can enhance customer service in retail by providing
immediate assistance, answering frequently asked questions, and guiding
customers through the purchasing process. For example, a chatbot can help
customers track their orders, recommend products based on their preferences,
and resolve billing inquiries in real-time.
Q7 As a student, AI tools can help organize tasks and set priorities by
using task management apps that utilize AI algorithms to schedule
assignments based on deadlines and workload. Additionally, AI-
powered virtual assistants can provide reminders and suggestions for
effective time management.

204
Q8 AI-based recommendation systems enhance user experience on e-
commerce platforms by analyzing user preferences and behavior to
provide personalized product recommendations. For instance, platforms
like Amazon use collaborative filtering algorithms to suggest products
based on past purchases, browsing history, and similar users' preferences.
Q9 AI plays a crucial role in improving agricultural practices by analyzing
data from sensors, drones, and satellites to optimize water usage, detect
crop diseases
early, and forecast yield. AI algorithms can provide insights on when and
where to irrigate, identify areas needing pest control, and suggest crop
varieties suited to specific conditions.
Q10 Precautions for secure online payments include using trusted payment
gateways, ensuring the website has SSL encryption, avoiding public Wi-
Fi for transactions, regularly monitoring bank statements, and enabling
two-factor authentication where possible. Additionally, using virtual
cards or digital wallets can add an extra layer of security.
Q11 Symbolic AI relies on predefined rules and representations to solve AI
tasks, while machine learning learns patterns from data. Symbolic AI is
transparent and interpretable but may struggle with complex or
ambiguous tasks. Machine learning, on the other hand, can handle large
datasets and adapt to new information but may lack transparency and
require substantial computational resources for training.
Q12 Continuous testing and validation throughout the AI project cycle ensure
the reliability and accuracy of AI models by detecting and correcting
errors early. It helps in refining models, improving performance, and
ensuring that they meet the desired objectives and specifications.
Q13 Data quality significantly impacts the outcomes of data science projects.
Factors such as data completeness, accuracy, and relevance influence the
reliability and effectiveness of analyses and models. Poor data quality can lead
to biased results, erroneous insights, and ineffective decision-making.
Q14 Facial recognition technology in public spaces raises ethical concerns
regarding privacy invasion and potential biases. There are concerns about
surveillance, consent, and the misuse of facial data. Biases in facial recognition
algorithms can lead to discriminatory outcomes, particularly against certain
demographics.
Q15 NLP systems with machine learning-based approaches utilize algorithms
to learn patterns from textual data, enabling tasks such as sentiment
analysis, named entity recognition, and machine translation. These
systems excel in handling large and diverse datasets, offering scalability
and adaptability across various NLP tasks.

205
Q16 Types of Intelligences:
Linguistic Intelligence: Aaadya's ability to excel in academics and
possibly writing or public speaking showcases linguistic intelligence,
which involves proficiency in language and communication.
Musical Intelligence: Aaadya's talent in music indicates musical
intelligence, which involves sensitivity to rhythm, melody, and sound.
Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence: Aaadya's prowess in dancing and
sports suggests bodily-kinesthetic intelligence, which relates to physical
coordination, agility, and control.
Visual-Spatial Intelligence: Aaadya's skill in painting reflects visual-
spatial intelligence, which involves the ability to perceive the world
accurately and manipulate objects mentally
Q17 Types of Intelligences:
Linguistic Intelligence: Aaadya's ability to excel in academics and
possibly writing or public speaking showcases linguistic intelligence,
which involves proficiency in language and communication.
Musical Intelligence: Aaadya's talent in music indicates musical
intelligence, which involves sensitivity to rhythm, melody, and sound.
Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence: Aaadya's prowess in dancing and
sports suggests bodily-kinesthetic intelligence, which relates to physical
coordination, agility, and control.
Visual-Spatial Intelligence: Aaadya's skill in painting reflects visual-
spatial intelligence, which involves the ability to perceive the world
accurately and manipulate objects mentally.

Q18 Domains of AI:

Machine Learning: It involves algorithms that enable computers to
learn from data and make predictions or decisions.
Natural Language Processing (NLP): It focuses on enabling computers to
understand, interpret, and generate human language.
Computer Vision: This domain enables computers to interpret and
analyze visual information from the real world, such as images or videos.
Robotics: It involves the design and creation of robots capable of
performing tasks autonomously or with human assistance.
Q19 Neural networks can be explained as a computational model inspired by
the human brain's structure and functioning. They consist of
interconnected nodes or neurons organized in layers. Each neuron
receives input, processes it, and sends output to other neurons. By
adjusting the connections between neurons, neural networks can learn
and perform tasks such as classification or prediction. For example, in
image recognition, a neural network analyzes pixel values to identify
objects in images.

206
Q20 Hint -Stopwords in the given sentence which should not be removed are:
@, . (fullstop) ,_(underscore) , 123(numbers) These tokens are generally
considered as stopwords, but in the above sentence, these tokens are part
of email id. removing these tokens may lead to invalid website address
and email ID. So these words should not be removed from the above
sentence. (1 mark for identifying any two
stop words from the above, and 1 mark for the valid justification.
Precision = True Positives / (True Positives + False Positives) = 60 / (60
+ 5) = 0.923 Recall = True Positives / (True Positives + False Negatives)
= 60 / (60 + 25) = 0.706 F1 Score = 2 * (Precision * Recall) / (Precision
+ Recall) = 2 * (0.923 * 0.706) / (0.923 + 0.706) ≈ 0.801

(ii) Total tests performed = Sum of all entries in the confusion matrix =
60 + 25 + 5
+ 10 = 100.

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