d.

Sales jobs are performed by professionals who are responsible for

Career and Business Opportunities selling materials and products to customers.
in Agriculture e. Science jobs are those of scientists who work in agriculture and
specialize in crops, livestock or food production.
e. Science jobs are those of scientists who work in agriculture and
specialize in crops, livestock or food production.

1. Lesson Purpose Agricultural Jobs

a. Farm workers perform essential manual labor tasks under the
Have students share news articles on opportunities in the agricultural
supervision of farmers and ranchers. They harvest or inspect crops,
industries. The articles may be on any of the following:
assist in watering the plants, applying fertilizer and pesticides to
 Agritourism/Farm Tourism
control weeds and insects.
 Agricultural Trade Industry
b. Growers are responsible for taking care and raising crops that
 Innovation and Technology in Food Industry
involves proper management of the growing plants and its
 Agri Businesses, Dairy Industry environment to keep the crops/plants healthy.
 Modernization of livestock and poultry industries c. Grain Elevator operators assist in maintaining essential quality
standards of grains by properly storing, shipping and purchasing
2. Unlocking Content Vocabulary grains. They receive incoming grain deliveries, store the grain safely
 Agriculture- It is the science, art or practice of soil cultivation through and they may assist in preparing outgoing shipments, drying grain
crop production and livestock raising that involves varying degrees of and blending different grain types.
preparation that may result in selling and marketing of the end d. Agricultural equipment technicians maintain, install and
products. repair machines and implements. They perform preventive
 Agricultural Careers- They are professional paths related to farming, maintenance, which may involve refueling machines, replacing
cultivation and animal husbandry. These career paths involve batteries, changing the oil and lubricating moving parts. When
everything from growing crops and nurturing the soil to raising they detect a malfunctioning equipment, they perform diagnostic
livestock like cattle, pigs and chickens. tests and conduct necessary repairs.
 Agri-business- It encompasses the economic sectors for farming e. Purchasing agents are responsible for buying agricultural products
and farming- related commerce. It involves all the steps for getting and raw materials at wholesale for processing and reuse. These
agricultural goods to the market, including production, processing, professionals often have to meet specific purchasing quotas for
and distribution. processors. They work with several farming clients, who serve as
suppliers of grain, milk and other agricultural products.
f. Farm warehouse managers are responsible for overseeing all
The different types of agriculture jobs or careers: activities related to storing, shipping and receiving agricultural
a. Administrative jobs involve performing administrative roles that materials. They send and receive shipments, including loading
support workers in the agriculture industry. and unloading products and materials.
b. Engineering jobs involve using high-level science and math to g. Agriculture specialists perform administrative support and
solve complex problems. Professionals, evaluate, design, test and clerical tasks that focus on a certain aspect of farming. Some
install agricultural equipment and systems. agriculture specialists focus on storage, which requires them to
c. Labor jobs require workers to perform manual tasks such as work with farmers to develop high-performing crop and grain
planting, harvesting, caring for animals and maintaining storage and inventory systems.
equipment.
h. Sales representatives sell materials and products to businesses
and government agencies. They seek out prospective customers
by attending Agricultural Tools, Farm implements,
trade shows, reviewing customer lists and following leads from and Farm Equipment
existing clients. They determine customers' needs, explain how
their products meet clients' needs and create packages that meet
customers' budgetary and timeline needs.
i. Crop managers oversee the many steps in the crop production
process. They supervise seed sourcing, planting processes and
scheduling as well as fertilizing, irrigation and harvesting. 1. Lesson Purpose
j. Environmental engineers use science and engineering principles In this section, it is important to determine the uses and functions of
to design and apply solutions to problems that occur on agricultural various agricultural tools, implements, and equipment in cultivating
sites. They assess environmental conditions—including testing soil crops, as well as their differences. The following guide questions may be
and analyzing drainage capabilities—and develop improvements. asked to the students:
k. Feed mill managers supervise the production and storage of 1. How do you differentiate agricultural tools, implements, and
animal feed. They are responsible for monitoring inventory levels, equipment from each other?
scheduling feed production and inspecting the quality of the 2. Which of these agricultural tools, implements, and equipment are
grain. These professionals set and maintain quality standards, familiar to you? Have you used them already?
assess and improve operating procedures and track customer 3. How and when do we properly use them?
complaints.
l. Research scientists who specialize in agriculture often work as
food scientists, who research and develop processes for
manufacturing, storing and packaging food. They are responsible for  Agricultural Tools-These are commonly light tools that are being
developing or improving products, but some specialize in detecting utilized in performing farm activities. They are classified as digging
contaminants or administering government regulations. tools, cutting tools, cultivating tools, harvesting tools, carpentry
tools, and measuring tools.
 Farm Implements- These are commonly made of metals that
serve as accessories for draft animals or mounted to machineries.
They are usually used in land preparation.
 Farm Equipment- These are machineries used in land
preparation and transportation of farm inputs and products. These
machineries require highly skilled operator to properly perform
their respective use/s.
Farm Implements are usually made of metals. They serve
as accessories by draft animals or mounted on machineries
needed for the land preparation.
Farm Equipment are machineries used for land Applying safety measures in farm
preparation and transportation of farm inputs and operations
products. It requires highly skilled operator to properly Harvesting and post-harvesting
perform their respective use/s. Practices

Accident - an unexpected and unfortunate incident that occurs

accidentally and causes hurt, damage, or injury.
Agricultural Chemicals – are chemical agents that are used to control
crop- harming organisms (like: fungi, nematodes, mites, insects, and
rodents) or viruses (refers to "diseases and pests") in the farm such
as fungicides and insecticides.
Cleaning - the act or process of removing dirt from tools, containers
and farm facilities.
Chemicals - means the interaction between substances. It can be in the
form of liquid, solid or gas. It can be from any pure substance or a
mixture of different substances.
Disinfection Chemicals - refers to the chemical used in cleaning which
has the ability to kill microorganisms especially pathogens.
Hazard - can potentially harm or injure workers. In any workplace,
hazard exists.
Over fatigue, improper posture while harvesting the crops, and using
unguarded machineries are some of the common hazards.
Incident - refers to any remarkable or interesting event or occurrence,
whether intentional or unintended.
Near Miss - refers to an unanticipated event that almost harms
persons or property but does not cause any injury or damage.
Occupational Safety – are safe practices related to production and
work process in the workplace.
Safety - the physical or environmental conditions of work which comply
with the prescribed Occupational Health Safety (OHS) standards and
which allow the workers to perform his or her job without or within
acceptable exposure to hazards
Safety Measures – is an action, or procedure that is designed to
 lower the occurrence or risk of injury, loss and danger to persons, that can cause injury or other health concern that may affect musculoskeletal
property or the environment. system causing aches and sprains that may appear not too serious at first
 Risk – a situation involving exposure to danger, injury or loss. but may develop into serious health problem which can cause
 Unsafe Acts - are activities or behaviors that depart from permanent damage to the body.
established safety norms, such as disobeying safety guidelines or
failing to properly employ personal protection equipment. Chemicals and Hazardous Tools and Equipment Used for Farm
 Unsafe Conditions - include physical aspects within the workplace Work
that have the potential to cause harm, such as poor housekeeping, 1. Spraying Chemicals - The use of fertilizers and pesticides
insufficient lighting or ventilation, malfunctioning equipment, or are common in farming. These are used to control pests,
inappropriate handling of hazardous products. weeds, and mollusks. Spraying is the most common method of
applying chemicals. Farm owners consult local agriculturist for
Types of Hazards:
the appropriate chemicals to use in their crops.
Physical Hazard – it includes weak platform, slippery stairs or floorings, Here are some important things to remember when using
falling objects, excessively loud music, prolonged vibration, poor ventilation, chemical for the crops:
extreme temperatures, and poor air quality. o Do not attempt to spray if there is a strong wind and its
direction is towards the body of water or a house.
Mechanical Hazard – is caused by electrically operated machineries or devices that o Never wash the spray equipment with water running
can cause electric shock or electrocution. Pressure vessels, tractors, and cranes are all down into open drains or towards a dam or a
used in farm operations.
o Refrain from using used chemical containers.
Chemical Hazard – are typical of hazardous chemicals that can cause fire and
To reduce the risk of hazardous chemicals, do the following:
explosion that came from pesticides, cleaning agents, acids, and poisons. Exposure to o Appropriate PPE must be used.
certain chemicals or improper handling and use of those chemicals, can cause acute o Store the chemicals in locked cabinets or storage area.
or long-term adverse health effects. Main classifications of chemical hazards include: o Know the first aid procedures.
asphyxiants, corrosives, irritants, sensitizers, carcinogens, mutagens, teratogens, o Provide a list of hazardous chemicals used in the farm.
reactants, and flammables. Long term exposure to chemical hazards such as silica
dust, engine exhausts, tobacco smoke, and lead may result to increase risk of heart 2. Land Preparation using Heavy Equipment and Implements
disease, stroke, and high blood pressure. Use of protective personal equipment (PPE) – the use of mechanical equipment for land preparation like
is advised because it may reduce the risk of damage from contact with hazardous tractor might involve risks such as a person being run over by
chemicals and materials. it. The tractor also has the tendency to overturn, especially if it
is running too fast, or the operator makes a sharp turn, sudden
Biological Hazard – includes bacteria, viruses, mold, mildew, insects, and vermin, swerve, or sudden stop.
among others.
Here are some things to remember when using heavy farm
Psychosocial Hazard – is the stresses that farmers get from work, family, or even implements:
among friends. o Do not use a tractor for transportation. It is not a passenger
vehicle.
Ergonomic Hazard- refers to any physical condition that can be experienced o Use a seatbelt when driving a tractor.
in the workplace due to incorrect body movement/s o Use of PPE can save the operator from serious injuries.
 Hand Protection - Farmers use gloves to protect
To avoid possible hazard and risks in the farm PPE is advised.
their hands from hazardous elements such as
Safety is the physical environmental condition of work which holding chemicals or removing infested crops. Use
complies with Occupational Health Safety (OHS) standards and disposable gloves when dealing with infested crops.
which allows the farmers to perform their job without or within Source:https://m.goldsupplier.com/Safety-Gloves/170772139.htmlom/
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acceptable exposure to hazards. One of the basic requirements to
maintain these standards is the provision of PPE. This can reduce the
number and severity of farmers related injuries and illnesses.
Head Protection - Since farmers
are commonly exposed to heat of the
Farm Respiratory Protection - Since farmers use sun, it is important for them to wear a
fertilizers and other chemicals, it is necessary for hat. This is also necessary to protect
them to use respirators to protect themselves their head from slip or fall.
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from inhaling mold spores and chemicals.
Respirators must be properly selected, worn, and Body Protection - It comes in many forms,
maintained to ensure maximum protection. depending on the job. Farmers often wear long
Source:https://www.pinterest.com/pin/cosas-que-comprar--715790934526276793/
sleeve clothes and jeans. This is necessary to
Eye Protection - This is used to protect farmers’ protect them from harmful elements.
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eyes from possible flying objects, liquid sprays,
or other elements that may enter their eyes.
There are several types of eye protectors like Basic First Aid during emergency situation and accidents in the farm
goggles and glasses with safety shields, among
Shock
others. 1. Do not give the victim anything to eat or drink.
Source:https://www.amazon.com/GoggleGear-GG501SGAF-Clear-
Scotchgard-Anti- fog/dp/B0BWKYKDPT 2. Lay the victim on his/her back but do not move him/her if
there is a neck or back injury.
Foot Protection - A farmers’ feet is one of the 3. Make sure that the victim gets adequate air.
most exposed parts of the body during work. 4. Keep the victim warm.
Wearing appropriate footwear protects the farmer 5. Raise the victim’s fee and legs with a pillow.
from stepping on sharp objects or animal bites. It 6. If the victim vomits, roll the victim on his/her side and keep
can also protect him/her from slipping. the windpipe clear.
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Bleeding and Wounds
1. Place a clean cloth or gauze over the wound. Apply firm, steady
pressure for at least 5 minutes.
2. Elevate an injured arm or leg above the level of the victim’s heart
if possible.
3. When bleeding stops, secure the cloth with a bandage. Do not
lift the cloth from the wound to check if the bleeding has
 stopped. Be sure that the bandage is not too tight. Harvesting and post-harvesting
4. Check the victim for shock. Practices
5. Use torniquets only when you cannot control the bleeding.
Chemical or Compressed Gas Burns
1. Use a drench hose, emergency shower, or eyewash for at least
15 minutes to rinse away all traces of chemicals while
removing any contaminated clothing from the victim.
2. Cover the burn loosely with a clean, dry cloth or special burn
dressing. The following terms are used in the entire lesson. Defining them will guide
3. Check the victim for shock. the students to better understand the lesson.

Heat or Electric Burn  Crops- These are plants or plant-produce that can be raised,
1. Submerge the burned area in cold, clean running water if cultivated and harvested for subsistence or profit. They may be
the skin is not seriously affected. classified as food crops, cash crops, forage crops, oil crops,
industrial crops, fiber crops, and ornamental crops.
2. Avoid applying cream or any form of ointment
 Pesticides- These may be natural/organic or commercial
Fainting products that control the widespread of pests and diseases in the
1. Ordinarily, fainting victims immediately regain consciousness agricultural field.
after. If this does not happen, the victim should immediately be  Irrigation- It is the process of maintaining the moisture and water
brought to the emergency room. content of soil needed for the plant growth.
2. For the first aid, the victim should be laid down on their back and  Herbicides- These may be natural/organic or commercial
allow plenty of fresh air. Apply cold compress in the forehead and products that control the widespread of weeds in the field.
 Cultivation- This is the process of loosening the hardened soil
if the victim vomits, keep the windpipe clear by rolling him to
through plowing or harrowing. It is believed to control weeds and
his/her side. pests in the farm.
Heat Stroke  Fertilizer - These may be natural/organic or commercial products
1. Heat stroke is life-threatening so this should never be taken for applied to increase the nutrients into the soil.
granted. Flush, hot and dry skin, rapid pulse, very minimal  Trellis- These may be made from wood or metal that serves as
perspiration, and unconsciousness are signs of heat stroke. support for climbing and crawling crops.
2. You need to bring the victim to a cooler place and lie him/her
on the back with feet up, then loosen clothing and remove
footwear. Apply cold compress or wet towel on the forehead,
neck, armpit, and extremities to cool the victim. Treat the victim
for shock or bring the victim to the nearest hospital.

Types of Crops
Crop Care and Maintenance There are six categories of crops: food crops, feed crops, fiber crops, oil,
 crops ornamental crops, and industrial crops. 1. Cultivation. This is the first stage of crop production.
Type of Crops Description Cultivation refers to the stirring the soil through plowing or
Food Crops This is primarily raised, cultured, and harvested for human harrowing. Cultivating the soil is one of the most effective way to
consumption. It may be classified as field crops or root
control weeds and pests. Cultivating the soil loosens the soil
crops.
around the plant which provides air for the root of the plants. This
Cash Crops This type of crop is sold for profit. It can be exported to other
countries as well.
technique is called conventional tillage. Reduced or no-tillage can
lead to accumulation of soil carbon, consequently benefitting soil
Feed/Forage Crops This type of plant is usually raised, cultured, and harvested for health and improving crop yields.
livestock consumption. 2. Seed sowing/Planting seedlings. Good quality and healthy
seeds and seedlings should be considered prior to sowing, and
Fiber Crops This type of plant is usually raised, cultured and harvested for planting, respectively. Correct depth of soil of 1.5 to 2 inches
its fibers to be used as a raw material.
deep is important for sowing seeds to ensure proper moisture. In
Oil Crops This type of plant is usually, cultured and harvested for
sowing the seeds or planting the seedlings, farmers should
production of oil. consider the proper spacing to allow plants on its optimal
growth.
Ornamental Crops This type of plant is usually raised, cultured and harvested for 3. Irrigation. Crops require water because water prevents crops
decorations in garden and landscapes project. from drying out especially during drought. However, the
amount of water differs from each variety of crops. There are
Industrial Crops This type of plant is usually raised, cultured and harvested,
various ways in which farmers irrigate the crops: manual, drip,
and processed by industries for the production of non-edible
materials. and sprinkler irrigation. Manual irrigation is labor-intensive and
time-consuming method which uses laborers to irrigate water using
Crops are also classified according to growth habits: This includes herb, water cans. Drip irrigation is the most effective way to supply
vine, liana, shrub, tree, evergreen, and deciduous. In addition, these crops water and nutrients to crops. It provides water and nutrients
may be considered as annual, biennial, or perennial crops. directly to the zone of plants in proper amount and proper time.
Sprinkler irrigation uses pipes and spray to irrigate the whole field.
There are many variables that influence crop production. These include water, Pipelines may be used when water is scarce to eliminate water
soil, wind, temperature, sunlight, seed selection, knowledge, and crop care and losses. Finally, soil and plant factors determine the irrigation
maintenance. It is deemed important to consider these factors as they affect requirements of the crops.
the growth of the plant and as well as the produce/harvest. 4. Fertilizer Application. If the soil is deprived of nutrients, it
requires management of nutrient such as application of fertilizers,
Crop production is a process because it involves several steps wherein manures, and compost to enrich the soil content. There are methods
farmers should take precautionary measures at each step. The farmers of fertilizer application: scattering and mixing with the soil before
should also consider the external conditions and factors to achieve planting.
bountiful harvest. Thus, farmers should have sufficient knowledge in
5. Weed Control. Weeds lead to the reduction of crop yield,
crop care and maintenance.
increased production costs, and increased incidence of pests and
The practices of crop care and maintenance are as follows:
diseases. To control weeds, methods employed including: hand
 weeding, mechanical cultivation, application of pesticides. Performance of Basket Composting
Manual weeding/hand weeding is time-consuming and labor- and Foliar Fertilizer Fermentation
intensive method. Laborers uses their hands and or sickle/scythe
to remove weeds. Mechanical weeding uses machineries to
remove weeds such as cono-weeder, power tiller, basket hoe.
Chemical weeding uses herbicides to remove seeds. They may be
considered selective or non-selective herbicides. Selective
herbicides aim the weeds only with effect to the crops while
non- selective herbicides harm both main crops and the weeds.
● Aerobic Composting – decomposing of organic materials using
Thus, skill is needed to applying this kind of herbicide.
microorganisms that require oxygen. It requires the
6. Pests and Diseases Control. To drive away pests, farmers apply introduction of oxygen to the compost pile to allow aerobic
pesticides. There are different varieties of pesticides and each of microbes to thrive. Aerobic composting needs to be turned
them has a particular function. This includes herbicides, very few days to allow for proper air circulation. This
insecticides, fungicides, molluscicides, and rodenticides. However, composting process is best used outside and can be used
farmers are encouraged to employ eco-safe and eco- friendly
with a large number of materials.
ways to control pests and diseases. This may include
● Agricultural Waste - is unwanted or unsalable materials
production of organic pesticides and encouragement on the
presence of organisms that kills pests. produced wholly from agricultural operations directly related to
the growing of crops or raising of animals for the primary
7. Support for Climbing plants. There is a need to provide support purpose of making a profit or for a livelihood.
for climbing and crawling plants such as bitter gourd, squash, ● Anaerobic Composting – decomposes waste without oxygen.
string beans. Trellis may be made or wood or metal.
Organic materials are piled up and breakdown naturally. This
process does not need any type of maintenance and do not need
to be turned.
● Compost – is used to improve the soil fertility in gardens,
landscaping, horticulture, agriculture and organic farming.
● Composting - the natural process of recycling
organic matter, such as leaves and food scraps, into a
valuable fertilizer that can enrich soil and plants.
● Waste - is any substance which is discarded after primary use or
in other words, there is no further use for the product. We
generate a huge amount of wastes in our everyday life.
● Waste Management - refers to the various ways of managing
and disposing of wastes. It can be by discarding, destroying,
processing, recycling, reusing, or controlling wastes.
Farm Waste Management and Actual ● Waste Processing – is a way of applying operations using
 facilities on how to change solid wastes into chemical, physical, considered pretreatment, such as the separation of solids.
or biological properties to make it easier to dispose of, recover a 6. Utilization - Utilization includes reusing and/or recycling
resource, or transfer solid waste materials. of waste products. Agricultural wastes may be used as a
source of energy, bedding, mulch, organic matter, or plant
Discuss and explain to the class clearly the waste management nutrients. When properly treated, they can be marketable.
system’s six
basic functions.
Different Types of Waste
1. Production - is the function of the amount and nature of
agricultural waste generated by an agricultural enterprise.
The waste requires management if the quantity produced is 1. Liquid Waste - is commonly found in households as well as in
sufficient enough to become a resource concern. A complete industries. This waste includes dirty water, organic liquids,
analysis of production includes the kind, consistency, wash water, waste detergents and even rainwater.
volume, location, and timing of the waste produced. 2. Solid Rubbish - Solid rubbish can include various items found
2. Collection - refers to the initial capture and gathering of in your household, along with commercial and industrial
the waste from the point of origin or deposition to a locations. Solid rubbish is commonly broken down into the
collection point. The method of collection, location of the following types:
collection points, scheduling of the collection, labor a. Plastic waste – consists of plastic bags, containers, jars,
requirements, necessary equipment or structural facilities, bottles and other products that can be found at home.
Plastic is not biodegradable, other types of plastic can be
management and installation costs of the components, and
recycled. Take note that plastic should not be mixed in with
the impact that collection has on the consistency of the
your regular waste; it should be sorted and placed in your
waste should be identified. recycling bin.
3. Transfer - refers to the movement and transportation of the
b. Paper/card waste – includes packaging materials, old
waste throughout the system. It includes the transfer of the newspapers, used cardboard and other products. Paper
waste from the collection point to the storage facility, to the can easily be recycled and reused, so place them in your
treatment facility, and to the utilization site. recycling bin and think of the best way how you can use
4. Storage - is the temporary containment of the waste. The those as your materials in creating something saleable out
storage facility of a waste management system is the tool of it.
that gives the manager control over the scheduling and c. Tins and metals – can be found in various forms
timing of the system functions. throughout your home. Most metals can be recycled. It can
5. Treatment - is another function designed to reduce the be recycled and used in making some display materials at
pollution potential or modify the physical characteristics of home like creating flower vase, small lampshade etc.
the waste, such as moisture and total solid (TS) content, to d. Ceramics and glass – These items can easily be recycled.
facilitate more efficient and effective handling. Manure Look for special glass and bottles and can create them into
treatment is comprised of physical, biological, and chemical something useful like sugar, coffee, and cream containers.
unit processes. It also includes activities that are sometimes 3. Organic Waste - Organic waste is another common
 household. All food waste, garden waste, manure and rotten Chicken, Duck, and Quail
meat are classified as organic waste. Over time, organic waste
is turned into manure by microorganisms.
4. Recyclable Rubbish - Recyclable rubbish includes all waste
items that can be converted into products that can be used
again. Solid items such as paper, metals, furniture and organic
waste can all be recycled.  Livestock- These are various domesticated farm animals
5. Hazardous waste includes all types of flammables, toxic, raised to provide employment and produce various
corrosive and reactive rubbish. It also includes radioactive products for human consumption.
waste and chemical wastes. Example: paints, batteries, light  Breeds- These are specific groups of domestic animals
bulbs, fluorescent tubes, pesticides, having similar appearance and characteristics distinct
weed killers, gas bottles, chemical fertilizers, etc.
from other animals of the same species.
6. Industrial waste- Industrial waste is any type of waste that is
 Breeding- It is a science of producing another species
produced by an industrial process. This can include
of livestock through inbreeding, line breeding,
manufacturing, construction and mining processes. This is a
outbreeding, outcrossing, grading up, cross breeding,
broad category that can include anything from asbestos and
and species hybridization.
clinical waste to oil and chemicals.

Breeds are a specific group of domestic animals having similar

appearance and characteristics that differentiate from the other
animals of the same species. To improve the livestock or farm
animals, several systems of breeding are being done. This includes
inbreeding, line breeding, outbreeding, outcrossing, grading up,
cross breeding, and species hybridization.
The different breeds of domesticated farm animals known as
livestock are raised in order to provide employment and produce
different forms of products for human consumption such as meat,
eggs, milk, fur, leather, and wool.

Breeds of Farm Animals:

 Breed Characteristics

Leghorn is also known as Livorno or Livornese,

originated in central Italy. It has ten color
varieties, the American white, the English white,
old type and modern type. It gives a weight range
of 2.4-2.7kg for male and 2-2.3 kg for hens. It is a
Source: good layer of white eggs, averaging 280 eggs per
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Legho year.
rn_cockerel_and_hen.jpg

Ancona is originated in Marches, Italy but was

bred mainly in the United Kingdom. It is typically
Mediterranean breed, rustic, lively and hardy. It
ranges widely and takes flight easily. It weighs 2.5-
Source: 2.8kg for males and 1.8-2.1kg for hens. It is a
https://images.app.goo.gl/xWcvxeucG5Y
hcKxSA good layer of white eggs, averaging 220 per year.

Sussex is a British breed of dual-purpose chicken

(meat and eggs). It has eight colors recognized. It
is graceful with a long, broad, flat back, and
straight breastbone. Hens lay some 180-220 eggs
Source: per year and each egg weighs about 60g.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Light_
sussex_hen.jpg

Cornish is called Indian game chicken. It was

developed in England. It is a hefty bird closely-
knit feather. They have piercings that appear
to be
 Breeds of Farm Animals: Cattle,
Swine, Goat, and Rabbit

 Livestock- These are various domesticated farm animals raised to

provide employment and produce various products for human
consumption.
 Breeds- These are specific groups of domestic animals having similar
appearance and characteristics distinct from other animals of the same
species.
 Breeding- It is a science of producing another species of livestock
through inbreeding, line breeding, outbreeding, outcrossing, grading
up, cross breeding, and species hybridization.

Breeds are a specific group of domestic animals having similar

appearance and characteristics that differentiate from the other animals
of the same species. To improve the livestock or farm animals, several
systems of breeding are being done.
This includes inbreeding, line breeding, outbreeding, outcrossing, grading
up, cross breeding, and species hybridization.
The different breeds of domesticated farm animals known as livestock are
raised in order to provide employment and produce different forms of
products for
human consumption such as meat, eggs, milk, fur, leather, and wool. In
this lesson, livestock to be covered are: cattle, swine, goat, and rabbit.
 Poultry and livestock materials, tools and
equipment and their uses based
on industry standards

 Animal Housing – any kind of shelter provided to

animals for physiological security and protection.
 Feeding Through – it is a place or receptacle where animals
are fed to avoid food wastage.
 Livestock – farm animals like hogs, cattle, goats and
rabbits that reproduce under man’s care.
 Poultry – a term used for all feathered animals that provides
other way of income generating project for families.
 Waterer – is a receptacle where water is placed for easy
drinking access to farm animals.

1. Poultry Housing – is a shelter

provided to feathered animals to protect
them from the harsh environmental
climatic conditions that can affect
chicken's growth, performance and
productivity.
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Types of Poultry Houses:

⮚ The free-range or extensive
poultry house system- is the
oldest type of poultry housing
where a small number of
birds/chickens are reared. (10-12
birds per family of farmers). Free-
range poultry housing requires
less capital investment to construct.
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⮚ Semi-intensive poultry housing – it is
common type of housing among small-
scale poultry farmers. This system of
 poultry rearing is partly free-range  Slatted or Wire floor poultry system -
and partly intensive. It is a more poultry house can be constructed on
economical use of land in comparison treated wooden piers 0.8 to 1m above
to the free-range system. the ground. This system allows a lot of
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for removing chicken droppings. It is
easy to collect manure as the chicken
⮚ Folding units housing – this type of droppings pass through the openings
housing system, poultry rearing is the on the wire floor. The chicken house is
same as that of a semi-intensive
cleaner with better sanitation.
system. Here, a poultry house
followed by a run where the whole
area of the run is enclosed by wire
nettings and the space requirement is  Slat Floor Cum Litter System –
less and the total poultry unit can be combines both the features and
shifted from one place to another. You advantages of the slat system with that
will spend less in feeding the birds as of the deep litter system. It has slats on
they pick most of their food from the either side of the house against each
range.https://slideplayer.com/slide973931/ side wall leaving the central portion
⮚ Intensive system housing -it is the most efficient, convenient, and for the littered floor. The water and
economical system for modern poultry production with huge feeding trough for this system are
numbers. Commercial poultry is applied in this poultry housing placed on the slatted area so that
system. wastes can drop to the floor through
the slots. It also has drinkers and
Types of Intensive poultry housing: feeders in the litter area. This housing
 Deep litter system – it is widely system is actually good if you are
used by successful poultry raisers. producing broilers or going into the
Known for other terms as chicken production of eggs for hatching.
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coop. The floor of the chicken house systems- for-poultrypptx/266930628
with beddings or good litter
materials. A good litter material for  Multi-tier Housing System or
your poultry farm could be straw, Aviaries – it is considered
sawdust or leaves to the depth of 2-3 the best non-cage
inches. There is easy access to feed, alternative to cage systems for
water, and egg collection. large-scale egg production. This is
because it allows the housing of
large flocks, ensuring
excellent production results and
low mortality. The spacious
character of the aviary provides
living space at several levels.
 Approximately 18 hens per square 4. Waterer/drinking trough - is a man-
meters can be stock on the flour made or natural receptacle intended to
surface. provide drinking water for poultry
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2023/03/dust- generations-impacts-and-control-
animals.
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strategies-in-poultry-houses/

 Cage or Battery housing system – it 5. Dropping board - the area found

is the latest system of poultry below the roost bar in a chicken coop. It
rearing. The breadth and height of helps by collecting the
the cage are 1 foot and 1% foot manure and keeping it
respectively; and the length depends contained so that it is easy to remove
on the number of birds to be kept in after a chicken has shed its droppings.
the cage. However, it is better not to https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?
keep more than 10-12 birds per cage. set=a.1460183664194739&type=
3&comment_id=2305410516338712
The birds are confined in a cage just
large enough to permit limited
movement and allow them to stand
and sit comfortably. Feeder and
waterer are found outside the cage.
There is less cracking of eggs in this
system as the birds cannot perk on
the eggs. It is easy to collect eggs
in this method.

2. Perches – are horizontal and

vertical poles installed as a resting
place for poultry animals. It should be
provided, especially during summer to
keep animals cool and comfortable.
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3. Feeding Trough – is a long narrow

container made of plastic or metal used
to hold food for farm animals.
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poultry- waterers-feeders/