SAMARA UNIVERSITY

COLLAGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PROJECT PROPOSAL :- Designing of Sprinkler Irrigation Systems.

Name ID No
Adem sham SU1300810
Feyisa Gelgalu SU1301095
Yonas Tariku SU1301587
1. Introduction

1.1 Background Information and Justification

Ethiopia has a lot of natural resource compared to other country in the world from
these natural resource water is one of them. Irrigation in Ethiopia works in small
range .when we use the natural water by different method to change our environment
to development throughout the years. Sprinkler irrigation is the method of irrigation
by which water is sprayed on the land surface in the form of artificial rain. To create
the perception water under pressure is injected through the nozzle.
Sprinkler irrigation systems are valuable in various designs and irrigation capacities.
There are two types of sprinkler heads these are small and large. From some
categories, small Sprinkler or drip irrigation system is normally used for vegetables,
fruits plantation. Sprinkler irrigation systems are being used in some parts of Africa.
A properly designed irrigation system addresses uniform irrigation application in
timely manner. While minimizing losses and damage of soil, water, plant and animals.
An irrigation system in which all necessary equipment and facilities are installed for
efficiently applying water by means of nozzles operated under pressure. This practice
applied as part of a resource management system to achieve one or more of the
following purposes
 Efficiently and uniformly, apply irrigation water to maintain adequate
soil water for the desired level of plant growth and production without
causing excessive water loss, erosion, or water quality impairment.
 Climate control and modification.
 Applying chemicals, nutrients, and/or wastewater.
 Leaching for control or reclamation of saline or sodic soils.
 Reduction in particulate matter emissions to improve air quality.
 Reduce energy use. The sprinkler method of water application is suited
to most crops, irrigable lands, and climatic conditions where irrigated
agriculture is feasible. Areas must be suitable for irrigation or sprinkler
water application and have an adequate supply of suitable quality water
available for the intended purpose. [1]
1.2 Statement of Problem
Traditional plant irrigation system by jerk caring water from the drainage is time
consuming and not productive. It gives non-uniform distribution of water throughout
the plant. This leads too bleaches or eroded the fertile soil. This is not much
advantage because of erosion of soil, wastage of water and needs more labor force.
The working time is in the morning and afternoon the weather condition is hot and
water is easily evaporate .This leads to tired ,during this time creates unbalance
distribution of water in the plants, in addition to this, some area of plant cannot get
water properly. In this case, some amount of plant will be dry. It is obvious that the
plant is imported in high amount of money.

1.3 Objective of the Study

Design of sprinkler irrigation system.

1.3.1 General Objective

The general objective of the study is designing sprinkler irrigation system.

1.3.2 Specific Objective

 To design sprinkler head
 To design pipe and filter
 To calculate the head losses
 To prepare production and implementation manual irrigation system
 To analysis power and head loss in the fitting of main line of pipe
through the system.

1.4 Scope of the Project

Focused on Samara University compound green area irrigation system.

1.5 Significance of Study

It creates good environmental condition to the Samara University and it gives same
hint or clue to us to develop our creativity about to design. This gives as knowledge
and in the future, it may one field of our business. In addition, have the following
advantage
  Used to fetch plants and small green grass
  Used to preserve or prevent water losses
  It also use to reduce working time and labor force

1.6 Organization of the Study

This project is organized by five chapters, first chapters including in different sub
titles , such as introduction, back ground, statements of the problem, objective, scope,
significant and organization of the study. The second chapter states that literature
review about sprinkler irrigation system, irrigation type of sprinkler system and
concept are generation briefly described in the third chapter. In the fourth chapter are
discuss in detailed the analysis of different data .The final chapter contains
conclusion, recommendation and reference.
2. Literature Review

2.1 Ancient Origins of Irrigation

Irrigation can be broadly defined as the practice of applying additional water to soil
to enable or enhance plant growth and yield, and in some cases, the quality of
foliage or harvested plant parts. The water source could be groundwater pumped to
the surface, or surface water diverted from one position on the landscape to another.
Development of irrigation water often entails development of large-scale,
geographically significant dams and water impoundments or diversions that can
provide additional functions apart from crop growth enhancement. In many cases,
sustainable irrigation development requires concomitant development of surface or
subsurface drainage. Irrigation is the single most strategically important intentional
environmental modification humans have learned to perform. While irrigation's
impact has not always been as critical to the global agricultural economy and food
supply as it is today, it has always had major local impacts and profound historical
and social consequences. The four lives giving water heads of Judeo-Christian
Paradise are also mentioned in the 47th Sure of the Koran. Some anthropologists and
historians point to the development of irrigation as the catalyst for the interaction of
engineering, organizational, political and related creative or entrepreneurial skills
and activities that produced the outcome referred to as "civilization".). The earliest
archeological evidence of irrigation in farming dates to about 6000 B.C. in the
Middle East's Jordan Valley. It is widely believed that irrigation was being practiced
in Egypt at about the same time, and the earliest pictorial representation of irrigation
is from Egypt around 3100 B.C.In the following millennia, irrigation spread
throughout Persia, the Middle East and westward along the Mediterranean. In the
same broad period, irrigation technology sprang up more or less independently
across the Asian continent in India, Pakistan, China, and elsewhere. In the New
World the Inca, Maya, and Aztec made wide use of irrigation. The technology
migrated as far North as the current southwestern U.S., where the Hohokam built
some 700 miles of irrigation canals in what is today central Arizona to feed their
emerging civilization, only to mysteriously abandon it in the 14th century A.D.[2]
2.2 History of Drip Irrigation System
The first formal development of drip irrigation supplies begins around 1866 in
Afghanistan. Where the test drip irrigation and drainage systems by using various
type pipe. A researcher at Colorado state university Mr.E.B.houses began applying
sub surface of water directly to the root zone in 1913 and in 1920 in Germany;
forested pipe irrigation was first introduced. [1, 2]

2.2.1 Components of Drip Irrigation System

The basic components of any drip irrigation system are listed below.
 Pump or pressure : to control valve and to turn system on and off
 Check valve to prevent back-flow into water source
 Water source to provide the amount of water required at the necessary pressure
to push water out of the drip emitters
 Filter to remove particles from the irrigation water that may clog the drip
emitters
 Control valve to open and shut off the water.
 Main lines to carry and distribute water to the laterals lines
 Lateral line to carry the water and distribute it to the drip emitter.[1,3]

2.3.1 Components of Sprinkler Irrigation System

Water source - open well / tube well / canal ,Pumping unit - centrifugal,
submersible, Sprinkler - main and lateral pipe lines, riser pipe, sprinklers (nozzles)
Other minor accessories / fittings like reducers, elbows, valve opening tees, end
Tees, regulators and gauges, valves, filters,
 Prime mover or pump suction pipe, foot valve: pumping sets or pump is
required for lifting water from the sources and push it through
distribution system, i.e. main ,submain,laterals and finally through the
sprinkler head under sufficient pressure.
 Main line: it carries water from the source or pumping units to the
various parts in the field permanent lines are generally buried below the
working depth inside the ground.
 Sub main: It carries water from main to lateral lines.
  Lateral line: It carries water from main or sub main pipeline to sprinkler
through the rise pipe.
 Sprinkler head: Sprinkler heads are used for spraying water on the
fields they may be rotating head, fixed head type and perforated type.
The selection of pump, pipe line, length, number of sprinklers, their
Design depends upon soil, topography, climate, cropping pattern and
command area.[1,4]

2.3.2 Type of Sprinkler Irrigation Systems

There are many types of Sprinkler systems
 Fixed sprinkler
 Continuous sprinkler
 Movable

2.3.3 Factors Influencing Sprinkler System Selection

 Soil type. The type of soil in an area can affect not only the type irrigation method
used but also the irrigation run times. Sandy soils typically require frequent
applications of water at a high rate to keep moisture in the root zone. Tighter clay
soils can hold moisture longer that sandy soils, but may require frequent applications
at a lower rate to prevent runoff.
 Land topography. In particular, hilly or sloping land can be a challenge. Drip
irrigation works well if the laterals can be run along topographic lines. System run
times may need to be adjusted to prevent runoff. Travelers and center pivot systems
are usually out of the question on hilly and severely sloping land.
 Local weather patterns. For example, sprinklers are less desirable in areas where
high winds are common and in arid areas with a low humidity since water losses due
to evaporation can be extremely high. Drip irrigation works well in both of these
situations.
 Type of crops grown. Sprinkler and drip systems can require high levels of
investment. For this reason, it’s better to reserve their use for high-value crops like
vegetables, small fruits and orchard crops rather than applying them to commodity
crops like wheat and soybeans.
 Water quality. All drip irrigation systems require some type of filtration. Overhead
systems such as sprinklers seldom require filtration. Irrigation water should be tested
for water borne pathogens. Depending on the crop grown and irrigation method used
chlorine injection may be required. Other water quality issues that may be of a
concern include levels of soluble iron and other dissolved minerals.
3. Methodology

The design is initially start based on customer need, so to full fill customer need first
identifying the problem then, generate different solution idea to solve the problem.
The design flow process listed as follow.

3.1 System Design and Material Selection

The following design criteria are used to design our sprinkler irrigation machine.
 Mechanical properties of material like strength, rigidity, tough,
ductility, reliability and performance
 Mechanical durability
 Corrosion and wear resistance[7,8]
3.2 Design Consideration and Design Specification
During design process amount of water supply, irrigation area of in square meters or
hectares, Pump pressure, Soil type and depth of moisture, Sprinkler movement,
Wind flow consideration, Spacing of sprinkler must be considered.

Design specification
 Working area of the machine
 Pressure
 Discharge or flow rate
 Velocity or rotational speed of pump
 Operating hours
 Nozzle discharge and pressure loss at the mainline pipe and valve
fitting
 Power of pump required and discharge capacity
 Diameter of nozzle and pipe
The entire above are important to calculate sprinkler diameter, pressure and
discharge capacity.
4. Result and Discussion

Design analysis is the process of total determination the design, and it is used to know
the part subject to different type of force, stress, bending moment and dimension of
the component.

4.1 Geometric Analysis

Geometric analysis is concerned with arrangement the overall dimension of parts that
are maximum height, length, and minimum height.

Specification
Riser =2 meter length and 0.018 meter diameter
Lateral pipe =18meter length and 0.075meter diameter
Main pipe=18 length and 0.15meter diameter
Nozzle =57millemeter length and 3.6millemeter diameter
Deflector=base 250milemeter and 300 millimeter width and 150 millimeter
eccentricity length
Power=0.38KW
Pressure range =200KPa
Pump head=14.14 meter
The total length of riser is equal to L1+L2+Lb+Ls
Diameter of main pipe is equal to diameter of lateral plus diameter of riser.

4.2 Material Selection

Selection of a proper material for the machine component is one of the most important
steps in the process of machine design. In the context of product design, the main goal
of material selection is to minimize cost while meeting product performance goals.
Systematic selection of the best material for a given application begins with properties
and costs of candidate materials. Systematic selection for applications requiring
multiple criteria is more complex. Both the material properties and availability are
determinant value of operational application. The best material is one, which will
serve selecting the material for machine component is as follow.
 Availability
 Cost
 Mechanical properties
 Manufacturing consideration
5. Conclusion and Recommendation

5.1 Conclusion
Sprinkler irrigation is method of applying water, which is similar to rain fall. Water is
distributed through a system of pipes usually by pumping .It is then sprayed into the
air and irrigated .Entire the soil surface through spray heads so that it breaks up in to
small water drops which fall to the ground .sprinkler irrigation system are suitable for
all irrigation system .It provides efficient for small to large areas suitable for use on
all types of properties. It is also adoptable to nearly all irrigate soils since sprinklers
are available in wide range of discharge capacity. The sprinkler save water, reduce
soil erosion.
References
[1] Dan smeal, Agricultural science center at formation New Mexico, state of
university
[2] Santosh Kumar George, irrigation engineering 1st Edition
[3] S.R Saharahudhe Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structure
[4] Instructor M.s Zewdu (Msc) Sprinkler type Teaching Material for 5 th Irrigation and
Water resources
[5] Robert W.Hill, Wheel move sprinkler irrigation, extension irrigation specialist,
biological and irrigation engineering department, Utah state university, Logan
UT84322-4105
[6] R .S Kuhrmi, and D.J Gupta Machine Design Text Book 1st edition
[7] S hingly mechanical engineering and design, 8th edition
[8] Donald R.Aselandpradeep.p.fulay Wendelin.j.wright material science, 6th Edition
[9] Ravi doddannavear andries Barnard, Practical hydraulics system, and publisher:
Elsevier science and technology march 2005
[10] Howard Nebling and Jo Ann Robbing, Equipment selection and lifting for
sprinkler and drip irrigation university of Idaho
[11] Dr.A.K.Jain, Fluid mechanics including hydraulic machines text book for
engineering student 11th edition, 2012
[12] Kreith, F.Berger, S.A.; ET. Al. “Fluid Mechanics mechanical engineering books
Ed. Frank Kreith Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 1999.