SUMMER INTERNSHIP PROJECT

“FUTURE OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN INDIA”

Internship Project report submitted
in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of
MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
By
Harsh Vardhan
MBA (RM)
Roll No. 236521
Under the esteemed guidance of
Industry Supervisor
Simple Singh
Faculty Supervisor
Dr. Ramesh Kumar Chaturvedi
Co-Supervisor
Dr. Pratiksha Mishra

Dept. of Management Studies

Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University
Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow-226025
2024
1
 DECLARATION

I, Harsh Vardhan, Roll No: 236521, hereby declare that the Summer
Internship Project Report titled “FUTURE OF ELECTRIC
VEHICLES IN INDIA” is submitted by me in partial fulfillment of
the requirement for the award of the degree of Master of Business
Administration under the guidance of Dr. Ramesh Kumar
Chaturvedi, Co-Supervisor Dr. Pratiksha Mishra Faculty supervisor
and Simple Singh, Industry supervisor. .

I confirm that this Report has not been submitted to any other
University or Institution in full or in part for the award of any Degree
or Diploma.

Place:

Date:

Signature

Harsh Vardhan

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 PLAGIARISM REPORT

This is to certify that the Summer Internship project work titled

“FUTURE OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN INDIA” is the
original work carried out by MBA final year student Harsh Vardhan,
Roll no. 226521, under my supervision during the academic year
2024-25. As per the authenticate plagiarism detection software, the
similarity content in the report is less than 10%.

Signature of Student Signature of Faculty Supervisor

3
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Harsh Vardhan, Roll No. 226521 worked under
my supervision for the Project Report titled “FUTURE OF
ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN INDIA” during the academic year
2024-25 in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the
degree of Master of Business Administration.

Signature of the Student Signature of Faculty Supervisor

Signature of the HOD

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to express my profound sense of gratitude to

our reverend preceptor, Dr. Ramesh Kumar Chaturvedi and Co-
Supervisor Dr. Pratiksha Mishra, Department of Management
Studies, School for Management Studies, Babasaheb Bhimrao
Ambedkar University, Lucknow. A for his exemplary guidance,
monitoring and constant encouragement throughout the course of
this report. He has been kind enough to extend his best supervision
and guidance art evirate in accomplishing this work. It is due to his
insurmountable enthusiasm untiring effort and constructive criticism
throughout this project that it has been able to attend the present
form. I also express my profound and deep sense of gratitude to the
management of "FUTURE OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN
INDIA" for giving me the opportunity and providing me the
facilities to undergo the training in their branch. I would also like to
thank my parents as well as my friends who have helped me in all
possible ways in making this project presentable.

Harsh Vardhan
ROLL NO 236521
DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES
BABASAHEB BHIMRAO AMBEDKAR

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 UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW 226025

CONTENT

1: INTRODUCTION

2. OBJECTIVES

3. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ELECTRIC AND HYBRID

VEHICLE

4: HYPOTHESIS

5. ELECTRIC VEHICLES FIGURE ON SALES OF ELECTRIC

VEHICLES (2016-2020)

6. TYPES OF BATTERIES HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES

7: CONCLUSION

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Executive Summary

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 Executive Summary

India is now one of the top ten automotive markets in the world, and with a
growing middle class with purchasing power and steady economic growth, the
country's rapid growth in automotive sales is expected to continue. Apart from
the deregulation of gasoline rates, there has been a lot of debate around fuel
prices in the last few years. Furthermore, the possibility of Middle Eastern
supply disruption has heightened the debate over energy security and shifted
the emphasis to alternative drive train technologies.

The potential for alternative technologies in automobiles such as electric

vehicles (EV) in India, as in the case of many other comparable markets,
depends on improved battery technologies, driving ranges, government
incentives, regulations, lower prices and better charging infrastructure.

Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)-based manufacturers seem to be very

interested in adopting electric technology, not only as a complement to the
ICE, but as a stand-alone offering. Specialized electric vehicle factories have
sprung up all over the world. While many of the factors that influence the EV
market are understood intellectually, we carried out a consumer survey to
study perceptions and expectations of potential for alternative technologies in
automobiles such as electric vehicles (EV).

It was difficult to forecast potential demand for electric vehicles because it

involved evaluating customer expectations for a product that they were
unfamiliar with. As a result, we focused on determining consumers' familiarity
with EV technologies and goods, as well as their opinions on price, brand,
selection, charging, infrastructure, and ownership costs, as well as the

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consumer's imagined fit of an EV in his or her lifestyle based on a variety of
demographic parameters.

INTRODUCTION

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INTRODUCTION

During the most recent couple of many years, ecological effect of the petrol
based transportation foundation, alongside the pinnacle oil, has prompted
restored interest in an electric transportation framework. Electric vehicles
contrast from petroleum product controlled vehicles in that the power they
burn-through can be created from a wide scope of sources, including
petroleum products, atomic force, and inexhaustible sources like flowing force,
sun based force, and wind power or any mix of those.

An electric vehicle (EV), likewise alluded to as an electric drive vehicle,

utilizes at least one electric engines or footing engines for impetus. Three
primary sorts of electric vehicles exist, those that are straightforwardly
controlled from an outside power station, those that are controlled by put away
power initially from an outer force source, and those that are controlled by an
on-board electrical generator, like an inner ignition motor (a mixture electric
vehicle) or a hydrogen energy component. Electric vehicles incorporate
electric vehicles, electric trains, electric lorries, electric planes, electric boats,
electric cruisers and bikes and electric space apparatus. Recommendations
exist for electric tanks, diesel submarines working on battery power are, for the
span of the battery run, electric submarines, and a portion of the lighter UAVs
are electrically-controlled.

Electric vehicles initially appeared during the nineteenth century, when power
was among the favored techniques for engine vehicle drive, giving a degree of
solace and simplicity of activity that couldn't be accomplished by the fuel
vehicles of the time. The inner burning motor (ICE) is the predominant

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impetus strategy for engine vehicles however electric force has stayed ordinary
in other vehicle types, like trains and more modest vehicles, all things
considered.

A mixture electric vehicle joins a regular (normally petroleum derivative

controlled) power train with some type of electric drive. Normal models
incorporate cross breed electric vehicles, for example, the Toyota Prius. The
Chevrolet Volt is an illustration of a creation Extended Range Plug-In Electric
Vehicle.

The upsurge of the Indian automobile industry has enabled the enlargement of
the electric vehicle sector in the Indian subcontinent. EVs(hereinafter EV)
have become the promising and trusted channel for the improvement of air
quality, energy security, and resource management problems. Since the Kyoto
protocol was signed in 1998; The Indian government has put immense efforts
into curbing greenhouse gases(GHGs) and carbon-based emissions.

These have become the critical issues that policymakers have been working to
address globally. If closely analyzed, it would be evident that the
Transportation sector alone consumes 98 percent reliant on fossil fuels which
are very susceptible to fluctuations in energy supply. With the running time,
the government and auto sector companies have recognized the potential of
alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) for environmentally friendly transportation,
and auto sector companies have been enacting measures to boost the market
for EVs. However, the country is still struggling to identify the medium to
replace the existing usage of fuel mechanisms with environment-friendly EVs.

Fossil fuel burning will create a negative impact on climate change because
vehicle emissions generally contain CO2, CO, NO2, and other particulate
matters (PM2.5 and PM10) which have been considered the major contributors
to the effect of greenhouse gases and also cause various diseases like cancer.

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EVs play a very vital role in making India a developed country. The
manufacturing of EVs is getting increasingly popular. Additionally, its market
share is likely to grow in India in the coming decades.

Whilst India's GDP is staggering increasing the EVs can be the best source of
increasing GDP in the coming years. Furthermore, to the benefit of decreasing
pollution, according to the research, "EVs can reduce oil imports by $60
billion by 2030" (Kumar 2021). It is a relatively new concept in the
automobile industry. Although some manufacturers have built their entire
model around being proactive and using electricity, others provide a hybrid
vehicle that runs on both electricity and gas. Thus, this paper would analyze
EVs concerning their importance in India.

Electric engine

The force of a vehicle electric engine, as in different vehicles, is estimated in

kilowatts (kW). 100 kW is generally comparable to 134 drive, albeit most
electric engines convey full force over a wide RPM range, so the exhibition
isn't same, and far surpasses a 134 pull (100 kW) fuel-controlled engine, which
has a restricted force bend.

Normally, direct flow (DC) power is taken care of into a DC/AC inverter
where it is changed over to exchanging flow (AC) power and this AC power is
associated with a 3-stage AC engine. For electric trains, DC engines are
regularly utilized.

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Electromagnetic radiation

Electromagnetic radiation from superior electrical engines has been professed

to be related for certain human afflictions, however such cases are to a great
extent unverified with the exception of incredibly high openings. Electric
engines can be safeguarded inside a metallic Faraday confine, yet this
diminishes proficiency by adding weight to the vehicle, while it isn't
indisputable that all electromagnetic radiation can be contained.

The above graph represents the annual electric vehicle sales in India by
segment, starting from fiscal 2016 to 2020. Interestingly, the two wheelers
accounted for a whooping 97.4% of India's total EV sales during the year
ended Match 31, 2020. However, the electric four wheelers sales declined.

The graph is showing the sudden increase in demand of electric vehicle after
year 2017 but slow down in 2020 because of covid-19.

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14
Mechanical

Electric engines are precisely basic. Electric engines frequently accomplish

90% energy change productivity over the full scope of paces and force yield
and can be exactly controlled. They can likewise be joined with regenerative
stopping mechanisms that can change over development energy back into put
away power. This can be utilized to lessen the wear on stopping mechanisms
(and ensuing brake cushion dust) and diminish the all out energy necessity of
an outing. Regenerative slowing down is particularly viable for start-and-stop
city use.

They can be finely controlled and give high force from rest, in contrast to
inward burning motors, and needn't bother with various cog wheels to
coordinate with power bends. This eliminates the requirement for gearboxes
and force converters.

Electric vehicles give tranquil and smooth activity and therefore have less
clamor and vibration than inward burning motors. While this is an alluring
characteristic, it has likewise evoked worry that the shortfall of the standard
hints of a moving toward vehicle represents a peril to visually impaired, old
and youthful people on foot. To alleviate the present circumstance, automakers
and individual organizations are creating frameworks that produce cautioning
sounds when electric vehicles are moving gradually, up to a speed when
ordinary movement and pivot (street, suspension, electric engine, and so on)
clamors become perceptible.

Energy productivity

Electric vehicle 'tank-to-wheels' productivity is about a factor of 3 higher than

interior burning motor vehicles. Energy isn't burned-through while the vehicle
is fixed, not normal for inside ignition motors which burn-through fuel while

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sitting. Nonetheless, taking a gander at the well-to-wheel productivity of
electric vehicles, their absolute emanations, while still lower, are more like a
proficient gas or diesel in many nations where power age depends on
petroleum derivatives.

It is significant that well-to-wheel productivity of an electric vehicle has

undeniably less to do with the actual vehicle and more to do with the strategy
for power creation. A specific electric vehicle would immediately turn out to
be twice as effective if power creation were changed from petroleum product
to a breeze or flowing essential wellspring of energy. Consequently when
"well-to-wheels" is refered to, one should remember that the conversation is
not, at this point about the vehicle, but instead about the whole energy supply
foundation - on account of petroleum derivatives this ought to likewise
incorporate energy spent on investigation, mining, refining, and appropriation.

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Types of Batteries

Previously banks of conventional lead-acid car batteries were commonly used

for EV propulsion. Then later the 75 watt-hour/kilogram lithium ion polymer
battery prototypes came. The newer Li-poly cells provide up to 130 watt-
hour/kilogram and last through thousands of charging cycles.

Efficiency

Because of the different methods of charging possible, the emissions produced

have been quantified in different ways. Plug-in all-electric and hybrid vehicles
also have different consumption characteristics.

Range

Many electric designs have limited range, due to the low energy density of
batteries compared to the fuel of internal combustion engined vehicles.
Electric vehicles also often have long recharge times compared to the
relatively fast process of refuelling a tank. This is further complicated by the
current scarcity of public charging stations. "Range anxiety" is a label for
consumer concern about EV range.

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Charging

Grid capacity: Converting a large number of private vehicles to grid

electricity will raise demand for generation and transmission, as well as
pollution. However, since electric cars are more efficient during the cycle, total
energy usage and pollution will be reduced.

Stabilization of the grid: Since electric vehicles can be connected to the

electric matrix when not being used, there is a potential for battery fueled
vehicles to try and out the interest for power by taking care of power into the
framework from their batteries during top use periods, (for example, mid-
evening cooling use) while doing the vast majority of their charging around
evening time, when there is unused producing limit. This vehicle-to-
framework (V2G) association can possibly decrease the requirement for new
force plants, as long as vehicle proprietors don't care about their batteries being
depleted during the day by the force organization preceding expecting to
utilize their vehicle for a return-drive home in the evening.

Furthermore, our current electricity infrastructure may need to cope with

increasing shares of variable-output power sources such as windmills and PV
solar panels. This variability could be addressed by adjusting the speed at
which EV batteries are charged, or possibly even discharged.

Some concepts see battery exchanges and battery charging stations, much like
gas/petrol stations today. Clearly these will require enormous storage and
charging potentials, which could be manipulated to vary the rate of charging,
and to output power during shortage periods, much as diesel generators are
used for short periods to stabilize some national grids.

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Building charging infrastructure

The big challenge is of course charging infrastructure which will need to be

combined with existing refuelling stations and at alternative locations closer to
homes. According to Aryan, improving battery swapping stations will
eliminate wait time for charging, make better use of land, reduce the size of
batteries in vehicles and will give an increased available range.

Further, the country‘s charging infrastructure will need to be standardized. EV

charging station vendors are perplexed at the moment, regarding the standard
that should be adopted for fast charging. While the existing norms require
charging stations to install Europe‘s CCS and Japanese CHAdeMO charging
platforms, setting up both will significantly increase the capital cost.

ION‘s Aryan pointed out that given current electricity prices, home charging
may also be an issue if the generation is from thermal power plants run on
coal. A shift in the electricity generation landscape as a whole is what is
required to facilitate the growth of electric cars. ―Also, the maintenance and
repair options are limited, considering that Indian consumers prefer mass
brands with country-wide service network,‖ according to Akshay Singhal,
founder of Log 9 Materials.

Increasing battery performance

Given the fact that electric charging infrastructure will take considerable time
to be replicated and the ubiquity of fuelling infrastructure in India, it is
essential that batteries become far more durable to better compete with the
internal combustion engine vehicles. At present, the Hyundai Kona electric has
the highest range of 452 km on a single charge among electric cars available in
India, which could change in the years to come.

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Bridging the supply-demand gap

Another major challenge preventing larger-scale adoption of EVs today is the

fact that the range is quite limited, thereby constraining the use-cases for
electric vehicles. Again, this is largely solved through scale since it becomes a
game of more supply that accommodates for larger, more cost-effective
batteries that provide a better overall range. Once this performance reality sets
in, there will be no turning back from electric vehicles, added Moran.

Creating the closed-loop mobility ecosystem

Along with charging infrastructure, the establishment of a robust supply chain

will also be needed for automakers to make the shift feasible at their end.
Further, recycling stations for batteries will need to recover the metals from
batteries used in electrification to create the closed-loop required for the shift
to electric cars to be an environmentally-sound decision, even after electric
vehicles have aged.

Will Grid Capacity Be An Issue?

According to a Niti Aayog report, India needs a minimum of 10 GWh of cells

by 2022, which would need to be expanded to about 50 GWh by 2025. As Log
9 Material‘s Singhal explained, we are only able to add 20 GW every year to
our grid for all of our other increasing energy needs. ―Asking for 10GW
additional capacity only for EVs is a huge ask,‖ he said.

ION Energy‘s Aryan further emphasised about the need to increase adoption
of solar power. ―India is on track to become one of the largest solar and energy
storage markets by 2025. This will reduce dependency on coal but India still
buys a lot of coal. A combination of solar-powered grid solutions that are
organised with a general improvement in grid resilience will ensure adequate
charging infrastructure for EV‘s being a green option,‖ he told us.

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How Can The Government Promote Electric Cars Further?

The Indian government is gunning for its goal of making 30% of Indian
vehicles electric by 2030. The steps taken in 2019 to promote electric vehicles
in the country include:

Special policy measures such as slashing GST on EVs to 5% versus 28% for
combustion engines INR 1.5 lakh tax exemption on loans to buy electric
vehicles

INR 10K Cr allocated to FAME II to push electric mobility through

standardisation

Union cabinet has proposed customs duty exemption on certain EV parts

including electric drive assembly, onboard charger, e-compressor and a
charging gun to cut down costs

To localise the value chain, cabinet outlayed a five-year phased manufacturing

programme (PMP) until 2024

Nearly a dozen states either issued or proposed electric vehicle policies till
date, with Delhi being the latest one.

―We will soon be pushing for setting up of bigger factories for battery
manufacturing. We are open to listening to new ideas and pushing them, so I
encourage all founders to push the envelope,‖ Amitabh Kant, CEO, Niti
Aayog, said recently.

Further, the industry leaders Inc42 spoke to highlighted more measures that are
needed:

More incentives, tax cuts or rebates for every stakeholder in the mix, including
the manufacturers and consumers

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Facilitating access to capital both for R&D as well as manufacturing

Promotion of indigenous technology and capacity

Creating infrastructure supporting shared mobility

Offering a permit distribution for shared micromobility services as against a

tendering system to open up the market

Promoting mobility-as-a-service using EVs

Phasing out ICE vehicles. For OEMs, 60% of new vehicles sold after April 1,
2025 should be zero-emission vehicles. This could be applied in a gradual way
leading to 60% by 2025.

Access to vehicular loans for EVs to the end-user at interest rates at par with
normal vehicles even for new brands.

―Subsidizing manufacturing for every aspect of an electric drivetrain will

certainly improve the odds. Better researched go-to-market strategies by
companies will ensure that they can manage their rollouts in an amplified
manner,‖ explained Aryan.

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How Auto Manufacturers Can Help Bridge Gaps?

There are 5 key areas that auto manufacturers are looking at when it comes to
improving the state of the ecosystem. Together these are expected to give a big
boost to the ecosystem.

High Cost Of Manufacturing

This is definitely a key challenge that the manufacturers must address. This
directly impacts the purchasing power of consumers, even though new-age
models of shared mobility help users offset a lot of this cost.

―As the demand picks up and manufacturers commission tech advancements to

bring down the cost of manufacturing, EVs will achieve mainstream adoption.
Startups may further this cause by addressing the tech challenges and reducing
the cost of manufacturing, either the complete vehicles or some of its key
components, especially the battery,‖ Moran said.

Maintaining Quality Standards

The Indian consumer is on par with global consumers in terms of quality

expectations and no longer accepts substandard products. With the premium
segment having access to both local and global electric car manufacturers,
local manufacturers are required to build high-quality electric car models at
par with global incumbents.

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Increasing Domestic Manufacturing

According to CleanTechnica, India imported $1.23 Bn worth of lithium-ion

batteries in 2018-19, six times higher than in 2014-15, highlights ION
Energy‘s Aryan. These imports were made from China, Taiwan and South
Korea. Setting up a cell manufacturing facility, even if the raw materials are
imported, will help bring reduction in import value by up to 30% and reduce
India‘s dependence on other countries. If cells are produced locally, the entire
battery pack could also be produced in India.

Reduce The Total Cost Of Ownership

The government needs to introduce incentives separately for consumers to ease

the purchase and increase awareness about existing tax benefits and easy
financing options. Further, as ION Energy‘s Aryan explained with lithium-ion
batteries accounting for up to ~45% of EVs and a large portion of grid-
connected solar installations, companies need to assess and reduce the total
cost of ownership by finding smarter methods of extending battery life.

This includes mobility companies such as Ola and Uber that are incorporating
EVs into their fleet, automotive OEMs designing EVs, battery-pack makers,
operators, and owners of energy storage systems, financiers and insurance
providers of energy storage assets.

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Leveraging Tech To Reduce Range Anxiety

With various factors affecting range, performance and battery life such as
chemistry, cell design, mechanical design, thermal management, traffic,
terrain, weather, and more, there‘s a need for intelligent tools and platforms
that can leverage battery data, analytics, and machine learning algorithms to
analyse and share accurate real-time updates and eliminate range anxiety.

How Long Will The Switch To Electric Cars Take?

According to media reports, currently EV market penetration is only 1% of the

total vehicle sales in India, and of that, 95% of sales are electric two-wheelers.
While only 1,500 electric cars were sold for personal use between April and
December 2019, electric two-wheeler sales under FAME crashed by 94% in
the first six months of FY20.

―79% of all vehicles sold in India during 2018 were scooters. Once people see
that the shift to 2 wheelers is not only silent and economic, this will create an
impetus for the shift for cars. 2 wheelers occupy also lesser space and are
small financial commitments in the beginning than cars and hence the shift
will start here as India is a price-sensitive market,‖ said Aryan.

With the market being so volatile and lacking a sustainable demand, it is

imperative to assess the time period India will take in switching to electric
cars. But industry leaders are optimistic and believe that the shift will happen
very soon owing to reasons such as the number of industry incumbents and
startups making rapid and significant advancements in the EV segment, the
growing demand and user interest and institutional interest. ―We would like to
believe that mass adoption will not take more than 5 years,‖ said Singhal.

Heating of electric vehicles: In cool environments, extensive energy is

expected to warm the inside of a vehicle and to thaw out the windows. With

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inward burning motors, this warmth as of now exists as waste ignition heat
redirected from the motor cooling circuit. This interaction counterbalances the
ozone harming substances outer expenses. In the event that this is finished
with battery electric vehicles, the inside warming requires additional energy
from the vehicles batteries. Albeit some warmth could be gathered from the
motor(s) and battery, their more noteworthy proficiency implies there isn't as
much waste warmth accessible as from a burning motor.

Be that as it may, for vehicles which are associated with the matrix, battery
electric vehicles can be preheated, or cooled, with practically zero requirement
for battery energy, particularly for short excursions.

Fresher plans are centered around utilizing super-protected lodges which can
warm the vehicle utilizing the body warmth of the travelers. This isn't
sufficient, notwithstanding, in colder environments as a driver conveys just
around 100 W of warming force. A reversible AC-framework, cooling the
lodge during summer and warming it during winter, is by all accounts the most
functional and promising method of addressing the warm administration of the
EV. Ricardo Arboix presented (2008) another idea dependent on the standard
of consolidating the warm administration of the EV-battery with the warm
administration of the lodge utilizing a reversible AC-framework. This is
finished by adding a third warmth exchanger, thermally associated with the
battery-center, to the customary warmth siphon/cooling framework utilized in
past EV-models like the GM EV1 and Toyota RAV4 EV. The idea has
demonstrated to bring a few advantages, for example, drawing out the life
expectancy of the battery just as improving the exhibition and generally
energy-effectiveness of the EV.

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27
Hybrid Electric Vehicle

A cross breed electric vehicle consolidates a customary (generally petroleum

derivative controlled) powertrain with some type of electric drive. Regular
models incorporate mixture electric vehicles, for example, the Toyota Prius.
The Chevrolet Volt is an illustration of a creation Extended Range Plug-In
Electric Vehicle.

Mopeds, electric bikes, and surprisingly electric kick bikes are a

straightforward type of a cross breed, as force is conveyed both by means of an
inside ignition motor or electric engine and the rider's muscles. Early models
of bikes in the late nineteenth century utilized similar standards.

In an equal half breed bike human and engine power are precisely coupled at
the pedal drive train or at the back or the front wheel, for example utilizing a
center point engine, a roller squeezing onto a tire, or an association with a
wheel utilizing a transmission component. Human and engine forces are added
together. Practically totally made models are of this sort. See Motorized bikes,
Mopeds and for more data.

In a series hybrid bicycle (SH) the user powers a generator using the pedals.
This is converted into electricity and can be fed directly to the motor giving a
chainless bicycle but also to charge a battery. The motor draws power from the
battery and must be able to deliver the full mechanical torque required because
none is available from the pedals. SH bicycles are commercially available,
because they are very simple in theory and manufacturing

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Hybrid fuel (dual mode)

Passage Escape Hybrid the main mixture electric vehicle with an adaptable
fuel ability to run on E85(ethanol).

Notwithstanding vehicles that utilization at least two unique gadgets for

impetus, some additionally consider vehicles that utilization unmistakable fuel
sources or info types ("fills") utilizing similar motor to be mixtures, despite the
fact that to maintain a strategic distance from disarray with crossovers as
depicted above and to utilize effectively the terms, these are maybe more
accurately portrayed as double mode vehicles:

Some electric trolleybuses can switch between an on board diesel engine and
overhead electrical power depending on conditions (see dual mode bus). In
principle, this could be combined with a battery subsystem to create a true
plug-in hybrid trolleybus, although as of 2006, no such design seems to have
been announced.

Flexible-fuel vehicles can use a mixture of input fuels mixed in one tank —
typically gasoline and ethanol, or methanol, or biobutanol.

Bi-fuel vehicle:Liquified petroleum gas and natural gas are very different from
petroleum or diesel and cannot be used in the same tanks, so it would be
impossible to build an (LPG or NG) flexible fuel system. Instead vehicles are
built with two, parallel, fuel systems feeding one engine. While the duplicated
tanks cost space in some applications, the increased range and flexibility where
(LPG or NG) infrastructure is incomplete may be a significant incentive to
purchase.

Some vehicles have been modified to use another fuel source if it is available,
such as cars modified to run on autogas (LPG) and diesels modified to run on
waste vegetable oil that has not been processed into biodiesel.

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Power-assist mechanisms for bicycles and other human-powered vehicles are
also included (see Motorized bicycle).

Parallel hybrid

In an equal half breed vehicle, the single electric engine and the inward
burning motor are introduced with the end goal that they can control the
vehicle either separately or together. As opposed to the force split arrangement
commonly just a single electric engine is introduced. Most regularly the inside
ignition motor, the electric engine and stuff box are coupled via naturally
controlled grips. For electric driving the grasp between the interior ignition
motor is open while the clasp to the stuff box is locked in. While in ignition
mode the motor and engine run at a similar speed.

Mild parallel hybrid

These sorts utilize a for the most part minimal electric engine (generally <20
kW) to give auto-stop/start highlights and to give additional force help during
the speed increase, and to create on the deceleration stage (otherwise known as
regenerative slowing down).

On-street models incorporate Honda Civic Hybrid, Honda Insight, Honda CR-
Z, Honda Accord Hybrid, Mercedes Benz S400 Blue-HYBRID, BMW 7-
Series crossovers, General Motors BAS Hybrids and Smart-for-two with
miniature half breed drive.

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Power-split or series-parallel hybrid

Typical passenger car installations include the Toyota Prius, the Ford Escape,
Ford Fusion, the Lexus RX400h, RX450h, GS450h, LS600h and CT200h.

In a force split half breed electric drive train there are two engines: an electric
engine and an inner ignition motor. The force from these two engines can be
shared to drive the wheels through a force splitter, which is a straightforward
planetary stuff set. The proportion can be from 0–100% for the burning motor,
or 0–100% for the electric engine, or anything in the middle, for example, 40%
for the electric engine and 60% for the ignition motor. The electric engine can
go about as a generator charging the batteries.

Current forms, for example, the Toyota Hybrid Synergy Drive have a
subsequent electric engine/generator on the yield shaft (associated with the
wheels). In participation with the "essential" engine/generator and the
mechanical force split this gives a persistently factor transmission.

On the open street, the essential force source is the inner burning motor. At the
point when greatest force is needed, for instance to overwhelm, the electric
engine is utilized to help. This builds the accessible force for a brief period,
giving the impact of having a bigger motor than really introduced. In many
applications, the motor is turned off when the vehicle is moderate or fixed
diminishing curbside outflows.

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Fuel consumption and emissions reductions

The hybrid vehicle typically achieves greater fuel economy and lower
emissions than conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs),
resulting in fewer emissions being generated. These savings are primarily
achieved by three elements of a typical hybrid design:

1. Relying on both the engine and the electric motors for peak power needs,
resulting in a smaller engine sized more for average usage rather than peak
power usage. A smaller engine can have less internal losses and lower weight.

2. Having significant battery storage capacity to store and reuse recaptured

energy, especially in stop-and- go traffic typical of the city driving cycle.

3. Recapturing significant amounts of energy during braking that are normally

wasted as heat. This regenerative braking reduces vehicle speed by converting
some of its kinetic energy into electricity, depending upon the power rating of
the motor/generator;

32
OBJECTIVES

To investigate people's views of alternative automotive technology, such as

electric vehicles, and their aspirations for their future.

To find out why hybrid cars haven't piqued the public's curiosity, read on.

To determine whether or not consumers are willing to accept electric/hybrid

vehicles as a viable commuting alternative, and if so, when.

To determine the maximum price that customers can pay for an electric
vehicle.

To explore the other solutions available for range-conscious customers in

terms of existing electric vehicle batteries.

To investigate the government's efforts to promote electric vehicles, as well as

the subsidies offered on electric vehicle batteries.

33
 Environmental Impact of Electric and Hybrid Vehicle

Environmental impact of electric vehicles

Because of proficiency of electric motors when contrasted with burning

motors, in any event, when the power used to charge electric vehicles comes
from a CO2-transmitting source, like a coal-or gas-terminated controlled plant,
the net CO2 creation from an electric vehicle is commonly one-half to 33% of
that from a similar ignition vehicle.

Electric vehicles discharge practically no air poisons at where they are worked.
What's more, it is for the most part simpler to construct contamination control
frameworks into unified force stations than retrofit colossal quantities of
vehicles.

Electric vehicles typically have less noise pollution than an internal

combustion engine vehicle, whether it is at rest or in motion. Electric vehicles
emit no tailpipe CO2 or pollutants such as NOx, NMHC, CO and PM at the
point of use.

Electric motors don't require oxygen, unlike internal combustion engines; this
is useful for submarines.

While electric and crossover vehicles have diminished tailpipe fossil fuel
byproducts, the energy they devour is at times delivered by implies that have
ecological effects. For instance, most of power created in the United States
comes from petroleum derivatives (coal and flammable gas), so utilization of
an electric vehicle in the United States would not be totally carbon
nonpartisan. Electric and crossover vehicles can help decline energy use and
contamination, with nearby no contamination at all being created by electric
vehicles, and may some time or another utilization just inexhaustible assets,

34
however the decision that would have the most reduced negative natural effect
would be a way of life change for strolling, trekking, utilization of public
travel or working from home. Governments may put resources into innovative
work of electric vehicles with the aim of lessening the effect on the climate,
where they could rather create person on foot agreeable networks or electric
mass travel.

Environmental impact of hybrid car battery

Though hybrid cars consume less fuel than conventional cars, there is still an
issue regarding the environmental damage of the hybrid car battery. Today
most hybrid car batteries are one of two types: 1) Nickel metal hydride, or

2) Lithium ion; both are regarded as more environmentally friendly than lead-
based batteries which constitute the bulk of petro car starter batteries today.
There are many types of batteries. Some are far more toxic than others.
Lithium ion is the least toxic of the three mentioned above.

The toxicity levels and environmental impact of nickel metal hydride

batteries—the type currently used in hybrids—are much lower than batteries
like lead acid or nickel cadmium. However, nickel-based batteries are known
carcinogens, and have been shown to cause a variety of teratogenic effects.

The Lithium-ion battery has attracted attention due to its potential for use in
hybrid electric vehicles. Hitachi is a leader in its development. In addition to
its smaller size and lighter weight, lithium-ion batteries deliver performance
that helps to protect the environment with features such as improved charge
efficiency without memory effect. The lithium-ion batteries are appealing
because they have the highest energy density of any rechargeable batteries and
can produce a voltage more than three times that of nickel–metal hydride
battery cell while simultaneously storing large quantities of electricity as well.

35
The batteries also produce higher output (boosting vehicle power), higher
efficiency (avoiding wasteful use of electricity), and provides excellent
durability, compared with the life of the battery being roughly equivalent to
the life of the vehicle. Additionally, use of lithium-ion batteries reduces the
overall weight of the vehicle and also achieves improved fuel economy of 30%
better than petro-powered vehicles with a consequent reduction in CO2
emissions helping to prevent global warming.

Raw materials increasing costs

There is an impending increase in the costs of many rare materials used in the
manufacture of hybrid cars. For example, the rare earth element dysprosium is
required to fabricate many of the advanced electric motors and battery systems
in hybrid propulsion systems. Neodymium is another rare earth metal which is
a crucial ingredient in high-strength magnets that are found in permanent
magnet electric motors.

Nearly all the rare earth elements in the world come from China, and many
analysts believe that an overall increase in Chinese electronics manufacturing
will consume this entire supply by 2030. In addition, export quotas on Chinese
rare earth elements have resulted in an unknown amount of supply.

A few non-Chinese sources such as the advanced Hoidas Lake project in

northern Canada as well as Mount Weld in Australia are currently under
development; however, the barriers to entry are high and require years to go
online.

“Do hybrids really reduce running costs and give better fuel
efficiency?”

Hybrid cars are a likely future direction that cars in India will take now that the
Government is considering norms for hybrid cars in India. At the moment,

36
there is only the Toyota Prius that‗s on sale India at a price point of Rs. 30 lakh
that is a true hybrid.

Recently, the Government said it is considering framing norms to convert

existing petrol and diesel cars to petrol-electric and diesel-electric hybrid
vehicles. This would achieve two things – one, lower pollution levels in
congested cities and two, increase in fuel economy would technically mean
savings for the car buyer.

How much do you save driving a hybrid?

But by how much do hybrid cars really improve fuel economy and are there
any considerable savings when it comes to long-term running costs? That‗s
something to ponder about.

Although these two cars are not strictly comparable, let‗s for a moment put
them together to compare notes – given that both cars are imports. Let‗s see
how a Toyota Prius compares with entry-level Audi A4 1.8 petrol, both priced
around Rs. 29 lakh.

The Toyota Prius is powered by a 1.8 litre petrol engine that puts out 98 bhp of
power, coupled with a 35 bhp electric motor, making the car good for a total
power output of 134 bhp. The Prius ―hybrid synergy drive‖ system can power
the car on only the electric motor, only the petrol motor or both together
depending on the driving conditions. For city speeds up to a range of about 30
km, the car can drive on electric power alone. When speeds go above 40
kmph, the petrol motor kicks in, and when peak acceleration is required the car
uses both motors for maximum power.

It is because of this hybrid combination that despite good performance, the car
gives a phenomenal mileage of 22 kmpl in the city.

37
Now, look at a regular petrol sedan like the Audi A4 with a 1.8 litre motor
putting out better performance of 168 bhp. It has better top-end performance
no doubt, but when it comes to pollution levels at slow city speeds and on fuel
economy the Audi A4 loses out, as the petrol motor is always running, while
the Prius can run on electric power alone as needed. The Audi A4 has a fuel-
efficiency rating of 13 kmpl, giving only about 11 kmpl in the city, half that of
the Prius.

Long-term running costs are more expensive

So straight away, running costs should be half right? Not quite. The Prius uses
far more technology and hence has expensive maintenance. Also the battery
packs in the Prius need replacing after a few years, which would cost at least
Rs. 2.5 lakh to replace. And that negates all the savings on fuel cost that one
would have saved because of better overall fuel efficiency.

However, the reason to buy a hybrid is not just running cost or fuel cost – it is
more to do with the environment. With a hybrid you pollute just half as much
as you would with a regular petrol engine, not to mention consuming less fuel,
which in its own way goes to saving the planet. That‗s one of the reason
celebrities have been lapping up hybrids like the Prius – it gives to bragging
rights about caring for the environment.

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Petrol-electric hybrid vs CNG conversion: Pros and cons

Thursday, February 21, 2013 by Roshun Povaiah

The government recently said it is framing norms to convert petrol and diesel
cars to petrol-electric or diesel-electric hybrids. And one company, Revolo, is
ready with a kit that can be retrofitted in any petrol or diesel car, but costs
about Rs. 60,000 to Rs. 80,000.

During the Auto Expo we came across some interesting gizmos, and one of
them was the Revolo hybrid solution, that promised to turn any car, petrol or
diesel, into an electric hybrid.

About Revolvo

Revolo is a plug-in parallel hybrid technology that can be retrofitted in both

existing and new cars.

This technology has been designed and engineered by KPIT Cummins and the
product will be manufactured through a joint venture (JV) of Rs. 100 crore
(initial) between Bharat Forge Ltd and KPIT Cummins. As part of the joint
venture, KPIT Cummins will license the hybrid technology while Bharat Forge
will provide manufacturing, assembly & integration to the JV.

The idea of Revolo first occurred to a young KPIT Cummins engineer Tejas
Khsatriya in 2008when he was stuck in Mumbai traffic en route to Pune.

KPIT Cummins sanctioned a team of four engineers for the project, which was
kept separate from

CREST, the research and development centre at KPIT Cummins. It took 2

years of research and a budget under USD 2 million to evolve the idea through

39
trial and error and several failures, including the inability of the system to
withstand sudden surge in power when breaks were applied.

The research and development team studied the firing pattern of internal
combustion engines and identified the weak spots that lead to fuel wastage and
finally created a technology that can convert a passenger car to a hybrid that is
environmentally friendly, cheap, fuel-efficient and at the same time offers
good performance.

Revolo is designed to work in typical stop-and-go city traffic and allows cars
to cruise at about 30 km/h in the third gear without straining the engine.

Latest Developments: KPIT Cummins continues the road tests of pilot vehicles
as well as consumer trials with results so far having validated the pre-
announced performance results. The team has further reduced the overall
weight of the solution, improved on the durability and standardized many
components across multiple vehicle platforms. Construction at the assembly
and manufacturing plants continues. It is expected to be operational by July
2011.

The company will test various vehicles, including passenger cars, with engines
sizes between 800 cc and 2,500 cc.

Production of limited hybrid kits is planned to start by first half of 2011-12.

The commercial production would begin in 2012-13.

Intrigued? We were too and decided to check out how the system works. The
Revolo system, from KPIT Cummins, is a parallel hybrid solution. What it
does is connect an electric motor in parallel with your engine. The electric
motor runs off a stack of batteries that are charged by plugging into a
household electric socket. The motor provides ―boost‖ to the regular petrol or

40
diesel engine, reducing the effort of the engine. In effect, it claims to increase
―in-city‖ mileage by about 35% (and this is apparently ARAI certified).

Now, if you look at CNG cars (which are essentially dual-fuel hybrids running
on either petrol or CNG), the cost of converting a petrol car to a CNG car
works out to almost the same as that of converting a petrol car to a petrol-
electric hybrid.

Which one of these systems should you pick? We take a look at the pros and
cons of both, comparing a Maruti Alto fitted with the Revolo hybrid system
and one fitted with a sequential CNG system.

Environmental pollution has reached almost the threshold level in India. As

per the Climate Risk Index 2020, India ranks in the top 5, which means India
is vulnerable to climatic change. So, there seem no other options than to adopt
e-mobility.

To mitigate environmental issues, the Government of India decided to promote

Electronic Vehicles (EV) to reduce pollution.

However, as per a Castrol report, the new car owners wouldn‘t be buying EVs
until 2030 because of several factors.

Proper infrastructure is one of the critical factors. But whatever the cons are of
using and promoting EVs on Indian roads, the overall electric cars on the
Indian roads will be almost 100 million in the financial year 2030 from just a
half million in the financial year 2020.

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But what are these electric cars or EVs?

More about Electric Cars

Electric Cars are one of the most recent vehicles run by electricity instead of
the typical fuels like petrol, diesel, or CNG.

The electric cars‘ batteries can be charged for reuse. There are three types of
Electric Vehicles available in India as of now. They are-

Entirely battery-operated electric cars

Solar-powered electric cars

Hybrid electric cars

The History of EVs-

The history of the origin of Electric Vehicles (EVs) dates back to the mid-19th
century. In 1828, Ányos Jedlik discovered a specific type of electric motor.

He created a small model car that could run on his new motor. Between 1832
and 1839, a Scottish discoverer Robert Anderson discovered a crude carriage
run by electricity.

In 1835, Professor of Groningen, the Netherlands, SibrandusStratingh, and his

assistant Christopher Becker from Germany created a small-scale electric car
run by non-rechargeable primary cells.

Although the origin dates back to the 19th century, the vehicular land speed
came around 1900.

42
Initially, the electric battery-run cars‘ speed was too less compared to the
internal combustion engine vehicles. As a result, people would pay no mind to
take an interest in EVs.

But the scenario changed around the 21st century. People started worrying
about the hydro-carbon fueled cars that create pollution, bad gas emission, and
other disasters to the environment.

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Current Scenario:

Since 2010, EVs started becoming popular apart from public transports. The
most surprising fact is that by 2016 September, almost 1 Million electric
vehicles were delivered globally.

This was the turning point of the global acceptance of electric vehicles. The
speed to acceptance was so good that by 2019, almost 4.8 million cars were
sold, and by 2020, it reached 10 million units.

As the cost of batteries got down by 73% since 2010, electric cars started to
gear up their growth speed. The coming decade is considered as the decade of
electric vehicles.

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Market share of EVs in India

As electric vehicle manufacturing is becoming popular every day, its market

share is also expected to rise greatly. India‘s GDP is expected to grow by an
amazing 25% by 2022.

The best part is that, apart from reducing environmental pollution, EVs can
lower oil import by about $60 Billion by 2030. Currently, 82% of the oil
demand in India is fulfilled by import. So, it‘s evident how much beneficial the
Indian economy will be if this import cost is reduced.

EVs fuel price

Surprisingly, the fuel price of EVs can be as low as only 1.1Rs/ km. As a
result, the overall cost of about Rs 20,000 is reduced while traveling every
5000 km by an EV. Also, it will reduce vehicular emission, which otherwise
creates a 3% GDP loss every year.

Campaigns for EV Adoption

When we talk about e-mobility, EVs are the only options. From 1st April 2020
till 31st January 2021, India‘s fuel price has increased almost 75 times.

With ever-increasing petrol price (almost 95Rs/liter in Delhi as of June 2021),

many states in India have already dived into EVs‘ usage. Delhi and Kolkata
are the two forerunners in this aspect. They promoted e-rickshaws that are
much environment-friendly and economical.

One amazing fact is, in Delhi, almost 1 Lakh e-rickshaws are operating, and
Kolkata is not too far from this rally. This development is encouraging private
car owners to switch to EVs.

45
The Indian Government has started formulating EV adoption, like the National
Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP), Faster Adoption and
Manufacturing of (Hybrid) and Electric Vehicles (FAME) Scheme, loan
subventions, and income tax rebates alongside similar relaxations on the state
level.

According to a Niti Aayog report, India wants a minimum of 10 GWh of cells

by 2022.

Some other ways that the Government is implementing for the promotion of
EVs in India are-

Reduced GST amount to only 5% compared to the regular cars‘ 28%.

Loans of approx. 1.5Lakhs exemption for buying electric vehicles.

Customs duty exemption for importing EV parts.

a five-year phased manufacturing program (PMP) until 2024

Switch Delhi Campaign

Recently, a campaign was run in Delhi, known as the Switch Delhi Campaign,
in which people signed to promote electric vehicles. It was an 8-weeks
campaign that promoted the benefits of using EVs in industrial, personal, and
public uses.

Seeing such an amazing response towards EVs in India, several 2-wheeler

manufacturers have decided to manufacture electric bikes apart from the e-cars
by the 4-wheeler manufacturers.

46
Last-Mile deliveries

With the growth of private cars, small transports and other modes for good
transports, and trucks were the only solutions. However, some Last-mile
delivery companies have taken the responsibilities by themselves to use EVs
for transporting deliverables and reducing the carbon footprint from this earth.

Top EV Manufacturer Stocks in India

As the EV market is growing exponentially in India, car and bike

manufacturers are gradually inclined to manufacture more electric-run
vehicles.

47
Mahindra Electric

Mahindra Electric is the forerunner in the EVs industry. They manufactured

their first EV in 2001. Mahindra E20 and eVerito are the two popular EV
variants by Mahindra Electric.

Tata Motors

Though a popular name in the Indian automotive industry for manufacturing

vehicles for personal use, public transports, and other purposes, Tata Motors is
comparatively new to the EVs segments.

Tigor EV, Nano EV, and the Tiago electric variant are some of Tata motors‘
popular EVs. However, Tata has focused mainly on Passenger Vehicles and
electric busses. The demand for this segment of vehicles is expected to reach 4
Lakhs soon.

Hyundai

Hyundai, with the launch of its Kona EV in India, has overwhelmed the EV
market. The EVs by Hyundai is supposed to run 452 km in one charge. It
answers the query of all vehicle enthusiasts in India, asking the question,
―what‘s the mileage given.‖ However, the model is about to hit the market in
2-3 years.

Ashok Leyland

Ashok Leyland has developed busses and trucks based on Indian road
requirements. They have introduced battery swapping for India and operating
vehicles like the Circuit, HYBUS, Electric Euro 6 Truck, and announced the
iBUS.

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―TESLA‖ – The new HYPE or REALITY

In this year, 2021, the American company Tesla is launching Tesla cars in
India, as per Nitin Gadkari, The Minister of Road Transport and Highways,
Government of India.

The Government of India targeted to install renewable energy capacity of 175

GW by the end of 2022. This includes 10 GW from bio-energy, 100 GW from
solar power, 5 GW from hydropower, and 60 GW from the wind.

At the United Nations Climate Action Summit, Prime Minister of India

Narendra Modi announced snowballing the renewable energy target to 450
GW by 2030 from 175 GW by 2022.

With these highlights in mind, it is understandable that the Government is

accelerating electric vehicles‘ promotion, which will consume less non-
renewable sources of energy, rather than focus on battery charging and
emission-free transport.

So, in this scenario, the promotion of TESLA cars in India is a good option for
the American company owned by Elon Musk.

However, the subsidy provided to the Indian companies is much higher that
can result in the manufacturing cost of the parts of the local companies cheaper
than the TESLA one.

49
Advantages of Using an EV

The main factor that makes EVs the winner in the automotive industry is their
environment-friendliness. However, several other factors are too important to
ignore.

Environment first-

The air pollution in urban Indian cities can be reduced to a great extent with
Electric cars. These cars use batteries that do not do emissions like the internal
combustion engines. Even due to having less or no sound, these vehicles help
in reducing noise pollution as well.

Lower Operational Cost-

It is estimated that almost 75-80% of fuel expenses are reduced by using EVs.
Compared to the other conventional cars, EVs have 75% fewer movable parts
that also create a much lesser maintenance bill.

A good amount of savings

As India‘s Government is inclining towards higher usage of EVs, different

incentives and tax relaxations are offered to encourage more buyers.

BoP deficit

In 2019-20 alone, India imported crude oil worth 120 billion dollars. This BoP
(Balance of Payment) can be reduced to a great extent by using EVs.

50
Disadvantages of using EVs-

Costly

EVs are a bit more costly since it has lower maintenance costs; as the parts are
small and not ample in number in the Indian landscape, the repairing cost
increases.

Infrastructure issues

The scenario in which EVs are expected to operate is still in an ideal condition.
There is no ample battery charging center or car repair center, and even
manufacturing centers in India. With proper infrastructure built gradually,
more vehicle owners are expected to incline towards buying EVs.

Post Sales service

As EVs have not become too popular in India, the post-sales service is also a
bit poor compared to conventional petrol and diesel cars.

Poor road condition

As the road condition in India is poor, hence the longevity of the cars becomes
less. Also, the drivers need to be trained and well-aware while driving these
cars.

What can be done for the Future Flourishment of EVs?

India‘s EV market will grow at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of

22.1 percent shortly. The main reason behind this is the Government‘s
constant support and innovations to eliminate the issues that may otherwise be
holding the EV industry from growth.

51
More incentives, tax cuts, and rebates should be given to the vehicle
purchasers along with the stockholders

More spending on R&D

Phasing out the ICE vehicles

Creating proper infrastructure

Several drives to make people conscious of the benefits of using EVs

Takeaway

Evolving from one technology to another is always a challenge. For decades,

the people of India are habituated to conventional cars. So, suddenly the shift
to EVs will be a bit difficult for them.

However, with proper campaigns and financial benefits, electric vehicles will
soon be a common affair in the car industry. Currently, 1% of the total car
sales in India are EVs.

So, with time, we can expect the number to be growing to a great extent. By
any chance, the Government of India plans to make 100% EVs on the road by
2030.

―Subsidizing manufacturing for every aspect of an electric drivetrain will

certainly improve the odds. Better researched go-to-market strategies by
companies will ensure that they can manage their rollouts in an amplified
manner,‖ explained Akhil Aryan, CEO, and co-founder of ION Energy.

52
Revolo petrol-electric system

The petrol-electric hybrid system from Revolo (a KPIT Cummins offering)

uses an electric motor coupled with the petrol engine through a drive-belt
connected to the crankshaft pulley. The electric motor draws power from a
battery pack (two 12V batteries) in the boot or from a single Lithium ion
battery. This battery pack can be charged overnight from a standard household
socket and it also gets recharged when the car is moving – especially during
braking.

Pros of the petrol-electric system

Revolo claims an additional fuel efficiency of 35% compared to a regular

petrol Alto in the city.

Given the city mileage of about 17 kmpl for a regular Alto one can get about
23 kmpl using this system.

This would result in savings of up to 30% on fuel bills per year. Running costs
would come down by 30% overall, given that electricity to charge the system
is nearly 1/10th the cost.

Also the system is quite compact and does not take up as much space as a
CNG system would – there is no big cylinder in the boot as the battery pack is
small and can be fitted in one corner of the boot saving space.

The system, once fully charged, can run much longer than a CNG system
would as it also gets trickle charged during the day when the car is running.

53
Cons of the Petrol-Electric System

54
The cost projection for installing such a system of between Rs. 60,000 to Rs.
80,000 is fairly high. You need to drive over 2000 km a month to realize the
benefits of the system. With this kind of driving you would save about Rs
2,100 per month, making the system pay for itself by the third year of use.

However, in the fourth year, expect your savings to drop considerably, as you
would need to spend about Rs. 14,000 on new batteries. And this is a recurring
cost every three to four years.

CNG-petrol dual fuel systems

With a CNG conversion, the car can run on natural gas or petrol. Running it on
CNG often gives slightly better fuel efficiency – in the case of the Alto about
22 km per Kg of CNG. With CNG prices at about Rs. 40 per Kg, it is nearly
Rs. 30 cheaper than petrol per litre.

Pros of a CNG system

CNG conversion allows for pure CNG driving, without a drop of petrol being
burned unlike the petrol electric system, where you only get a boost from the
electric motor, but are still consuming petrol.

Therefore the savings (given the cost difference with petrol) are much higher.
You realize the investment in CNG much faster than you would with a petrol
electric system.

CNG filling networks are quite widespread in about 35 cities now, which
means much easier access to gas. Electric charging points are not easily
accessible unless you have a garage or easy access to a plug point. It also takes
about 5 minutes to tank up on CNG, while it takes about 8 hours for a
fullcharge of the batteries.

55
Cons of a CNG system

The size of the CNG tank takes up almost the entire boot in an Alto, leaving no
space for luggage. It also is substantially heavier and takes its toll on the
suspension of the car. When one travels out of town this becomes an issue as
CNG networks don‗t exist outside of major cities, forcing the driver to drive
on petrol and negate any savings.

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HYPOTHESIS

By 2030, India‗s pollution in cities is expected to grow five times as compared

to 2020. It is desired to have 3 lakh EVs which could result in a reduction of
over 16 lakh metric tons of pollution by 2025, savings of over Rs.3,700 crore
in foreign exchange and significant health costs savings.

It is expected that the government will make regulations specific to financial,

incentives for manufacturers, parking and toll benefits to customers and
research and development grants to build next generation technologies.

The government will also form norms for promoting petrol-electric or diesel-
electric hybrids.

We expect to see lots of Hybrid Vehicles on road within a short span. The
Revolvo Kit is meeting the current consumer‗s expectations hence it will be
preferred by consumers on a larger extent.

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CONCLUSION

58
CONCLUSION

The perception of people towards EVs is still unsatisfactory as a major section

of our society is still unaware of various Alternative Technologies used in
Automobiles.

The current EVs don‗t meet the consumer‗s expectations to a larger extent.

The Government Initiatives taken for the promotion of EVs is still in

developing stage and is up to papers, though various agencies have been
formed and various plans have been brought by them but still its
implementation is not yet done.

The consumers will prefer EVs only if they are comparable with current
vehicles on road, so a change in consumer‗s behavior is important. They
should gradually become more conscious about the use of cleaner
technologies.

Though many consumers will not prefer the current Electric/Hybrid vehicles
but still there are lots of options available which is built to meet consumer‗s
expectations such as REVOLVO KIT.

Marketing of such products will really play an important role as a stepping

foot towards GREENER ENVIRONMET.

Various companies should take initiatives to promote electric vehicles as a part

of their corporate social responsibilities.

Finally the future of the Electric/Hybrid Vehicles is GREEN.

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REFERENCES:-

www.edfenergy.com

www.iea.org

www.weforum.org

www.virta.global

www.mordornintelligence.com

www.twiglobal.com

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