Unit 5
Unit 5
• You are advised not to share your material purchased from the Academy
of Environmental Science & Agriculture.
Do not sharing policy
• यलर्द आप ऐसा करते हैं , तो आप लकसी भी कािूिी कारम वाई के लिए उत्तरर्दायी हो
सकते हैं ।
• आपको सिाह र्दी जाती है लक पयामवरण लवज्ञाि एवों कृलि अकार्दमी से खरीर्दी गई
अपिी सामग्री को साझा ि करें ।
Both in Hindi & English
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Waste Management technologies
• Waste is a product or substance which is no longer suited for its intended use.
• Solid waste means any garbage or refuse, sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, water
supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and other discarded material, resulting
from industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural operations, and from community
activities.
• Solid-waste management means collecting, treating, and disposing of solid material that is
discarded because it has served its purpose or is no longer useful.
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Incineration/combustion
❑Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of organic substances
contained in waste materials.
❑The process consists of controlled burning of waste at high temp (1200- 1500°C).
❑In some cases, the heat generated by incineration can be used to generate electric
power.
❑It is one of the most effective method of reducing the volume and weight of
municipal solid waste
❑The process can reduce MSW by about 90% (95-96%) in volume and 75% (80-85%) in weight.
❑It sterilizes and stabilizes the waste with reduction in the volume.
❑For complete oxidation the waste must be mixed with appropriate volume of air.
❑Approx. 5000kg of air is required for each tone of solid waste burned. It differs with moisture
content, heating values of waste and type of combustion .
❑Many different types of hazardous materials can be treated by incineration, including soil,
sludge, liquids, and gases.
❑Although it destroys many kinds of harmful chemicals, such as solvents, PCBs (polychlorinated
biphenyls), and pesticides, incineration does not destroy metals, such as lead and chromium.
❑Incineration with energy recovery is one of several waste-to-energy technologies
❑While incineration and gasification technologies are similar in principle, the energy
• The first US incinerator was built in 1885 on Governors Island in New York, NY.
• The first facility in the Czech Republic was built in 1905 in Brno.
❑ Major objectives of incineration
1. Volume Reduction
2. Stabilization of waste
4. Sterilization of waste
❑ The concerns over the health effects of dioxin and furan emissions have been significantly
lessened by advances in emission control designs and very stringent new governmental
regulations that have resulted in large reductions in the amount of dioxins and furans emissions
Types of incinerators:
1. Burn pile
2. Burn barrel
✓ This method avoids the spread of burning materials and the ash produced at the end of the
incineration settle down to the bottom of the barrel.
Types of incinerators:
3. Rotary-kiln
✓ It has more equipment, and the incineration process is more advanced and complicated.
4. Fluidized bed
✓ The volume and weight of the waste are reduced to a fraction of its original size.
✓ Air discharge can be effectively controlled for minimal impact on the atmospheric environment.
✓ Technology exists to completely destroy even most hazardous material in a complete effective manner.
✓ Supplemental fuel is required to initiate and at times to maintain the incineration process.
✓ The solid residue remaining in the furnace after incineration is called as bottom ash which ultimately go for
land disposal.
❑ Pyrolysis utilizes thermal instability of the organic matter, in the absence of oxygen condition,
break large molecules into small molecules of fuel gas, liquid (oil, grease) and coke.
❑It involves the simultaneous changes of chemical composition and physical phase and is
irreversible.
❑Pyrolysis of organic substances produces gas and liquid products and leaves solid residue richer
in carbon content.
❑Produce solid (biochar), liquid and non-condensable gases (H2, CH4, CnHm, CO, CO2 and N).
• Feedstock for pyrolysis should have high calorific value with very less moisture content and
should be homogenous in nature.
• Many plastics, particularly the polyolefins, which have high calorific values and simple chemical
constitutions of primarily carbon and hydrogen, are usually used as a feedstock in pyrolysis.
• More recently, pyrolysis plants are being tested to degrade carbon-rich organic material such as
MSW.
❑Pyrolysis of biomass produces three products - a liquid, a gas and a solid:
1) Bio-oil: Bio-oil can be used as a low grade diesel oil.
2) Bio-char: is the solid material that is created in the process.
3) Syngas: CO2, CO, H2, light hydrocarbons
1. Fast Pyrolysis: It optimizes bio-oil production by increasing the rate of pyrolysis temperature to
1000°C/second. This process yields approximately 60-70% bio-oil, 15-25% bio-char, and 10-15%
syngas.
2. Slow Pyrolysis: It uses slower heating rates and bio-char is the major end product.
• Plasma pyrolysis vitrification is a modified pyrolysis technology which employs
application of high voltage to decompose inorganic matter in waste stream
(extremely high temperature (5,000°C–14,000°C).
Which one is better?
Which one is better?
• Pyrolysis produces less flue gas and have small content of heavy metals, dioxin and other
pollutant
• Pyrolysis is carried out under the condition of hypoxia, so there are fewer NOX, SOX, HCI and
other pollutants
The EPA announced in 2012 that the safe limit for human oral consumption for dioxin and furan
is 0.7 picograms Toxic Equivalence (TEQ) per kilogram bodyweight per day.
Gasification
• In a second method, the biomass is indirectly heated in the absence of oxygen or air, with
steam as the oxidizing agent.
• The product gas is either a medium-energy content gas referred to as synthetic
gas or syngas or a low-energy content gas often referred to as producer gas.
• Gasification technology is selected on the basis of available fuel quality, capacity range, and gas
quality conditions.
• The main reactors used for gasification of MSW are fixed beds and fluidized beds.
1. Fixed Beds
• Fixed bed gasifiers typically have a grate to support the feed material and maintain a stationary
reaction zone.
• They are relatively easy to design and operate, and are therefore useful for small and medium scale
power and thermal energy uses.
• The two primary types of fixed bed gasifiers are updraft and downdraft.
2. Fluidised Beds
▪ Fluidized bed are preferred for gasification of
MSW as it can be used with multiple fuels,
offers relatively compact combustion
chambers and good operational control.
• The heat source is a plasma discharge torch, a device that produces a very high temperature
plasma gas.
Parameter Incineration/combustion Pyrolysis Gasification
In controlled amount of O2
In presence of O2
(less than stoichiometric
Oxidising agent (greater than stoichiometric In absence of O2
supply of O2)
supply of O2)
Dioxin and furans, Tar, particulates and oxides Tar, particulates and oxides
Pollutants
particulates of S, chlorine and N of S, chlorine and N
Torrefaction
• The final product is the remaining solid, dry, blackened material that is referred
to as torrefied biomass or bio-coal.
• During the process, the biomass typically loses 20% of its mass (bone dry basis)
and 10% of its heating value, with no appreciable change in volume.
Discussion of some important
&
Previous years exams questions
Q. In the context of which one of the following are the terms ‘pyrolysis and plasma gasification’ mentioned?
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PAPER
Dairy Industry
Distillery Industry
Pharmaceutical Industry
2010
Organic Chemical Industry
Vegetable Oil Refinery
Sugar Industry
Thermal Power Plants
CETPs
STPs
▪ Various Organic substances such as dyes, starches and detergents in effluent undergo chemical
and biological changes which consume dissolved oxygen from the receiving stream and destroy
aquatic life.
❑All stakeholders to utilize three tools for improvements
STANDARDS FOR DISCHARGE OF EFFLUENTS FROM TEXTILE INDUSTRY
Tannery industry
▪ Leather industry in India accounts for around 13% of the world’s leather production
of hides/skins and annual production of about 3 bn sq. ft. of leather.
▪ Tanning is the process of treating skins and hides of animals to produce leather.
▪ Leather tannery sector has been categorized as one of the 17 categories of highly
polluting industries by CPCB.
▪ There are a large number of small, micro and medium sized tannery units operating
in India.
▪ Chromium(III) sulfate ([Cr(H2O)6]2(SO4)3) has long been regarded as the most efficient
and effective tanning agent.
▪ Chromium(III) compounds of the sort used in tanning are significantly less toxic
than hexavalent chromium, although the latter arises in inadequate waste treatment.
▪ The hide is tawed by soaking in a warm potash alum and salts solution, between 20
and 30°C.
These
standards
shall come
into force on
the 1st day of
July 2022.
Dairy industry
• The dairies/gaushalas may be categorized on the basis of nos. of animals (adult
cows & female buffaloes) in a dairy/gaushala i.e.
• It is also the fourth largest producer of alcohol in the world while being the
leading producer of alcohol in the South-East Asian region with about 65% of the
total share.
• The major raw material for distilleries is molasses, a waste byproduct of sugar
mills and grains
Q. Bagasse, Molasses, Press mud are some of the types of ____.
A) refined sugar
B) by-products of sugar
C) raw sugar
D) Alcohol residue
▪ 1 litre alcohol production required: 8-15 litre water (12
lit)
❑Bagasse:
▪ It is the dry pulpy fibrous excess that remains, after
sugarcane/sorghum stalks are smashed and the juice is
extracted.
❑ Molasses:
• Molasses or black treacle is a juice extracted from crushing or smashing sugarcane and
it is boiled in order to concentrate it.
• Molasses differ based on the amount of sugar, method of extraction, and age of the
plant.
❑ Press mud:
• The utilization of press mud is for fertilizers in both unprocessed and processed form.
• Press mud is also a residue or left over from sugarcane after extraction of juice.
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▪ GRAP is a set of emergency measures that kick in to prevent further deterioration of air
quality once it reaches a certain threshold in the Delhi-NCR region.
▪ It was approved by the Supreme Court in 2016 after the Supreme Court’s order in the matter
of M. C. Mehta vs. Union of India (2016).
▪ The Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change (MoEF&CC) notified the plan in
2017.
▪ Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) implements the Graded Response Action
Plan.
▪ Till 2020, the Supreme Court-appointed Environment Pollution (Prevention & Control)
Authority (EPCA) used to order States to implement GRAP measures.
▪ The EPCA was dissolved and replaced by the Commission for Air Quality Management
(CAQM) in 2020.
▪ CAQM relies on air quality and meteorological forecasts by the Indian Institute of Tropical
Meteorology (IITM) and the India Meteorological Department (IMD).
▪ Graded Response Action Plan has been prepared for implementation under
different Air Quality Index (AQI) categories namely, Moderate to Poor, Very Poor,
and Severe.
▪ Total categories (4): Moderate to Poor, Very Poor, Severe and Severe+ or
Emergency.
▪ CAQM is a statutory mechanism to coordinate and oversee diverse efforts to
improve air quality in Delhi, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and UP, with the
underlying remedial approach.
Stage AQI AQI Value PM2.5 level (µg/m3) PM10 level (µg/m3)
▪ Environment Compensation Charge (ECC): In the year 2015, the SC imposed ECC on
trucks entering Delhi.
Government Initiatives to Combat Air Pollution?
▪ Smog Tower
▪ BS-VI vehicles
▪ New Commission for Air Quality Management
▪ SAFAR is an integral part of India’s first Air Quality Early Warning System operational in
Delhi.
▪ It monitors all weather parameters like temperature, rainfall, humidity, wind speed,
and wind direction, UV radiation, and solar radiation.
▪ Pollutants monitored: PM2.5, PM10, Ozone, Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxides
(NOx), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Benzene, Toluene, Xylene, and Mercury.
Thank You
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