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2016
IJESR Volume 4, Issue 5 ISSN: 2347-6532
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Some Results on the Growth of Entire

Functions on the Basis of Central Index

DILIP CHANDRA PRAMANIK*

MANAB BISWAS*
AND ASHIS BISWAS*
ABSTRACT:
In this paper we study the comparative growth properties related to order (lower order) and hyper
order (hyper lower order) of entire functions on the basis of central index.
AMS Subject Classification (2010): 30D20, 30D35

Keywords and phrases: Entire function, central index, order (lower order), hyper order
(hyper lower order).

*
Department of Mathematics, University of North Bengal,Raja Rammohanpur, Dist-
Darjeeling, West Bengal, India.
*
Barabilla High School,P.O. Haptiagach, Dist-Uttar Dinajpur,West Bengal, India.
*
Mathabhanga College,P.O. Mathabhanga, Dist- Coochbehar,West Bengal, India.
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Introduction, Definitions and Notations:
Let
∞

𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑧 𝑛
𝑛=0

be an entire function. 𝑀 𝑟, 𝑓 = max 𝑧 =𝑟 𝑓(𝑧) denote the maximum modulus of 𝑓 on 𝑧 = 𝑟

and 𝜇 𝑟, 𝑓 = max𝑛 ≥0 𝑎𝑛 𝑟 𝑛 denote the maximum term of 𝑓 on 𝑧 = 𝑟. The central index
𝜈𝑓 (𝑟) is the greatest exponent 𝑚 such that 𝑎𝑚 𝑟 𝑚 = 𝜇 𝑟, 𝑓 . We note that 𝜈𝑓 (𝑟) is real, non-
decreasing function of 𝑟.
We do not explain the standard definitions and notations in the theory of entire function as those
are available in [3]. In the sequel the following two notations are used:

log [k] 𝑥 = log log [k−1] 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = 1,2,3, …

and log [0] 𝑥 = 𝑥
and
exp[k] 𝑥 = exp exp[k−1] 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = 1,2,3, …
and exp[0] 𝑥 = 𝑥

Definition 1: [2] The order 𝜌𝑓 of an entire function 𝑓 is defined as

log 𝜈𝑓 (𝑟)
𝜌𝑓 = limsup 
𝑟→∞ log 𝑟
The lower order 𝜆𝑓 of an entire function 𝑓 is defined as
log 𝜈𝑓 (𝑟)
𝜆𝑓 = liminf 
𝑟→∞ log 𝑟
We say that 𝑓 is of regular growth if 𝜌𝑓 = 𝜆𝑓 .

Definition 2: [1] The hyper order 𝜌𝑓 of an entire function 𝑓 is defined as

log [2] 𝜈𝑓 (𝑟)
𝜌𝑓 = limsup 
𝑟→∞ log 𝑟
The hyper lower order 𝜆𝑓 of an entire function 𝑓 is defined as
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log [2] 𝜈𝑓 (𝑟)
𝜆𝑓 = liminf 
𝑟 →∞ log 𝑟
In this paper we study the comparative growth properties related to order (lower order) and hyper
order (hyper lower order) of entire functions on the basis of central index.

Theorems.
In this section we present the main results of the paper.
Theorem 1: Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be two entire functions. Also let 0 < 𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔 ≤ 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔 < ∞ and
0 < 𝜆𝑔 ≤ 𝜌𝑔 < ∞. Then
𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔 log 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔
≤ liminf ≤ min , ≤ max ,
𝜌𝑔 𝑟→∞ log 𝜈𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑔 𝜌𝑔 𝜆𝑔 𝜌𝑔
log 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 (𝑟) 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔
≤ limsup ≤
𝑟 →∞ log 𝜈𝑔 (𝑟) 𝜆𝑔

Proof: From the definition of order and lower order of an entire function 𝑔, we have for
arbitrary positive 𝜀 and for all sufficiently large values of 𝑟 that
log 𝜈𝑔 (𝑟) ≤ 𝜌𝑔 + 𝜀 log 𝑟 1
and
log 𝜈𝑔 (𝑟) ≥ 𝜆𝑔 − 𝜀 log 𝑟 2
Also for a sequence of values of 𝑟 tending to infinity,
log 𝜈𝑔 (𝑟) ≤ 𝜆𝑔 + 𝜀 log 𝑟 3
and
log 𝜈𝑔 (𝑟) ≥ 𝜌𝑔 − 𝜀 log 𝑟 4
Again from the definition of order and lower order of the composite entire function 𝑓𝑜𝑔, we
have for arbitrary positive 𝜀 and for all sufficiently large values of 𝑟,
log 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 (𝑟) ≤ 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔 + 𝜀 log 𝑟 5
and
log 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 (𝑟) ≥ 𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔 − 𝜀 log 𝑟 6
Again for a sequence of values of 𝑟 tending to infinity
log 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 (𝑟) ≤ 𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔 + 𝜀 log 𝑟 7
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and
log 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 (𝑟) ≥ 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔 − 𝜀 log 𝑟 8
Now from (1) and (6) it follows for all sufficiently large values of 𝑟 that
log 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔 − 𝜀
≥
log 𝜈𝑔 𝑟 𝜌𝑔 + 𝜀
As 𝜀 > 0 is arbitrary, we obtain that
log 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔
liminf ≥ 9
𝑟→∞ log 𝜈𝑔 𝑟 𝜌𝑔
Again, combining (2) and (7) we get for a sequence of values of 𝑟 tending to
infinity
log 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔 + 𝜀
≤
log 𝜈𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑔 − 𝜀
Since 𝜀(> 0) is arbitrary, it follows that
log 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔
liminf ≤ 10
𝑟 →∞ log 𝜈𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑔
Similarly, from (4) and (5) it follows for a sequence of values of 𝑟 tending to infinity that
log 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔 + 𝜀
≤
log 𝜈𝑔 𝑟 𝜌𝑔 − 𝜀
As 𝜀(> 0) is arbitrary, we obtain that
log 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔
liminf ≤ 11
𝑟→∞ log 𝜈𝑔 𝑟 𝜌𝑔
Now combining (9), (10) and (11) we get that
𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔 log 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔
≤ liminf ≤ 𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 12
𝜌𝑔 𝑟 →∞ log 𝜈𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑔 𝜌𝑔
Now from (3) and (6) we obtain for a sequence of values of 𝑟 tending to infinity that
log 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔 − 𝜀
≥
log 𝜈𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑔 + 𝜀
Choosing 𝜀 → 0 we get that
log 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔
limsup ≥ 13
𝑟 →∞ log 𝜈𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑔
Again from (2) and (5) it follows for all sufficiently large values of 𝑟 that

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log 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔 + 𝜀
≤
log 𝜈𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑔 − 𝜀
As 𝜀(> 0) is arbitrary, we obtain that
log 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔
limsup ≤ 14
𝑟→∞ log 𝜈𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑔
Similarly, combining (1) and (8) we get for a sequence of values of 𝑟 tending to infinity that
log 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔 − 𝜀
≥
log 𝜈𝑔 𝑟 𝜌𝑔 + 𝜀
Since 𝜀(> 0) is arbitrary, it follows that
log 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔
limsup ≥ 15
𝑟→∞ log 𝜈𝑔 𝑟 𝜌𝑔
Therefore combining (13), (14) and (15) we get that
𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔 log 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 (𝑟) 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔
max , ≤ limsup ≤ 16
𝜆𝑔 𝜌𝑔 𝑟 →∞ log 𝜈𝑔 (𝑟) 𝜆𝑔
Thus the theorem follows from (12) and (16).

Example 1: Considering 𝑓 = 𝑧, 𝑔 = exp 𝑧 one can easily verify that the sign ‘≤’ in Theorem 1
cannot be replaced by ‘<’ only.

Remark 1: If we take 0 < 𝜆𝑓 ≤ 𝜌𝑓 < ∞ instead of 0 < 𝜆𝑔 ≤ 𝜌𝑔 < ∞ and the other conditions
remain the same then also Theorem 1 holds with 𝑔 replaced by 𝑓 in the denominator as we see in
the next theorem.

Theorem 2: Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be two entire functions. Also let 0 < 𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔 ≤ 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔 < ∞ and
0 < 𝜆𝑓 ≤ 𝜌𝑓 < ∞. Then
𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔 log 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔
≤ liminf ≤ min , ≤ max ,
𝜌𝑓 𝑟→∞ log 𝜈𝑓 𝑟 𝜆𝑓 𝜌𝑓 𝜆𝑓 𝜌𝑓
log 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 (𝑟) 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔
≤ limsup ≤
𝑟→∞ log 𝜈𝑓 (𝑟) 𝜆𝑓

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Proof. From the definition of order and lower order of an entire function 𝑓, we have for
arbitrary positive 𝜀 and for all sufficiently large values of 𝑟 that

log 𝜈𝑓 (𝑟) ≤ 𝜌𝑓 + 𝜀 log 𝑟 17

and
log 𝜈𝑓 (𝑟) ≥ 𝜆𝑓 − 𝜀 log 𝑟 . 18
Also for a sequence of values of 𝑟 tending to infinity,
log 𝜈𝑓 (𝑟) ≤ 𝜆𝑓 + 𝜀 log 𝑟 19
and
log 𝜈𝑓 (𝑟) ≥ 𝜌𝑓 − 𝜀 log 𝑟 20
Again from the definition of order and lower order of the composite entire function 𝑓𝑜𝑔, we
have for arbitrary positive 𝜀 and for all sufficiently large values of 𝑟
log 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 (𝑟) ≤ 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔 + 𝜀 log 𝑟 21
and
log 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 (𝑟) ≥ 𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔 − 𝜀 log 𝑟 22
Again, for a sequence of values of 𝑟 tending to infinity
log 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 (𝑟) ≤ 𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔 + 𝜀 log 𝑟 23
and
log 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 (𝑟) ≥ 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔 − 𝜀 log 𝑟 24
Now from (17) and (22) it follows for all sufficiently large values of 𝑟 that
log 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔 − 𝜀
≥
log 𝜈𝑓 𝑟 𝜌𝑓 + 𝜀
As 𝜀(> 0) is arbitrary, we obtain that
log 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔
liminf ≥ 25
𝑟 →∞ log 𝜈𝑓 𝑟 𝜌𝑓
Again, combining (18) and (23) we get for a sequence of values of 𝑟 tending to infinity
log 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔 + 𝜀
≤
log 𝜈𝑓 𝑟 𝜆𝑓 − 𝜀
Since 𝜀 > 0 is arbitrary, it follows that

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log 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔
liminf ≤ 26
𝑟 →∞ log 𝜈𝑓 𝑟 𝜆𝑓
Similarly, from (20) and (21) it follows for a sequence of values of 𝑟 tending to infinity that
log 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔 + 𝜀
≤
log 𝜈𝑓 𝑟 𝜌𝑓 − 𝜀

As 𝜀(> 0) is arbitrary, we obtain that

log 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔
liminf ≤ 27
𝑟→∞ log 𝜈𝑓 𝑟 𝜌𝑓
Now combining (25), (26) and (27) we get that
𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔 log 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔
≤ liminf ≤ min , 28
𝜌𝑓 𝑟→∞ log 𝜈𝑓 𝑟 𝜆𝑓 𝜌𝑓
Now, from (19) and (22) we obtain for a sequence of values of 𝑟 tending to infinity
log 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔 − 𝜀
≥
log 𝜈𝑓 𝑟 𝜆𝑓 + 𝜀
Choosing 𝜀(> 0) we get that
log 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 (𝑟) 𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔
limsup ≥ 29
𝑟→∞ log 𝜈𝑓 (𝑟) 𝜆𝑓
Again, from (18) and (21) it follows for all sufficiently large values of 𝑟
log 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔 + 𝜀
≤
log 𝜈𝑓 𝑟 𝜆𝑓 − 𝜀
As 𝜀(> 0) is arbitrary, we obtain that
log 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 (𝑟) 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔
limsup ≤ 30
𝑟→∞ log 𝜈𝑓 (𝑟) 𝜆𝑓
Similarly, combining (17) and (24) we get for a sequence of values of 𝑟 tending to infinity
log 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔 − 𝜀
≥
log 𝜈𝑓 𝑟 𝜌𝑓 + 𝜀
Since 𝜀(> 0) is arbitrary, it follows that
log 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 (𝑟) 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔
limsup ≥ 31
𝑟→∞ log 𝜈𝑓 (𝑟) 𝜌𝑓
Therefore combining (29), (30) and (31) we get that

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𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔 log 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 (𝑟) 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔
max , ≤ limsup ≤ 32
𝜆𝑓 𝜌𝑓 𝑟→∞ log 𝜈𝑓 (𝑟) 𝜆𝑓
Thus the theorem follows from (28) and (32).
Example 2 : Taking 𝑓 = exp 𝑧 , 𝑔 = 𝑧 one can easily verify that the sign ‘≤’ in Theorem 2
cannot be replaced by ‘<’only.

Extending the notion we may prove the subsequent theorems using hyper order (hyper lower
order).
Theorem 3: Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be two entire functions. Also let 0 < 𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔 ≤ 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔 < ∞ and 0 <
𝜆𝑔 ≤ 𝜌𝑔 < ∞. Then
𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔 log [2] 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔
≤ liminf ≤ min , ≤ max ,
𝜌𝑔 𝑟 →∞ log [2] 𝜈𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑔 𝜌𝑔 𝜆𝑔 𝜌𝑔
log [2] 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔
≤ limsup [2]
≤
𝑟→∞ log 𝜈𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑔
Proof: From the definition of hyper order and hyper lower order of an entire function 𝑔 we have
for arbitrary positive 𝜀 and for all sufficiently large values of 𝑟 that
log [2] 𝜈𝑔 𝑟 ≤ 𝜌𝑔 + 𝜀 log 𝑟 33
and
log [2] 𝜈𝑔 𝑟 ≥ 𝜆𝑔 − 𝜀 log 𝑟 34
Also, for a sequence of values of 𝑟 tending to infinity
log [2] 𝜈𝑔 𝑟 ≤ 𝜆𝑔 + 𝜀 log 𝑟 35
and
log [2] 𝜈𝑔 𝑟 ≥ 𝜌𝑔 − 𝜀 log 𝑟 36
Again from the definition of hyper order and hyper lower order of the composite entire function
𝑓𝑜𝑔, we have for arbitrary positive 𝜀 and for all sufficiently large values of 𝑟
log [2] 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 ≤ 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔 + 𝜀 log 𝑟 37
and
log [2] 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 ≥ 𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔 − 𝜀 log 𝑟 38
Again, for a sequence of values of 𝑟 tending to infinity

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log [2] 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 ≤ 𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔 + 𝜀 log 𝑟 39
and
log [2] 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 ≥ 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔 − 𝜀 log 𝑟 40
Now from (33) and (38), it follows for all sufficiently large values of 𝑟
log [2] 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔 − 𝜀
[2]
≥
log 𝜈𝑔 𝑟 𝜌𝑔 + 𝜀

As 𝜀(> 0) is arbitrary, we obtain that

log [2] 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔
liminf [2]
≥ 41
𝑟→∞ log 𝜈𝑔 𝑟 𝜌𝑔
Again, combining (34) and (39) we get for a sequence of values of 𝑟 tending to infinity
log [2] 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔 + 𝜀
≤
log [2] 𝜈𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑔 − 𝜀
Since 𝜀(> 0) is arbitrary, it follows that
log [2] 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔
liminf [2]
≤ 42
𝑟→∞ log 𝜈𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑔
Similarly, from (36) and (37) it follows for a sequence of values of 𝑟 tending to infinity that
log [2] 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔 + 𝜀
≤
log [2] 𝜈𝑔 𝑟 𝜌𝑔 − 𝜀
As 𝜀(> 0) is arbitrary, we obtain that
log [2] 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔
liminf [2]
≤ 43
𝑟→∞ log 𝜈𝑔 𝑟 𝜌𝑔
Now combining (41), (42) and (43) we get that
𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔 log [2] 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔
≤ liminf ≤ min , 44
𝜌𝑔 𝑟→∞ log [2] 𝜈𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑔 𝜌𝑔
Now from (35) and (38) we obtain for a sequence of values of 𝑟 tending to infinity that
log [2] 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔 − 𝜀
≥
log [2] 𝜈𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑔 + 𝜀
Choosing 𝜀 → 0 we get that

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log [2] 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔
limsup [2]
≥ 45
𝑟→∞ log 𝜈𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑔
Again, from (34) and (37) it follows for all sufficiently large values of 𝑟
log [2] 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔 + 𝜀
≤
log [2] 𝜈𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑔 − 𝜀
As 𝜀(> 0) is arbitrary, we obtain that
log [2] 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔
limsup ≤ 46
𝑟→∞ log [2] 𝜈𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑔

Similarly combining (33) and (40) we get for a sequence of values of 𝑟 tending to infinity that
log [2] 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔 − 𝜀
[2]
≥
log 𝜈𝑔 𝑟 𝜌𝑔 + 𝜀
Since 𝜀(> 0) is arbitrary, it follows that
log [2] 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔
limsup ≥ 47
𝑟→∞ log [2] 𝜈𝑔 𝑟 𝜌𝑔
Therefore combining (45), (46) and (47) we get that
𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔 log [2] 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔
max , ≤ limsup [2]
≤ 48
𝜆𝑔 𝜌𝑔 𝑟 →∞ log 𝜈𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑔
Thus the theorem follows from (44) and (48).
Example 3: Let = 𝑧 , 𝑔 = exp[2] z. Then it can be easily shown that the sign ‘≤’ in Theorem 3
cannot be replaced by ‘<’only
Remark 2: If we take 0 < 𝜆𝑓 ≤ 𝜌𝑓 < ∞ instead of 0 < 𝜆𝑔 ≤ 𝜌𝑔 < ∞ and the other
conditions remain the same then also Theorem 3 holds with 𝑔 replaced by 𝑓 in the denominator
as we see in the next theorem.
Theorem 4: Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be two entire functions. Also let 0 < 𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔 ≤ 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔 < ∞ and 0 < 𝜆𝑓 ≤
𝜌𝑓 < ∞. Then
𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔 log [2] 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔
≤ liminf [2]
≤ min , ≤ max ,
𝜌𝑓 𝑟 →∞ log 𝜈𝑓 𝑟 𝜆𝑓 𝜌𝑓 𝜆𝑓 𝜌𝑓

log [2] 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔

≤ limsup ≤
𝑟→∞ log [2] 𝜈𝑓 𝑟 𝜆𝑓

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Proof: From the definition of hyper order and hyper lower order of an entire function 𝑓 we have
for arbitrary positive 𝜀 and for all sufficiently large values of 𝑟 that
log [2] 𝜈𝑓 𝑟 ≤ 𝜌𝑓 + 𝜀 log 𝑟 49
and
log [2] 𝜈𝑓 𝑟 ≥ 𝜆𝑓 − 𝜀 log 𝑟 50
Also, for a sequence of values of 𝑟 tending to infinity
log [2] 𝜈𝑓 𝑟 ≤ 𝜆𝑓 + 𝜀 log 𝑟 51
and
log [2] 𝜈𝑓 𝑟 ≥ 𝜌𝑓 − 𝜀 log 𝑟 52
Again from the definition of hyper order and hyper lower order of the composite entire function
𝑓𝑜𝑔, we have for arbitrary positive 𝜀 and for all sufficiently large values of 𝑟
log [2] 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 ≤ 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔 + 𝜀 log 𝑟 53
and
log [2] 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 ≥ 𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔 − 𝜀 log 𝑟 54
Again, for a sequence of values of 𝑟 tending to infinity
log [2] 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 ≤ 𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔 + 𝜀 log 𝑟 55
and
log [2] 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 ≥ 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔 − 𝜀 log 𝑟 56
Now from (49) and (54) it follows for all sufficiently large values of 𝑟 that
log [2] 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔 − 𝜀
≥
log [2] 𝜈𝑓 𝑟 𝜌𝑓 + 𝜀
As 𝜀(> 0) is arbitrary, we obtain that
log [2] 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔
liminf [2]
≥ 57
𝑟→∞ log 𝜈𝑓 𝑟 𝜌𝑓
Again, combining (50) and (55) we get for a sequence of values of 𝑟 tending to infinity
log [2] 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔 + 𝜀
≤
log [2] 𝜈𝑓 𝑟 𝜆𝑓 − 𝜀
Since 𝜀(> 0) is arbitrary, it follows that

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log [2] 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔
liminf [2]
≤ 58
𝑟→∞ log 𝜈𝑓 𝑟 𝜆𝑓
Similarly, from (52) and (53) it follows for a sequence of values of 𝑟 tending to infinity
log [2] 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔 + 𝜀
≤
log [2] 𝜈𝑓 𝑟 𝜌𝑓 − 𝜀
As 𝜀(> 0) is arbitrary, we obtain that
log [2] 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔
liminf [2]
≤ 59
𝑟→∞ log 𝜈𝑓 𝑟 𝜌𝑓
Now combining (57), (58) and (59) we get that
𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔 log [2] 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔
≤ liminf ≤ min , 60
𝜌𝑓 𝑟→∞ log [2] 𝜈𝑓 𝑟 𝜆𝑓 𝜌𝑓
Now, from (51) and (54) we obtain for a sequence of values of 𝑟 tending to infinity
log [2] 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔 − 𝜖
[2]
≥
log 𝜈𝑓 𝑟 𝜆𝑓 + 𝜀
Choosing 𝜀 → 0 we get that
log [2] 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔
limsup [2]
≥ 61
𝑟→∞ log 𝜈𝑓 𝑟 𝜆𝑓
Again, from (50) and (53) it follows for all sufficiently large values of 𝑟
log [2] 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔 + 𝜀
≤
log [2] 𝜈𝑓 𝑟 𝜆𝑓 − 𝜀
As 𝜀(> 0) is arbitrary, we obtain that
log [2] 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔
limsup [2]
≤ 62
𝑟→∞ log 𝜈𝑓 𝑟 𝜆𝑓
Similarly, combining (49) and (56) we get for a sequence of values of 𝑟 tending to infinity
log [2] 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔 − 𝜀
[2]
≥
log 𝜈𝑓 𝑟 𝜌𝑓 + 𝜀
Since 𝜀(> 0) is arbitrary, it follows that
log [2] 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔
limsup ≥ 63
𝑟→∞ log [2] 𝜈𝑓 𝑟 𝜌𝑓
Therefore, combining (61), (62) and (63) we get

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𝜆𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔 log [2] 𝜈𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝜌𝑓𝑜𝑔
max , ≤ limsup [2]
≤ . 64
𝜆𝑓 𝜌𝑓 𝑟→∞ log 𝜈𝑓 𝑟 𝜆𝑓
Thus the theorem follows from (60) and (64).

Example 4: Considering 𝑓 = exp[2] 𝑧, 𝑔 = 𝑧 one can easily verify that the sign ‘≤’ in Theorem
4 cannot be replaced by ‘<’ only.

References:
1. [1] Chen, Z. X. and Yang, C.C.: Some further results on the zeros and growths of entire
solutions of second order linear differential equations, Kodai Math J., Vol.22(1999), pp.
273-285
2. [2] He YZ. and Xiao XZ.: Algebroid functions and ordinary differential equations.
Science Press, Beijing, 1988.
3. [3] Valiron, G.: Lectures on the General Theory of Integral Functions, Chelsea
Publishing Company, 1949.

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