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EC8701 ANTENNAS AND MICROWAVE ENGINEERING L T P C

3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVES:
• To enable the student to understand the basic principles in antenna and microwave
system design
• To enhance the student knowledge in the area of various antenna designs.
• To enhance the student knowledge in the area of microwave components and
antenna for practical applications.

UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO MICROWAVE SYSTEMS AND ANTENNAS 9

Microwave frequency bands, Physical concept of radiation, Near- and far-field regions,
Fields and Power Radiated by an Antenna, Antenna Pattern Characteristics, Antenna Gain
and Efficiency, Aperture Efficiency and Effective Area, Antenna Noise Temperature and G/T,
Impedance matching, Friis transmission equation, Link budget and link margin, Noise
Characterization of a microwave receiver.
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UNIT II RADIATION MECHANISMS AND DESIGN ASPECTS 9

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Radiation Mechanisms of Linear Wire and Loop antennas, Aperture antennas, Reflector
antennas, Microstrip antennas and Frequency independent antennas, Design considerations
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and applications.
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UNIT III ANTENNA ARRAYS AND APPLICATIONS 9

Two-element array, Array factor, Pattern multiplication, Uniformly spaced arrays with uniform
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and non-uniform excitation amplitudes, Smart antennas.

UNIT IV PASSIVE AND ACTIVE MICROWAVE DEVICES 9

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Microwave Passive components: Directional Coupler, Power Divider, Magic Tee, attenuator,
resonator, Principles of Microwave Semiconductor Devices: Gunn Diodes, IMPATT diodes,
Schottky Barrier diodes, PIN diodes, Microwave tubes: Klystron, TWT, Magnetron.
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UNIT V MICROWAVE DESIGN PRINCIPLES 9

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Impedance transformation, Impedance Matching, Microwave Filter Design, RF and

Microwave Amplifier Design, Microwave Power amplifier Design, Low Noise Amplifier
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Design, Microwave Mixer Design, Microwave Oscillator Design

TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
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OUTCOMES:
in

The student should be able to:

• Apply the basic principles and evaluate antenna parameters and link power budgets
g.

• Design and assess the performance of various antennas

• Design a microwave system given the application specifications
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TEXTBOOKS:
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1. John D Krauss, Ronald J Marhefka and Ahmad S. Khan, "Antennas and Wave
Propagation: Fourth Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2006. (UNIT I, II, III)
2. David M. Pozar, "Microwave Engineering", Fourth Edition, Wiley India, 2012.(UNIT
I,IV,V)

REFERENCES:
1. Constantine A.Balanis, ―Antenna Theory Analysis and Design‖, Third edition, John
Wiley India Pvt Ltd., 2005.
2. R.E.Collin, "Foundations for Microwave Engineering", Second edition,
IEEE Press, 2001

75

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Co-Ordinate System:

 Cartesian Coordinate system (x, y and z)

 Cylindrical Coordinate system (r, θ and z)
 Spherical Coordinate system (ρ, θ and φ)

Aperture Antenna (Horn Antenna)

Horn antennas are very popular at UHF (300 MHz-3 GHz) and higher
frequencies (I've heard of horn antennas operating as high as 140 GHz).
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Horn antennas often have a directional radiation pattern with a high

antenna gain, which can range up to 25 dB in some cases, with 10-20
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dB being typical. Horn antennas have a wide impedance bandwidth,

implying that the input impedance is slowly varying over a wide
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frequency range (which also implies low values for S11 or VSWR). The
bandwidth for practical horn antennas can be on the order of 20:1 (for
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instance, operating from 1 GHz - 20 GHz), with a 10:1 bandwidth not

being uncommon.
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The gain of horn antennas often increases (and the beamwidth

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decreases) as the frequency of operation is increased. This is because the

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size of the horn aperture is always measured in wavelengths; at higher

frequencies the horn antenna is "electrically larger"; this is because a
higher frequency has a smaller wavelength. Since the horn antenna has
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a fixed physical size (say a square aperture of 20 cm across, for

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instance), the aperture is more wavelengths across at higher frequencies.

And, a recurring theme in antenna theory is that larger antennas (in
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terms of wavelengths in size) have higher directivities.

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Horn antennas have very little loss, so the directivity of a horn is roughly
equal to its gain. Horn antennas are somewhat intuitive and relatively
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simple to manufacture. In addition, acoustic horn antennas are also

used in transmitting sound waves (for example, with a megaphone). Horn
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antennas are also often used to feed a dish antenna, or as a "standard

gain" antenna in measurements. Popular versions of the horn antenna
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include the E-plane horn, shown in Figure 1. This horn antenna is flared
in the E-plane, giving the name. The horizontal dimension is constant at
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Figure 1. E-plane horn antenna.

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Another example of a horn antenna is the H-plane horn, shown in Figure

2. This horn is flared in the H-plane, with a constant height for the
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waveguide and horn of h.

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Figure 2. H-Plane horn antenna.

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The most popular horn antenna is flared in both planes as shown in

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Figure 3. This is a pyramidal horn, and has a width B and height A at

the end of the horn.
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Figure 3. Pyramidal horn antenna.

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Horn antennas are typically fed by a section of a waveguide, as shown in

Figure 4. The waveguide itself is often fed with a short dipole, which is
shown in red in Figure 4. A waveguide is simply a hollow, metal cavity
(see the waveguide tutorial). Waveguides are used to guide
electromagnetic energy from one place to another. The waveguide in
Figure 4 is a rectangular waveguide of width b and height a, with b>a.
The E-field distribution for the dominant mode is shown in the lower part
of Figure 1.
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Figure 4. Waveguide used as a feed to horn antennas.

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Fields and Geometrical Parameters for Horn Antennas

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Antenna texts typically derive very complicated functions for the

radiation patterns of horn antennas. To do this, first the E-field across
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the aperture of the horn antenna is assumed to be known, and the far-
field radiation pattern is calculated using the radiation equations. While
this is conceptually straight forward, the resulting field functions end up
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being extremely complex, and personally I don't feel add a whole lot of
value. If you would like to see these derivations, pick up any antenna
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textbook that has a section on horn antennas. (Also, as a practicing

antenna engineer, I can assure you that we never use radiation integrals
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to estimate patterns. We always go on previous experience, computer

simulations and measurements.)

Instead of the traditional academic derivation approach, I'll state some

results for the horn antenna and show some typical radiation patterns,
and attempt to provide a feel for the design parameters of horn antennas.
Since the pyramidal horn antenna is the most popular, we'll analyze

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**Note: Other Websites/Blogs Owners Please do not Copy (or) Republish

this Materials, Students & Graduates if You Find the Same Materials with
EasyEngineering.net Watermarks or Logo, Kindly report us to
[email protected]

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that. The E-field distribution across the aperture of the horn antenna is
what is responsible for the radiation.

The radiation pattern of a horn antenna will depend on B and A (the

dimensions of the horn at the opening) and R (the length of the horn,
which also affects the flare angles of the horn), along with b and a (the
dimensions of the waveguide). These parameters are optimized in order
to taylor the performance of the horn antenna, and are illustrated in the
following Figures.
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Figure 5. Cross section of waveguide, cut in the H-plane.

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Figure 6. Cross section of waveguide, cut in the E-plane.

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Observe that the flare angles ( and ) depend on the height, width
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and length of the horn antenna.

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