*

CS101 Introduction to Computing

Introduction to the Internet

*
During the Last Lecture

(Computer Networks)
We looked at the
role of networks in computing

We looked at several different

types of networks

We familiarized ourselves with

networking topologies
and
protocols

*
Computer Network
Multiple computers that are connected together to
share

information
and other
resources

*
Types of Computer Networks

according to the network access policy

Private

Public
Public and Private Networks

What is a public network? As the name suggests, a public network is accessible to virtually
anyone. Open Wi-Fi networks at airports, coffee shops, and similar venues are prime examples
of public networks.
*

Public and Private Networks

Private network:
A private network – restricts access. Only devices, systems, and users with appropriate
authorization and authentication can connect, so private networks are best when creating
secure networks. simply prevent unauthorized parties from reaching internal data or assets.
*

Differences
1.
Public networks allow access to virtually anyone, while private networks strictly limit access to
authorized users.

2. Private networks are more controlled and secure, while public networks are more vulnerable
to cyberattacks, intrusions, and malware.
*

Differences…
3
.
Public networks offer a higher degree of convenience and accessibility, while private networks
require hardware or software to set up, manage, and operate.
*

Differences Cont…
4.
Private networks are traditionally operated by a specific entity, like an individual or company,
while public networks are more commonly managed by public organizations, government
agencies, or service providers.
5. Public networks are congestion-prone and vulnerable to interference due to the lack of user
restrictions, while congestion, latency, and speed are controllable on private networks, and
interference is mitigated
.
*

What is a VPN?

A virtual private network, or VPN, is a service that creates an encrypted tunnel to transmit data
over the internet while ensuring the user’s online privacy and protecting sensitive data. VPNs
keep users secure through their entire online journey.

When to use a VPN

No one likes to feel like they’re being watched, even if they have nothing to hide. This is why as
people become more conscious of their online privacy and the amount of data they’re sharing
publicly, the use of VPNs is raising exponentially.

*
Types of Computer Networks

according to the distance between nodes

LAN: Local Area Network

WAN: Wide Area Network

Local Area Network (LAN)

A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that is restricted to smaller physical areas e.g. a local
office, school, or house. On a ‘Local Area Network’ data transfer speeds are higher than WAN
and MAN that can extend to a 10.0 Mbps and 1.0 Gbps .
Computers and servers (provides services to other computers like printing, file storage and
sharing) can connect to each other via cables or wirelessly in a same LAN.
*

Wide Area Network (WAN)

Wide Area Network is a computer network that covers relatively larger geographical area such
as a state, province or country. It provides a solution to companies or organizations operating
from distant geographical locations who want to communicate with each other for sharing and
managing central data or for general communication.

thus users and computers in one location can communicate with users and computers in other
locations.

(MAN
)
*

In ‘Wide Area Network’, Computers are connected through public networks, such as the
telephone systems, fiber-optic cables, and satellite links or leased lines.
The ‘Internet’ is the largest WAN in a world. WANs are mostly private and are build for a
particular organization by ‘Internet Service Providers (ISPs)’ which connects the LAN of the
organization to the internet.
*

*
Network Topologies

The
pattern
in which computers are connected to form a network

Popular
patterns:
Bus
Star
Ring
Point-to-point
Networks are also formed by
combining
2 or more of these 4 basic
patterns

*
Networking Protocols
Networks use
protocols, or rules, to exchange information
through
shared channels

These
protocols prevent collisions of data caused by simultaneous transmission
between two or more computers

Several protocols are available for various types of networks. Here we discuss two that are
popular for LANs
: Ethernet; Token Ring

*
Types of Communication Channels
Wire

Wireless
*
Wireless (Radio) LANs Are Becoming Popular
Key benefits:
Set-up time
Set-up cost
Maintenance cost
Cost
Key challenges:
Security & privacy
Quality of service
Cost

*
Today’s Goal:

Introduction to the Internet

To become able to appreciate the
role of the Internet in today’s computing

To become familiar with the

history
and
evolution
of the Internet

*
Internet
:
the
enabler
!

*
What else does the Internet enable
?

*
What Else?
Enables users located at far-way locations to easily
share information
with others located all over the world

Enables users to easily and inexpensively

communicate
with others located all over the world

Enables the users to operate and

run programs
on computers located all over the world

*
The Internet is unlike any previous human invention. It is a world-wide resource, accessible to
all of the humankind.

It is the largest network in the world that connects hundreds of thousands of individual networks
all over the world.
The popular term for the Internet is the “information highway”.
Rather than moving through geographical space, it moves your ideas and information through
cyberspace – the space of electronic movement of ideas and information.

The uses of the Internet

Send e-mail messages.
Send (upload) or receive (down load) files between computers.
Participate in discussion groups, such as mailing lists and newsgroups.
Surfing the web.
*

*
Internet Users Worldwide
673M in 2002
1B+ in 2005
(48% wireless)

*
1.2M
Internet users in Pakistan in
5/2000

(
1%
of population)

In early 2002,

54
% of
Australian
population

51
% of
Singaporean
population

39
% of
Japanese
population

3
% of
Chinese
population

*
Key Characteristics (1)
Geographic Distribution
Global - reaches around the world
Robust Architecture
Adapts to damage and error

Speed
Data
can
travels on copper, fiber, airwaves

*
Key Characteristics (2)
Universal Access
Same functionality to everyone

Growth Rate
The fastest growing technology ever

Freedom of Speech
Promotes freedom of speech

The Digital Advantage

Is digital: can correct errors

*
inter
.
net

*
Internet: Network of Networks
A large number of networks, interconnected physically

Capable of communicating and sharing data with each other

From the user’s point view, Internet – a collection of interconnected networks – looks like a
single, unified network

*
Internet ---- Web
?

*
Internet Networking Protocols
Communications on the Internet is controlled by a set of two protocols:
TCP and IP

*
TCP/IP (1)

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

Networking protocol
used by
all

computers and networks on the Internet

Originally developed by the

US DoD for Unix
, but now available for most other OSes

*
TCP/IP (2)

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

TCP breaks down
the message to be sent over the Internet into packets

IP routes
these packets through the Internet to get them to their destination

When the packets reach the destination computer,

TCP reassembles
them into the original message

*
Tools & Services Available on the Internet
Electronic
mail
 (POP, SMTP)
SMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, a standard internet protocol that allows email to
be sent and received over a network.
POP stands for Post Office Protocol and Point of Presence. Post Office Protocol is known as an
internet standard protocol, used by email clients for retrieving email from a mail server.
Instant
messaging (ICQ, MSN)
Remote
login
(telnet)
File
transfer
(ftp)
Network
news
(nntp)
WWW
(http)

*
Chronology of events that led to today’s Internet

*
1960's

1969
-
DoD-ARPA
creates an
experimental
network –
ARPANET
– as a test-bed for emerging networking technologies

ARPANET originally connected

4 universities
& enabled scientists to share info & resources
across long distances

ARPANET continued to expand throughout the 70's and 80's

*
1970's

Networking tools
developed in the
70's
include:

1972
- The National Center for Supercomputing Apps. (
NCSA
) develops the
telnet
application for
remote login
, making it easier to connect to a remote computer

1973
-
FTP
(File Transfer Protocol) is introduced,
standardizing
the transfer of files between networked computers

*
1980's

1983
- The TCP/IP
protocols
becomes the
only
set of
protocols
used on the ARPANET
This sets a standard for all networks, and generates the use of the term
Internet as the net of nets

ARPANET splits into two nets to keep military & non-military network sites separate:
ARPANET
and
MILNET

*
1980's

In
1982
and
1983
, the
first desktop computers
begin to appear

Many are equipped with an OS called

Berkeley Unix
, which
includes networking SW
, allowing
easy
connection to the
Internet using telnet

The
PC revolution
continues through the
80’s
, making access to computer resources & net-worked info increasingly available to public

*
1980's

1985-86:
NSF connects
the US’s
six supercomputing
centers together, calling it the the NSFNET, or
NSFNET backbone

To
expand access
to the Internet, NSF developed
regional nets
, which were then connected to the NSFNET backbone

Plus,
NSF supported institutions
(universities, etc.) in their efforts
to connect to the regional nets

*
1980's

1987
- NSF awards a grant to
Merit
Network, Inc. to operate & manage future development of the NSFNET

Merit collaborates with

IBM & MCI
on R&D for fast networking technologies

1989
- The
backbone
network is upgraded to
T1
, making it able to transmit data at speeds of
1.5 Mb/s
(approx.
60 pages
of text/second)
*
1990's

1990
- The
ARPANET
is
dissolved

1991
-
Gopher
is developed at the U of MN

It provides a
hierarchical, menu-based
method for
providing & locating info
on the Internet

1993
-
CERN releases WWW
, developed by Tim Berners-Lee

It uses
HTTP and hypertext
, revolutionizing the way
info is presented & accessed
on Internet

*
1990's

1993
- The NSFNET is upgraded to
T3
(
45
Mb/s or about 1800 pages/s)
1993-1994
- Web browsers Mosaic & Netscape Navigator are introduced

Their GUI makes WWW & Internet more appealing to the general public

1995
-
NSFNET is replaced
by a new architecture, called
vBNS
which utilizes
regional networks
and
Network Access Points

*
A lot has happened since 1995

*
Who runs the Internet
?

Who owns it
?

*
Today’s Goal:

Introduction to the Internet

We looked at the
role Internet plays in today’s computing

We reviewed some of the

history
and
evolution
of the Internet
*
Next Lecture:

Internet Services
We will try to familiarize ourselves with with some of the Internet services:
http
(surfing, shopping, searching)
eMail
ftp
News groups, message boards, forums
Instant messaging
Multimedia delivery