Scribd
Upload
2 views

06_lecture_outline

Chapter 6 focuses on the concepts of work, kinetic energy, and the relationship between them, including how to calculate work done by forces and the implications for kinetic energy. It introduces the work-energy theorem, explaining how total work affects a particle's motion and energy, and discusses power as the rate of doing work. The chapter also covers scenarios involving varying forces and composite systems, emphasizing the importance of these concepts in understanding mechanics.

Uploaded by

rsaed8874
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

06_lecture_outline

Chapter 6 focuses on the concepts of work, kinetic energy, and the relationship between them, including how to calculate work done by forces and the implications for kinetic energy. It introduces the work-energy theorem, explaining how total work affects a particle's motion and energy, and discusses power as the rate of doing work. The chapter also covers scenarios involving varying forces and composite systems, emphasizing the importance of these concepts in understanding mechanics.

Uploaded by

rsaed8874
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 29

Learning Goals for Chapter 6

Looking forward at …
• what it means for a force to do work on a body, and how to
calculate the amount of work done.
• the definition of the kinetic energy (energy of motion) of a
body, and how the total work done on a body changes the
body’s kinetic energy.
• how to use the relationship between total work and change in
kinetic energy when the forces are not constant, the body
follows a curved path, or both.
• how to solve problems involving power (the rate of doing
work).

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


Introduction
• A baseball pitcher does work with his throwing arm to give
the ball a property called kinetic energy.
• In this chapter, the introduction of the new concepts of work,
energy, and the conservation of energy will allow us to deal
with problems in which Newton’s laws alone aren’t enough.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


Work
• A force on a body does work if the body undergoes a
displacement.

These people are doing


work as they push on the car
because they exert a force
on the car as it moves.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.
Units of work
• The SI unit of work is the joule (named in honor of the
19th-century English physicist James Prescott Joule).
• Since W = Fs, the unit of work is the unit of force multiplied
by the unit of distance.
• In SI units:
1 joule = (1 newton) (1 meter) or 1 J = 1 N · m
• If you lift an object with a weight of 1 N a distance of 1 m at
a constant speed, you do 1 J of work on it.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


Work done by a constant force
• The work done by a constant force acting at an angle to the
displacement is:

• This can be written more compactly as:

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


Positive work
• When the force has a component in the direction of the
displacement, work is positive.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


Negative work
• When the force has a component opposite to the direction of
the displacement, work is negative.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


Zero work
• When the force is perpendicular to the direction of the
displacement, the force does no work on the object.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


Zero work
• A weightlifter does no work on a barbell as long as he holds
it stationary.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


Lowering the barbell to the floor: Slide 1

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


Lowering the barbell to the floor: Slide 2

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


Lowering the barbell to the floor: Slide 3

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


Total work
• The work done by the net force on a particle as it moves is
called the total work Wtot.
• The particle speeds up if Wtot > 0, slows down if Wtot < 0, and
maintains the same speed if Wtot = 0.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


Kinetic energy
• The energy of motion of a particle is called kinetic energy:

• Like work, the kinetic energy of a particle is a scalar quantity;


it depends on only the particle’s mass and speed, not its
direction of motion.
• Kinetic energy can never be negative, and it is zero only
when the particle is at rest.
• The SI unit of kinetic energy is the joule.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


Kinetic energy
• Kinetic energy does not depend on the direction of motion.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


Kinetic energy
• Kinetic energy increases linearly with the mass of the object.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


Kinetic energy
• Kinetic energy increases with the square of the speed of the
object.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


The work-energy theorem
• The work-energy theorem: The work done by the net force
on a particle equals the change in the particle’s kinetic
energy.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


Work and kinetic energy in composite
systems
• The work done by the
external forces acting on the
skater is zero.
• But the skater’s kinetic
energy changes nonetheless!
• The explanation is that it’s
not adequate to represent the
boy as a single point mass.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


Work and energy with varying forces
• Many forces are not constant.
• Suppose a particle moves along the x-axis from x1 to x2.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


Work and energy with varying forces
• We calculate the approximate work done by the force over
many segments of the path.
• We do this for each segment and then add the results for all
the segments.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


Work and energy with varying forces
• The work done by the force in the total displacement from x1
to x2 is the integral of Fx from x1 to x2:

• On a graph of force as a function of position, the total work


done by the force is represented by the area under the curve
between the initial and final positions.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


Work done by a constant force

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


Stretching a spring
• The force required to stretch a spring a distance x is
proportional to x: Fx = kx.
• The area under the graph represents the work done on the
spring to stretch it a distance X: W = 1/2 kX 2.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


Work–energy theorem for motion along a
curve
• A particle moves along a
curved path from point P1 to
P2, acted on by a force that
varies in magnitude and
direction.
• The work can be found using
a line integral:

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


Power
• Power is the rate at which work is done.
• Average power is:

• Instantaneous power is:

• The SI unit of power is the watt (1 W = 1 J/s), but another


familiar unit is the horsepower (1 hp = 746 W).

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


Power: Lifting a box slowly

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


Power: Lifting a box quickly

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


Power
• In mechanics we can also express power in terms of force and
velocity:

• Here is a one-horsepower
(746-W) propulsion system.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

You might also like