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Magnetic Materials

Magnetic materials can be magnetized and create a magnetic field in their surroundings due to the alignment of tiny magnets formed by spinning electrons. They are classified into diamagnetic, paramagnetic, and ferromagnetic materials based on their relative permeability and response to magnetic fields. Key concepts include magnetic field, magnetic induction, magnetization, and magnetic susceptibility, which describe the behavior and properties of these materials.

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13 views14 pages

Magnetic Materials

Magnetic materials can be magnetized and create a magnetic field in their surroundings due to the alignment of tiny magnets formed by spinning electrons. They are classified into diamagnetic, paramagnetic, and ferromagnetic materials based on their relative permeability and response to magnetic fields. Key concepts include magnetic field, magnetic induction, magnetization, and magnetic susceptibility, which describe the behavior and properties of these materials.

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wasim11j110056
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Magnetic Materials

Magnetic Materials
Magnetic materials are those materials in which a state of magnetization can
be induced.

 Such materials create a magnetic field in the surrounding space.

 The response of a material when subjected to an external magnetic field is the


root of magnetism.

The spinning electrons in the material behave like tiny magnets. These tiny
magnets are aligned in the direction of applied magnetic field and thereby the
material is magnetized.
Terms and Definitions
Magnetic field, H

 Magnetic Induction, B:

 Magnetic Susceptibility, 𝜒 :

 Absolute Permeability, 𝜇 :

Relative Permeability, 𝜇r:

 Magnetization, M:
Magnetic field, H
It is the portion of the space in which a magnetic body or a
current-carrying body can experience the magnetic force.
 Force experienced by a unit north pole at that point.
 The strength or the intensity of magnetic field is denoted by H.
 Unit: Ampere/metre (A/m)
 Magnetic field is produced by permanent magnets such as horse shoe
magnet and temporarily by electromagnets or superconducting magnets.
Magnetic induction, B
The total flux of magnetic field lines through a unit cross sectional area of the material.

Magnetic induction, B = Magnetic flux/Area = φ/A

Unit: Weber per square metre (Wb/m2) or Tesla

 CGS unit is Gauss

1 Tesla = 104 Gauss


Magnetization- M
Magnetization is defined as the magnetic moment per unit volume developed inside the solid.
It is denoted by M

μm Magnetic moment
M= =
V Volume

Unit: Ampere/metre (A/m)


Since the magnetization is induced by magnetic field . Thus
M  H
M  H
 Where χ is the proportionality constant and is known as magnetic susceptibility.
Magnetic Susceptibility, χ
It is defined as magnetization produced in the material per applied

magnetic field.

Thus magnetic susceptibility, 𝑀


𝜒 =
𝐻

It is denoted by χ

It is a measure of the ease with which the material can be magnetized.

 Materials having high susceptibility are easily magnetized.


Absolute Permeability, μ
• It is defined as the ratio of the magnetic induction B in the medium to the
𝐵
magnetizing field H. Thus 𝜇 =
𝐻

• Unit: Henry/metre (H/m)


Relative Permeability, μr
• It is defined as the ratio of the absolute permeability of the material to the

permeability of free space. r 
0
• μr is only a number and has no units
• For air or vacuum, μr = 1
Origin of magnetization
 The magnetic properties of solids arise due to electrons undergoing different motions in the atoms
which give rise to magnetic dipole moments.
 In general, it arises from three sources
1. Orbital motion of electrons
2. Electron spin
3. Nuclear spin
The magnetic moment due to nucleus is about 1/2000 of the magnetic moment of electrons.
So it is neglected. Major contribution comes from the spin of the unpaired valence electrons.

Only unpaired electrons contribute to the total magnetic moment in an atom


CLASSIFICATION OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS

 Magnetic materials are classified based on the magnitude and sign of


relative permeability, r .
 Diamagnetic materials: r < 1 .
 Paramagnetic materials: r > 1.
 Ferromagnetic materials: r >> 1.
Diamagnetic Materials
When placed in a magnetic field, diamagnetic materials acquire feeble magnetism in a direction
opposite to that of field.
 The magnetic field lines tend to avoid the substance.

When suspended freely in a uniform magnetic field, they align perpendicular to the magnetic field
direction.
 Susceptibility is negative and is of the order of 10-6.
 r < 1
 Doesn’t exhibit Hysteresis.
 Susceptibility is independent of temperature.
Examples: Mercury, silver and copper
Paramagnetic Materials
When placed in a magnetic field, paramagnetic materials acquire feeble magnetism in the
direction of the field.
 The magnetic field lines prefer to pass through the substance.

When suspended freely in magnetic field, tend to align in the magnetic field direction.
 Susceptibility is positive and is of the order of 106.
r > 1
 Doesn’t exhibit Hysteresis.
Susceptibility varies as per Curie’s law. They lose their magnetic properties with an increase in
temperature.

Examples: Platinum and aluminum


Ferromagnetic Materials
When placed in a magnetic field, ferromagnetic materials are strongly magnetized in the direction of the
field.
 The magnetic field lines are concentrated in the material.

When suspended freely in magnetic field, align quickly in the magnetic field direction.
 Susceptibility is positive and is of the order of 10 6.
r >> 1
 Exhibit Hysteresis.
 All ferromagnetic materials lose ferromagnetism at a temperature called Curie temperature TC.
 Above TC , the material behaves like paramagnetic material.
 Susceptibility varies as per Curie- Wiess’s law. C
  T> TC
Examples: Iron , nickel and cobalt. T  Tc
Domain Theory of Ferromagnetism
Magnetic domain: the small region within which all spin magnetic moments are aligned in a
single direction is known as magnetic domain.

A magnetic domain is fully magnetized and has definite boundaries.


A Ferromagnetic material consists of large number of domains.
Each domain acts as a single magnetic dipole and is oriented in random directions.
Each domain is separated from other domains by a wall known as domain wall also called
Bloch.
 When there is no external magnetic field net magnetization is zero.
 When external magnetic field is applied, these domains orient in the direction of the applied
magnetic field, resulting in the net magnetization.

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