OBJECT

(OOMD)ORIENTED MODELLING & DESIGN

RESEARCH WRITINGS AND

ETHICS
An Introduction
Dr. Rashmi N U
[email protected]
Dept of Electronics and Communication Engineering
RESEARCH WRITINGS & ETHICS
An Introduction
Objectives
1)Meaning of Research
2)Objectives of Research
3)Motivation in Research
4)Types of Research
5)Research Approaches
6)Significance of Research
7)Research Methods versus Methodology
8)Research and Scientific Method
9)Importance of Knowing How Research is Done
10)Research Process
11)Criteria of Good Research
12)Problems Encountered by Researchers in India (Self Study)
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction

Meaning of Research

● Research is composed of two terms combined:

○ a prefix re
○ a verb search
● Re means again, a new, over again

● Search means to examine closely and carefully, to test and try, to probe

● The two words form a noun to describe a careful and systematic study in
some field of knowledge, undertaken to establish facts or principles.

● Research is an organized and systematic way of finding answers to questions

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction

Meaning of Research

● A careful investigation or inquiry specially through search for new

facts in any branch of knowledge
● Redman and Mory define research as a “systematized effort to
gain new knowledge.”
● A movement from the known to the unknown
● It is voyage of discovery
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction

Meaning of Research
● Clifford Woody -
1) Defining and redefining problems,
2) formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions;
3) collecting, organising and evaluating data;
4) making deductions and reaching conclusions;
5) carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the
formulating hypothesis.

● D. Slesinger and M. Stephenson in the Encyclopaedia of Social

Sciences -
● “The manipulation of things, concepts or symbols for the purpose of
generalising to extend, correct or verify knowledge, whether that
knowledge aids in construction of theory or in the practice of an art.”
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction

Objectives of Research
● To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it.
● To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual,
situation or a group.
● To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which
it is associated with something else.
● To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction
Motivation for Research
1) Desire to get a research degree along with its consequential benefits;
2) Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved problems, i.e.,
concern over practical problems initiates research;
3) Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work;
4) Desire to be of service to society;
5) Desire to get respectability
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction
Types of Research

1) Descriptive vs Analytical
2) Applied vs Fundamental
3) Quantitative vs Qualitative
4) Conceptual vs Empirical
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction

1) Descriptive Research Vs Analytical Research

Major purpose of descriptive research is description of the state of affairs
as it exists at present (ex post facto Research)

Characteristic: The researcher has no control over the variables - he can only
report what has happened, or what is happening;
e.g.: frequency of shopping, preferences of people

Methods used: Comparative and Correlation.

In analytical research, the researcher has to use facts or information
already available and analyze these to make a critical evaluation of the material.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction

2) Applied Vs Fundamental Research

Applied Research

● Immediate problem facing a society or an industrial business organization aimed at

conclusions
● Example : Market research, design, safety, health, pollution, societal, environmental,
industrial, pharmaceutical, etc.

Fundamental Research
● Mainly concerned with generalizations and with the formulation of a theory
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction

3) Quantitative Vs Qualitative Research

Quantitative Research

● Based on the measurement of quantity or amount

● Controlled, rather easy to carry-out
● Objective and repeatable
● Easy to draw conclusions and decisions

Qualitative Research
● is concerned with qualitative phenomenon, i.e., involving quality or kind
● aim is to discover the underlying motives of human behaviour; attitude or
opinion research (how people feel or think about a particular subject or
institution).
● difficult job; should seek guidance from experimental psychologists.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction

4) Conceptual Vs Empirical Research

Conceptual Research

● Related to some abstract idea(s) or theory; generally used by philosophers and

● thinkers to develop new concepts or to re-interpret existing ones

Empirical Research
● Relies on experience or observation alone, without due regard for system and
theory. It is data-based research, coming up with conclusions which are capable
of being verified by observation or experiment.

● Characterised by the experimenter's control over the variables under study and
his deliberate manipulation of one of them to study its effects.

Evidence gathered through experiments or empirical studies is today considered

to be the most powerful support possible for a given hypothesis.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction

Other Types of Research

1. One Time Research
2. Longitudinal Research
3. Field Research
4. Laboratory Research
5. Simulation Research
6. Clinical Research
7. Diagnostic Research
8. Exploratory Research
9. Historical Research
10.Conclusion Oriented Research
11.Decision Oriented Research
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction

Research Method Vs Methodology

Method – Technique / method adopted to conduct Research.

Can be put in 3 groups-

● Data Collection Methods
● Statistical Techniques – establish relationships between data and
unknowns
● Evaluation Methods for accuracy of results.

Methodology – Way in which research problem is solved systematically.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction

Research Process
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction

Research Process
The order/sequence concerning various steps provides a useful procedural
guideline regarding the research process:

1) Formulating the research problem

2) Extensive literature survey
3) Developing the hypothesis
4) Preparing the research design
5) Determining sample design
6) Collecting the data
7) Execution of the project
8) Analysis of data
9) Hypothesis testing
10) Generalizations and interpretation, and
11) Preparation of the report or presentation of the results,
1) i.e., formal write-up of conclusions reached.
OBJECT
(OOMD)ORIENTED MODELLING & DESIGN

THANK YOU

Dr. Rashmi N U
[email protected]
Dept of Electronics and Communication Engineering
OBJECT
(OOMD)ORIENTED MODELLING & DESIGN

Research Writings & Ethics

An Introduction

Dr. Rashmi N U
[email protected]
Dept of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Research Writings & Ethics

An Introduction to RM

Priya Badarinath.
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Introduction to Research Methodology

Contents:

I. Research Process
II. Criteria for Good Research
Research Process
Research Process
The order concerning various steps provides a useful procedural guideline regarding the
research process:

1) Formulating the research problem;

2) Extensive literature survey;
3) Developing the hypothesis;
4) Preparing the research design;
5) Determining sample design;
6) Collecting the data;
7) Execution of the project;
8) Analysis of data;
9) Hypothesis testing;
10) Generalizations and interpretation, and
11) Preparation of the report or presentation of the results, i.e., format write-up of
conclusions reached.
1) Formulating Research Problem

2 steps for formulating

research problem
● Understanding the
research problem
thoroughly
● Re-phrasing same in
meaningful terms.
2) Extensive Literature Survey

● Abstracting and indexing journals and published /

unpublished biographies.
● Academic journals, conference proceedings, government
reports, books, etc..
● Earlier studies similar to research topic in hand.
● Good Library.
● Internet to search articles.
● Search Engines – Google / Google Scholar
● http://scholar.google.com
● ChatGPT
3) Development of Working Hypothesis

● Working Hypothesis - Temporary assumption made in

order to draw out and test its logical consequences.
● They affect the manner in which tests are conducted.
● Process to go about developing Hypothesis.
● Discussion with colleagues and experts about problem.
● Examination of data and records concerning to the
problem.
● Review of similar studies in the area.
● Exploratory personal investigation which involves – field
interviews.
4) Preparing the Research Design

● Preparation of research
design involves following
consideration.
○ Obtaining Information
○ Availability and skills of
researcher and his staff
Explanation
○ Time available for research
○ Cost Factor relating to
research – finance available.
5) Determining the Sample Design
● Simple random sampling.
● Systematic sampling.
● Stratified sampling.
● Quota sampling.
● Cluster sampling and area
sampling.
● Multi stage sampling.
● Sequential sampling.
6) Collection of Data

● Data in hand is inadequate. So need to collect

appropriate data
● Ways to collect data
● Primary Data – Observation and Surveys
● Observation
● Personal Interview
● Telephonic interview
● Mailing of questionnaires
● Through Schedules.
Collection of Data
7) Analysis of Data
● Coding
● Editing
● Tabulation
● Computation of percentage coefficients
● Statistical tests
● Statistical measures
Hypothesis -- Meaning
● A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. For a hypothesis to be a scientific
hypothesis, the scientific method requires that one can test it. Scientists generally base
scientific hypotheses on previous observations that cannot satisfactorily be explained with the
available scientific theories. ~ Wikipedia

●
8) Hypothesis Testing

● Various tests like Chi-square, t-test, f-test have

been developed by statisticians.
● Hypothesis may be tested through use of one or
more such tests depending on nature and object of
research.
● Result – either accepted or rejected.
9) Generalization and Interpretation

● Real value of research lies

in its ability to arrive at
certain generalization.
● If researcher had no
hypothesis to start with, he
might seek to explain his
findings on basis of some
theory – Interpretation.
10) Preparation of Report / Thesis

● Preliminary pages – date,

acknowledgement,
foreword.
● Main text – introduction,
summary of findings, main
report, conclusion.
● End – appendices,
bibliography – list of books,
journals, reports, etc...
● Report should be concise.
● Charts and illustrations –
clearly and forcibly
Criteria for a Good Research
Criteria for a Good Research

1) Purpose should be clearly defined.

2) Procedure used should be described in sufficient detail.
3) Design of research should be carefully planned to yield
result as objective.
4) Report – complete frankness, flaws in procedural design.
5) Analysis should be sufficiently adequate, method of
analysis should be appropriate.
6) Conclusion should be confined to those justified by data
of research.
Criteria for a Good Research

● Good research is systematic

○ Research should be structured with specified steps to be
taken in specified sequence.
● Good research is logical
○ Research is guided by rules of logical reasoning and logical
procedure of induction and deduction.
● Good research is empirical
○ Research related to basically to one or more aspect of real
situation and deals with concrete data.
● Good research is replicable
○ Allows research results to be verified by replicating the study
and thereby building on sound basis of decision.
OBJECT
(OOMD)ORIENTED MODELLING & DESIGN

THANK YOU

Research Writings & Ethics

An Introduction
OBJECT
(OOMD)ORIENTED MODELLING & DESIGN

Research Writings & Ethics

Defining the Research Problem

Dr. Rashmi N U
[email protected]
Dept of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Research Writings & Ethics

Ch. 2: Defining the Research Problem

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Chapter 2:
Defining the Research Problem

Contents –
1. What is a Research Problem?
2. Selecting the Problem
3. Necessity of Defining the Problem
4. Techniques in Defining a Problem
What is a Research Problem
A research problem is a specific issue, difficulty, contradiction, or gap in
knowledge that you will aim to address in your research.

A research problem is a statement about an area of concern, a condition to be

improved, a difficulty to be eliminated, or a troubling question that exists in
scholarly literature, in theory, or in practice that points to the need for meaningful
understanding and systematic investigation.

Difficulty which a researcher experiences in a context of either theoretical or

practical situation and wants to obtain the solution to overcome the same.
What is a Research Problem
Textbook Definition:
“Research Problem, in general, refers to some difficulty which a researcher
experiences in the context of either a theoretical or practical situation and wants to
obtain a solution for the same.”

A RP does exist if the following conditions are met:

I = Individual
N = eNvironment (def by uncontrolled variables, Yj)
C1, C2 = two Courses of action
O1, O2 = two Outcomes

P(Oj | I, Cj, N) = Probability

P(O1 | I, C1, N) != P(O1 | I, C2, N)

The choices must have unequal efficiencies for the desired outcomes.
Topic, Problem, Purpose & Questions

General Topic Online Learning

Research Lack of students in the

Problem online classes

Deductive
Process Purpose To study why students
Statement do not attend
online education classes

Research Whether technology deters

Question students from enrolling in an
Specific
online education class?
The 5 Elements of Problem Statement
Topic Subject area

Social Work
Issue A concern / problem needing solution

Evidence for • Evidence from literature

the Issue • Evidence from practical experience

What is missing in evidence? Deficiencies

What do we need to know more? in the Evidence

How the solution helps: Remedy of

Researchers; educators; policy makers; Deficiencies
persons in the field It helps whom?
Sources of Research Problems
Experience
Previous
Consultation Research
with experts

Sources of Existing
theory
Research
Exposure to field
situations Problem

Intuitions Social
Brainstorming issues
Selecting of a Research Problem

1. Subject which is not overdone is chosen

2. Controversial subject should be avoided
3. Avoid vague problem
4. Subject should be familiar and feasible
5. Selection of problem must be preceded by preliminary study
Necessity of Defining the Problem

Clearly stated research problem is half solved:

1. What data are to be collected?

2. What characteristics of data are relevant?
3. What relations are to be explored?
4. What techniques are to be used for this purpose?
Technique Involved in Defining a Problem

1. State the problem in a general way

2. Understand the nature of the problem
3. Survey the available literature
4. Develop ideas through discussions
5. Rephrase the research problem
Technique Involved in Defining a Problem

a) Technical terms and words or phrases, with special meanings used

in the statement of the problem, should be clearly defined.
b) Basic assumptions or postulates (if any) relating to the research
problem should be clearly stated.
c) The criteria for the selection of the problem should be provided.
d) The suitability of the time-period and the sources of data available
must also be considered.
e) The scope of the investigation (or the limits within which the
problem is to be studied) must be mentioned explicitly.
 In Conclusion

● The task of defining a research problem follows a sequential pattern —

● the problem is stated in a general way, the ambiguities are resolved,

● thinking and rethinking process results in a more specific formulation of

the problem so that it

● may be a realistic one in terms of the available data and resources and

● is analytically meaningful.

● All this results in a well defined research problem that is

● meaningful from an operational point of view,

● paves the way for the development of working hypotheses and

● means of solving the problem.

OBJECT
(OOMD)ORIENTED MODELLING & DESIGN

THANK YOU

Research Writings & Ethics

Defining the Research Problem

Dr. Rashmi N U
[email protected]
Dept of Electronics and Communication Engineering
OBJECT
(OOMD)ORIENTED MODELLING & DESIGN

Research Writings & Ethics

Literature Review

Dr. Rashmi N U
[email protected]
Dept of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Research Writings & Ethics

Literature Review

Prof Priya Badarinath

Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Research Writings & Ethics : Literature Review

Chapter Objectives:

1)Review of Literature (RoL)

● What, Importance, Why/Purpose, Goal

2)Sources of Literature
3)Technique of Reviewing
4)Organization
5)Writing LR
6)Good LR Properties
Research Writings & Ethics : Literature Review
Research Writings & Ethics : Literature Review

REVIEW OF LITERATURE (RoL)

A broad, comprehensive, in-depth, systematic, and critical
review of scholarly publications.

A Literature Review
surveys, summarizes, and links together research (a.k.a., literature) in a given
field
Research Writings & Ethics : Literature Review
RoL
• Important step in Res. Process; laborious but essential

• An account of what is already done/known about the issue

• Describe, summarize, evaluate.

• Clarify & integrate the content of primary reports

Research Writings & Ethics: Literature Review
What is Review of Literature?

It is a CRITICAL EVALUATION of available literature on the topic of

research to be carried out

Provides an overview of the problem to be studied

Continued….
Research Writings & Ethics : Literature Review
Importance of Review of Literature?

• Identification, development, refinement of RQ’s

• Identification of gaps/inconsistencies

• Strength and weaknesses of designs/methods /instruments used in research work

• Development of plan – research methodology

• Development of Research Hypothesis

Research Writings & Ethics : Literature Review
Why Review of Literature?
Purpose
For the chosen Research Problem, RoL Determines :
1. Design/Md. of study – Instruments, data collection, analysis
2. Replication needed
3. What is till date known
4. Gaps / inconsistencies & consistencies
5. Unanswered questions
6. Strengths / weaknesses
7. Refinement of research problem
8. Hypothesis
9. Justification
Research Writings & Ethics : Literature Review

Function of RoL

The literature review is a critical look at the existing research that is significant to the
work that you are carrying out.

• To provide background information

• To establish importance
• To demonstrate familiarity
• To “carve out a space” for further research
Research Writings & Ethics : Literature Review

Primary and Secondary Sources

Primary source: Secondary source:
is written by a person(s) who developed is written by a person(s) other than the
the theory or conducted the research individual who developed the theory or
conducted the research

Reasons for using secondary sources:

1. Primary sources is literally NOT available
2. A secondary source can provide different ways of looking at an issue or
problem

Secondary sources should not be overused

Research Writings & Ethics : Literature Review
Primary and Secondary Sources

Primary source: Example Secondary source: Example

An original qualitative on patient A literature review on patients
experiences in the ICU: experiences in the ICU:

Feeling safe the psychosocial needs Patient experiences of being in an

of ICU patients. intensive care unit

Hupcey, J. E. (2000). Stein-Parbury, J. & Mckinley,S. (2000)

Journal of Nursing Scholarship, : a select literature review.
32:361-367 American Journal of critical care, 9:20-
www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 27 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com
Research Writings & Ethics : Literature Review
Sources for RoL

• Electronic data-bases
• Journals
• Research Reports - thesis
• Books
• Conference Papers
• Magazines/newspapers
• Encyclopedias and dictionaries
Research Writings & Ethics : Literature Review

When you read an article:

Questions to consider:
• Has the author clearly defined the problem/issue?
• How good is the study design?
• How valid are the results?
• Are there flaws in the logic of the discussion?
• What problems has the author avoided or ignored?
Research Writings & Ethics : Literature Review

TECHNIQUE
OF REVIEWING OF LITERATURE
Key words / refined / focused
Shortlist articles – basis, ABSTRACT
Data base / s
Latest first & backwards - year
Table – authors, place, year, Journal
Methods (Expt. Details)
Data collection, analysis
Findings, results, inference
Organize (acc. to time / theme / method)
Transition – linking
Intro. - Body – Conclusion (justify)

Comprehensive, Cohesive, Concise Write-up

Research Writings & Ethics : Literature Review

B E F O R E W R I T I N G RoL
Sketch of Scheme
Organize
Research Writings & Ethics : Literature Review
Organize
�Consider organization
�You've got a focus, and you've narrowed it down to a
thesis statement.
�Now what is the most effective way of presenting the
information?
�What are the most important topics, subtopics, etc.,
that your review needs to include?
�And in what order should you present them?
Research Writings & Ethics : Literature Review
How to organize studies

Chronological
– By publication date
– By trend
Thematic
– A structure which considers different themes
Methodological
– Focuses on the methods of the researcher,
– e.g., qualitative versus quantitative approaches

73
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : Literature Review
What should you write?
� the accepted facts in the area
� the popular opinion
� the main variables
� the relationship between concepts and variables
� shortcomings in the existing findings
� limitations in the methods used in the existing findings
� the relevance of your research
� suggestions for further research in the area.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : Literature Review

A F T E R W R I T I N G RoL
Read for coherence
Logical
Use critiquing Criteria - Checklist
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : Literature Review

When you read your RoL:

CRITIQUING CRITERIA

1. Uncover gaps, inconsistencies & consistencies

2. Relevant concepts & variables included
3. Reveal components of study of design (Expt.)
4. Strengths, weaknesses & conflicts depicted (in rel. to current area)
5. Conceptual & Data based literature included
6. Summary and synthesis done (Integration)
7. Follow a logical sequence (Time, theme, method, trend..)
8. Signify what to be researched (Justification & lead to HYPOTHESIS)
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : Literature Review

Organization of literature review

• A general organization looks like a funnel

– Broader topics
– Subtopics
– Studies like yours

79
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : Literature Review
A Good Literature Review is:
Focused - The topic should be narrow. Present ideas and report on studies
that are closely related to topic.

Concise - Ideas should be presented economically

Logical - logical progression from one idea to the next

Developed - Don’t leave the story half told

Integrative - What commonality among articles? How are some studies

different?
Your paper should stress how all the studies reviewed contribute to your topic.

Current - Your review should focus on work being done on the cutting edge of
your topic
OBJECT
(OOMD)ORIENTED MODELLING & DESIGN

THANK YOU

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Literature Review

Dr. Rashmi N U
[email protected]
Dept of Electronics and Communication Engineering