BDwbU

¯’vbvsK 9
f‚wgKv

cÖvq `y'nvRvi eQi Av‡M cÖvPxb MÖxKiv cÖ_g MwY‡Zi R¨vwgwZ kvLvwU wb‡q M‡elYv ïi“ K‡ib| wKš—z Gi A‡bK ci
eZ©gvb R¨vwgwZi AvZ¥cÖKvk| Avi Gi †cQ‡b hvi Ae`vb wZwb n‡jb GKRb divmx MwYZwe`| bvg †i‡b †`KvZ©
(Rene Descartes : 1596-1650). wZwb `vwbDe b`xi Zx‡i e‡m gv_vq wPš—v Av‡bb exRMwYZ‡K wKfv‡e R¨vwgwZ‡Z
cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq| wZwb MwY‡Zi GB be w`M‡š—i mdjZvI Av‡bb| wZwb Gi bvg †`b Analytical Geometry ev
Kv‡Z©mxq ev ¯’vbvsK R¨vwgwZ| Kv‡Z©mxq kãwU Zuvi bvgvbymv‡i|

D‡Ïk¨ t
GB BDwbU †k‡l Avcwb-
0 ¯’vbvsK m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡eb;
0 Kv‡Z©mxq I †cvjvi ¯’vbvsK m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ges Zv cÖ‡qv‡Mi `¶Zv AR©b Ki‡eb;
0 `yBwU we›`yi ga¨eZx© `~iZ¡ wbY©‡q `¶Zv AR©b Ki‡eb;
0 ‡Kvb †iLvsk‡K wbw`©ó Abycv‡Z wefw³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
0 wÎfz‡Ri †¶Îdj wbY©q K‡i Zv cÖ‡qv‡Mi `¶Zv AR©b Ki‡eb;
0 mÂvic‡_i mgxKiY wbY©‡qi `¶Zv AR©b Ki‡eb|
GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV 1 ¯’vbvs‡Ki aviYv I cÖ‡qvM

D‡Ïk¨
 GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 ¯’vbvsK m¤ú‡K© Ávb AR©b Ki‡eb|

GKwU mgZ‡j Abyf‚wgK eivei GKwU mij‡iLv Ges Zvi Dci Avi GKwU j¤^ mij‡iLv A¼b Ki‡j
Abyf‚wgK †iLv‡K x-A¶, Zvi Dci j¤^‡iLv‡K y-A¶ Ges Zv‡`i †Q`we›`yi bvg g~jwe›`y (origin)
ejv nq| gyjwe›`y‡K mvaviYZt O w`‡q wb‡`©k Kiv nq|
x-A¶ I y A¶‡K ev¯—e msLvi †mU R Ges xy mgZjwU IR×IR µg‡Rvo (ordered pair)-Gi †mU w`‡q cÖKvk Kiv
nq|
Y Y
(2,3)
(-,+) (+,+)

X′ X X′ X
O 2 O

(-,-) (+,-)

Y′ Y′
wPÎ-1 wPÎ-2

wP‡Î X´OX Abyf‚wgK‡iLv I Y´OY Dj−¤^‡iLv ci¯úi O we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i‡Q| X´OX I Y´OY †K h_vµ‡g x-A¶
I y- A¶ Ges Zv‡`i †Q` we›`y O-†K gyjwe›`y aiv nq| †Kvb we›`y cÖwZ¯’vcb Ki‡Z †M‡j x- A¶ I y- A¶‡K
mgvb Abycv‡Zi GK‡K wef³ Kiv nq| wP‡Î (2,3) we›`ywU emv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

X´OX I Y´OY †iLvØq mgZjwU‡K 4wU fv‡M fvM K‡i‡Q| cÖwZwU fvM‡K GKwU PZzf©vM (quadrant) e‡j|
g~jwe›`y O Gi mv‡c‡¶ OX eivei x-Gi abvZ¥K I OX´ eivei x Gi FYvZ¥K gvb aiv nq| Abyiƒcfv‡e OY
eivei y-Gi abvZ¥K I OY´- eivei y-Gi FYvZ¥K gvb emv‡bv nq| myZivs cÖ_g PZzf©v‡M x I y-Gi abvZ¥K
gvb, 2q PZzf©v‡M x-Gi FYvZ¥K I y-Gi abvZ¥K gvb, 3q PZzf©v‡M x I y-Gi FYvZ¥K gvb Ges 4_© PZzf©v‡M x-
abvZ¥K I y-Gi FYvZ¥K gvb em‡e| Dc‡ii wP‡ýi Av‡jvPbv‡K QK AvKv‡i g‡b ivLv †h‡Z cv‡i|

cÖ_g PZzf©vM wØZxq PZzf©vM Z…Zxq PZzf©vM PZz_© PZzf©vM

(+, +) (–, +) (–, –) (+, –)

BDwbU bq c„ôv-142
 MwYZ 1g cÎ

cvV 2 Kv‡Z©mxq I †cvjvi ¯’vbvsK

D‡Ïk¨
 GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 Kv‡Z©mxq I †cvjvi ¯’vbvsK m¤ú‡K© Ávb AR©b Ges Zv cÖ‡qv‡M `¶Zv AR©b
Ki‡eb|

†cvjvi ¯’vbvsK (r, θ)

g‡b Ki“b, GKwU mgZ‡j O GKwU wbw`©ó we›`y Ges OX GKwU P(r,θ)
wbw`©ó mij‡iLv| ai“b, †iLvwU Nwoi KuvUvi wecixZ w`‡K Ny‡i
∠XOP=θ †KvY Drcbœ K‡i| hw` OP=r nq, Z‡e (r,θ) †K
†cvjv‡ii ¯’vbvsK e‡j| GLv‡b, O †K †gi“ (pole) Ges OX †K
†gi“‡iLv ejv nq| θ
O X

Kv‡Z©mxq I †cvjvi ¯’vbvs‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤úK©

Avgiv X´OX I Y´OY A¶Øq Øviv m„ó mgZ‡j P(x,y) we›`ywU ¯’vcb Kwi| ai“b Zvi †cvjvi ¯’vbvsK (r, θ)
†hLv‡b OP=r, ∠POX=θ.

mg‡KvYx wÎfzR OPN †_‡K Avgiv cvB, Y

x P(x,y)
cosθ = r ⇒ x=rcosθ - - - - - (1) (r, θ)
r
y y
Ges sinθ = r ⇒ y = rsinθ - - - - (2)
θ
X´ X
y rsinθ O x N
(2) †K (1) bs Øviv fvM K‡i x =
rcosθ
y
⇒ x = tanθ
Y´
y
⇒ θ = tan–1 x
Avevi, (1) I (2) bs Gi e‡M©i †hvMdj wb‡q x2+y2 = r2cos2θ + r2sin2θ.
⇒ r2 = x2+y2
∴ r = x2+y2

x = rcosθ, y = rsinθ
y
θ = tan–1 x

r= x2+y2

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 π
D`vniY-1 t †Kvb we›`yi †cvjvi ¯’vbvsK 4‚ 6 n‡j, Zvi Kv‡Z©mxq ¯’vbvsK wbY©q Ki|
 
mgvavb t Avcbviv Rv‡bb-
x = rcosθ, y=rsinθ
π
wKš—z G‡¶‡Î, r=4, θ= 6
π π
∴ x = 4 cos 6 , y = 4sin 6
3 1
⇒ x = 4. 2 , y = 4. 2

∴ x=2 3, y=2.
∴ D³ we›`ywU Kv‡Z©mxq ¯’vbvsK (2 3 , 2).
D`vniY-2 t (1, 3 ) we›`ywUi †cvjvi ¯’vbv¼ wbY©q Ki“b|
y
mgvavbt Avcbviv Rv‡bb, θ = tan–1 x Ges r = x2+y2
G‡¶‡Î, y = 3 , x =1.
3
∴ θ= tan–1 1 , r = 12+( 32)
π
⇒ θ = tan–1 tan 3 , r= 4 = 2.
π
∴ θ = 3 , r = 2.

∴ we›`ywUi †cvjvi ¯’vbvsK 2‚ 3

π
 
D`vniY-3 t GKwU we›`yi Kv‡Z©mxq ¯’vbvsK (–1, –1) Gi †cvjvi ¯’vbvsK wbY©q Ki“b|
y
mgvavbt we›`ywUi †cvjvi ¯’vsbvK (r, θ) n‡j, Avcbviv Rv‡bb r = x2+y2 Ges θ = tan–1 x
GLv‡b x = rcosθ = –1, y = rsinθ = –1
AZGe r = (–1) +(–1) = 2 .
2 2
x = –1I y = –1 weavq (–1, –1) we›`ywU Z…Zxq PZzf©v‡M Aew¯’Z|
π 5π
∴ θ=π+4 = 4 (-1, -1)
AZGe wb‡Y©q †cvjvi ¯’vbvsK  2‚ 4 
5π

θ
D`vniY-4 t rcos2θ= 2sin2 2 m¤úK©‡K Kv‡Z©mxq ¯’vbvsK c×wZ‡Z cÖKvk Ki“b|
θ
mgvavb t rcos2θ = 2sin2 2
θ
ev, r2cos2θ = 2rsin2 2

ev, r2(cos2θ–sin2θ) = r 2 sin2 2

θ

θ
ev, (rcosθ)2 – (rsinθ)2 = r(1–cosθ) [ ... 2 sin2 2 = (1– cosθ)
ev, x2–y2 = r–x
ev, x2– y2+x = r
ev, x2– y2+x = x2+y2
ev, (x2–y2+x)2 = ( x2+y2) 2
∴ (x2+x–y2)2 = x2+y2
BDwbU bq c„ôv-144
 MwYZ 1g cÎ

D`vniY-5 t x2–y2 =a2 †K †cvjvi ¯’vbvsK c×wZ‡Z cÖKvk Ki“b|

mgvavbt x2–y2 = a2
ev, r2cos2θ–r2sin2θ = a2 [ ... x = r cosθ, y = r sinθ ]
ev, r2(cos2θ–sin2θ) = a2
∴ r2cos2θ = a2 [ ... cos2θ – sin2θ = cos2θ ]

D`vniY-6 t GKwU we›`yi †cvjvi ¯’vbvsK (2, 330 ) Zvi Kv‡Z©mxq ¯’vbvsK wbY©q Ki“b|
mgvavbt g‡b Ki“b we›`ywUi Kv‡Z©mxq ¯’vbvsK (x, y).
Avcbviv Rv‡bb, x = rcosθ, y = rsinθ
AZGe x = 2cos330 y = 2sin330
⇒ x =2cos(270 +60 ) y = 2sin(270 +60 )
= 2sin60 = –2cos60
3 1
= 2. 2 = 3 = – 2. 2 = –1
AZGe we›`ywUi Kv‡Z©mxq ¯’vbvsK ( 3‚ –1) .

D`vniY-7 t †cvjvi ¯’vbv¼ (3, 60 ), (4, 135 ), (2, 210 ) QK KvM‡R ¯’vcb Ki“b|
-Y
-
(4, 135°)
- (3,60°)
-
135°-
- 60°
X´ X
210° -
-
(2,210°) -
-
-
- Y´

Abykxjbx-9.1

1. (2, 5), (3, 0), (–3, 4), (5,–1), (–5, –4), (–3, 0), (0, 5) (0, –6) we›`y¸wj QK KvM‡Ri Dci ¯’vcb Ki“b|
2. 2‚ π , 3‚ π , 1‚ – π ¯’vbvsK¸wj QK KvM‡R ¯’vcb Ki“b|
 3  4  6
3. Kv‡Z©mxq ¯’vbvs‡Ki cÖ`Ë we›`¸wj †cvjvi ¯’vbvs‡K cÖKvk Ki“b|
(i) ( 3‚ –1) , (ii) (– 3‚ 1) , (iii) (1,0)
4. †cvjvi ¯’vbvs‡Ki cÖ`Ë we›`y¸wj Kv‡Z©mxq ¯’vbvs‡K cÖKvk Ki“b|
(i) 6‚ 3 , (ii) 1‚ 6 (iii) 5‚ –4 , (iv) –2‚ 3
π π π π
       
5. wb‡æv³ m¤úK©¸wj‡K Kv‡Zm©xq ¯’vbvsK c×wZ‡Z cÖKvk Ki“b|
π
(i) r =6, (ii) θ=6 (iii) r2 = a2cos2θ, (iv) r = 2asinθ,
6. wb‡æv³ m¤úK©¸wj‡K †cvjvi ¯’vbvsK c×wZ‡Z cÖKvk Ki“b|
(i) x2+y2 = 2ax (ii) y = xlogx, (iii) y2 = 4a(a–x), (iv) xy = 32,

BDwbU bq c„ôv-145
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cvV 3 `~iZ¡ wbY©q m~Î

D‡Ïk¨
 GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 `yBwU we›`yi ga¨eZx© `~iZ¡ wbY©‡q `¶Zv AR©b Ki‡eb|

`ywU we›`yi ga¨eZx© `~iZ¡ (Distance between two points):

†h †Kvb mgZ‡j A(x1, y1) I B(x2, y2) `yBwU we›`y wbb| x–A‡¶i Dci AC I BD j¤^Øq A¼b
Ki“b| AN⊥BD A¼b Ki“b|
wPÎ †_‡K OC = x1, CA = y1
OD = x2, BD = y2
Y
ACDN AvqZ‡¶Î e‡j, B(x 2,y2)
CA = DN = y1 ↑

CD = AN.
y2 - y1
A(x1 ,y1 )
↓
∴ AN = CD = OD – OC ← x2 – x1 →
∴ AN = x2–x1 - - - - - - - (1)
Ges BN = BD – DN X′ X
O C D
⇒ BN = y2 – y1 - - - - - (2)
Y′
∴ mg‡KvYx wÎfzR ABN †_‡K Avgiv cvB,
AB2 = AN2+BN2
⇒ AB2 = (x2–x1)2 + (y2–y1)2 [ (1) I (2)- Gi mvnv‡h¨ ]
∴ AB = (x2–x1)2 + (y2–y1)2

A_©vr `ywU we›`yi ga¨eZx© `~iZ¡ = (f‚R؇qi Aš—i)2 + (†KvwU؇qi Aš—i)2

AB = (x2–x1)2 + (y2–y1)2

D`vniY-1 t (2, 5) I (6, 10) we›`y؇qi ga¨eZx© `~iZ¡ wbY©q Ki“b|

mgvavb t (2, 5) I (6, 10) we›`y؇qi ga¨eZx© `~iZ¡
= (2–6)2 + (5–10)2 [ GLv‡b f‚RØq 2, 6 Ges †KvwUØq 5, 10 ]
= (–4)2 + (–5)2
= 16+25
= 41 . GKK|

D`vniY- 2t x-A¶ I (–7, –9) n‡Z (2, k) we›`ywUi `~iZ¡ mgvb n‡j k-Gi gvb wbY©q Ki“b|
mgvavb t g‡b Ki“b x– A¶ n‡Z (2, k) we›`yi `~iZ¡ = k
(–7, –9) n‡Z (2, k) Gi `~iZ¡ = (–7–2)2 + (–9–k)2
= (–9)2 + (–9–k)2
BDwbU bq c„ôv-146
 MwYZ 1g cÎ

= (–9)2+(–9)2+2(–9)(–k)+(–k)2
= 81+81+18k+k2
= 162+18k+k2

cÖ`Ë kZ©vbymv‡i, k = 162+18k+k2

ev, k2 = 162 + 18k + k2
ev, 18k = – 162
–162
∴ k = 18 = – 9
AZGe, k Gi gvb, k = – 9.

D`vniY-3 t we‡k−lYx cÖgv‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ cÖgvb Ki“b †h, †Kvb mg‡KvYx wÎfz‡Ri AwZfz‡Ri ga¨we›`y n‡Z wÎfz‡Ri
kxl©we›`y¸‡jv mgvb `~i‡Z¡ Aew¯’Z|
mgvavb t
B(o, b)

C (–a , –b )
2 2

(0, 0) A(a, o)
O

g‡b Ki“b AOB mg‡KvYx wÎfz‡Ri kxl©we›`y ·qi ¯’vbvsK O (o,o), A(a, o) I B(o, b). †h‡nZz AOB GKwU
mg‡KvYx wÎfzR AZGe AB2 = OA2 + OB2 = a2+b2
ev, AB = a2+b2
1 1
C, hw` AB Gi ga¨we›`y nq Z‡e CA = CB = 2 AB = 2 a2+b2
a b 1
Avevi CO2 = 2 –o 2 + 2 – o 2 = 4 (a2+b2)
1
⇒ CO = 2 (a2+b2)
AZGe CA = CB = CO.

D`vniY-4 t cÖgvY Ki (4, 3), (7, –1) Ges (9, 3) we›`yÎq GKwU mgwØevû wÎfz‡Ri kxl©we›`y|

mgvavb t
Y-
-
- A(4,3) C(9,3)
-
-
X
O-
B(7,-1)
-
BDwbU bq
- c„ôv-147
GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

g‡b Ki“b A, B, C we›`yÎq h_vµ‡g (4, 3), (7, –1) Ges (9, 3) Avgiv Rvwb mgwØevû wÎfz‡Ri `yBwU evûi ˆ`N©¨
mgvb|
AZGe `~i‡Z¡i m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨
AB = (4–7)2 + (3+1)2 = 9+16 = 5
BC = (7–9)2+ (–1–3)2 = 4+16 = 20 = 2 5
AC = (9–4)2+(3–3)2 = 25 = 5.

†h‡nZz AB I AC mgvb| AZGe ABC GKwU mgwØevû wÎfzR|

∴ cÖ`Ë we›`yÎq Øviv MwVZ wÎfzRwU GKwU mgwØevû wÎfzR|

Abykxjbx-9.2
1. g~jwe›`y n‡Z wb‡æv³ we›`y¸wji `~iZ¡ wbY©q Ki“bt
(i) (3,4), (ii) (a+b, a–b), (iii) (acosθ, asinθ), (iv) (at2, 2at)

2. wbæwjwLZ we›`y؇qi mij‰iwLK `~iZ¡ wbY©q Ki“bt

(i) (3, 7) Ges (11,–1), (ii) ( 2 , o)
Ges (0, 7 ), (iii) (acosα, asinα) Ges (αcosβ, αsinβ) (iv) (a, b)
Ges (b, a).

1 1
3. †`Lvb †h, we›`yÎq (a, 0), (0, b) Ges (1, 1) mg‡iL n‡e, hw` a + b = 1 nq|

†`Lvb †h, 2‚ 2 , λa‚ b  Ges  a ‚ λb we›`yÎq mg‡iL|

a b 1–λ 1–λ
4.

5. GKwU we›`y (1, 1), (2, 3) I (–2, 2) we›`yÎq †_‡K mg`~ieZx©| we›`ywUi ¯’vbvsK KZ?

6. cÖgvY Ki“b †h, (4, 3), (6, 4), (5, 6) Ges (3, 5) we›`y PviwU GKwU eM©‡¶‡Îi †KŠwYK we›`y|

7. †`Lvb †h, (a, a), (–a, –a) Ges (–a 3 , a 3 ) we›`yÎq GKwU mgevû wÎfz‡Ri kxl©we›`y|

8. GKwU e„‡Ëi e¨v‡mi cÖvš—we›`y؇qi ¯’vbvsK (2, –3) Ges (–3, 7)| e„ËwUi e¨vmva© wbY©q Ki“b|

9. GKwU we›`yi †KvwU Zvi f‚‡Ri wظY, hw` Zvi `~iZ¡ (4, 3) we›`y †_‡K 10 GKK nq, Z‡e we›`ywUi ¯’vbvsK
evwni Ki“b|

10. †Kvb we›`yi †KvwU 3 Ges we›`ywUi `~iZ¡ (5, 3) †_‡K 4 GKK n‡j, we›`ywUi fzR wbY©q Ki“b|

BDwbU bq c„ôv-148
 MwYZ 1g cÎ

cvV 4 AbycvZ m~Î

D‡Ïk¨
 GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 †Kvb †iLvsk‡K wbw`©ó Abycv‡Z wef³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

wefvMxq m~Î t
(i) Aš—we©fvMxq m~Î t
g‡b Ki“b, A(x1, y1) I B(x2, y2) we›`y؇qi ms‡hvM mij‡iLv P(x,y) we›`y‡Z m1t m2 Abycv‡Z Aš—we©f³ nq| P
we›`ywUi ¯’vbvsK wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e| †`qv Av‡Q, AP t PB = m1t m2
AP m1
⇒ PB = m ,
2
GLb, x–A‡¶i Dci AM, PN I BL j¤^ Uvbyb| Avevi, Y
AD⊥PN, PC⊥BL A¼b Ki“b| B(x2 ,y2 )
P(x,y)
∴ AM = DN = y1, PN = CL = y2 A(x1 ,y1 ) C
∴ PD = PN – DN = y–y1 D
Ges BC = BL – CL = y2–y
Avevi, OM = x1, ON = x, OL = x2
∴ MN=AD = ON –OM = x–x1 X´ X
O M N L
Ges NL = PC = OL–ON = x2–x.
AP AD
∆APD I ∆PBC m`„k¨ e‡j, PB = PC
Y´
m1 x–x1
⇒ m = x –x
2 2
⇒ m2x–m2x1 = m1x2–m1x.
⇒ (m1+m2)x = m1x2+m2x1
m1x2+m2x1
∴ x = m +m
1 2
AP PD
Avevi, GKB kZ© mv‡c‡¶ PB = BC .
m1 y–y1
⇒ m = y –y
2 2
⇒ m2y–m2y1 = m1y2–m1y.
⇒ (m1+m2)y = m1y2+m2y1.
m1y2+m2y1
∴ y = m +m
1 2
m1x2+m2x1 m1y2+m2y1
Aš—we©fvMxq m~Î t x = m +m ‚ y = m +m
1 2 1 2

(ii)ewnwe©fw³i m~Î t
g‡b Ki“b, A(x1,y1) I B(x2,y2) we›`y؇qi ms‡hvM mij‡iLvwU P(x,y) we›`y‡Z m1t m2 Abycv‡Z ewnwe©f³ nq|
A_©vr AP t PB = m1t m2

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AP m1
⇒ PB = m
2
GLb, x- A‡¶i Dci AM, BL, PN j¤^ A¼b Ki“b| Y
Avevi, AD⊥PN, BC⊥PN A¼b Ki“b| P(x ,y )
∴ AM = DN = y1 B(x2,y2 )
A(x1 ,y1 ) C
BL = CN = y2
∴ PD = PN – DN = y–y1 D
PC = DN –BL = y–y2
Avevi, OM = x1, OL = x2, ON = x
∴ AD = MN = ON –OM = x–x1
Ges BC = LN = ON –OL = x–x2 X´ X
O M L N
∴ ∆ APD I ∆BPC m`„k, Avgiv cvB,
AP AD
PB = BC Y´
m1 x–x1
⇒ m = x–x
2 2
⇒ m1x–m1x2 = m2x–m2x1
⇒ (m1–m2)x = m1x2–m2x1.
m1x2–m2x
∴ x = m –m
1 2
Avevi, GKB kZ©mv‡c‡¶
AP PD
PB = PC
m1 y–y1
⇒ m = y–y
2 2
⇒ m1y–m1y2 = m2y–m2y1
⇒ (m1–m2)y = m1y2 –m2y1
m1y2–m2y1
∴ y = m –m
1 2
m1x2–m2x1 m1y2–m2y1
ewnwe©fvMxq m~Î t x = m –m ‚ y= m1–m2
1 2
x1+x2 y1+y2
Abywm×vš— t Aš—we©fw³i †¶‡Î, m1=m2 n‡j, x = 2 ,y= 2
A_©vr `ywU we›`yi ga¨we›`yi ¯’vbvsK|
m1x2+m2x1 m1y2+m2y1
1. Aš—we©f³ we›`yi ¯’vbvsK  m +m ‚ m +m 
 1 2 1 2 
–m 2–m2y1
ewnwe©f³ we›`yi ¯’vbvsK  m –m ‚ m –m 
m1 x2 2 x1 m 1y
2.
 1 2 1 2 
3. Dfq wefw³ AbycvZ †ei Kivi mgq k:1 ai‡Z n‡e|

D`vniY-1t (1, 2) I (6, 7) we›`y `ywUi ms‡hvM †iLv‡K (3, 4) we›`ywU †h Abycv‡Z Aš—we©f³ K‡i Zv wbY©q Ki“b|
mgvavbt g‡b Ki“b, (1, 2) I (6, 7) we›`y `ywUi ms‡hvM †iLvwU (3, 4) we›`y‡Z k :1 Abycv‡Z Aš—we©f³ nq|
myZivs wef³ we›`yi f‚R

k.6+1.1
3= k+1
BDwbU bq c„ôv-150
 MwYZ 1g cÎ

⇒ 3k+3 = 6k+1
⇒ 3k = 2
k 2
⇒ 1 =3
i.e. k t 1 = 2 t 3
∴ cÖ‡qvRbxq AbycvZ = 2 t 3 .

Abykxjbx-9.3

1. wbæwjwLZ we›`y؇qi ms‡hvM mij‡iLvi ga¨we›`y wbY©q Ki“b|

(a) (0, –5)Ges (6, 8), (b) (20, 10) Ges (10, 20), (c) (2a–x, 1) Ges (x, –5), (d) (x+y, x–y) Ges (x–
y, x+y).
2. (1, 3) I (2, 7) we›`y؇qi ms‡hvM mij‡iLvwU †h we›`y‡Z 3t–4 Abycv‡Z wef³ nq, Zv wbY©q Ki“b|
3. (–1, 2) I (4, –5) we›`y؇qi ms‡hvM mij‡iLvwU 2:3 Abycv‡Z †h we›`y‡Z Aš—we©f³ I ewnwe©f³ nq, Zv wbY©q
Ki“b|
4. †`Lvb †h, (2, –2) I (–1, 4) we›`yi ms‡hvM‡iLv‡K A¶‡iLv `ywU mgvb wZbfv‡M wef³ K‡i|
5. (–8, 13) Ges (12, –2) cÖvš—we›`y wewkó mij‡iLv‡K (5, 5) we›`ywU †h Abycv‡Z Aš—we©f³ K‡i, Zvnv wbY©q
Ki“b|
6. GKwU wÎfz‡Ri fi‡K›`ª (2, 2)| Zvi `yBwU kxl©we›`y (1,2) I (3,1) n‡j, Z…ZxqwU evwni Ki“b|
7. A(–1,5), B(3,1) I C(5,7) we›`y Øviv MwVZ wÎfz‡Ri evû¸wji ga¨we›`yi mgb¦‡q Drcbœ wÎfz‡Ri †¶Îdj wbY©q
Ki“b|
8. ABC wÎfz‡Ri BC evûi ga¨we›`y D n‡j, we‡k−lYx cÖgvY Øviv †`Lvb †h, AB2+AC2=2(AD2+BD2)

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cvV 5 wÎfz‡Ri †¶Îdj wbY©q

D‡Ïk¨
 GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 wÎfz‡Ri †¶Îdj wbY©q K‡i Zv cÖ‡qv‡Mi `¶Zv AR©b Ki‡eb|
wÎfz‡Ri †¶Îdj (Area of a triangle)
g‡b Ki“b, ABC wÎfz‡Ri kxl©we›`yÎq A(x1, y1), B(x2,y2) I C(x3,y3), x- A‡¶i Dci BD, AM, CN
j¤^ AvuwK|
OD =x2, OM = x1, ON = x3 Y
A(x1 ,y1 )
∴ DM = OM–OD = x1–x2
B(x2 ,y2 ) C(x3,y3 )
MN = ON –OM = x3–x1
DN = ON–OD = x3–x2 D
Avevi, BD = y2, MA = y1, CN = y3.
UªvwcwRqvg BDMA- Gi †¶Îdj =
1
2 (mgvš—ivj evû؇qi ˆ`‡N©¨i †¶Îdj) * D”PZv X´ X
O D M N
1
= 2 (BD+AM) .DM
1
= 2 (y1+y2)(x1–x2) Y´

1
Abyiƒcfv‡e, UªvwcwRqvg AMNC- Gi †¶Îdj = 2 (AM+CN) .MN
1
= 2 (y1+y3)(x3–x1)
1
Ges UªvwcwRqvg BDNC Gi †¶Îdj = 2 (BD+NC) .DN
1
= 2 (y2+y3)(x3–x2)
∴ ∆ABC- Gi †¶Îdj = (UªvwcwRqvg BDMA-Gi †¶‡Îdj+UªvwcwRqg AMNC Gi †¶Îdj)- UªvwcwRqg
BDNC– Gi †¶Îdj
1 1 1
= 2 (y1+y2)(x1–x2) + 2 (y1+y3)(x3–x1) – 2 (y2+y3)(x3–x2)
1
= 2 [ x1(y1+y2–y1–y3)–x2(y1+y2–y2–y3)+x3(y1+y3–y2–y3)
1
∆ = 2 [ x1(y2–y3) –x2(y1–y3)+x3(y1–y2) ----------(*)
1
=2 x1 x2 x3
y1 y2 y3
1 1 1

1
∆ =2 x1 y1 1
x2 y2 1 - - - - - - - (1)
x3 y3 1

1
(*) †_‡K ∆ = 2 (x1y2–x1y3–x2y1+x2y3+x3y1–x3y2)

BDwbU bq c„ôv-152
 MwYZ 1g cÎ

1
= 2 (x1y2 + x2y3+x3y1–x1y3–x2y1–x3y2)

x1 x2 x3 x1
(2)
= –1
2
y1 y2 y3 y1
+ + +
wkLb dj t
(*) I (2) bs-Gi Zzjbvq (1) bs m~Î e¨envi Kiv myweavRbK|

wÎf‚‡Ri †¶Îdj
1
∆=2 x1 y1 1 1
or ∆=2 x1 x2 x3 x1
x2 y2 1
y1 y2 y3 y1
x3 y3 1

GKwU wÎfz‡Ri kxl©we›`y¸wj h_vµ‡g Aa‚ a , Bb‚ b , Cc‚ c †`Lvb †h, wÎfzRwUi †¶Îdj
1 1 1
D`vniY-1 t
(b–c)(c–a)(a–b)
2abc
1 1
mgvavbt †¶Îdj ∆ = 2 a a 1
1
b b 1
1
c c 1

1 1 1
=2 a–b a –b 0 1g mvwi †_‡K 2q mvwi
1 1
b–c b –c 0 Ges 2q mvwi 3q mvwi we‡qvM K‡i|
1
c c 1

1 b–a
=2 a–b ab
c–b
b–c bc

1 a–b
=2 a–b – ab
b–c
b–c – bc

1 1
= 2 (a–b)(b–c) 1 – ab
1
1 – bc

1 1
= 2b (a–b)(b–c) 1 –a
1
1 –c

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1 1 – 1
= 2b (a–b)(b–c) a c
(a–b)(b–c)(c–a)
= 2abc eM© GKK|
D`vniY-2 t †`Lvb †h, (–1, 3), (2, 9) I (–3, –1) we›`y
wZbwU mg‡iL|
mgvavb t wZbwU we›`y Øviv MwVZ wÎfz‡Ri †¶Îdj
1
mgvavbt †¶Îdj = 2 –1 3 1
2 9 1
–3 –1 1
1
=2 –3 –6 0 [ 1g †_‡K 2q Ges 2q †_‡K 3q mvwi
5 10 0 we‡qvM K‡i| ]
–3 –1 1
1
= 2 (–30+30)
= 0.
†h‡nZz wÎfz‡Ri †¶Îdj k~b¨ AZGe we›`y¸wj mg‡iL|
wkLb dj
(x1, y1), (x2,y2) I (x3, y3) we›`yÎq mg‡iL n‡e, hw` Zv‡`i Øviv MwVZ wÎfz‡Ri †¶Îdj k~b¨ nq| i.e.
1
2 x1 y1 1
x2 y2 1 =0 nq|
x3 y3 1

D`vniY-3 t hw` (x, y) (1,2) I (2,1) we›`y Øviv MwVZ wÎfz‡Ri †¶Îdj 9 eM© GKK nq Z‡e cÖgvY Ki“b †h,
x+y = 21
mgvavbt Avgiv cvB, †¶Îdj = 9 eM© GKK|
1
⇒ 2 x y 1 =9
1 2 1
2 1 1
1
⇒2 x–1 y–2 0 1g †_‡K 2q Ges 2q †_‡K 3q mvwi
[
–1 1 0 =9 we‡qvM K‡i| ]
2 1 1
⇒ (x–1)+y–2 = 18
⇒ x+y = 21.

D`vniY-4t A(1,2), B(7,2) I C(9, 5) we›`yÎq Øviv MwVZ wÎfz‡Ri †¶Îdj evwni Ki“b Ges B we›`y †_‡K AC
evûi Dci j¤^`~iZ¡ evwni Ki“b|
mgvavb t A(1,2), B(7,2) I C(9, 5) we›`y Øviv MwVZ wÎfz‡Ri †¶Îdj,

1
∆= 2 1 2 1
7 2 1
9 5 1
1
=2 –6 0 0 [ 1g †_‡K 2q mvwi we‡qvM K‡i| ]
7 2 1
9 5 1

BDwbU bq c„ôv-154
 MwYZ 1g cÎ

1
= 2 × –6 (2–5)
1
= 2 × 6×3 = 9 eM© GKK|
GLb, AC = (1–9)2+(2–5)2
= 64+9 = 73 GKK|
B(7,2)

A(1,2) C(9,5)
D
g‡b Ki“b, B we›`y †_‡K AC–Gi j¤^ BD.
∴ wÎfz‡Ri †¶Îdj = 9
1
⇒ 2 . AC. BD = 9
1
⇒ 2 . 73 .BD = 9
9×2
∴ BD = = 2.11 GKK|
73

Abykxjbx-9.4
1. wb‡æi we›`y¸wji Øviv MwVZ wÎfz‡Ri †¶Îdj wbY©q Ki“b|
(i) (3, 0), (8, 0) I (7, 3)
(ii) (2,3), (0, 3) I (2, –3)
(iii) (–3,–2), (1, 4) I (2, 3)

2. †`Lvb †h, wbæwjwLZ we›`y¸wj mg‡iL|

(i) (8a, 0), (0, 8b), (a, 2b)
(ii) (acosθ, bsinθ), (0, 0), (–acosθ, –bsinθ)
1 1 1
(iii) a‚ bc , b‚ ca , c‚ ab

3. h Gi †Kvb gv‡bi Rb¨ (–1, 2), (2, –1) Ges (h, 3) we›`y¸wji mg‡iL?
4. A, B, C we›`y wZbwUi ¯’vbvsK h_vµ‡g (6, 3), (–3, 5), (4, –2) Ges P we›`y ¯’vbvsK (x,y) n‡j, †`Lvb †h,
∆PBC x+y–2
= 7
∆ABC
5. (a, 2–a), (1–a, 2a) I (–4–a, 6–2a) we›`yÎq mg‡iL n‡j, a– Gi gvb wbY©q Ki“b|
6. ABC wÎfz‡Ri wZbwU kxl© we›`y n‡jv A(3,4), BC(–4, 3) Ges C(8, 6) wÎfzRwUi †¶Îdj wbY©q Ki“b Ges A
n‡Z BC evûi Dci Aw¼Z j‡¤^i ˆ`N©¨ wbY©q Ki“b|
7. (1,1), (8, 4), (5,–2) I (4, –7) PviwU kxl©we›`y wewkó PZzf©y‡Ri †¶Îdj wbY©q Ki“b|
8. ∆ABC–Gi kxl©we›`y A,B,C– Gi ¯’vbvsK h_vµ‡g (3, 5), (–3, 3) I (–1, –1) Ges D, E, F h_vµ‡g BC, CA
I AB Gi ga¨we›`y| ∆ABC I ∆DEF Gi †¶Îdj wbY©q Ges †`Lvb †h, ∆ABC = 4∆DEF.

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cvV 6 mÂvic_ I Zvi mgxKiY wbY©q

D‡Ïk¨
 GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-


mÂvic_ wK Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
A¶‡iLvi mgvš—ivj AcmviY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 mÂvic‡_i mgxKiY wbY©‡q `¶Zv AR©b Ki‡eb|

mÂvic‡_i msÁv t
‡Kvb mgZ‡j GK ev GKvwaK kZ© c~iY K‡i †Kvb Pjgvb we›`y †h c_ iPbv K‡i, Zv‡K H we›`yi
mÂvic_ (locus) e‡j|
D`vniY¯^iƒc
(K) †Kvb mgZ‡j †Kvb Pjgvb we›`y hw` MwZ cwieZ©b bv K‡i GKwU wbw`©ó w`‡K P‡j, Zv‡K Avgiv mij‡iLv
ewj|
(L) †Kvb mgZ‡j †Kvb Pjgvb we›`y hw` GKwU wbw`©ó we›`y †_‡K wbw`©ó `~iZ¡ eRvq †i‡L P‡j, Zv‡K Avgiv e„Ë
e‡j|
Gfv‡e wewfbœ kZ© mv‡c‡¶ Avgiv wewfbœ we›`yi mÂvic_ †hgb cive„Ë, Awae„Ë, Dce„Ë BZ¨vw` cve| Gme wewfbœ
eµ‡iLvi mgxKiY x I y Gi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³| †hgb t

2 2 2
x+y=a
y2=4ax
1. mij‡iLvi mgxKiY 2. e„‡Ëi mgxKiY 3. cive„‡Ëi mgxKiY|

msÁv t
hw` †Kvb we›`y¸”Q †Kvb mij‡iLv, mgZj ev k~‡b¨ GK ev GKvwaK kZ© †g‡b †Kvb mij‡iLv ev eµ‡iLvi m„wó K‡i
Zv‡KB H we›`y¸‡”Qi mÂvi c_ e‡j|
D”P gva¨wgK †kªYxi R¨vwgwZUv ¯’vbvsK wbf©ikxj| Kv‡Z©kxq c×wZ‡Z Pjgvb we›`yi ¯’vbvsK mvaviYZt (x,y) I (x,
y, z) aiv nq, KviY x, y, z cwieZ©bkxj ¯’vbvs‡Ki cÖZxK wPý wn‡m‡e me©Rb ¯^xK…Z| †h‡nZz ¯’vbvs‡Ki gva¨‡g I
cÖ‡qvR‡b A¼‡bi mvnv‡h¨ mÂvic_ ¸‡jv †`Lv‡Z n‡e, †m‡nZz cÖwZwU eµ‡iLv ev mij‡iLv wewfbœ MvwYwZK k‡Z©
(x, y) m¤^wjZ GK-GK iKg exRMwYZxq mgxKiY n‡e|
A_©vr mÂvi c‡_i msÁv ev kZ© n‡Z Pjgvb we›`yi ¯’vbvsK؇qi g‡a¨ GKwU MvwYwZK m¤úK© A_©vr mgxKiY cvIqv
hvq; wecixZµ‡g mgxKiY n‡Z Gi mÂvic_ cvIqv hvq|

D`vniY ¯^iƒc t
1. (i) MvwYwZK kZ©t (a, 0) I (0, b) we›`yMvgx GKwU mij‡iLv g~jwe›`y n‡Z abvZ¥K w`‡K a I b we›`y‡Z x–
A¶ I y– A¶‡K †Q` Ki‡e|
x y
(ii) exRMwYZxq mgxKiY a + b = 1

BDwbU bq c„ôv-156
 MwYZ 1g cÎ

y
B(o,b)

↑
b
↓
A(a,o) x y
x mij‡iLv : a + b = 1
O ← a→

2. (i) MvwYwZK kZ©t g~jwe›`y (0,0) n‡Z mgvb `~ieZx© we›`y¸”Q mgwó
(ii) exRMwYwZK mgxKiYt x2+y2=a2
(iii)

P(x,y)
a

O(o,o)

D`vniYt GKwU we›`y Giƒcfv‡e MwZkxj †h y– A¶ n‡Z Gi `~iZ¡ me©`vB 7 GKK| we›`ywUi mÂvic‡_i mgxKiY
wbY©q Ki“b|
x=-7 x=7

x
O(o,o)

g‡b Ki“b MwZkxj we›`ywUi ¯’vbvsK (x, y), y- A¶ n‡Z `~i‡Z¡i msL¨vgvb nj | x |
cÖ`Ë kZ©vbymv‡i, |x|=7
⇒ x=±7
∴ x =7 Ges x = –7 GivB we›`ywUi mÂvic‡_i mgxKiY|

D`vniYt GKwU we›`y Giƒcfv‡e P‡j †h, g~jwe›`y Ges (0, 8) we›`y n‡Z Gi `~iZ¡Ø‡qi AbycvZ 1t3 nq| we›`ywUi
mÂvic‡_i mgxKiY wbY©q Ki|
DËit g‡b Ki“b Pjgvb we›`ywU P(x, y)
g~jwe›`y n‡Z P Gi `~iZ¡ = x2+y2 Ges (0, 8) we›`y n‡Z P Gi `~iZ¡ = x2+(y–8)2

cÖ`Ë kZ©vbymv‡i, x2+y2 t x2+y–82 = 1t 3

x2+y2 1
ev, =
x2+(y–8)2 3
x2+y2 1
ev, 2 = [ eM© K‡i ]
x +(y–8)2 9
ev, x2+y2+2y–8=0
∴ x2+(y+1)2=32, wb‡Y©q mÂvi c‡_i mgxKiY|
myZivs †h †Kvb mÂvic‡_i Dci me we›`yi ¯’vbvsKB Zvi mgxKiY‡K wm× K‡i, c¶vš—‡i †h me we›`yi ¯’vbvsK
mgxKiY‡K wm× K‡i, Zv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨KwU H mgxKiY wewkó mÂvic_wUi Dci Aew¯’Z|
AZGe mij‡iLv Ges e„‡Ëi cwiwa, Awae„Ë, Dce„Ë cÖf…wZ eµ‡iLvI mÂvic_|

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g‡b ivLvi welq t

(i) mÂvic‡_i mgxKiY wbY©‡q Pjgvb we›`yi ¯’vbvsK mvaviYZt (x, y) aiv nq|
(ii) ïaygvÎ mÂvic‡_i Dci †h †Kvb we›`yi ¯’vbvsK H mÂvic_wUi mgxKiY‡K wm× K‡i|

 A¶‡iLvi mgvš—ivj AcmviY (Parallel Translation of Axes): (A‡¶i w`K cwieZ©b bv K‡i, G‡`i mgvš—
ivj AcmviY m¤úwK©Z)
Y y (X,Y)
P(x,y)
↑
y
↓
O´(α,β) ←↑ → S
x
x
β

← α → ↓
X
O(0,0) R Q
g‡b Ki“b Avgv‡`i Avw` A¶‡iLvØq OX I OY Ges g~jwe›`y O| GLb cÖ_g PZzf©v‡M O´ GKwU we›`y ai“b hvi
¯’vbvsK (α,β)| GB O´ †iLv †f` K‡i Avw` X- A¶ I Y- A¶ Gi mgvš—ivj K‡i O´x I O´ybZzb A¶‡iLv Uvbv
n‡jv|
GLb Avw` A¶‡iLvØq X, Y I g~jwe›`y O (0, 0) †cÖw¶‡Z bZzb A¶‡iLv x I y Ges g~jwe›`y O′ (α,β) cvIqv †Mj|
cÖ_g PZzf©v‡M P GKwU we›`y †bqv n‡jv hvi ¯’vbvsK (x, y), xO´y Gi †cÖw¶‡Z Ges (X, Y), XOY Gi †cÖw¶‡Z|
GLb (x,y) I (X,Y) Gi g‡a¨ m¤úK© Rvb‡Z n‡e| P we›`y n‡Z OX -A‡¶i Dci PQ I O´ we›`y n‡Z OX A‡¶i
Dci O´R Gi Dci j¤^ Uvbv n‡jv| PQ, O´x A¶‡K S we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i|
AZGe OQ=X, PQ=Y, O´S=x, PS=y
GLb wPÎ n‡Z,
OQ = OR +RQ
X = OR+O´S
∴ X = α+x
Avevi, PQ = PS+QS = PS + O´R
Y = y +β
g‡b ivLvi welq t
1. X = α +x
Y = β +y
2. x = X–α
y = Y–β

†bvUt Av‡jvP¨ Aby‡”Q`wU D”P-gva¨wgK R¨vwgwZi wm‡jevm ewnf©~Z wKš—z KwYK Aa¨vqwUi wKQy msL¨K mgm¨v
mgvav‡bi myweav‡_© Av‡jvwPZ n‡jv|

D`vniY-1 t P(–2,0), Q(2,0) I R(6,8) we›`y¸‡”Qv †`Iqv Av‡Q| GKwU †mU Ggbfv‡e MVb Kiv n‡q‡Q †h Gi †h
†Kvb we›`y S Gi Rb¨ PS2+QS2=2RS2. mÂvic‡_i mgxKiY wbY©q Ki“b|
DËit mÂvic‡_i msÁv Abyhvqx GLv‡b †`Iqv Av‡Q|
(i) we›`yy¸‡”Qv
P, Q, R
(ii) MvwYwZK kZ©, PS2+QS2=2RS2

BDwbU bq c„ôv-158
 MwYZ 1g cÎ

g‡b Ki“b, S Gi ¯’vbvsK (x,y) Zvn‡j Avgiv wjL‡Z cvwi,

PS2 = (x+2)2+(y–0)2 = x2+4x+4+y2
QS2 = (x–2)2+(y–0)2 = x2–4x+4+y2
RS2 = (x–6)2+(y–8)2 = x2–12x+36+y2–16y+64

cÖ`Ë kZ©vbyhvqx, PS2+QS2 = 2RS2

ev, x2+4x+4+y2+x2–4x+4+y2 = 2(x2–12x+36+y2–16y+64)
ev, 2x2+2y2+8 = 2x2–24x+72+2y2–32y+128
ev, 24x+32y–192 = 0
ev, 3x+4y–24 = 0
AZGe wb‡Y©q mÂvic‡_i mgxKiY 3x+4y–24 = 0.

D`vniY-2 t M t– t ‚ t+ t  we›`yi mÂvic‡_i mgxKiY wbY©q Ki“b|

1 1

1
DËi t GLv‡b M Gi ¯’vbvs‡Ki f‚R x = t– t
1
⇒ x2 = t2+ 2 – 2 - - - - - - - - - (i)
t
1
M Gi ¯’vbvs‡Ki †KvwU y = t+ t
1
⇒ y2 = t2+ 2 + 2 - - - - - - - (ii)
t
1 1
GLb (ii) bs n‡Z (i) bs we‡qvM K‡i cvB- y2–x2 = t2+ 2 + 2 –t2 – +2
t t2
A_©vr y2–x2 = 4
AZGe wb‡Y©q mÂvic‡_i mgxKiY y2–x2 =4.

D`vniY-3 t A(x,y), B(–6,–3) Ges C(6,3) we›`y¸‡jv GKwU wÎfz‡Ri kxl©Îq| BC evûi Dci Aw¼Z ga¨gvi
ˆ`N©¨ hw` GKwU w¯’i msL¨v 3 GKK nq, Zvn‡j A we›`yi mÂvic‡_i mgxKiY wbY©q Ki“b|
A(x,y)

(-6,3)B C(6,3)
D
mgvavb t †h‡nZz D, BC Gi ga¨we›`y, AZGe D Gi ¯’vbvsK D= (0,0)

cÖkœvbymv‡i AD = 3 = x2+y2
⇒ 9 = x2+y2
∴ A we›`yi mÂvic‡_i mgxKiY x2+y2 = 9

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GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

Abykxjbx-9.5

1. GKwU we›`y Ggbfv‡e P‡j †h Dnv (2,3) I (4,5) we›`y †_‡K me©`v mg`~ieZx©| we›`ywUi mÂvic‡_i mgxKiY
wbY©q Ki“b|
2. GKwU we›`y Ggbfv‡e P‡j †hb y– A¶ †_‡K Ges (1,1) we›`y †_‡K mg`~ieZx©| we›`ywUi mÂvic‡_i
mgxKiY wbY©q Ki“b|
3. †Kvb we›`yi x A¶ †_‡K `~iZ¡, Zvi (1,1) we›`y †_‡K `~i‡Z¡i wظY| we›`ywUi mÂvic‡_i mgxKiY wbY©q
Ki“b|
4. A(2,3) Ges B(–1,4) `ywU w¯’i we›`y| P GKwU Pjgvb we›`y hv me©`v PAtPB=2t3 †g‡b P‡j| Zvi mÂvic_
wbY©q Ki“b|
5. D(x,y), E(–6,–3) Ges F(6,3) GKwU wÎfz‡Ri wZbwU kxl©we›`y, D we›`y Ggbfv‡e Pjgvb †h, EF evûi
ga¨we›`y †_‡K D³ we›`yi `~iZ¡ me©`v 5 GKK| D we›`yi mÂvic‡_i mgxKiY wbY©q Ki“b|
6. GKwU we›`y Ggbfv‡e Pjbkxj †h, y–A¶ †_‡K Zvi `~iZ¡ me©`v 7 GKK| we›`ywUi mÂvic‡_i mgxKiY
wbY©q Ki“b|
7. GKwU we›`y Ggbfv‡e Pjgvb †h, (1,0) Ges (–1,0) we›`yØq †_‡K Gi `~i‡Z¡i mgwó me©`v 2 GKK nq|
we›`ywUi mÂvic_ wbY©q Ki“b|

BDwbU bq c„ôv-160
 MwYZ 1g cÎ

GK bR‡i GB BDwb‡Ui msw¶ß welqe¯—z t

1. g~j we›`yi ¯’vbvsK (0,0)
2. x– A‡¶i Dci †h †Kvb we›`yi †KvwU k~b¨ Ges y– A‡¶i Dci †h †Kvb we›`yi fzR k~b¨|
3. y– A¶ n‡Z (x1, y1) we›`yi `~iZ¡ =x1 Ges x- A¶ n‡Z (x1,y1) we›`yi `~iZ¡ =y1
4. Kv‡Z©mxq I †cvjvi ¯’vbvs‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤úK© n‡jv
x = rcosθ
y = rsinθ

Ges r = x2+y2
y
θ = tan–1 x

5. (x1, y1) Ges (x2,y2) cÖvš—Øq wewkó mij‡iLv m1t m2 Abycv‡Z wef³ n‡j t
m1x2+m2x1 m1y2+m2y1
Aš—we©fvM we›`yi ¯’vbvsK  m +m ‚ m +m  Ges ewnwef©vM we›`yi ¯’vbvsK
 1 2 1 2 

m1x2–m2x1 ‚ m1y2–m2y1
 m +m m1–m2 
 1 2

Ges (x2,y2) cÖvš—Øq wewkó mij‡iLvi ga¨we›`yi ¯’vbvsK  2 ‚ 2 

x1+x2 y1+y2
6. (x1,y1)

7. (x1, y1), (x2,y2) I (x3,y3) we›`yÎq‡K kxl©we›`y a‡i MwVZ wÎfz‡Ri †¶Îdj
1
= 2 [x1(y2–y3)+x2(y3–y1)+x3(y1–y2)]

1
Ges kxl© we›`y·qi GKwU g~jwe›`y n‡j, wÎfz‡Ri †¶Îdj = 2 (x1y2–x2y1)

8. wZbwU mg‡iL we›`y‡K kxl©we›`y a‡i KwíZ wÎfz‡Ri †¶Îdj k~b¨|

9. GK ev GKvwaK kZ©vax‡b ev msÁvbymv‡i Pjgvb we›`yi c_B mÂvic_|
10. wbw`©ó msÁv ev kZ©B mÂvic_wUi mgxKiY|

DËigvjv

Abykxjbx-9.1
(i) 2‚ 3  , (ii) 2‚ 5  , (iii) (1, 0 )
11
3.
   6
(i) (3 3‚ 3 3) (ii)  2 ‚ 2 (iii)  ‚ –  (iv) (–1‚ – 3) .
3 1 5 5
4.
   2 2
5. (i) x2+y2 = 36. (ii) x = 3 y.
(iii) (x2+y2)2 = a2(x2–y2) (iv) x2+y2 = 2ay
6. (i) r = 2acosθ (ii) rcosθ = etanθ
(iii) r (1± cosθ) = ± 2a (iv) r2sin2θ = 18.

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Abykxjbx-9.2
1. (i) 5 GKK, (ii) 2(a2+b2) GKK, (iii) a GKK (iv) at t2+4 GKK|
α−β
2. (i) 8 2 , (ii) 3 (iii) 2asin 2 , (iv) (a–b) 2 .

5. – 14‚ 14
1 39
 
5 5
8. 2 .
9. (3, 6) A_ev (1, 2).
10. 9 A_ev 1.
Abykxjbx-9.3
3
1. (a) (3, 2 ), (b) (15, 15), (c) (a, –2), (d) (x, y).

2. (–2, –9).

3. 1‚ – 4 ; (–11, 6).

 5

5. 13:5.

6. (2,3)
7. 40 eM© GKK|
Abykxjbx-9.4
15
1. (i) 2 eM© GKK|
(ii) 6 eM© GKK|
(iii) 5 eM© GKK|
7
8. 14 eM© GKK, 2 eM© GKK|
Abykxjbx-9.5
1. x+y = 7.

2. y2=2x–4y+5=0

4. 5(x2+y2)–44x–22y+49=0

5. x2+y2=25

6. x+7=0.

BDwbU bq c„ôv-162