Lloyds Rules – For Steel Ships Structures

Parts 3 and 4 - A Condensed Index / Roadmap

(Revision 3 – Revised to suit July 2008 Rules – January 7, 2009)

Note: The following list of the rule parts, chapters and sections may not be all
inclusive for any ships structural scantling calculations.

Students are expected to review all parts of the rules to determine what is applicable
to their particular structural arrangement and ship type.

Information / Drawings required to get started:

1) general arrangement
2) lines plan
3) capacity plan
4) profile and decks drawing (i.e. structural arrangement – remember
Lloyds doesn’t tell you how to arrange the structure; only the minimum
scantlings of the structure based on your structural arrangement)

Start by determining the Lloyds length and the location of the amidships region.

Part 3, Chapter 1, Section 6 – Definitions

6.1.1 Lloyd’s Length (L)

6.1.2 Amidships Location / Amidships Region
6.1.3 Breadth (B)
6.1.4 Depth (D)
6.1.5 Draft (T)
6.1.6 Block Co-efficient (Cb)
6.1.7 Length Between Perpendiculars (Lpp)
6.1.8 Load Line Length (LL)
6.1.9 Load Line Block Co-efficient (CbL)

Part 3, Chapter 3, Section 2 – Rule Structural Concepts

2.2.1 Definition of Fore End Region

2.3.1 Definition of Aft End Region
2.6 Vertical Extent of Higher Tensile Steel (Ref only for ‘k’ value)

Part 3, Chapter 4, Section 2 – General

2.1.1 Longitudinal Strength Calculation Requirement (Where L > 65M only)

Part 3, Chapter 3, Section 3 – Structural Idealization

3.4 Calculation of Hull Section Modulus (if required – see 3.4.2 above)

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Check the minimum height of the forecastle deck and the extent of the forecastle
deck.

Part 3 – Chapter 3, Section 6 – Minimum bow heights and extent of forecastle

6.1 Minimum Bow Heights
6.2 Extent of Forecastle

Before any further calculations are carried out, we should check the applicable chapter
of Part 4 – Ships Structures (Ship Types) to see if there is anything that will effect the
scantling calculations.

e.g. Part 4, Chapter 2 Ferries, Ro-Ro’s, Passenger Ships

Part 4, Chapter 3 Tugs
Etc.

Remember that all calculations for scantlings are done assuming the ship is a general
cargo ship, and then adjusted by referring to the particular chapter in Part 4 for the
particular ship type being designed.

Part 4, Chapter 1 deals with the scantling calculations for deck, shell, single and
double bottom structure, and bulkheads.

Part 4, Chapter 1, Section 1 – General

Read this section for general structural layout information, symbols definition, and
some class notation definitions.

Deck Plating

We can begin our scantling calculations anywhere on the ship (in the amidships
region) – we will start with the deck structure.

Part 4, Chapter 1, Section 4 – Deck Structure

4.1 General
4.2 Deck Plating
4.2.1 Strength / Weather Deck Plating
4.2.2 Lower Deck Plating
4.2.3 Strength Deck Stringer Plates

If the machinery space is in the amidships region of the ship, we must now refer to
Part 3, Chapter 7 – Machinery Spaces to see if there are any additional requirements
for deck structure in way of machinery spaces.

Part 3, Chapter 7, Section 2 – Deck Structure

2.1 Strength Deck Plating

2.2 Strength Deck Primary Structure
2.3 Lower Decks

To calculate the required minimum thickness of the forecastle deck plating, we must
go to Part 3, Chapter 8 – Superstructures, Deckhouses and Bulwarks.

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Part 3, Chapter 8, Section 4 – Forecastles

4.1 Construction
4.1.1 Side Plating and End Plating
4.1.2 Bow Height and Extent of Forecastle (already checked)
4.1.3 Minimum Thickness of Forecastle Deck Plating
4.1.4 Deck Longitudinals and Beams
4.1.5 Girders, Transverses, and Pillars / Minimum Depth of Girders

Bottom Structure

We can now begin to calculate bottom structure scantlings using Part 4, Chapter 1,
General Cargo Ships (Note: if machinery space not located in the amidships region).

Part 4, Chapter 1, Section 7 – Single Bottom Structure

7.1 General
7.2 Girders & Floors

Part 4, Chapter 1, Section 8 – Double Bottom Structure

8.1 Symbols & Definitions

8.2 General
8.3 Girders / Duct Keels / Minimum Depth of Centreline Girder / Number
of Side Girders Required
8.4 Inner Bottom Plating (Tank Top) and Stiffening
8.5 Floors

If the machinery space is in the amidships region of the ship, we must refer to Part 3,
Chapter 7 – Machinery Spaces to calculate bottom structure scantlings. This may be
done after the above bottom structure calculations are carried out using Part 4,
Chapter 1, Sections 7 or 8 above, or you may begin calculating bottom structure using
Part 3, Chapter 7 and refer to Part 4, Chapter 1 as necessary.

Part 3, Chapter 7, Section 4 – Double and Single Bottom Structure

4.1 Double bottom structure, minimum depth centre girder, framing

system required, floor plate thickness, tank top thickness
4.2 Single bottom structure, minimum depth of floors, no flanges.

Shell Plating

We can now begin to calculate the minimum thickness for the shell plating using Part
4, Chapter 1 – General Cargo Ships.

Part 4, Chapter 1, Section 5 – Shell Envelope Plating

5.1 General
5.2 Keel / Bar and Plate Keels
5.3 Bottom Shell and Bilge Plating
5.4 Side Shell (includes sheer strake the requirements and width of sheer
strake)

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Note: There are no additional requirements for shell plating thickness if the
machinery is located in the amidships region.

Note: Remember to check the applicable chapter in Part 4 for your ship type to see if
there are any further requirements for minimum shell plate thickness, or
additional bottom structure or deck structure requirements for your ship type.

Bulkheads

We can now check the number of transverse watertight bulkheads required by the
rules using Part 3, Chapter 3 – Structural Design.

Part 3, Chapter 3, Section 4 – Bulkhead Requirements

4.1 Number and Disposition of Bulkheads

4.2 Collision Bulkhead (location of)
4.3 After Peak Bulkhead
4.4 Height of Bulkheads
4.5 Watertight Recesses, Flats & Loading Ramps
4.7 Protection of Tanks Carrying Oil Fuel, etc.
4.8 Watertight Tunnels and Passageways

Having determined the minimum number and height of transverse bulkheads

including the collision bulkhead, we can now calculate the scantlings for bulkhead
plate and stiffeners using Part 4, Chapter 1 – General Cargo Ships.

Part 4, Chapter 1, Section 9 – Bulkheads

9.1 General
9.2 Watertight and Deep Tank Bulkheads
9.3 Shaft Tunnels
9.4 Non-Watertight Bulkheads

Machinery Seats

Calculations for the scantlings of machinery seats are covered in Part 3, Chapter 7 –
Machinery Spaces.

Part 3, Chapter 7, Section 6 – Engine Seatings

6.1 General
6.2 Seats for Oil Engines
6.2.1 Recommended Scantlings / Number of Girders Required Under
Top Plate & Minimum Girder Thickness
6.5 Seats for Auxiliary Machinery

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Shell Envelope Framing

We will now calculate the framing scantlings (primary and secondary stiffening) for
the shell using Part 4, Chapter 1 – General Cargo Ships

Part 4, Chapter 1, Section 6 – Shell Envelope Framing

6.1 General
6.1.1 Longitudinal or Transverse Framing Systems
6.2 Longitudinal Stiffening (Framing – Secondary Structure)
6.3 Transverse Stiffening (Framing – Secondary Structure)
6.4 Primary Supporting Structure
6.4.1 Deep Transverses, Web Frames & Side Shell Stringers
6.4.2 Spacing of Side Transverses

Before calculating any shell framing scantlings, we should check Part 3, Chapter 7 –
Machinery Spaces for any notes regarding engine room structure (if our machinery
space is in the amidships region).

Part 3, Chapter 7, Section 3 – Side Shell Structure

3.1 Secondary Stiffening

3.1.1 Transverse Frames and Omission of Web Frames
3.1.2 Longitudinal Framing
3.2 Primary Structure – Transverse Framing
3.3 Primary Structure – Longitudinal Framing

Now return to Part 4, Chapter 1, Section 6 – Shell envelope framing and calculate
framing scantlings.

Deck Supporting Structure

We will now calculate the scantlings of the deck supporting structure (deck beams and
deck girders) for all decks using Part 4, Chapter 1 – General Cargo Ships

Part 4, Chapter 1, Section 4 – Deck Structure

4.3 Deck Stiffening

4.3.1 Longitudinal Deck Beams (Secondary Structure)
4.3.5 Transverse Deck Beams (Secondary Structure)
4.4 Deck Supporting Structure (Primary Structure)
4.4.1 Girders and Transverses (i.e. Deep Beams) Supporting Deck
Longitudinals and (Transverse) Beams
4.4.3 Note reference to Part 3, Chapter 10, Section 4 regarding end
connections for primary members. Review this section,
especially 4.6 openings in the web and 4.7 end connections.
4.4.5 Pillars
4.5 Deck Openings
4.5.1 Opening Corner Requirements
Before calculating deck support structure scantlings, we should check Part 3, Chapter
7 – Machinery Spaces for any notes regarding deck structure (if our machinery space
is in the amidships region)

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Part 3, Chapter 7, Section 2 – Deck Structure

2.1 Strength Deck Plating

2.2 Strength Deck – Primary Structure
2.2.1 Transverse Framing System
2.2.2 Longitudinal Framing System
2.2.3 Machinery Casings
2.3 Lower Decks (and Flats)

Machinery Casings

The scantlings for machinery casings may be calculated in Part 3, Chapter 7 –

Machinery Spaces

Part 3, Chapter 7, Section 5 – Machinery Casings and Oil Fuel Bunkers

5.1 Machinery Casings

5.2 Oil Fuel Bunkers (within the machinery space)

Note: Remember to check the applicable chapter in Part 4 for your ship type to see if
there are any further requirements for bulkheads, machinery seats, shell envelope
framing, deck supporting structure, or machinery casings.

Strengthening For Navigation in Ice

The required increase in scantlings and additional structure requirements for

navigation in ice may be found in Part 8 – Rules for Ice & Cold Operations

Part 8, Chapter 1 - Application

Section 1 - Scope
Section 2 – Ice Environment
Section 3 – Air Environment
Section 4 – Icing Environment

Part 8, Chapter 2, Section 1 – Strengthening Requirements For Navigation In Ice –

Application of Requirements

1.1 Additional Strengthening

1.2 Application for Light Ice Conditions
1.3 Application for First Year Ice Conditions
1.4 Application for Multi-year Ice Conditions
1.5 Ice Breakers

Part 8, Chapter 2, Section 2 – General Hull Requirements For Navigation In Ice – All
Ice Classes

2.1 General
2.2 Definitions

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Part 8, Chapter 2, Section 4 – Hull Requirements For Light Ice Conditions – Ice
Classes 1D & 1E

Part 8, Chapter 2, Section 6 – Hull Requirements For First Year Ice Conditions – Ice
Classes 1AS FS, 1A FS, 1B FS, & 1C FS

Part 8, Chapter 2, Section 10 – Hull Strengthening Requirements For Navigation in

Multi-year Ice Conditions – Ice Classes PC1, PC2, PC3, PC4, PC5, PC6, & PC7

Brackets and End Connections for Secondary Stiffeners

Scantlings for brackets (where required) and determination of other end connection
requirements may be found in Part 3, Chapter 10 – Welding and Structural Details.

Part 3, Chapter 10, Section 3 – Secondary Member End Connections

3.1 General
3.3 Basis for Calculation
3.4 Scantlings of End Brackets
3.5 Arrangements and Details

Note that Part 3, Chapter 10, Section 4 – Construction Details for Primary Members,
was already checked when calculating deck structure (Part 4, Chapter 1, Section 4 –
Deck Structure).

Calculating Sizes of Welds

Weld sizes throughout the entire ships structure may be calculated using Part 3,
Chapter 10 – Welding and Structural Details

Part 3, Chapter 10, Section 2 – Welding

* Read Section 1 * General

2.1 General
2.2 Butt Welds
2.4 Closing Plates
2.6 Fillet Welds
2.7 Welding of Primary Structure
2.8 Welding of Primary and Secondary Member End Connections

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Superstructures, Deckhouses, and Bulwarks

The scantlings for fronts, sides, aft ends and decks of superstructures (where the sides
of the superstructure are not extensions of the side shell) can be calculated in Part 3,
Chapter 8 – Superstructures, Deckhouses, and Bulwarks.

Part 3, Chapter 8, Section 1 – General

1.3 Definition of Tiers

1.4 Design Pressure Head

Part 3, Chapter 8, Section 2 – Scantlings of Erections Other Than Forecastles

2.1 Thickness of Bulkhead and Side Plating

2.2 Stiffeners and Their End Connections
2.2.1 Stiffeners for Front, Side, and Aft End Superstructure
Bulkheads (except where the superstructure side is an extension
of the side shell)
2.2.2 Stiffener End Connection Requirements
2.3 Deck Plating
2.4 Deck Longitudinals & Beams
2.5 Deck Girders and Transverses
2.6 Strengthening at Ends and Sides of Erections
2.7 Erections Contributing to Hull Strength

Forecastles

Part 3, Chapter 8, Section 4 – Forecastles

4.1 Construction
4.1.1 Side Plating (as per fore end Part 3, Chapter 5)
4.1.3 Forecastle Deck Plating (already calculated)
4.1.4 Deck Longitudinals and Beams
4.1.5 Deck Girders, Transverses, and Pillars

Bulwarks (and Guard-Rails)

Part 3, Chapter 8, Section 5 – Bulwarks and Other Means for the Protection of the
Crew

5.1 General Requirements

5.2 Bulwark Construction
5.3 Freeing Arrangements (Freeing Ports)
5.5 Special Requirements for Tugs and Offshore Supply Ships
5.5.1 Freeing Port Area Calculation

Fore End Structure

Having now completed the calculations for scantlings in the amidships region, we can
now move on to either the fore end region or the aft end region. Often, the rules for
these regions will refer back to the amidships region rules for determination of certain
minimum scantlings.

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We will begin with the fore end region, using Part 3, Chapter 5 – Fore End Structure.

Part 3, Chapter 5, Section 1 – General

1.1 Application (Note 1.1.2)

1.2 Structural Configuration
1.3 Structural Continuity
1.5 Strengthening of Bottom Forward

Part 3, Chapter 5, Section 2 – Deck Structure

2.1 General
2.2 Deck Plating
2.3 Deck Stiffening (secondary)
2.3.1 Longitudinal Deck Beams
2.3.4 Transverse Deck Beams
2.4 Deck Supporting Structure (primary)
2.5 Deck Openings

Part 3, Chapter 5, Section 3 – Shell Envelope Plating

3.1 General
3.2 Keel
3.3 Stem
3.4 Bottom Shell & Bilge
3.4.1 (To determine if extra bottom strengthening is required see
Section 1, Paragraph 1.5.1)
3.5 Side Shell and Sheerstrake
3.6 Shell Openings

Part 3, Chapter 5, Section 4 – Shell Envelope Framing

4.1 General
4.2 Shell Longitudinals
4.3 Shell Framing (transverse)
4.4 Panting Stringers I.W.O. Transverse Framing
4.5 Primary Structure at Sides

Part 3, Chapter 5, Section 5 – Single and Double Bottom Structure

5.1 General
5.2 Single Bottoms, Transverse Framing
5.3 Single Bottoms, Longitudinal Framing
5.4 Double Bottoms

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Part 3, Chapter 5, Section 6 – Fore Peak Structure

Note: The fore peak is generally considered to be the area forward of the collision
bulkhead.

6.1 General
6.2 Bottom Structure
6.3 Side Structure – Transverse Framing
6.4 Side Structure – Longitudinal Framing
6.5 Bulbous Bow
6.6 Wash Bulkhead
6.7 Collision Bulkhead
6.7.2 Scantlings of Plate and Modulus of Bulkhead Stiffeners
6.7.3 Openings in Collision Bulkhead

Part 3, Chapter 5, Section 7 – Forward Deep Tank Structure

7.1 General
7.2 Bottom Structure
7.3 Side Structure – Transverse Framing
7.4 Side Structure – Longitudinal Framing
7.5 Wash Bulkheads
7.6 Transverse Boundary Bulkheads

Note: While no allowance is made for machinery spaces in the fore end region (Part
3, Chapter 7, 1.1.2). Part 3, Chapter 7 – Machinery Spaces should be checked
for any rules which may influence machinery casings, etc.

Remember to check the applicable chapter of Part 4 – Ships Structures (ship types) to
see if there is anything that will effect the fore end scantlings or structural
arrangement.

Aft End Structure

We can now move to the aft end region and calculate required scantlings using Part 3,
Chapter 6 – Aft End Structure.

Part 3, Chapter 6, Section 1 – General

1.1 Application (Note 1.1.2)

1.2 Structural Configuration
1.3 Structural Continuity
1.3.2 Avoid Abrupt Changeover of Framing Systems

Part 3, Chapter 6, Section 2 – Deck Structure

2.1 General
2.2 Deck Plating
2.3 Deck Stiffening (Secondary Structure)
2.4 Deck Supporting Structure (Primary Structure)
2.5 Deck Openings
Part 3, Chapter 6, Section 3 – Shell Envelope Plating

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 3.1 General
3.2 Keel
3.3 Bottom Shell and Bilge
3.4 Side Shell and Sheerstrake
3.5 Shell Openings

Part 3, Chapter 6, Section 4 – Shell Envelope Framing

4.1 General
4.2 Shell Longitudinals
4.3 Shell Framing
4.4 Panting Stringers I.W.O. Transverse Framing
4.5 Primary Structure at Sides

Part 3, Chapter 6, Section 5 – Single and Double Bottom Structure

5.1 General
5.2 Single Bottoms – Transverse Framing
5.3 Single Bottoms – Longitudinal Framing
5.4 Double Bottoms

Note: If machinery spaces are located in the aft end region, we should check the
machinery space requirements for additional structure requirements
(machinery space includes engine rooms, Z-Drive compartments) Part 3,
Chapter 7 – Machinery Spaces.

Part 3, Chapter 6, Section 6 – After Peak Structure

6.1 Bottom Structure

6.2 Side Structure – Transverse Framing
6.3 Side Structure – Longitudinal Framing
6.4 Wash Bulkheads
6.5 After Peak Bulkhead

Part 3, Chapter 6, Section 7 – Sternframes and Appendages

7.1 General
7.2 Sternframes
7.2.1 Scantlings
7.3 Rudder Horns
7.3.2 Shell Plate Thickness I.W.O. Horn
7.3.3 Scantlings
7.4 Shaft Bossing
7.5 Shaft Brackets
7.6 Propeller Hull Clearances
7.6.1 Recommended minimum propeller tip clearances (not
applicable to Z-Drive installations with nozzles).

Note: Preliminary powering and propeller calculations must be carried out first to
determine designed power (P) and propeller diameter and number of blades.

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 Any brackets required and welding in the aft end can now be calculated using
Part 3, Chapter 10 – Welding and Structural Details.

A final check of the applicable chapter of Part 4 – Ships Structures (Ship Types)
should be done to see if there is anything that effects the aft end scantlings or
structural arrangement.

Rudders and Nozzles

The scantlings of rudders and nozzles can be calculated in Part 3, Chapter 13 – Ship
Control Systems.

Part 3, Chapter 13, Section 1 – General

Part 3, Chapter 13, Section 2 – Rudders

2.1 Lateral Force on Rudder Blade

2.2 Rudder Torque Calculation for Rudders Without Cutouts
2.3 Rudder Torque Calculation for rudders With Cutouts
2.4 Rudder Stock and Main Bearing
2.5 Rudder Construction – Double Plated
2.6 Rudder Construction – Single Plated
2.7 Rudder Couplings
2.8 Pintles
2.9 Ancillary Items – Coatings (inside and outside) lifting arrangements,
rudder carrier, rudder trunk, liners.

Part 3, Chapter 13, Section 3 – Fixed and Steering Nozzles

3.1 General
3.2 Nozzle Structure
3.3 Nozzle Stock and Solepiece
3.4 Ancillary Items

Calculation of Lloyds Equipment Number

Part 3, Chapter 1, Section 7 – Equipment Number

7.1 Calculation of Equipment Number

Anchors, Anchor Cables, Towlines & Mooring Lines

Part 3, Chapter 13, Section 7 – Equipment

7.1 General
7.2 Anchors
Anchor Mass Required
7.4 Chain Cables
7.5 Towlines and Mooring Line
7.8 Structural Requirements (Associated with Anchoring)
7.9 Structural Requirements for Windlasses on Exposed Fore Decks

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Watertight Doors, Side & Stern Doors, hatch Covers and Coamings

Part 3, Chapter 11 – Closing Arrangements for Shell, Deck, and Bulkheads

Part 3, Chapter 11, Section 1 – General

Part 3, Chapter 11, Section 2 – Steel Hatch Covers

2.1 Plating
2.2 Webs and Stiffeners

Part 3, Chapter 11, Section 4 – Hatch Cover Securing Arrangements and Tarpaulins

4.2 Steel Covers – Clamped and Gasketed

4.3 Portable Covers – Tarpaulins & Battening Devices

Part 3, Chapter 11, Section 5 – Hatch Coamings

5.1 General (Heights Required)

5.2 Construction

Part 3, Chapter 11, Section 6 – Miscellaneous Openings

6.1 Small Hatchways on Exposed Decks

6.2 Manholes and Flush Scuttles
6.3 Hatchways Within Enclosed Superstructures or Tween Decks
6.4 Companion Ways, Doors and Accesses on Weather Deck.
6.5 Side Scuttles, Windows and Skylights

Part 3, Chapter 11, Section 8 – Side and Stern Doors and Other shell Openings

8.2 General
8.3 Scantlings (Doors)
8.4 Doors Serving as Ramps
8.5 Arrangements for the Closing, Securing, and Supporting of Doors
8.6 Design Loads

Part 3, Chapter 11, Section 9 – Watertight Doors in Bulkheads Below the Freeboard
Deck

9.1 Openings in Bulkheads

9.2 Watertight Doors

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