Name:_________________________________________________________________Period:_________

Developing Through the Life Span

Reading Guide
Modules 45-54

 Prenatal Development and the Newborn (pp. 486-493)

 READ “What three issues have engaged developmental psychologist” (pp. 411-413)

1. Define each of the issues:

a. Nature vs. Nurture
b. Continuity vs. Stages
c. Stability vs. Change
2. Out of control 3 year olds were most likely to become teen ________________, adult
__________________, or out-of-control ____________________.
3. The widest smilers in childhood photos are, years later, the ones most likely to enjoy
______________________________________.

 A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp. 488-491: “How does life develop before birth?”
 READ “Prenatal development and the Newborn” (pp. 488-491)

1. Fertilized eggs are called_____________________________________________.

2. What happens 10 days after conception?

3. The zygote’s inner cells become the _______________________________.

4. How long is the embryonic stage of prenatal development?

5. How long is the fetal stage of prenatal development?

6. When does a fetus become responsive to sound?

7. Whose voice does a newborn prefer? Explain why.

8. What is the placenta? What is its purpose?

9. What are teratogens?

10. Give 2 examples of teratogens.

11. Is it safe for a woman to drink alcohol while pregnant? Explain why.

12. What is fetal alcohol syndrome? Describe the physical & cognitive attributes of a child with this syndrome.

 A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp. 491-492 “What are some newborn abilities, and how do researchers
explore infants’ mental abilities?”
 READ “The Competent Newborn” (pp. 491-492)
1. What are reflexes? Describe each.
a.
b.
c.
d.

2. What is habituation? Why do developmental psychologists use this technique to study infants?

3. Describe Johnson & Morton’s study on newbors. Based on their research, what do infants prefer looking
at?

REHEARSE: a. STOP!
Hearing:
Look at these questions again. Recite your answers to them aloud. Check yourself by
going back to your answers in this reading guide and/or go back and reread your textbook. Make sure you
can answer these questions.
#1: How does life develop before birth?
#2: What are some newborn abilities, and how do researchers explore infants’ mental abilities?

Do you recognize these key terms? Put a star (*) by the ones you don’t recognize. Go back to your reading
guide or the textbook and make sure you can identify Fetus
& explain them.
Developmental psychology Teratogens
Nature/nurture Fetal alcohol syndrome
Continuity/stages Reflexes
Stability/change Rooting
Conception Sucking
Egg/sperm Habituation
Zygotes
Embryo
  Infancy and Childhood (pp. 494-497)
Before reading SURVEY pp. 494-497. Look at the pictures, tables, cartoons, read any quotations and anything else in
the margins.

 A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp. 494-495: “During infancy and childhood, how do the brain and
motor skills develop?”
 READ “Physical Development” (pp. 494-495)

1. From ages 3-0 , the most rapid growth of brain cells happens in what lobe of the brain? Describe the resulting behavior
change in preschool-aged children.

2. Which cortical areas are the last to develop? These areas are associated with what abilities?

3. Why do you think the “pruning process” takes place during puberty?

4. Define: maturation

5. Motor skill development is a maturational process. Explain why.

6. Infant motor development is typically characterized by individual differences in __________ of the major developmental
milestones.

a. the sequence but not the age-related timing

b. the age-related timing, but not the sequence
c. neither the sequence nor the age-related timing
d. both the sequence and the age-related timing

7. Define: infantile amnesia

8. Why do our earliest memories seldom predate our 3rd birthday?

9. Memories for personally experienced events (called “explict” memories) are not recalled until after age 3. But infants do
have memory ability. How do we know this? Describe, in detail, Rovee-Collier’s research methods AND results.

 A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp. 498-507: “From the perspective of Piaget and of today’s
researchers, how does a child’s mind develop?”
 READ “Cognitive Development” (pp. 498-507)

1. Define: cognition

2. Why is Jean Piaget considered to be a “stage” theorist? Explain.

3. Define: schema

4. Define: assimilation

5. Define: accommodation

6. Nageeb thought all nurses were young females until a middle-aged male nurse took care of him. Nageeb’s altered
conception of a “nurse” illustrates the process of:

a. imprinting
b. attachment
c. assimilation
d. accommodation

10. Stewart has learned how to print his name with both a crayon and a pencil. His mother gives him an ink pen and
he immediately begins to print his name. He has _________ the pen to his structures for writing.
a. assimilated
b. adapted
c. accommodated
d. structured
11. When Joey was 5 months old, he looked at a toy car, but when his view of the car was blocked, he did not reach
for it. Now that he is 9 months old he does look for it, reflecting the presence of:
a. object permanence
b. schemata
c. assimilation
d. concrete operational thinking
12. According to research by Renee Baillargeon, if you showed 5-month-old Sophia an impossible situation (such as
a toy car driving through a wall), Sophia would:
a. stare longer at the impossible outcomes than possible outcomes.
b. show signs of formal operational reasoning.
c. demonstrate an obvious lack of object permanence
d. change her schema immediately for walls and cars.

13. Piaget believed that children in the preoperational stage have difficulty taking the perspective of another person. This is
known as:
a. reversibility
b. egocentrism
c. metacognition
d. constructivism

14. Jane’s mother has two crackers, both of equal size. She breaks one of the crackers into four pieces. Jane says she wants the
one with the most and immediately chooses the four pieces, even though the two amounts are equal. Jane’s choice
illustrates Piaget’s concept of:
a. accommodation
b. egocentrism
c. false belief
d. conservation

15. Piaget assumed that children are __________ in constructing understanding of the world.
a. passive
b. active
c. neutral
d. bystanders

16. The ability to think abstractly and systematically solve problems emerges during the:
a. concrete operational stage
b. sensorimotor stage
c. formal operational stage
d. preoperational stage

17. “Suppose it was possible to move backward but not forward in a time machine…” Most of the students can solve this
problem easily. They acquired this ability during this school year. The students in this class appear to be
a. formal operational c. preoperational
b. concrete operational d. in the sensorimotor stage
James and Kate are children of normal intelligence in Mrs. Baker’s class. Mrs. Baker has two containers (one long and thin, one
short and fat). She fills the short one with the colored liquid, and then she pours the liquid (without spilling any) into the tall thin
container. James believes there is now more liquid in the tall container, even though no water has been added. Kate laughs at
him and cannot understand his reasoning. She says that the amount of liquid has remained the same.

18. Which of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development is James in?

a. formal operations
b. concrete operations
c. preoperational
d. sensorimotor
19. Which stage is Kate in?
a. sensorimotor
b. formal operational
c. preoperational
d. concrete operational

20. Describe “Theory of the Mind” according to Piaget.

21. How are Piaget’s theories regarded today? Give 2 specific examples to illustrate.

22. When helping Andrew learn a new task, Mr. Danson adjusts the amount of guidance to fit Andrew’s current level of
performance. As Andrew’s competence increases, Mr. Danson gives less guidance. This illustrates Vygotsky’s concept of:
a. scaffolding
b. trenching
c. building
d. guiding
23. Lev Vygotsky believed that cognitive development was most influenced by which of the following factors?
a. biological
b. social
c. personality
d. emotional
24. Deficient social interaction and an impaired understanding of others’ states of mind is most characteristic of:
a. autism
b. menarche
c. crystallized intelligence
d. object permanence

REHEARSE: STOP! Look at these questions again. Recite your answers to them aloud. Check yourself by going
back to your answers in this reading guide and/or go back and reread your textbook. Make sure you can answer
these questions.
#1: During infancy and childhood, how do the brain and motor skills develop?
#2: From the perspective of Piaget and of today’s researchers, how does a child’s mind develop?

Do you recognize these key terms? Put a star (*) by the ones you don’t recognize. Go back to your reading guide
or the textbook and make sure you can identify & explain them.
Pruning process
Maturation Pretend play
Motor skill development Animism (check your class notes)
Infantile amnesia Artificialism (check your class notes)
Cognition Egocentrism
Jean Piaget Concrete operational
Schema Conservation
Assimilation Formal operational
Accommodation Theory of mind (tie to autism)
Sensorimotor stage Current views of Piaget’s theory
Object permanence Lev Vygotsky
Stranger anxiety Scaffolding
Preoperational stage
  A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp. 505-508: “What is autism spectrum disorder, and how does it
affect development?”  READ “Social Development” (pp. 505-508)

1. Describe what autism spectrum disorder is (ASD):

2. Studies suggest that maternal ____________________ and inflammation, ________________________

drug use, or _______________________ hormones contribute to the development of ASD along with
biological factors, genetic influences, and abnormal brain development. Childhood vaccinations do NOT
contribute to ASD.

3. Why to more boys have autism than girls?

4. How many genes have been identified as contributors to ASD?

 Social Development (pp. 509-519)

Before reading SURVEY pp. 509-519. Look at the pictures, tables, cartoons, read any quotations and anything else in
the margins.

 A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp. 509-510: “How do parent-infant attachment bonds form?”
 READ “Social Development” (pp. 509-510)

1. What is stranger anxiety? When does it develop? Why does it occur?

2. What is attachment? Why is it important?

3. For many years, developmental psychologists wrongly believed that infants became attached to their
parents because…

4. Describe Harry Harlow’s experiments with baby monkeys. What were the results? What did Harlow
conclude is the primary factor that leads to attachment?
 5. Define: critical period

6. Define: imprinting

7. Describe Konrad Lorenz’s study with ducklings. What were the results?

8. Children do not imprint, but they do become attached to what they’ve known. What factor seems to
be important in fostering this fondness?

 A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp. 510-515: “How have psychologists studied attachment differences,
and what have they learned?”
 READ “Attachment Differences” (pp. 510-515)

1. Describe the Mary Ainsworth’s “strange situation” study.

2. Describe how a child who is “securely attached” behaves in the “strange situation.”

3. Describe how a child who is “insecurely attached” behaves in the “strange situation.”

4. What do psychologists believe is the most important factor is developing a securely attached child?

5. Define: temperament
 6. Describe a child’s temperament who is an “easy” baby.

7. Describe a child’s temperament who is a “difficult” baby.

8. What have different studies found about temperament over the lifespan in general?

9. When does “separation anxiety” peak in children?

10. Erik Erikson suggested that young children you are securely attached approach the world with a
sense of ___________________________ _________________________. Describe what this means.

11. Why is having a secure attachment so important? What does it mean in your adult relationships?
Give 2 specific research examples.

 A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp. 515-518: “Do parental neglect, family disruption, or day care
affect children’s attachments?”
 READ “Deprivation of Attachment” (pp. 515-518)

1. If someone is abused as a child, does this mean that you can predict they will also become an abuser?
Explain using evidence from the text.

2. Define: resilience

3. Children who are terrorized are more likely to experience negative adult experiences. List 3.
4. Age appears to be a factor in how well children adapt to living in a new home. What has research
found?

 A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp. 515-518: “How do children’s self-concepts develop, and how
are children’s traits related to parenting styles?”
 READ “Self-concept” (pp. 515-518)

1. Define: self-concept

2. When does self-concept develop in children?

3. Describe the “rouge” test.

4. Parents who emphasize discipline but also discuss the reasons for family rules would be categorized
by which parenting style?
a. authoritarian
b. authoritative
c. egocentric
d. permissive

5. The Darwin’s use harsh discipline with their children, use punishment more often than praise, and
refuse to discuss the reasons behind family rules. The Darwin’s might be categorized as
_________________ parents.
a. authoritarian
b. authoritative
c. egocentric
d. permissive

6. Imagine a child growing up in a permissive household. Which of the following is a schema about
what it means to be a mother or a father that child might be likely to develop as a result of this
environment?
a. Children know what’s best for them so a family shouldn’t have strict rules.
b. I shouldn’t question the rules mom and dad make for the family.
c. Mom and dad know best so I should follow the rules.
d. Rules are strictly enforced.
 REHEARSE: STOP! Look at these questions again. Recite your answers to them aloud. Check yourself by going
back to your answers in this reading guide and/or go back and reread your textbook. Make sure you can answer
these questions.
#1: How do parent-infant attachment bonds form?
#2: How have psychologists studied attachment differences and what have they learned?
#3: Do parental neglect, family disruption, or day care affect children’s attachments?
#4: How do children’s self-concepts develop, and how are children’s traits related to parenting styles?

Do you recognize these key terms? Put a star (*) by the ones you don’t recognize. Go back to your reading guide
or the textbook and make sure you can identify & explain them.
Stranger anxiety
Secure & insecure attachment styles
Attachment
Temperament (“easy” or “difficult”)
Harry Harlow’s studies
Separation anxiety
Contact comfort (check your class notes)
Erik Erikson; “basic trust”
Critical period
Self-concept
Imprinting
The “rouge” test
Konrad Lorenz’s studies
Authoritarian parenting style
Mere exposure effect
Authoritative parenting style
Attachment
Permissive parenting style
Mary Ainsworth’s “strange situation”

 Gender Development (pp. 520-524) Before reading SURVEY pp. 520-524

Look at the pictures, tables, cartoons, read any quotations and anything else in the margins.

REACTION: After surveying pp. 520-524, write about 1 thing you learned, found interesting or
surprising, or comment on something that you already knew.

 A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp. 520-524: “What are some ways in which males and females tend to be alike
and to differ?”  READ “Gender Similarities and Differences” (pp. 520-524)

1. Define gender.

2. Research has demonstrated some reliable differences between men and women. List four from
the many that are mentioned in the text.

3. How do men and women differ in aggression? Use a research finding to support.

4. How does social play differ between boys and girls? Be specific.

5. How does communication tend to differ between boys and girls? Give an example to illustrate.
 6. Women worldwide orient their interests and vocation more to people and less to things. Give 2
examples to illustrate this statement.

7. Gender differences in power, connectedness, and other traits peak in

________________________ _________________________ and _________________________
_________________________. But by age
_________________________ these differences have diminished.
 A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp. 524-527 “How do nature and nurture together form our gender?”
 READ “The Nurture of Gender” (pp. 524-527)

5. Define: gender role

6. Gender roles vary by culture and across time. Give 2 examples to illustrate this statement.

7. How does gender identity differ from gender role?

8. What does it mean to be “gender typed”?

9. Describe the “social learning” theory for acquiring gender-linked behaviors.

10. What is a schema? How is this term applied to the acquisition of gender typed behaviors? Explain.

REHEARSE: STOP! Look at these questions again. Recite your answers to them aloud. Check yourself by going
back to your answers in this reading guide and/or go back and reread your textbook. Make sure you can answer
these questions.

#1: How do evolutionary psychologists use natural selection to explain behavior tendencies?
#2: How might an evolutionary psychologist explain gender differences in mating preferences?
#3: What are key criticisms of evolutionary psychology?
#4: To what extent are our lives shaped by early stimulation, by parents, and by peers?
#5: How do cultural norms affect our behavior?
#6: How do individualist and collectivist cultures affect people?
#7: What are some ways in which males and females tend to be alike and to differ?
#8: How do nature & nurture together form our gender?

Do you recognize these key terms? Put a star (*) by the ones you don’t recognize. Go back to your reading guide or
the textbook and make sure you can identify & explain them.

Evolutionary psychologists Individualism

Natural selection Collectivism
Mutations Gender identity
Gender Gender typed
Rosenzweig & Krech’s experiments Gender role
Culture Social learning theory & Gender schema
Norms Social/psychological differences in boys & girls
Personal space
X & Y chromosomes
Testosterone
  Adolescence (pp. 533-535)
Before reading SURVEY pp. 533-535. Look at the pictures, tables, cartoons, read any quotations and anything else in
the margins.

 A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp. 533-535: “What physical changes mark adolescence?”
 READ “Adolescence” and “Physical Development” (pp. 533-535)

1. Define: adolescence

2. Define: puberty

3. Define & give an example: primary sex characteristic

4. Define & give an example: secondary sex characteristic

5. Going through puberty early has different consequences for boys and girls. Explain these differences.

6. Define: pruning

7. What part of the brain continues to develop during adolescence?

8. According to brain research, what explains teens’ occasional impulsiveness, risky behaviors, and mood
swings?

 A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp. 535-538: “How did Piaget, Kohlberg, and later researchers
describe adolescent cognitive and moral development?”
 READ “Cognitive Development” (pp. 535-538)
1. Piaget suggested that during adolescence, teens become able to reason using _________________________

___________________________________. What does this mean?

2. Define: moral reasoning

3. Characterize each of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development:

a) Preconventional morality (AGE ):_________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

b) Conventional morality (AGE ): _________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

c) Postconventional morality (AGE ):_______________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Think of ONE reason, for OR against the following behavior that illustrates the specific Kohlberg stage of
moral development. Behavior: Cheating on Homework

a) Preconventional morality:____________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

b) Conventional morality:_____________________ _________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

c) Postconventional morality:___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

5. List 2 criticisms of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development.

 A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp. 539-542: “What are the social tasks and challenges of
adolescence?”
 READ “Social Development” (pp. 539-542)
Fill in the following chart, based on Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development:

Stage Issue Description of task

Infancy Trust vs. Mistrust

AGE:

Toddlers learn to control

_______________________________ "internal" activities related to
physical development, such as
AGE: 1 – 3 years eating, toilet training, and
talking; learn to exercise their
will.
Preschool Initiative vs. Guilt

AGE:
Children learn the pleasure of
_______________________________ applying themselves to tasks;
or feel inferior as they compare
themselves to others.
AGE: 6 – to puberty
Adolescence Identity vs. Role confusion

AGE:

A struggle to form close

relationships and gain the
_______________________________ ability for intimate love, or they
feel socially isolated.
AGE: 20’s to 40’s
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Middle Adulthood

AGE:
Reflecting on his or her life,
_______________________________ feeling a sense of satisfaction
or failure.

AGE: 60’s & up

Fact Check: Adolescence

1. Puberty is:
a. a long period of biological change that begins in the womb and ends when fertility ends.
b. an outdated concept no longer used in medicine or psychology.
c. the period of sexual maturation during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.
d. the time of life when people experience their greatest growth spurt.

2. Secondary sex characteristics are:

a. elements of the sexual act that are necessary for reproduction.
b. motivations for sex shared by most humans.
c. non-reproductive characteristics, such as female breasts, male voice quality, and body hair.
d. the body structures that make sexual reproduction possible.

3. The cognitive development stage described by Piaget reached by the time adolescence begins is:
a. formal operational stage
b. identity stage
c. intimacy stage
d. sexual maturation

4. Kohlberg called his three stages of moral thinking:

a. childhood, puberty, and adolescence.
b. identity, intimacy, and self.
c. preconventional, conventional, postconventional
d. preoperational, postoperational, and formal

5. A person who does not cheat on her income tax because she might get caught and sent to jail is
demonstrating Kohlberg’s __________ stage of morality.
a. conventional
b. postconventional
c. preconventional
d. preoperational

6. Sixteen-year old Brenda questions her parents’ values but does not fully accept her friends’ standards
either. Her confusion about what she really wants and values in life suggests that Brenda is struggling
with the problem of:
a. autonomy
b. identity
c. initiative
d. integrity

7. Cecily is trying to figure out if her relationship with her friend Bob is friendship or a romantic
relationship. Erikson would say Cecily is struggling with what type of issue?
a. autonomy
b. identity
c. initiative
d. initimacy
  A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp. 542-543: “What is emerging adulthood?”
 READ “Emerging Adulthood” (pp. 542-543)

1. A public initiation into adult responsibilities and status is called a

a. social clock
b. critical period
c. rite of passage
d. formal operational stage

2. Describe “emerging adulthood.” Why is this stage “emerging” into Western societies?

REHEARSE: STOP! Look at these questions again. Recite your answers to them aloud. Check yourself by
going back to your answers in this reading guide and/or go back and reread your textbook. Make sure you
can answer these questions.
#1: What physical changes mark adolescence?
#2: How did Piaget, Kohlberg, and later researchers describe adolescent cognitive and moral development?
#3: What are the social tasks and challenges of adolescence?
#4: What is emerging adulthood?

Do you recognize these key terms? Put a star (*) by the ones you don’t recognize. Go back to your reading
guide or the textbook and make sure you can identify & explain them.
Adolescence
Puberty
Secondary sex characteristic
Primary sex characteristic
Menarche
Kohlberg’s theory of moral development: Know characteristics & age of each stage
Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development: Know characteristics & age of each stage
Emerging adulthood

 A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp. 545-549 “How do nature and nurture together form our gender?”
 READ “The Nature of Gender” (pp. 545-548)

Define X Chromosomes—

Define Y Chromosomes--

Define Testosterone—

1. An individual with at least one X chromosome in the twenty-third pair:

a. must be a boy
 b. might be a boy
c. cannot be a boy
d. is a girl
Explain your response.

2. During prenatal development, when does the Y chromosome trigger the production of testosterone?

3. Describe 2 brain differences that occur during the 4th and 5th prenatal months because of sex
hormone differences.

4. What happens when a female embryo is exposed to excess testosterone? Give both a physical and
social example.

 A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp. 558-564: “What physical changes occur during middle and late
adulthood?”
 READ “Physical Development” (pp. 558-564)

1. Which physical abilities “crest” by the mid-twenties?

2. Summarize the physical changes that are expected during middle-adulthood.

3. How has life-expectancy changed? Who has a longer life-expectancy, males or females?

4. What are telomeres? Describe how they are related to physical aging.

5. What is the death-deferral phenomenon? Give an example.

6. Summarize the changes in sensory abilities seniors commonly experience as they age.
7. How is the immune system impacted by age? Give an example to illustrate.

8. What types of cognitive tasks take longer for a senior? Give an example to illustrate.

9. Why are physically active adults more “mentally quick” than those you are not physically active? Explain.

10. Describe the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease.

11. Summarize the proposed causes for Alzheimer’s disease. In your description, be sure to include the
neurotransmitter that appears to be involved.
 A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp. 561-564: “How do memory and intelligence change with age?”
 READ “Cognitive Development” (pp. 561-564)

1. Younger adults tend to outperform older adults in which type of memory tasks? What type of memory
appears relatively unaffected by age?

2. Define AND give an example of prospective memory.

3. What appears to make a difference in how well older adults remember items? Give an example to
illustrate.

4. Define: cross-sectional studies

5. Define: longitudinal studies

6. How is the measurement of intelligence impacted by how it is measured (either a cross-sectional or
longitudinal study)?

7. Compare crystallized and fluid intelligence. Give an example of each. Which tends to increase as you age?

 A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp. 564-570: “What themes and influences mark our social journey
from early adulthood to death?”
 READ “Social Development” (pp. 564-570)

1. Describe a “mid-life crisis.” Is this a common stage for all men? Use evidence from the text to support your
answer.

2. Define and give an example of the social clock.

3. Adult bonds of love are most satisfying and enduring when _______________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________.

4. Marriage bonds are most likely to last when couples marry after age ______________ and are
______________________________________________________________.

5. Does living together before marriage decrease the likelihood for divorce? Explain using evidence from the
text.
6. Marriage is a predictor for __________________________, ______________________________,
__________________________ __________________________________, and _____________________.

7. John Gottman has found the ONE INDICATOR of marital success. What is it?

8. Is the “empty nest” (when children leave the home) an unhappy place? Explain.

9. If you want to be happy at work, find a career that ______________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________.

10. When older individuals are asked what they would have done differently if they could relieve their lives, the
most common answer is:___________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________.

11. With all of the physical, cognitive, and social changes that older adults experience, are they typically
unhappy? Explain using evidence from the text.

12. What did Csikszentmikhalyhi and Larson find in studying the emotional lives of older adults?

13. Grief at death is relatively short-lived when the death ____________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________.
Grief is especially severe when death comes _______________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________.
REHEARSE: STOP! Look at these questions again. Recite your answers aloud. Check yourself by going
back to your answers in this reading guide and/or go back and reread your textbook. Make sure you can
answer this question.
#1: “What physical changes occur during middle and late adulthood?”
#2: “How do memory and intelligence change with age?”
#3: “What themes and influences mark our social journey from early adulthood to death?”
Do you recognize these key terms? Put a star (*) by the ones you don’t recognize. Go back to your
reading guide or the textbook and make sure you can identify & explain them.
Menopause
Longitudinal studies
Identify physical & sensory changes in aging
Crystallized intelligence
Current life expectancy
Fluid intelligence
Common health issues as we age
Social clock
Dementia
Erickson’s stages (intimacy, generativity,
Alzheimer’s Disease
integrity)
Prospective memory
Stability v. change
Cross-sectional studies
Continuity vs. stages

1. Each cell of the human body has a total of

A) 23 chromosomes.
B) 23 genes.
C) 46 chromosomes.
D) 46 genes.

2. Chromosomes are composed of small segments of

A) DNA called genes.
B) DNA called neurotransmitters.
C) genes called DNA.
D) DNA called enzymes.

3. Of the following, the best way to separate the effects of genes and environment in research is to study
A) fraternal twins.
B) identical twins.
C) adopted children and their adoptive parents.
D) identical twins raised in different environments.

4. Temperament refers to a person's characteristic

A) emotional reactivity and intensity.
B) attitudes.
C) behaviors.
D) role-related traits.
 5. Dr. Ross believes that principles of natural selection help explain why infants come to fear strangers about the
time they become mobile. Dr. Ross is most likely a(n)
A) behavior geneticist.
B) molecular geneticist.
C) evolutionary psychologist.
D) molecular biologist.

6. According to evolutionary psychology, men are drawn sexually to women who seem ________, while women
are attracted to men who seem ________.
A) nurturing; youthful
B) youthful and fertile; mature and affluent
C) slender; muscular
D) exciting; dominant

7. Collectivist cultures
A) give priority to the goals of their groups.
B) value the maintenance of social harmony.
C) foster social interdependence.
D) are characterized by all of the above.

8. The fertilized egg will develop into a boy if, at conception

A) the sperm contributes an X chromosome.
B) the sperm contributes a Y chromosome.
C) the egg contributes an X chromosome.
D) the egg contributes a Y chromosome.

9. Which of the following is a major source of genetic diversity?

A) personal space
B) gender typing
C) mutations
D) individualism

10. The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role is called

A) sexual orientation.
B) behavior genetics.
C) gender typing.
D) gender identification.

11. Heritability refers to the extent to which trait variations among individuals are attributable to their differing
A) ethnic identities.
B) gender roles.
C) schemas.
D) genes.

12. Gender role refers to

A) one's biological sex.
B) a sense of being male or female.
C) a set of expected behaviors for males and females.
D) a sense of being homosexual or heterosexual.
E) how masculine a boy is or how feminine a girl is.
13. Which is the correct order of stages of prenatal development?
A) zygote, fetus, embryo
B) zygote, embryo, fetus
C) embryo, zygote, fetus
D) embryo, fetus, zygote

14. A child whose mother drank heavily when she was pregnant is at heightened risk of
A) being emotionally excitable during childhood.
B) becoming insecurely attached.
C) being born with the physical and cognitive abnormalities of fetal alcohol syndrome.
D) addiction to a range of drugs throughout life.

15. When psychologists discuss maturation, they are referring to stages of growth that are not influenced by
A) conservation.
B) nature.
C) nurture.
D) continuity.

16. Most people's earliest memories do not predate ________ of age.

A) 6 months
B) 1 year
C) 2 years
D) 3 years

17. Teratogens are

A) physical abnormalities in the developing fetus.
B) cognitive abnormalities in the developing fetus.
C) chemicals and viruses that cross the placenta and may harm the developing fetus.
D) fertilized eggs.

18. Which is the correct sequence of stages in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
A) sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
B) sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational
C) preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete operational, formal operational
D) preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational, concrete operational

19. I am 14 months old and fearful of strangers. I am in Piaget's ________ stage of cognitive development.
A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational

20. I am 3 years old, can use language, and have trouble taking another person's perspective. I am in Piaget's
________ stage of cognitive development.
A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational
21. Stranger anxiety develops soon after
A) the concept of conservation.
B) egocentrism.
C) a theory of mind.
D) the concept of object permanence.

22. The Harlows' studies of attachment in monkeys showed that

A) provision of nourishment was the single most important factor motivating attachment.
B) a cloth mother produced the greatest attachment response.
C) whether a cloth or wire mother was present mattered less than the presence or absence of other infants.
D) attachment in monkeys is based on imprinting.

23. In a 1998 movie, a young girl finds that a flock of geese follows her wherever she goes because she was the first
“object” they saw after they were born. This is an example of
A) conservation.
B) imprinting.
C) egocentrism.
D) basic trust.

24. Insecurely attached infants who are left by their mothers in an unfamiliar setting often will
A) hold fast to their mothers on their return.
B) explore the new surroundings confidently.
C) be indifferent toward their mothers on their return.
D) display little emotion at any time.

25. The developmental theorist who suggested that securely attached children develop an attitude of basic trust is
A) Piaget.
B) Harlow.
C) Vygotsky.
D) Erikson.

26. Adolescence is marked by the onset of

A) an identity crisis.
B) parent-child conflict.
C) the concrete operational stage.
D) puberty.

27. In preconventional morality, the person

A) obeys out of a sense of social duty.
B) conforms to gain social approval.
C) obeys to avoid punishment or to gain concrete rewards.
D) follows the dictates of his or her conscience.

28. Whose stage theory of moral development was based on how people reasoned about ethical dilemmas?
A) Erikson
B) Piaget
C) Harlow
D) Kohlberg
29. After a series of unfulfilling relationships, 30-year-old Carlos tells a friend that he doesn't want to marry because
he is afraid of losing his freedom and independence. Erikson would say that Carlos is having difficulty with the
psychosocial task of
A) trust versus mistrust.
B) autonomy versus doubt.
C) intimacy versus isolation.
D) identity versus role confusion.

30. Sam, a junior in high school, regularly attends church because his family and friends think he should. Which
stage of moral reasoning is Sam in?
A) preconventional
B) conventional
C) postconventional
D) too little information to tell

31. Underlying Alzheimer's disease is a deterioration in neurons that produce

A) epinephrine.
B) norepinephrine.
C) serotonin.
D) acetylcholine.

32. Longitudinal research

A) compares people of different ages.
B) studies the same people at different times.
C) usually involves a larger sample than does cross-sectional research.
D) usually involves a smaller sample than does cross-sectional research.

33. A person's general ability to think abstractly is called ________ intelligence. This ability generally ________
with age.
A) fluid; increases
B) fluid; decreases
C) crystallized; decreases
D) crystallized; increases

34. The social clock refers to

A) an individual or society's distribution of work and leisure time.
B) adulthood responsibilities.
C) typical ages for starting a career, marrying, and so on.
D) age-related changes in one's circle of friends.

35. An older person who can look back on life with satisfaction and reminisce with a sense of completion has
attained Erikson's stage of
A) generativity.
B) intimacy.
C) isolation.
D) integrity.
 36. Nutrients and oxygen are transferred from a mother to her developing fetus through the
A) embryo.
B) ovaries.
C) teratogens.
D) placenta.

37. “I don't care whether you want to wash the dishes, you will do so because I said so!” This statement is most
representative of a(n) ________ parenting style.
A) preconventional
B) authoritative
C) formal operational
D) authoritarian

38. After Nadia learned that penguins can't fly, she had to modify her existing concept of birds. This best illustrates
the process of
A) conservation.
B) assimilation.
C) habituation.
D) accommodation.

39. Marissa resents the burden and constraints of caring for her infant daughter and frequently ignores her cries for
attention. As a consequence, her daughter is most likely to display signs of
A) egocentrism.
B) accommodation.
C) insecure attachment.
D) conservation.

40. Female breasts are to ________ as male testes are to ________.

A) menarche; menopause
B) menopause; menarche
C) secondary sex characteristics; primary sex characteristics
D) primary sex characteristics; secondary sex characteristics
Essay practice

Directions: Answer the following question. It is not enough to answer a question by merely listing
facts. You should present a cogent argument based on your critical analysis of the question posed,
using appropriate terminology.

Jack, a 3 year old boy, has been throwing many tantrums lately and has been ignoring his parents’
directions. Jack’s parents are growing increasingly frustrated by his oppositional behavior. They decide
to consult a developmental expert to ask for advice in dealing with their child. What would a
developmental expert suggest to the parents concerning the following factors in understanding Jack’s
behavior.

 Piaget’s egocentrism
 Kohlberg’s pre-conventional morality
 Erikson’s stage of Initiative v. Guilt