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Math-11

This document provides an overview of prime numbers, defining them as natural numbers greater than 1 with exactly two distinct positive divisors. It discusses key properties such as their infinitude and the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic, along with notable results like the conjecture of twin primes and the Riemann Hypothesis. Examples of prime numbers and their distribution are also included, emphasizing the significance of primes in number theory.

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4 views

Math-11

This document provides an overview of prime numbers, defining them as natural numbers greater than 1 with exactly two distinct positive divisors. It discusses key properties such as their infinitude and the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic, along with notable results like the conjecture of twin primes and the Riemann Hypothesis. Examples of prime numbers and their distribution are also included, emphasizing the significance of primes in number theory.

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d6xywyqb5y
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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An Overview of Prime Numbers

Your Name
February 26, 2025

1 Definition of Prime Numbers


A prime number is a natural number greater than 1 that has exactly two
distinct positive divisors: 1 and itself. That is, a number p is prime if:

p>1 and ∀d | p, d ∈ {1, p}. (1)

2 Examples of Prime Numbers


The first few prime numbers are:

2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, . . . (2)

Note that 2 is the only even prime number.

3 Important Properties of Primes


• Infinitude: There are infinitely many prime numbers, as proven by Eu-
clid.
• Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic: Every integer greater than 1
can be uniquely expressed as a product of prime numbers.

• Distribution: The number of primes less than n is approximately given


by the Prime Number Theorem:
n
π(n) ≈ . (3)
log n

4 Notable Results
• There are infinitely many twin primes (conjectured, not yet proven).
• The Riemann Hypothesis relates prime distribution to the zeros of the
Riemann zeta function.

1
• Fermat’s theorem states that if p is prime and a is an integer not divisible
by p, then:
ap−1 ≡ 1 mod p. (4)

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