SCHEME : K

LABORATORY MANUAL FOR

BASIC ELECTRONICS
(312314)

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING GROUP

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF

TECHNICAL EDUCATION, MUMBAI
(Autonomous) (ISO 9001: 2015) (ISO/IEC 27001:2013)
(312314)
 Basic Electronics (312314)

MAHARASHTRA STATE
BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. / Ms . ……………………………………………………….
Roll No. ..........' of second Semester of Diploma in....................................................
....................................... of Institute, …………………...........................................
......................... (Code: ...............) has completed the term work satisfactorily in

Subject Basic Electronics (312314) for the academic year 20_____- 20________
as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place:................ Enrollment No:................

Date ……………. Exam. Seat No: ...............

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

Preface
The primary focus of any engineering laboratory/field work in the technical education system is
to develop the much needed industry relevant competencies and skills. With this in view, MSBTE
embarked on this innovative 'I' Scheme curricula for engineering diploma programs with outcome-based
education as the focus and accordingly, relatively large amount of time is allotted for the practical work.
This displays the great importance of laboratory work making each teacher; instructor and student to
realize that every minute of the laboratory time need to be effectively utilized to develop these outcomes,
rather than doing other mundane activities. Therefore, for the successful implementation of this outcome-
based curriculum, every practical has been designed to serve as a 'vehicle' to develop this industry
identified competency in every student. The practical skills are difficult to develop through 'chalk and
duster' activity in the classroom situation. Accordingly, the 'I' scheme laboratory manual development
team designed the practical to focus on the outcomes, rather than the traditional age old practice of
conducting practical to 'verify the theory' (which may become a byproduct along the way).

This laboratory manual is designed to help all stakeholders, especially the students, teachers and
instructors to develop in the student the pre-determined outcomes. It is expected from each student that at
least a day in advance, they have to thoroughly read through the concerned practical procedure that they
will do the next day and understand the minimum theoretical background associated with the practical.
Every practical in this manual begins by identifying the competency, industry relevant skills, course
outcomes and practical outcomes which serve as a key focal point for doing the practical. The students
will then become aware about the skills they will achieve through procedure shown there and necessary
precautions to be taken, which will help them to apply in solving real-world problems in their professional
life.

This manual also provides guidelines to teachers and instructors to effectively facilitate student-
centered lab activities through each practical exercise by arranging and managing necessary resources in
order that the students follow the procedures and precautions systematically ensuring the achievement of
outcomes in the students.

Basic Electronics course provides a platform for students to understand working of active devices
such as Diode, BJT, MOSFET, JFET and circuits like rectifier regulators and wave shaping circuit. It is
one of the foundation course, which is required for students to understand working of complex electronic
circuits and systems. It also gives information about rectifiers, filters, different wave shaping circuits and
voltage regulator with their applications for effective functioning in the field of electronic service industry.
Although best possible care has been taken to check for errors (if any) in this laboratory
manual, perfection may elude us as this is the first edition of this manual

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)
Program Outcomes (POs) to be achieved through Practical of this Course

Following programme outcomes are expected to be achieved through the practical of the course

PO1 Basic and Discipline knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics, science and
basic engineering to solve the broad-based Electronics related problems.

P02. Problem Analysis: Electronics and Telecommunication engineering knowledge

To solve broad-based Electronics and Telecommunications engineering related
problems

P03. Design Development and Solution: Plan to design experiments and develop to use the
results to solve broad-based Electronics related problems.

P04. Engineering tools: Apply relevant Electronics and Telecommunications

technologies and tools with an understanding of the limitations.

PO5. Engineering Practices for Society, Sustainability and Environment: Assess social,
health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to
practice in field of Electronics. Apply Electronics and Telecommunication engineering
solutions also for sustainable development practices in social and environmental
contexts:

P06. Project Management : Function effectively as a leader and team member in the
diverse/ multidisciplinary teams. Apply ethical principles for commitment to
professional ethics, Responsibilities and norms of the practice also in the field
of Electronics and Telecommunication engineering

PO7. Life-long learning: Engage in independent and life-long learning activities in the context
of technological changes also in the Electronics and Telecommunication engineering and
allied industry.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

List of Industry Relevant Skills

The following industry relevant skills of the competency "Maintain electronic circuits comprising of
discrete electronic components" are expected to be developed in the student by undertaking the practical
of this laboratory manual.
1.Identify the electronic component.
2. Test electronic component
3. Select the electronic component of proper value as per the requirement.
4. Mount the electronic component on breadboard as per circuit diagram.
5. Test the circuit for the given application.
6. Compare the observed output with the expected output.
7. Find faults and trouble shoot the given circuit.

Guidelines to Teachers
1. Teacher should provide the guideline with demonstration of practical to the students with all
features.
2. Teacher shall explain prior concepts to the students before starting of each practical
3. Involve students in performance of each experiment.
4. Teacher should ensure that the respective skills and competencies are developed in the
students after the completion of the practical exercise.
5. Teachers should give opportunity to students for hands on experience after the
demonstration.
6. Teacher is expected to share the skills and competencies to be developed in the students.
7. Teacher may provide additional knowledge and skills to the students even though not
covered in the manual but are expected the students by the industry.
8. Finally give practical assignment and assess the performance of students based on task
assigned to check whether it is as per the instructions.
9. If practical is in two parts -Part I and Part II it should be conducted in two weeks.
10. Teacher is expected to refer complete curriculum document and follow guide lines for
implementation

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

Instructions for Students

1. Listen carefully the lecture given by teacher about course, curriculum, learning structure, skills
to be developed.
2. Organize the work in the group and make record of all observations.
3. Students shall develop maintenance skill as expected by industries.
4. Student shall attempt to develop related hand-on skills and gain confidence.
5. Student shall develop the habits of evolving more ideas, innovations, skills etc. those included
in scope of manual
6. Student shall refer technical magazines, IS codes and data books.
7. Student should develop habit to submit the practical on date and time.
8. Student should well prepare while submitting write-up of exercise.

COURSE LEVEL LEARNING OUTCOMES (COS)

Students will be able to achieve & demonstrate the following COs on completion of course based
learning

CO1 - Use relevant diode in electronics circuits.

CO2 - Use BJT in electronics circuits.

CO3 - Use of BJT as amplifier and switch..

CO4 - Use FET and MOSFET in electronics circuits.

. CO5 - Maintain DC regulated power supply.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)
Content Page
List of Practical’s and Progressive Assessment Sheet

Date of Date of Assess

perfor submi ment Dated
s. Practical Outcome
Page
sign. of
Remarks
No No mance ssion marks (if any)
(25) teacher
.
Test the performance of PN junction
1.
diode.
2. Test the performance of zener diode.

Test the performance of photo diode

3. by varying the light intensity as well as
distance of the light source.
4. Construct and test half wave rectifier on
breadboard.
Build and test the half wave rectifier
5. with LC filter/ π filter

Prepare and test the full wave rectifier

6. using two diodes.

Build and test the full wave Bridge

7.
Rectifier on bread board using two
diodes.
8. Use LC/ π filter with full wave rectifier
to measure ripple factor
9. Construct and test the full wave
rectifier on bread board using IC KBU
808 with filter.
Build and Test the performance
10. parameters of 7 Segment LED display
FND 507/508.
Identify and select transistors using
11. datasheets

Build and Test the

12. performance of BJT
working in CB mode.

Prepare and Test the performance of

13 BJT working in CE mode

14. Build and Test the BJT voltage

divider bias circuit for given input
Construct and Test the performance
15. parameters of BJT as Switch.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)
Date of Date of Assess
perfor submi ment Dated
s. Practical Outcome
Page mance sign. of
Remarks (if
No. ssion marks any)
No (25) teacher
Build and Test the performance of
single stage Low Power Common
16
emitter amplifier
Simulate and Test output waveform
and frequency response of single stage
17 common emitter (CE) amplifier using
simulation software (like SPICE /
Multisim)
18 Build and Test the performance of RC
coupled two stage amplifier.
Test the performance of
19 FET drain characteristics
Check the performance of FET transfer
20 characteristics and calculate
transconductance
Build and Test the performance of
21 common source FET amplifier

Test the various blocks of regulated

22 dc power supply.
Find out faults at different stages of
23
regulated dc power supply.
Trouble shoot given DC
24
regulated power supply.
Construct and test the performance of
Zener voltage regulator for given
25
voltage.
Build and Test the performance of
Positive voltage regulator using
26
78XX , three terminal IC for given
voltage.
Build and Test the performance of
Negative voltage regulator using
27 79XX, three terminal IC for given
voltage.
Construct and test the performance of
Dual voltage regulator using 78XX
28 and 79XX ,three terminal IC for given
voltage
* Build and Test the performance of
LOW voltage regulator using IC
29 LM723 for given voltage.(2 V-7V)
Build and Test the performance of
30 HIGH voltage regulator using IC
LM723 for given voltage.(7V-
30V)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

Practical No.1: Test the Performance of PN Junction Diode.

I Practical Significance:
PN Junction diode is used in industries as well as in domestic applications such as detector
circuits, wave shaping circuits and in rectifier of DC Power Supplies. For these applications diode
selection plays a vital role. In this practical, students will draw V-1 characteristics of the given
diode to understand diode behavior with respect to change in voltage.
II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome
This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-identified
competency: 'Maintain electronic circuits comprising of discrete electronic components.'
1. Component identification skills.
2. Component mounting skills.
3. Use DC Power supply to give different voltages.
4. Use Digital multimeter to measure the voltages and currents.

III Course Level Learning Outcomes

● Use relevant diode in Electronics circuits.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome

Test V-1 characteristics of PN Junction diode to:

● LLO 1.1 Test PN junction Diode in forward bias.
● LLO 1.2 Plot the V-I characteristics of PN junction diode and determine cut in voltage.
● LLO 1.3 Calculate static and Dynamic resistance of diode.

V Relevant Affective domain related Outcome(s)

• Handle components and equipment carefully.
• Follow safety precautions.

VI Minimum Theoretical Background

A PN Junction Diode is one of the simplest semiconductor devices, and it has the
characteristic of passing current in one direction only. If a suitable positive voltage (forward bias)
is applied between the two ends of the PN junction, it can supply free electrons and holes with the
extra energy they require to cross the junction, as the width of the depletion layer around the PN
junction is decreased.
Static resistance (Rstatic) of a PN junction diode is a ratio of forward voltage (VF) to the forward
current (IF).
Rstatic = VF/ IF

Dynamic resistance (Rdynarnic) of a PN junction diode is a ratio of small change m forward voltage
(δVF) to small change in forward current (δIF).

Rdynamic = δVF / δIF

Figure 1: Diode and its symbol

Courtesy: (bttps:/lwww.google.co.in/search?q=image+of ++1n4007+diode&)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)
VII Practical Circuit Diagram:

a) Sample

Figure 2: Circuit diagram of diode in forward bias

b) Actual Circuit used in laboratory

c) Actual Experimental set up used in laboratory

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

VIII Resources required

Instrument
s. /Components
Specification Quantity Remarks
No.
1. Digital Digital Multimeter: 3 1/2 2 1. Digital Multi meter with
Multimeter digit display. diode testing facilities will be
preferred.
2. In place of Digital
Multimeter, DC Voltmeter
and DC ammeter can be
used.
2. DC Variable DC power supply 1
Regulated 0- 30V, 2A, SC protection,
power supply display for voltage and
current.
3. Voltmeter 0-20 V 1
4. Ammeter 0 - 200 mA, 0 - 200 µA 1
5. Bread board 5.5 CMX 17CM 1
6. Diode IN4001 (or any 1
another equivalent diode)
7. Resistor 1KQ (0.5watts/0.25watts) 1
8. Connecting Single strand Teflon As per
wires coating (0.6mm diameter) requirement

IX Precautions
1. Do not switch ON the power supply unless you have checked the circuit connections as per
the circuit diagram.
2. While doing the experiment do not exceed the input voltage of the diode beyond the rated
voltage of diode. This may lead to damaging of the diode.
3. Connect voltmeter and ammeter with correct polarities as shown in the circuit
diagram.

X Procedure
1. Connect the electrical circuit as in figure 2.
2. Switch ON the power supply.
3. Increase the input voltage in step of0.l V
4. Record the voltage VF and current h in the observation table
5. Repeat steps 4 to 5 till 1 V is reached.
6. Plot the graph for the forward bias characteristics of diode by taking VF on X-axis and IF
on Y- axis.
7. Calculate the static resistance at a particular point, on the characteristics.
8. Considering two points on the plotted graph, calculate dynamic resistance.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

XI Resources used (with major specifications)

S. No. Instrument /Components Specification Quantity

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

XII Actual procedure followed

XIII Precautions followed

XIV Observations and Calculations:

Table 1: Measurement of VF and IF

S.No. VF(volts) IF(mA)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

Calculations:
Calculate static resistance at particular point
Rstatic = VF / IFO

Calculate dynamic resistance:

Rctynamic = VF / IFO

XV Results
1. Static resistance of given diode= Ω

2. Dynamic Resistance of given diode = Ω

3. Knee Voltage of given diode= V

XVI Interpretation of results

XVII Conclusions

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (22216)

XVIII Practical related Questions

Repeat the above experiment for germanium diode and find its knee voltage.
[Space for answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (22216)

XIX References / Suggestions for further Reading

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= vKeaPHXF9U
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7U8NzRAvy-I
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UqJ258EPTkI
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Coy-WRCfems
5. http://www.mouser.com/ds/2/149/1N4007-888322.pdf

XX Assessment Scheme

Performance indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1 Handling of the components 10%
2 Identification of component 20%
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20%
4 Working in team 10%
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
5 Calculate theoretical values of given component 10%
6 Interpretation of result 05 %
7 Conclusions 05 %
8 Practical related questions 15 %
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100%

Names of Student Team Members

6. ................................
7. ...............................
8. ...............................
9. ...............................

Dated Signature of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
Process Product Total
Related(15) Related(l0) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

Practical No. 2: Test the Performance of Zener Diode.

I Practical Significance:
In industries, Zener diodes are widely used as voltage references and as shunt regulators
to regulate the voltage across circuits. Zener diodes are also used in over voltage protection
circuits and switching applications. Zener diodes are suitable for surge suppression circuits, for
device protection, for clipping, clamping circuits and especially as peak clippers.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-identified
competency: 'Maintain electronic circuits comprising of discrete electronic components.'
5. Component identification skills.
6. Component mounting skills.
7. Use DC Power supply to give different voltages.
8. Use Digital multimeter to measure the voltages and currents.

III Course Level Learning Outcomes

● Use relevant diode in Electronics circuits.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome

Test V-1 characteristics of Zener diode to:

● LLO 2.1 Test Zener Diode in reverse bias.
● LLO 2.2 Plot V-I characteristics of Zener Diode in reverse bias.

V Relevant Affective domain related Outcome(s)

• Handle components and equipment carefully.

• Follow safety precautions.

VI Minimum Theoretical Background

Zener diode is formed by combining highly doped P and N semiconductor materials. It

works on the principle of Zener breakdown and is normally operated in reverse breakdown
region. In reverse breakdown region, high current flow through the diode leading to high power
dissipation.
The Zener breakdown occurs when the electric field across the junction produced due to
the reverse voltage is sufficiently high, this breaks covalent bonds. Thus a large numbers of
carriers are generated which causes a more current to flow. This mechanism is called as Zener
breakdown. After Zener breakdown the reverse current increases sharply.
Zener resistance of a Zener diode is a ratio of reverse Zener voltage to the reverse Zener
current.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

Figure 1: Symbol of Zener diode

VII Practical Circuit Diagram:

d) Sample

Figure 2: Circuit diagram of diode in forward bias

e) Actual Circuit used in laboratory

f) Actual Experimental set up used in laboratory

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

VIII Resources required

Instrument
s. /Components
Specification Quantity Remarks
No.
1. Digital Digital Multimeter: 3 1/2 2 3. Digital Multi meter with
Multimeter digit display. diode testing facilities will be
preferred.
4. In place of Digital
Multimeter, DC Voltmeter
and DC ammeter can be
used.
2. DC Variable DC power supply 1
Regulated 0- 30V, 2A, SC protection,
power supply display for voltage and
current.
3. Voltmeter 0-20 V 1
4. Ammeter 0 - 200 mA, 0 - 200 µA 1
5. Bread board 5.5 CMX 17CM 1
6. Diode IN4735(or any other 1
equivalent diode)
7. Resistor 1KΩ (0.5watts/0.25watts) 1
8. Connecting Single strand Teflon As per
wires coating (0.6mm diameter) requirement

IX Precautions
4. Do not switch ON the power supply unless you have checked the circuit connections as per
the circuit diagram.
5. While doing the experiment do not exceed the input voltage of the diode beyond the rated
voltage of diode. This may lead to damaging of the diode.
6. Connect voltmeter and ammeter with correct polarities as shown in the circuit
diagram.

X Procedure
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 2.
2. Switch ON the power supply.
3. Record the voltage VF and current IF in the observation table no1.
4. Increase the input voltage in step of 0.1 V
5. Record the voltage VF and current IF in the observation table no1.
6. Repeat steps 4 to 5 till 1 Vis reached.
7. Plot the graph for the forward bias characteristics of Zener diode by taking VF on X- axis and
hon Y-axis.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

8. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 3.

9. Vary input voltage gradually in steps of 1V up to 12V.
10. Record the corresponding readings of VR and IR.in the observation table no2.
11. Plot the graph for the reverse bias characteristics of Zener diode by taking VR on X- axis and IR
on Y-axis.

XI Resources used (with major specifications)

S. No. Instrument /Components Specification Quantity

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

XII Actual procedure followed

XIII Precautions followed

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

XIV Observations and Calculations:

Table 1: Measurement of VF and IF

S.No. VF(volts) IF(mA)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Table 2: Measurement of VR and IR

S.No. VR(V) IR(mA)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Calculations:

XV Results
1. Zener breakdown voltage = V
2. Forward resistance of zener diode= Ω

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

XVI Interpretation of results

XVII Conclusions

XIX Practical related Questions

1. What is the value of zener voltage for given zener diode?
2. What is the maximum value of reverse current for given zener diode.
3. What is the effect on voltage across zener diode and current flowing through it, when
reverse voltage across it is more than breakdown voltage?
4. What portion of zener diode characteristics is most useful for voltage regulator
applications?

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (22216)

XIX References / Suggestions for further Reading

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=izPT3UbClI

XX Assessment Scheme

Performance indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1 Handling of the components 10%
2 Identification of component 20%
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20%
4 Working in team 10%
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
5 Calculate theoretical values of given component 10%
6 Interpretation of result 05 %
7 Conclusions 05 %
8 Practical related questions 15 %
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100%

Names of Student Team Members

10. ................................
11. ...............................
12. ...............................
13. ...............................

Dated Signature of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
Process Product Total
Related(15) Related(l0) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

Practical No. 3: Check the Performance of Photo Diode by Varying the Light
Intensity as Well as Distance of the Light source.

I Practical Significance:
In industry and domestic applications, photodiodes are used in applications of photo
detectors like charge-coupled devices, photoconductors, and photomultiplier tubes. These diodes
are used in consumer electronics applications like smoke detectors, compact disc players, and
televisions remote controls. Photodiodes are frequently used for exact measurement of the
intensity of light in scientific and industry applications. Generally, they have an enhanced, more
linear response than photoconductors. These diodes are much faster and more complex than
normal PN junction diodes and hence are frequently used for lighting regulation and in optical
communications.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-identified
competency: 'Maintain electronic circuits comprising of discrete electronic components.'
9. Component identification skills.
10. Component mounting skills.
11. Use DC Power supply to give different voltages.
12. Use Digital multimeter to measure the voltages and currents.

III Course Level Learning Outcomes

● Use relevant diode in Electronics circuits.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome

Test V-1 characteristics of Zener diode to:

● LLO 3.1 Build the circuit for Photo Diode .
● LLO 3.2 Observe the change in current with change in light intensity of the source.
● LLO 3.3 Plot distance VS Photo diode Currentiode in reverse bias.

V Relevant Affective domain related Outcome(s)

a. Handle components and equipment carefully.
i. Follow safety precautions.

VI Minimum Theoretical Background

A photodiode is a two terminal PN-junction diode that is operated by first reverse biasing the
junction and then illuminating it by light energy to produce electric current. It is also called as
photo-detector/light detector/photo-sensor. These diodes are designed to work in reverse bias
condition, it means that the P-side of the photodiode is connected with the negative terminal of
the battery and N-side is connected to the positive terminal of the battery. This diode is very
sensitive to light, so when light falls on the diode it changes light into electric current.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

Figure 1: Symbol of Photo Diode

Figure 2: Pho Diode

Photo Current (l1.): It is the reverse current prod c d due to thermally generated electron-
hole pairs in depletion region due to incident light. photo current is proportional to light
intensity, as light intensity increases photo current increases.

Dark Current: A reverse current flows when no light s incident n the devices

Figure 3: Plot of Reverse bias VI characteristics of Photo diode

VII Practical Circuit Diagram:

g) Sample

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

Figure 4: Experimental setup

h) Actual Circuit used in laboratory

i) Actual Experimental set up used in laboratory

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

Resources required

Instrument Specification Quantity Remarks

s. /Components
No.
1. Experimental 840 -1000 contact points: 1
kit/ breadboard Positive and Negative power rails
on opposite side of the board 5.5
CM X 17CM
2. Photo diode BPW 34 or equivalent any 1
other photodiode
3. Connecting Single strand Teflon
wires coating(0.6mm diameter)
4. Resistor 2.2KQ, 0.5Watt 1

5. Digital 3 1/2 digit display, 9999 counts 1 Voltmeter (0-25) V,

Multimeter digital multimeter measures: Ammeter (0-10µ) A
Vac, Vdc ( 1000V max), Ade,
Aac (10 amp max), Resistance (
0 - 100 MQ),
6. DC Power 0-30V,2A,SC protection, 1
supply display for voltage and current
7. Lux 3000 Lumen, Battery operated 1
meter/Optical hand held type
power meter,
8. Light source. Portable Lamp mounted on 1
stand

VIII Precautions
7. Do not switch ON the power supply unless you have checked the circuit connections as per
the circuit diagram.
8. While doing the experiment do not exceed the input voltage of the diode beyond the rated
voltage of diode. This may lead to damaging of the diode.
9. Connect voltmeter and ammeter with correct polarities as shown in the circuit
diagram.

IX Procedure

Test performance of photo diode by varying the light intensity.

1. Select the component as per circuit diagram.
2. Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
3. Apply the reverse voltage, and measure the current when light is not incident.
4. Increase the reverse voltage and light intensity in step and note down the
photocurrent.
5. Change the light intensity and repeat the steps.
6. Plot the graph of reverse voltage (negative X-Axis) Vs reverse photo current
(negative Y-Axis) for various light intensity.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

Test performance of photo diode by varying distance of the light source.

1. Select the component as per circuit diagram.
2. Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
3. Apply the reverse voltage, and measure the current when light is not incident.
4. Keep the input voltage constant at which we get sufficient light intensity and vary the
distance of light source from photo diode in step and note down the photocurrent.
5. Plot the graph of reverse voltage (negative X-Axis) Vs reverse photo current
(negative Y-Axis) for various light intensity.

X Resources used (with major specifications)

S. No. Instrument /Components Specification Quantity

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

XI Actual procedure followed

XII Precautions followed

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

XIII Observations and Calculations:

Table 1: Measurement of Photodiode current when light intensity is varied

Light No light Low Light High Light

Intensity Condition ( Lux Condition ( Lux Condition ( Lux
meter reading - meter reading - meter reading -
---) ) ---)
SR No. VR Ip VR Ip VR Ip
Volts (µA) Volts (µA) Volts (µA)
1 2

2 4

3 6

4 8

5 10

6 12
7 14
8 16

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

Table 2 : Measurement of Photodiode current when distance is varied

Light Position I Position II Position III (

Intensity No light condition ( ( Distance of Distance of light
Distance of light light source in source in cm ----)
source in cm ---) cm )

SR No. VR Ip VR Ip VR Ip
Volts (µA) Volts (µA) Volts (µA)

1 2
2 4
3 6
4 8
5 10
6 12
7 14
8 16

Calculations:

XIV Results

Dark Current: .............

XV Interpretation of results

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

XVI Conclusion

XVIII Practical related Questions

1. Write specification of photodiode used in above performance.

[Space for answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)
XIX. References / Suggestions for further Reading
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SFc673lEyQA
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yMmXHgOhRok
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BtQ7qY-uqs8

4. https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/electroniccomponents/diode/photodiode-detector-technology.php
5. http://silas.psfc.mit.edu/22.07lj/photodiode.pdf
6. http://www.osioptoelectronics.com/ application-notes/an-photodiode-parameters-
characteristics.pdf

XX Assessment Scheme

Performance indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1 Handling of the components 10%
2 Identification of component 20%
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20%
4 Working in team 10%
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
5 Calculate theoretical values of given component 10%
6 Interpretation of result 05 %
7 Conclusions 05 %
8 Practical related questions 15 %
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100%

Names of Student Team Members

14. ................................
15. ...............................
16. ...............................
17. ...............................

Dated Signature of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
Process Product Total
Related(15) Related(l0) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

Practical No. 4: Construct and Test Half Wave Rectifier on Breadboard.

I Practical Significance:
AC power is more efficiently and economically transmitted. The majority of electronic
equipment, devices work on DC power. It becomes necessary to convert AC power into DC
power. In half wave rectifier single diode is used. The current flows in only one direction through
diode. So it is unidirectional device.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-identified
competency: 'Maintain electronic circuits comprising of discrete electronic components.'
1. Component identification skills.
2. Component mounting skills.
3. Use DC Power supply to give different voltages.
4. Use Digital multimeter to measure the voltages and currents.

III Relevant Course Outcomes

Use relevant diode in different electronics circuits.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome

Test half wave rectifier on Breadboard:
● LLO 4.1 Construct the circuit for Half Wave Rectifier using PN junction Diode on.
● LLO 4.2 Plot Output Waveform for sinusoidal input

V Relevant Affective domain related Outcome(s)

• Handle components and equipment carefully.
• Follow all safety precautions.

VI Minimum Theoretical Background

Rectifier: - It is a circuit, which converts AC supply into the Pulsating DC supply.

Rectifier

Half wave rectifier p

p
(Requires only one
t
diode)
y

C
Full wavee rectifier Bridge Type
w
(Requires four diodes)
n
o
t
d
r
i
e
o
t
d
a
e
Basic Electronics (312314)

Half wave Rectifier: DC or average output voltage of half wave rectifier is Vmhr as the output
current flows only for half the cycle of input signal.

Figure 1: Half Wave rectifier.

Courtesy: (www.Circuit.Today.com)

VII Practical Circuit Diagram :

a. Sample

Figure 2: Circuit diagram of Half Wave rectifier.

b. Actual Circuit used in laboratory

c. Actual Experimental Set up used in laboratory

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

VIII Resources required

Instrument Specification Quantity Remarks
s. /Components
No.
1. Transformer Step down 9-0-9 V 500mA 1
2. Digital Digital Multimeter: 3 1/2-digit 2 Digital Multimeter with
Multimeter display. diode testing facilities will be
preferred.
3. CRO 25 MHz, dual scope 1
4. Bread board 5.5 CMX 17CM 1
5. Diode IN4007 ( or any other 1
equivalent diode)
6. Resistor 1KQ/10KΩ(0.5watts/0.25watts) 1
7. Connecting Single strand Teflon L.S.
wires coating(0.6mm diameter)

IX Precautions
1. Do not switch ON the power supply unless you have checked the circuit
connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. While doing the experiment do not exceed the input voltage of the diode beyond the rated
voltage of diode. This may lead to damaging of the diode.

X Procedure
1. Make the connection as per the circuit diagram shown in figure2.
2. Connect the CRO probe across the Secondary and measure the Vp-p appearing across
the diodes.
3. Now connect the CRO probes across the resistance RLand measure the peak value of
output voltage (Vm).
4. Observe the waveform on CRO and draw it on graph paper.
5. From the measured peak value of output voltage (Vm), calculate the average or de value
of output voltage (Yctc)-
6. Connect the DMM across the RL and measure the de voltage.
7. Compare the value calculated in step 5 with the value measured in step 6.
8. Tabulate the readings in Table1.

XI Resources used (with major specifications)

S. No. Instrument /Components Specification Quantity

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

XII Actual procedure followed

XIII Precautions followed

XIV Observations and Calculations:

Table 1

Type of Rectifier Vdc Calculated Vde Measured Comment

rectifier Output (using Formula (usingDMM)
on CRO (Vm) Vde= ( Vm/π)

Calculations: Calculate Vdc using Formula:

XV Results

DC output voltage of Half wave rectifier

1. Calculated Vdc (CRO)= V
2. Measured Vdc (DMM)= V

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

XVI Interpretation of results

XVII Conclusions

XVIII Practical related Questions

1. Repeat the above experiment for silicon diode of different specification.

[Space for answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

XIX References / Suggestions for further Reading

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= vKeaPHXF9U
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7U8NzRAvy
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UqJ258EPTkI
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Coy-WRCfems
5. http://www.mouser.com/ds/2/ l 49/l N4007-888322.pdf

XX Assessment Scheme
The given performance indicators should serve as a
guideline for assessment regarding process and product
related marks:

Performance indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1 Handling of the components 10%
2 Identification of component 20%
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20%
4 Working in team 10%
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
5 Calculation of theoretical values 10%
6 Interpretation of result 05 %
7 Conclusions 05 %
8 Practical related questions 15 %
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100 %

Names of Student Team Members

1. ..............................
2.
3.
4.

Marks Obtained Dated signature of

Teacher
Process Product Total
Related(l5) Related(l0) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

Practical No. 5: Build and Test Half Wave Rectifier on Breadboard

with Filter (LC filter / π Filter)

I Practical Significance
Electric power is usually transmitted in AC form. However certain applications need DC power
supply such as electronic appliances. Hence, AC mains need to be rectified using rectifier when
DC power is required.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-identified competency:
'Maintain electronic circuits comprising of discrete electronic components.'
1. Component identification skills.
2. Component mounting skills.
3. Use Digital multimeter to measure the voltages.

III Relevant Course Outcome(s)

Use relevant diode in electronics circuits.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome

Convert AC signal into DC signal using Half wave rectifier:
● LLO 5.1 Build the circuit for Half Wave Rectifier with LC filter/ Pi filter using
PN junction Diode.
● LLO 5.2 Observe and draw input & output waveforms for sinusoidal wave.

V Relevant Affective domain related Outcome(s)

• Handle components and equipment carefully.
• Follow safety precautions.

VI Minimum Theoretical Background

Rectifier is an electronic circuit used for converting AC into Pulsating DC and this
process is known as Rectification. In half wave rectifier, during the positive half cycles of the
input wave, the diode will be forward biased and during the negative half cycles of input wave,
the diode will be reverse biased. The rectifier conducts current during positive half Cycle of A.C.
input and no current through it during negative half cycle of AC input. This is called half wave
rectification.
Rectifier performance is based on efficient DC output. The pulsating Direct Current (DC)
is not constant. It fluctuates with respect to time. When this fluctuating Direct Current (DC) is
applied to any electronic device, the device may not work properly. Sometimes the device may
also be damaged. So, the fluctuating Direct Current (DC) is not useful in most of the applications.
Therefore, it needs a Direct Current (DC) that does not fluctuate with respect to time. The only
solution for this is smoothing the fluctuating Direct Current (DC). This can be achieved by using
a circuit called filter. The filter is made up of a combination of components such as capacitors,
resistors, and inductors. The capacitor allows the AC component and blocks the DC component.
The inductor allows the DC component and blocks the AC component.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

VII Circuit diagram:

a. Sample

Figure 1. Half wave rectifier without filter.

(Courtesyhttp://www.physics-and-radio-electronics.com/electronic-devices-and-
circuits/rect!flerlhalfivaverect!flerwithjilter.html )

Figure 2. Half wave rectifier with filter

b. Actual Circuit used in laboratory

c. Actual Experimental set up used in laboratory

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

VIII Resources required

s. Instrument /Object Specification Quantity
No.
1. Digital Multimeter Digital Multimeter: 3 1/2 digit display. 2
2. Voltmeter 0-20 V 1
3. CRO 25MHz 1
4. Ammeter ( 0 - 200 mA, 0 - 200 µA) 1
5. Bread board 5.5 CMX 17CM 1
6. Transformer 12-0-12 V AC, 500 mA 1
7. Diode IN4001 (or any other equivalent diode) 1
8. Resistor 1KO (0.5watts/0.25watts) 1
9. Capacitor l0µf/ 24 V 1
10. Connecting wires Single strand Teflon coating (0.6mm As per
diameter) requirement

IX Precautions to be Followed
1. Do not switch ON the power supply unless you have checked the circuit
connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. While doing the experiment do not exceed the input voltage of the diode beyond the rated
voltage of diode. This may lead to damaging of the diode.

X Procedure
1. Connect the Electronic circuit for half wave rectifier with Capacitor filter on
breadboard as shown in Figure 2.
2. Connect the primary side of the transformer to AC mains. Connect the CRO probe across
the secondary and measure the Vsp-p appearing across diode. Now connect the probes
across the resistance RL.
3. Measure the peak value of output voltage (Vm) using CRO. From measured peak value
of output voltage (Vm) calculate the average or DC value of output voltage.
4. Draw the input/output waveforms of rectifier on graph paper.
5. Using a DMM measure the DC voltage across the load resistance.

XI Resources Used

S. Name of Broad Specifications Quantity Remarks (If any)

No. Resource Make Details
1.
2.
3.
4.

XII Actual Procedure Followed

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

XIII Precautions Followed

XIV Observations and Calculations

Table 1

S.No. Vdc (V) Vdc (V) Vdc (V) Vdc (V)

Rectified measured measured measured measured
output without without With filter with filter
(Vm) filter on filter on on CRO on DMM
CRO DMM

Calculations:

XV Results

Vdc calculated= V

XVI Interpretation of results

XVII Conclusions

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

XVIII Practical related Questions

1. State the effect on output voltage if we replace the filter capacitor of different
specification.
2. Attach the data sheet of capacitor used in Q1 of XIX . Refer second website given in
XIX.

[Space for answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

XIX References / Suggestions for further Reading

1. http://npteLac.in/courses/117103063/4
2. http://eecs.oregonstate.edu/education/docs/datasheets/XC-600178.pdf

XX Assessment Scheme

Performance indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1 Handling of the components 10%
2 Identification of component 20%
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20%
4 Working in team 10%
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
5 Calculate theoretical values of given component 10%
6 Interpretation of result 05 %
7 Conclusions 05 %
8 Practical related questions 15 %
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100 %

Names of Student Team Members

1. ..............................
2. ..............................
3. ..............................
4. ..............................

Marks Obtained Dated signature of

Teacher
Process Product Total
Related(15) Related(l0) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

1N4001 - 1N4007
1.0A RECTIFIER
Please click here to visit our online spice models database.

Features
● Diffused Junction
● High Current Capability and Low Forward Voltage Drop
● Surge Overload Rating to 30A Peak
● Low Reverse Leakage Current
● Lead Free Finish, RoHS Compliant (Note 3)

Mechanical Data DO-41 Plastic

Dim
● Case: DO-41 Min Max
● Case Material: Molded Plastic. UL Flammability Classification Rating A 25.40 ⎯
94V-0 B 4.06 5.21
● Moisture Sensitivity: Level 1 per J-STD-020D C 0.71 0.864
● Terminals: Finish - Bright Tin. Plated Leads Solderable per MIL- D 2.00 2.72
STD-202, Method 208 All Dimensions in mm
● Polarity: Cathode Band
● Mounting Position: Any
● Ordering Information: See Page 2
● Marking: Type Number
● Weight: 0.30 grams (approximate)

Maximum Ratings and Electrical Characteristics @TA = 25°C unless otherwise specified
Single phase, half wave, 60Hz, resistive or inductive load.
For capacitive load, derate current by 20%.
Characteristic Symbol 1N4001 1N4002 1N4003 1N4004 1N4005 1N4006 1N4007 Unit
Peak Repetitive Reverse Voltage VRRM
Working Peak Reverse Voltage DC VRWM 50 100 200 400 600 800 1000 V
Blocking Voltage VR
RMS Reverse Voltage VR(RMS) 35 70 140 280 420 560 700 V
Average Rectified Output Current (Note 1) @ TA = 75C IO 1.0 A
Non-Repetitive Peak Forward Surge Current 8.3ms
single half sine-wave superimposed on rated load IFSM 30 A
Forward Voltage @ IF = 1.0A VFM 1.0 V
Peak Reverse Current @TA = 25C 5.0
at Rated DC Blocking Voltage @ TA = 100C IRM A
50
Typical Junction Capacitance (Note 2) Cj 15 8 pF
Typical Thermal Resistance Junction to Ambient RJA 100 K/W
Maximum DC Blocking Voltage Temperature TA +150 C
Operating and Storage Temperature Range TJ, TSTG -65 to +150 C
Notes: 1. Leads maintained at ambient temperature at a distance of 9.5mm from the case.
2. Measured at 1.0 MHz and applied reverse voltage of 4.0V DC.
3. EU Directive 2002/95/EC (RoHS). All applicable RoHS exemptions applied, see EU Directive 2002/95/EC Annex Notes.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 1.0 10

0.8

IF ,

A
N

A
N

O
.

E
T

T
S
I
W
A
V

A
G

O
,

R
E
E

0
V)

0
.
6
T, = 25oCj
Pulse Width = 300s
2% Duty Cycle

0
.
4
0
.
1

0.2
0 0.01
40 60 80 160 180 0.6 0.8
100 120 1.0
140 1.2
1.4
1.6
TA, AMBIENT VF, INSTANTANEOUS
TEMPERATURE FORWARD VOLTAGE (V)
(ºC) 100 Fig. 2 Typical Forward
Fig. 1 Forward Characteristics
Current Derating
Curve
50

Tj = 25ºC
f = 1MHz

40

30 1N4001 - 1N4004
Cj

A
C

P
,
W
IFS

A
K

1
R
M,

E
P

0
1N4005 - 1N4007

20

10
CYCLES AT
60 Hz
0 1.0
1. 1 100 1.0 10
0 0 VR,
NUMBER OF REVERSE
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education
 VOLTAG
E (V)
100
Fig. 3 Max Non-Repetitive Peak Fwd Fig. 4 Typical Junction Capacitance
Surge Current

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Ordering Information (Note 4)

Device Packaging Shipping

1N4001-B DO-41 Plastic 1K/Bulk
1N4001-T DO-41 Plastic 5K/Tape & Reel, 13-inch
1N4002-B DO-41 Plastic 1K/Bulk
1N4002-T DO-41 Plastic 5K/Tape & Reel, 13-inch
1N4003-B DO-41 Plastic 1K/Bulk
1N4003-T DO-41 Plastic 5K/Tape & Reel, 13-inch
1N4004-B DO-41 Plastic 1K/Bulk
1N4004-T DO-41 Plastic 5K/Tape & Reel, 13-inch
1N4005-B DO-41 Plastic 1K/Bulk
1N4005-T DO-41 Plastic 5K/Tape & Reel, 13-inch
1N4006-B DO-41 Plastic 1K/Bulk
1N4006-T DO-41 Plastic 5K/Tape & Reel, 13-inch
1N4007-B DO-41 Plastic 1K/Bulk
1N4007-T DO-41 Plastic 5K/Tape & Reel, 13-inch
Notes: 4. For packaging details, visit our website at http://www.diodes.com/datasheets/ap02008.pdf.

IMPORTAN
T NOTICE
Diodes Incorporated and its subsidiaries reserve the right to make modifications,
enhancements, improvements, corrections or other changes without further notice to any
product herein. Diodes Incorporated does not assume any liability arising out of the
application or use of any product described herein; neither does it convey any license under
its patent rights, nor the rights of others. The user of products in such applications shall
assume all risks of such use and will agree to hold Diodes Incorporated and all the companies
whose products are represented on our website, harmless against all damages.
LIFE
SUPPORT
Diodes Incorporated products are not authorized for use as critical components in life support
devices or systems without the expressed written approval of the President of Diodes
Incorporated.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education
 Basic Electronics (22216)

Practical No.6: Prepare and Test the full wave rectifier using two diodes.

I. Practical Significance:

Electric power is usually transmitted in AC form. However certain applications needs DC

power supply such as electronic appliances. Hence, AC mains need to be rectified using
rectifier when DC power is required.

II. Industry /Employer Expected outcome(s)

The aim of this course is to attend following industry identified competency through various
teaching learning experiences: • Maintain electronic equipment/systems
comprising of discrete electronic components

III. Course Level Learning Outcome Students will be able to achieve & demonstrate the
use of relevant diode in electronics circuits

IV. Laboratory learning outcome(s) prepare the circuit for Full Wave Centre Tapped
Rectifier using PN junction Diode.

V Relevant Affective domain related Outcome(s)

Handle components and equipment carefully.

Follow all safety precautions.

VI. Relevant Theoretical Background

Rectifier is an electronic device used for converting AC
into pulsating DC and this process is known as Rectification. Like the half
wave circuit, a full wave rectifier circuit produces an output voltage or
current which is pulsating DC. Full wave rectifier utilizes both the cycle
of input AC voltage. Two diodes are used in full wave centre tapped
rectifier. Center Tapped Full wave rectifier using two diodes is shown in
the figure no.
1. Center tapped transformer is used in this full wave rectifier.
During the positive cycle diode Dl conducts and D2 remains OFF. During
negative cycle diode Dl remains OFF but diode D2 is ON. Note that
direction of current in the load resistance is same during both the cycles
hence output consists of only positive cycles.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (22216)

VII: Actual circuit diagram used in Laboratory with equipment specifications

a. Sample

Figure 6.1 : full wave rectifier with two diodes.

b. Actual Circuit used in laboratory

c. Actual Experimental Set up used in laboratory

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (22216)

VII. Resources required

VIII Precautions to be Followed

1. Do not switch ON the power supply unless you have checked the circuit
connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. While doing the experiment do not exceed the input voltage of the diode
beyond the rated voltage of diode. This may lead to damaging of the diode.

S. No. Instrument /Object Specification Quantity

Transformer
1 12-0-12 V AC, 500 mA 1
(center tapped)
2 Resistor l0K Q,0.5 Watt 1
3 Diode Silicon 1N4001 2
Digital Multimeter :
4 Digital Multimeter 1
3 1/2 digit display.
5 Bread board 5.5 CM X 17CM 1
6 CRO 25 MHz Dual trace 1
Single strand Teflon
7 Connecting wires 1
Coating (0.6mm diameter)

IX Procedure

1. Connect the circuit for Center Tapped Full wave rectifier on

breadboard as shown in Figure 1.
2. Connect the primary side of the transformer to AC mains.
Connect the CRO probe across the secondary and measure the
VSp-p appearing across diode.
3. Measure the peak value of output voltage (Vm) across the resistance RL.
4. Draw input and output waveforms of full wave rectifier.
5. Calculate the average or de value of output voltage.
6. Using DMM measure the DC voltage at the load resistance RL.
7. Compare the value calculated in step 5 with the value measured in step 6.
8. Tabulate the readings in Table

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (22216)

X Resources Used

S. Name of Broad Specifications Quantity Remarks (If any)

No. Resource Make Details
1.
2.
3.

XI Actual Procedure Followed

XII Precautions Followed

XIII Observations and Calculations

Table 1.

Type of Rectifier Vde Calculated Vde Measured Comment

rectifier Output on (using Formula (using DMM)
CRO (Vm) Vde=( 2Vmtn)

Calculations:
Yctc=2Vm/rc

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (22216)

XIV Results

Vde calculated = V

XV Interpretation of results

XVI Conclusions

XVII Practical related Questions

1. Calculate frequency of waveform obtained at the output of full wave
rectifier.
2. Compare half wave and Full wave rectifier based on output
waveforms obtained in Laboratory.

[Space for answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (22216)

XVIII References / Suggestions for further Reading

1. http://nptel.ac.in/courses/
2. www.electronics-tutorials.ws > Diodes

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1 Handling of the components 10%
2 Identification of component 20%
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20%
4 Working in team 10%
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
5 Calculate theoretical values of given component 10 %
6 Interpretation of result 05 %
7 Conclusions 05 %
8 Practical related questions 15 %
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100 %

Names of Student Team Members

1. ..............................
2. ..............................
3. ..............................
4. ..............................

Marks Obtained Dated signature of

Teacher
Process Product Total
Related(15) Related(l0) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (22216)

1N4001 - 1N40D7
Genera.I-Purpose Re,ctifiers

Feamres,
• Low Fomand'ltdltage-[)rop
• 1-JWi Surge Ourrenl Gapabilily

00-411

cm.al:11,1,NillZDDTC::I

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

Order1Ing lnfonn11tion

Part Ni.nrbe.- TopMilf"k Paclcing Melhod

1N4001 1N4001 00-204-Al (00-41) Tape .and Reel
1N4002 1N4002 00-204-Al (00-41) Tape .and Reel
1N4003 1N4003 00-204-Al (00-41) Tape .and Reel
1N4D04 1N4004 00-204-Al (00-41) Tape .and Reel
1N4005 1N4005 00-204-Al (00-41) Tape .and Reel
1N4006 1N4006 00-204-Al (00-41) Tape .and Reel
1N4007 1N4007 00-204-Al (00-41) Tape .and Reel

Absolute Maximmn Ratililgs

Shes,aes e>c:oee<a>g lhe abs.olu1e maxniwn1.-am,gsmay damage -the dellice. The dellice may not fiDdi:Jn or be qpera-

ble above 1he r.ecomrnended opera'lirig oondioons and sfres:sing 1he parts f<>1hese
levels is, oot recormnended. In addi- tion. exiended e->p<>Sure ID !i'tressee; above lhe-
naoommended ope,amg concitions m affed dei,ice relisl:Jilify. lihe absolute maximum
ratings ane stress ,ratings only: Value-s are at T,,, = 2§°C unle-ss oiherl'rise noted.

Yialue
Symbol P:aramefN 1N 1N 1N 1N 1N 1N tN Unit
.,Wll7
I
Silt
I I I I I
4002 .40113 4011:t .4Dll!'i 40(16
i
"IRRM pea>; Re;petilive- erse- Voltage 50 I 100 I 200 I 400 I e□o I mo I moo V
"""erage Rectified Forwarn Curent
IF.:.Wl ..375" lead Length at T,,,= 75'<C 1.0 A
Non-Repetitive Peak Forward Sg-ge Corent
lrnt.1 B.3 ms Smgle- Hslf..Sine,.Waue 30, A
1121 Ratmg fur Fusing {! « 8-..3 ms) 3.7 AZsec
T m, Slorage TEfl1P£!raha"e R:ang:e- -65to•175 •c
TJ Operating Junction Temperatune -65to •175 •G

Thern1mal •Cltlaraeiteris•u:cs

Valuesane a! T_,,= 251'Curlless otherwi5e noled.

Symbol P:ar.1111..ter, Value Unit

Power Dissipation 3..□ w
Eledrical Characteoliisics

Values ane a! T_,,= 251'C unless otherwi5e noled.

Symbol Conditions WIIJe Unit

f;orwanl Vdtage 11,=1.0A u V

3□
,.,. Maunum F.. Load Revei;se Ou1JeDt.
T,. =75"C µA
Full Cycle
T,. =25"C !ii. µA
T,. = 100"C □ pF

50
15

c,. Tot.al Gapaatmce

13 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

Practical No.7 Build and Test the full wave Bridge rectifier on breadboard using four
diodes.

I Practical Significance
A bridge rectifier is an arrangement of four diodes in a bridge
configuration, which provides the same output polarity for either input
polarity. It is used for converting an alternating current (AC) input into
a direct current (DC) output. Bridge rectifier is widely used in power
supply circuit.

II. Industry /Employer Expected outcomes:

• Discipline knowledge: Apply Electronics and
Telecommunications engineering knowledge to solve broad-based
Electronics engineering related problems.
• Experiments and practice: Plan to perform experiments and
practices to use the results to solve broad-based Electronics and
Telecommunications engineering problems.
• Engineering tools: Apply relevant Electronics and
Telecommunications technologies and tools with an
understanding of the limitations.

III. Course Level Learning Outcomes: Students will be able to achieve & demonstrate the
use of relevant diode in electronics circuits.

IV. Laboratory Learning Outcomes:

1. Build the circuit for Full Wave Bridge Rectifier using PN junction Diode.
2. Observe and draw input & output waveform for sinusoidal wave.

V. Relevant Affective domain related Outcome(s)

● Handle components and equipment carefully.

● Follow all safety precautions.

VI. Relevant Theoretical Background

14 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

The circuit diagram of the full wave bridge rectifier is shown

in figure 1. During positive half cycle diode D1 and D4 becomes
forward bias and diode D2 and D3 becomes Reverse bias. Currents
starts flowing through D1 and D4 which produces output voltage across
Load Resistor R.
During negative half cycle diode D2 and D3 becomes forward
bias and diode D1 and D4 becomes Reverse bias. Currents starts
flowing through D2 and D3 which produces output voltage across Load
Resistor R.

VII. Circuit diagram:

(a) Sample

r
Vm

l
Figure 7.1 Full wave bridge rectifier

(b) Actual Circuit used in laboratory

15 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

(c) Actual Experimental set up used in laboratory

VIII. Resources required

Table 7.1
S.No. Instrument /Object Specification Quantity
1. Transformer 9-0-9VAC, 500 mA 1
2. Resistor l0KQ 0.5 Watt 1
3. Diode Silicon 1N4007 4
4. CRO 25MHz 1
5. Bread board 5.5 CMX 17CM
6. Connecting wires Single strand Teflon L.S
coating (0.6mm diameter)

IX. Precautions to be Followed

1. Do not switch ON the power supply unless you have checked the
circuit connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. While doing the practical do not exceed the input voltage of the
diode beyond the rated voltage of diode. This may lead to damaging
of the diode

16 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

X. Procedure
1. Connect the circuit for full wave bridge rectifier on bread board
as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Connect the primary side of the transformer to AC mains and
the secondary side to rectifier input.
3. Before switching ON power supply, check the connections.
4. Switch ON the power supply and connect the CRO to the load resistor.
5. Measure the peak voltage Vm (peak voltage) across load resistor.

XI. Resources Used

Table 7.2
S. Name of Broad Specifications Quantity Remarks (If any)
No. Resource Make Details
1.
2.
3.

XII. Actual Procedure Followed

XIII. Precautions Followed

17 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

XIV. Observations and Calculations

Table 7.3
S. Rectified output
No. across R (Vm)

Calculations: NA

XV. Results

XVI Interpretation of results

XVII Conclusions

18 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

XIX Practical related Questions

Sketch DC output voltage of Half wave, Centre tapped Full wave

Rectifier and Full wave Bridge rectifier for the same AC input
and comment on it.

[Space for answers]

19 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

XX References / Suggestions for further Reading

1. http://npteLac.in/courses/
2. http://www.circuitstoday.com/full-wave-bridge-rectifier.
3. https://www.electrical4u.com/bridge-rectifiers/

Performance indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1 Handling of the components 10%
2 Identification of component 20%
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20%
4 Working in team 10%
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
5 Calculate theoretical values of given component 10%
6 Interpretation of result 05 %
7 Conclusions 05 %
8 Practical related questions 15 %
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100%

Names of
Student Team Members
1. ................................
2. ...............................
3. ...............................
4. ...............................

Dated Signature of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
Process Related (15) Product Related (l0) Total (25)

20 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

Practical No.8: Use LC Filter with Full Wave Rectifier to Measure Ripple Factor.

I. Practical Significance
The filter converts the pulsating DC into pure DC. The electronic
reactive elements like capacitor and inductors are used for filtering.
II. Industry /Employer Expected outcomes:
a. Discipline knowledge: Apply Electronics and Telecommunications
engineering knowledge to solve broad-based Electronics engineering
related problems.
b. Experiments and practice: Plan to perform experiments and practices
to use the results to solve broad-based Electronics and
Telecommunications engineering problems.
c. Engineering tools: Apply relevant Electronics and
Telecommunications technologies and tools with an understanding of
the limitations.
III. Course Level Learning Outcomes: Students will be able to achieve &
demonstrate the use of relevant diode in electronics circuits.
IV. Laboratory Learning Outcomes:
Build the circuit for Full Wave Rectifier using PN junction Diode with
LC/Pi filter.
Calculate ripple factor for given setup.
V. Relevant Affective domain related Outcome(s)
● Handle components and equipment carefully.
● Follow all safety precautions.

VI. Theoretical Background

The capacitor used in "C" filter reduces the ripple voltage, but causes
the diode current to increase .This large current may damage the diode
and will further cause heating problem and decrease the efficiency of
the filter. On the other hand, a simple series inductor reduces both the
peak and effective values of the output current and output voltage. So
the combination of both the filter (Land C), forms a new filter called
the L-C filter which will have a good efficiency, with controlled diode
current and enough ripple removal factor. The voltage stabilizing action
of shunt capacitor and the current smoothing action of series inductor
filter can be combined to form a perfect practical filter circuit

21 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

VII. Circuit diagram:

a. sample

Figure 8.1:Full wave rectifier with LC filter.

b. Actual Circuit used in laboratory

c. Actual Experimental Set up used in laboratory

VIII. Resources required: Table 8.1

22 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

S.No. Instrument /Object Specification Quantity

1. Transformer (center tapped) 12-0-12 V AC, 500 mA 1
2. Resistor IOK n, 0.5 Watt. 1
3. Diode Silicon 1N4007 2
4. Digital Multimeter Digital Multimeter: 3 1/2 digit 1
display.
5. Capacitor, Inductor Suitable rating 1

6. C.R.O. 25MHz 1
7. Bread board 5.5 CMX 17CM
8. Connecting wires Single strand Teflon coating As per
(0.6mm diameter) requirement

IX. Precautions to be Followed

1. Do not switch ON the power supply unless you have checked the
circuit connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. While doing the practical do not exceed the input voltage of the
diode beyond the rated voltage of diode. This may lead to damaging
of the diode.

X. Procedure
1. Connect the circuit of rectifier with LC Filter on bread board as shown in
Figure 1.
2. Connect the primary side of the transformer to AC mains and
the secondary side to rectifier input.
3. Before switching ON power supply, check the connection.
4. Record peak voltage across load resistor using CRO.
5. Calculate the DC output voltage and peak to peak ripple voltage.
6. Calculate the ripple factor.
7. Observe and draw the waveforms across LC filter on graph paper.

23 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

XI. Resources Used : Table 8.2

S. Name of Resource Broad Specifications Quantity Remarks (If any)

No. Make Details
1.
2.
3.

XII. Actual Procedure Followed

XIII. Precautions Followed

XIV. Observations and Calculations: Table 8.3

Peak Vdc= Peak to Ripple

Voltage 2Vm/π peak ripple factor=
Type of
Vm (volts) (volts) voltage Vr/Vdc
Rectifier
Vr(volts)

Full wave
rectifier

XV. Results

XVI. Interpretation of results

24 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

XVII. Conclusions

XVIII. Practical related Questions

1. Repeat the above experiment using C filter and comment on ripple factor.

25 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

26 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

XIX. References / Suggestions for further Reading

1. http://www. physics-and-radio-electronics.com/electronic-devices-and-
circuits/rectifier/halfwaverectifierwithfilter.htmlhttp://nptel.ac .in/courses/117103063/4
2. https://www.elprocus.com/half-wave-rectifier-circuit-working-principle-and- characteri
stics-2/
3. http://www. physics-and-radio-electronics.com/electronic-devices-and-
circuits/rectifier/halfwaverectifierwi thfilter.html

indicators Weightage
Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1 HPerformance andling of the components 10%
2 Identification of component 20%
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20%
4 Working in team 10%
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
5 Calculate theoretical values of given component 10%
6 Interpretation of result 05 %
7 Conclusions 05 %
8 Practical related questions 15 %
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100%

Names of Student Team Members

1. ................................
2. ...............................
3. ...............................
4. ...............................

Dated Signature of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
Process Related (15) Product Related (l0) Total (25)

27 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

Practical No. 09: Construct and Test the full wave rectifier on bread board using IC KBU
808 with filter

I. Practical Significance
The filter converts the pulsating DC into pure DC. The electronic reactive elements like capacitor
and inductors are used for filtering

II. Industry/Employer Expected outcomes

Discipline knowledge: Apply Electronics and Telecommunications engineering
knowledge to solve broad-based Electronics engineering related problems.
Experiments and practice: Plan to perform experiments and practices to use
the results to solve broad-based Electronics and Telecommunications
engineering problems.
Engineering tools: Apply relevant Electronics and Telecommunications
technologies and tools with an understanding of the limitations.
III. Course level learning outcomes: Students will be able to achieve &
demonstrate the following COs on completion of course based learning the use
of relevant diode in electronics circuits.

IV. Laboratory learning outcomes

Construct the circuit for full wave rectifier using IC KBU 808 with filter.
Observe and draw input & output waveform for sinusoidal wave

V. Relevant affective domain related outcomes. Use KBU rectifier IC with filter
to remove the ripples at the output of bridge rectifier:
Observe the waveform at output of KBU rectifier IC with filter

VI. Relevant theoretical Background: The KBU808 is a bridge rectifier integrated

circuit that is commonly used in power supply applications to convert
alternating current (AC) into direct current(DC)

28 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

VII. Actual circuit diagram used in Laboratory with equipment specifications.

VIII. Required resources /apparatus/equipment with specifications

S. No. Instrument /Object Specification Quantity

1 IC KBU 808 IF=8A,VF=1V 1

2 Digital Multimeter Digital Multimeter: 3 1

1/2 digit
display.

IX. Precautions to be followed

While doing the practical do not exceed the input voltage of the diode beyond the rated voltage of
diode. This may lead to damaging of the diode

X. Procedure
1. Keep DMM on diode test mode.
2. Connect the positive terminal of DMM to pin no.4 and the negative terminal of DMM to pin
no.3 of IC 808 observe the drop on DMM of IC 808 observe the drop on DMM.
3. Connect the negative terminal of DMM to pin no.4 of IC 808 DMM and connect the positive
terminal of DMM to pin no.3 of IC 808 observe OL(no drop) on DMM
4. Repeat above steps for pin no.1 and Pin no.2 of IC 808 note down the drop and no drop on
DMM.
5. Connect the positive terminal of DMM to pin no.4 of IC and connect negative terminal of
DMM to pin no.1 of IC note down the double diode drop on DMM

29 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

XI. Observation table

SR.NO. Pin connection Output on DMM
1 Drop between pin no.3 and 4
2 Reverse drop between pin no.4 and pin no.3
3 Drop between pin no.2 and pin no.1
4 Reverse drop between pin no.1 and pin no.2
5 Drop between pin no.1 and 4
6 Reverse drop between pin no.4 and pin no.1

XII. Results.

XIII. Interpretation of results.

XIV. Conclusion and recommendations

XV. Practical related questions

Repeat above experiment for Schottky diode and comment on voltage drop.

30 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

XVI. References/suggestions for further readings

Assessment Scheme

Performance indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1 Handling of the components 10%
2 Identification of component 20%
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20%
4 Working in team 10%
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
5 Calculate theoretical values of given component 10%
6 Interpretation of result 05 %
7 Conclusions 05 %
8 Practical related questions 15 %
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100%

Names of Student Team Members

1. ................................
2. ...............................
3. ...............................
4. ...............................
5.

Dated Signature of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
Process Related (15) Product Related (l0) Total (25)

31 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

Practical No. 10: Build and Test the performance parameters of 7 Segment LED
display FND 507/508.

I. Practical Significance Most often seven-segment displays are used to display the digits
in digital watches, calculators, clocks, measuring instruments and digital counters, etc.
Generally, LCD and LED segments provide the display output of numerical numbers
and characters. Each LED has two connecting pins, one called the “Anode” and the
other called the “Cathode”, there are therefore two types of LED 7-segment display
called: Common Cathode (CC) and Common Anode (CA).
II. Industry/Employer Expected outcomes
Discipline knowledge: Apply Electronics and Telecommunications engineering
knowledge to solve broad-based Electronics engineering related problems.
Experiments and practice: Plan to perform experiments and practices to use the results
to solve broad-based Electronics and Telecommunications engineering problems.
Engineering tools: Apply relevant Electronics and Telecommunications technologies
and tools with an understanding of the limitations.
III. Course level learning outcomes (cos): Students will be able to achieve &
demonstrate the use of relevant diode in electronics circuits.
IV. Laboratory learning outcomes:
● Build the circuit for 7 Segment LED display FND 507/508.
● Observe numeric output for 0-9
V. Relevant affective domain related outcomes. To know working of 7 segment
display. To Use FND 507/508 display IC in both common anode and common
cathode mode.
To Use of LED segments to provide the display output of numerical numbers
and characters.
VI. Relevant theoretical Background. An LED or Light Emitting Diode, is a solid state
optical pn-junction diode which emits light energy in the form of photons. The
emission of these photons occurs when the diode junction is forward biased by an
external voltage allowing current to flow across its junction, this property is
called electroluminescence.

VII. Actual circuit diagram used in Laboratory with equipment specifications.

32 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

VIII. Required resources /apparatus/equipment with specifications

S. No. Instrument /Object Specification Quantity

1 7 Segment LED display FND 507/508 Current consumption : 1
IC 30mA / segment
Peak current : 70

2 Digital Multimeter Digital Multimeter: 3 1

1/2 digit
display.

IX. Precautions to be followed

While doing the practical do not exceed the input voltage of the diode beyond the rated
voltage of diode. This may lead to damaging of the diode

X. Procedure

1. Put your millimeter’s black lead on pin 3 or 8. Both are common pin as they are
internally connected.
2. Now put your meter’s red lead on any other pin such as 1 or 5.
3. If any of the display’s segments glow then the display is common cathode.
4. If none of the segment glows than interchange the leads of multi-meter.
5. Connect your meter’s red lead to pin 3 or pin 8.
6. Now put the black lead of the multimeter on other remaining pin. If any of the
segment glow than the display is common anode, as in common anode the positive
pin is common and the rest are connected to a negative supply.

33 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

7. Check all segments of both common cathode and anode to ensure the display is
working properly.
8. If no segment glows, this 7 segment is faulty.

XI. Observation table.

Sr no Pin connections DMM ouput Remark

1 Pin no. 1 (e) and pin no. 3

2 Pin no.2 (d) and pin no 3

3 Pin no.4 (c) and pin no.3

4 Pin no.5 (dp) and pin no.3

XII. Results.

XIII. Interpretation of results.

XIV. Conclusion and recommendations

XV. Practical related questions

Repeat the same practical for common cathode.

34 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

XVI. References/suggestions for further readings

https://youtu.be/ulKdgSJq_08

Assessment Scheme

Performance indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1 Handling of the components 10%
2 Identification of component 20%
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20%
4 Working in team 10%
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
5 Calculate theoretical values of given component 10%
6 Interpretation of result 05 %
7 Conclusions 05 %
8 Practical related questions 15 %
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100%

Names of Student Team Members

1. ................................
2. ...............................
3. ...............................
4. ...............................

Dated Signature of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
Process Related (15) Product Related (l0) Total (25)

35 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

Practical No. 11: Identify and select transistors using datasheets.

I Practical Significance:

In industries as well as in domestic appliances transistor is used in amplifier circuits, oscillator

circuits and in DC Power Supplies. For these applications transistor selection plays vital role. In
this practical students will find specifications of the given transistor to understand transistor
selection with respect to change in applications.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-identified competency:
'Maintain electronic circuits comprising of discrete electronic components.'
1. Component selection skills.
2. Specification reading skills.
3. Use Data Book to find compatible /equivalent transistor.
4. Use specifications to calculate biasing circuit components values.

III Relevant Course Outcomes

• Use BJT in electronics circuits

IV Practical Outcome
Identify and select transistors using datasheets

● LLO 11.1 Identify the terminals of the PNP and NPN transistor for TO-5, TO220, TO-66
● LLO 11.2 Select of transistor for different max. voltage, current and switching speed for particular
application.

V Relevant Affective domain related Outcomes

• Handle and interpret data book specification carefully.

VI Minimum Theoretical Background

A BJT is a most used semiconductor device, and which has variety of applications. It is
suitable for amplifier circuits, oscillator circuits and in DC regulated power supplies. Transistor
selection depends on its specification and application. Transistor requires biasing circuit. Rating
of biasing circuit components are calculated using specification of transistor.
Data sheet consists of transistor package diagram to know lead position, absolute maximum
rating, thermal data, electrical characteristics and mechanical data. Data sheet also provide
compatible transistor part numbers.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

VII Practical Circuit Diagram :

a. Sample

TO-5 package

TO-66 package

TO-220 package

Figure 1: Transistors and its symbol

b. Actual Circuit used in laboratory

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

VIII Resources required

s. Instrument Specification Quantity Remarks

/Components
No.
1. Transistor 2N2222. lNo. each
2N3055
SLl00
BC147
2N2055
(or any other equivalent
transistor )
2. Data book Transistor data book 1 No. Datasheets may be referred
Tower's International using web site
transistor selection data
book ( or any other
equivalent data book)

IX Precautions
Hold the transistor in proper position so that its leads will not break.

X Procedure
1. Read out given transistor number on its casing.
2. Find out this number in data book.
3. Record the transistor package terminals.
4. Record absolute maximum rating of transistor.
5. Record the electrical characteristics.
6. Record thermal data.
7. Calculate the rating ofrequired collector resistor, Base resistors for biasing circuit.
8. Repeat the procedure for another transistor.

XI Resources used (with major specifications)

S. No. Data book /Components Specification Quantity

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

XII Actual procedure followed

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

XIII Precautions followed

XIV Observations and Calculations:

Table 1: Absolute maximum rating of BJTl ( )

S.No. Specifications Value

1
2
3
4
5
6

Calculations:

Calculate required collector resistance

Re=VCC/Ic(max) Ω
Calculate Base resistance
RB1= Ω
RB2= Ω

XV Results

1. BJT 1 is a NPN / PNP Si / Ge transistor

2. For BJTl Collector resistors= ......................
3. For BJT 1 Rs 1 = .....................
4. ForBJT 1 R82 = .....................

XVI Interpretation of results

XVII Conclusion(s)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

XVIII Practical related Questions

a. Repeat the above experiment for BJT 2.
b. Identify the legs of given transistor

[Space for answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

XIX References / Suggestions for further Reading

• http://www.onsemi.com/pub/Collateral/P2N2222A-D.PDF

• http://www.alldatasheet.com/view datasheet.jsp?Searchword=BC147

XX Assessment Scheme
Performance indicators Weightage
Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1 Handling of the components 10%
2 Identification of component 20%
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20%
4 Working in team 10%
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
5 Calculate theoretical values of given component 10%
6 Interpretation of result 05 %
7 Conclusions 05 %
8 Practical related questions 15 %
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100 %

Names of Student Team Members

a. ..............................
b. ..............................
c. ..............................
d. ..............................

Dated signature of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
Process Product Total
Related(l5) Related(l0) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

Practical No. 12: Build and Test the Performance of BJT Working in CB Mode

I Practical Significance:
Transistor is a basic building block of modem electronic circuits. A transistor is a semiconductor
device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. In electronics, a
common-base (also known as grounded-base) amplifier is one of three basic single-stage bipolar
junction transistor (BJT) amplifier topologies, typically used as a voltage amplifier.
In Common base mode configuration the emitter terminal of the transistor serves as the input, the
collector as the output, and the base is connected to ground.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-identified competency:
'Maintain electronic circuits comprising of discrete electronic components.'
1. Component identification skills.
2. Component mounting skills.
3. Use DC Power supply to give different voltages.
4. Use Digital multimeter to measure the voltage and current.

III Relevant Course Outcomes

• Use BJT in electronics circuits

IV Practical Outcome

Test input/output characteristics of NPN Transistor in CB Mode:

● LLO 12.1 Build the circuit for BJT in common base configuration.
● LLO 12.2 Plot input and output characteristics of common base configuration.

V Relevant Affective domain related Outcomes

• Handle components and equipment carefully.
• Follow safety precautions.

VI Minimum Theoretical Background

Figure 1: Input Characteristics for CB

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

.
Input Characteristics for CB configuration:
The curve given in figure 1 gives the relationship between input current (IE) and input voltage
(VEB) for constant output voltage (VCB)- By varying VEB for constant VCB it may be noted that below
knee voltage current is very small. Beyond knee voltage, the Emitter current (IE) increases with small
increase in emitter to base voltage VEB for constant VCB· As the collector to Base voltage is increased
above 1V, the curve shifts upwards.
Input characteristics may be used to determine the value of common base transistor
A.C. input resistance Ri. It is the ratio of change in emitter to base voltage ( VEB) to resulting change
in emitter current (IE) at a constant collector to base voltage (VCB)

Figure 2: Output Characteristics for CB configuration

Output Characteristics for CB configuration:
This curve gives the relationship between output current (le) and output voltage (VCB) for a constant
emitter current (IE)-
The output characteristics are divided into three regions:
Cut off region: Transistor act as OFF switch
Saturation Region: Transistor act as ON switch
Active Region: Transistor acts as amplifier.
Output characteristics may be used to determine the value of common base transistor Output resistance
Ro. It is the ratio of change in collector to base voltage ( VCB) to resulting change in Collector current
( le) at a constant emitter current (IE)-

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

VII Practical Circuit Diagram :

a. Sample

Figure 3: Circuit diagram of BJT in CB mode

b. Actual Circuit used in laboratory

c. Actual Experimental Set up used in laboratory

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

VIII Resources required

Instrument
s. /Components
Specification Quantity Remarks
No.
1. Digital Multimeter Digital Multimeter : 3 1/2 2 1. Digital Multimeter
digit display. with transistor testing
facilities will be
preferred.
2. In place of Digital
Multimeter, Voltmeter
and ammeter can be
used.
2. DC Regulated Variable DC power supply 1
power supply 0- 30V, 2A, SC protection,
display for voltage and
current.
3. Voltmeter (0-20 V), (0-2 V), 1

4. Ammeter ( 0 - 200 mA, (0 - 200 µA) 1

5. Transistor BC107 or any other 1

equivalent
6. Resistor 1KQ(0.5watts/0.25watts) 1

7. Bread board 5.5 CMX 17CM 1

8. Connecting Single strand Teflon As per

wires coating ( 0.6mm ) requirement

IX Precautions

1. Care should be taken while handling terminals of components.

2. Select proper range of ammeter and voltmeter.
3. Connect wires tightly while building circuit.

X Procedure

Part I
Input characteristics:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 3.

2. Keep output voltage VCB= 0V by varying Vcc-
3. Vary VEB in step of 0.1V from 0 to 1Vand note down the corresponding emitter
current IE.
4. Repeat above procedure (step 3) for VCB= 4V.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

Part II
Output characteristics:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 3.

2. Keep input current IE = 0 mA by varying VEE·
3. Vary VCB in step of 1V from 1 to 10 V and note down the corresponding collector current
le.
4. Repeat above procedure (step 3) for IE= 10mA

XI Resources used (with major specifications)

S. No. Data book /Components Specification Quantity

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

XII Actual procedure followed

XIII Precautions followed

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

XIV Observations and Calculations:

Table 1: Input Characteristics

VCB =4V
s. VEB=OV
No. VEB (V) VEB (V)

Table 2: Output Characteristics

IE(mA)=0 IE(mA)=10
s.
No. VCB(Volts) lc(mA) VCB (Volts) le (mA)

Calculations (from graph)

1. Input resistance Ri:

2. Output resistance Ro:

3. Current amplification factor α:

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education
 Basic Electronics (312314)

XV Results
1. Input resistance Ri:

2. Output resistance Ro:

3. Current amplification factor α:

XVI Interpretation of results

XVII Conclusions

XVIII Practical related Questions

a. Repeat the same experiment using PNP transistor.

[Space for answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

XIX References / Suggestions for further Reading

a. https://www.electrical4u.com/transistor-characteristics/
b. http://nptel.ac.in/courses/117107095/11

XX Assessment Scheme
Performance indicators Weightage
Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1 Handling of the components 10%
2 Identification of component 20%
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20%
4 Working in team 10%
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
5 Calculate theoretical values of given component 10%
6 Interpretation of result 05 %
7 Conclusions 05 %
8 Practical related questions 15 %
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100 %

Names of Student Team Members

a. ..............................
b. ..............................
c. ..............................
d. ..............................

Dated signature of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
Process Product Total
Related(l5) Related(l0) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

Practical No. 13: Build and Test the Performance of BJT Working in CE
Mode

I Practical Significance:
A BJT is commonly used as an amplifier. Common Emitter (CE) mode is the universal
mode of operation for a BJT. All types of amplifications can be performed using CE
mode with suitable biasing. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency
circuits.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-identified
competency: 'Maintain electronic circuits comprising of discrete electronic
components.'
5. Component selection skills.
6. Specification reading skills.
7. Use Data Book to find compatible /equivalent transistor.
8. Use specifications to calculate biasing circuit components values.

III Relevant Course Outcomes

• Use BJT in electronics circuits

IV Practical Outcome
Identify and select transistors using datasheets
● LLO 13.1 Select the specific transistor for different max. voltage, current and switching
speed
● LLO 13.2 Prepare the circuit for BJT in common emitter configuration.

V Relevant Affective domain related Outcomes

• Handle components and equipment carefully.

• Follow safety precautions.
VI Minimum Theoretical Background
CE is the most frequently used configuration in practical amplifier circuits, since it
provides good voltage, current, and power gain. The input is applied across the base-
emitter circuit and the output is taken from the collector-emitter circuit, making the emitter
"common" to both input and output. CE configuration provides a phase reversal between
input and output signals

Input Characteristics for CB configuration:

The curve plotted between base current IB and the base-emitter voltage VEB is called
Input characteristics curve. For drawing the input characteristic the reading of base currents
is taken through the ammeter on emitter voltage VBE at constant collector-emitter current.
The curve for different value of collector-base current is shown in the figure below.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

Figure 13.1: Input Characteristics for CE

The curve for common base configuration is similar to a forward diode characteristic. The base current
IB increases with the increases in the emitter-base voltage VBE. Thus the input resistance of the CE
configuration is comparatively higher that of CB configuration.

The effect of CE does not cause large deviation on the curves, and hence the effect of a change in
VCE on the input characteristic is ignored.

Input Resistance: The ratio of change in base-emitter voltage VBE to the change in base
current ∆IB at constant collector-emitter voltage VCE is known as input resistance, i.e.,

Output Characteristics for CB configuration:

In CE configuration the curve draws between collector current IC and collector-emitter voltage VCE at a
constant base current IB is called output characteristic. The characteristic curve for the typical NPN
transistor in CE configuration is shown in the figure below.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

Figure 13.2: Output Characteristics for CE

In the active region, the collector current increases slightly as collector-emitter VCE current increases.
The slope of the curve is quite more than the output characteristic of CB configuration. The output
resistance of the common base connection is more than that of CE connection.

The value of the collector current IC increases with the increase in VCE at constant voltage IB, the value
β of also increases.

When the VCE falls, the IC also decreases rapidly. The collector-base junction of the transistor always in
forward bias and work saturate. In the saturation region, the collector current becomes independent and
free from the input current IB

In the active region IC = βIB, a small current IC is not zero, and it is equal to reverse leakage current
ICEO.

Output Resistance: The ratio of the variation in collector-emitter voltage to the collector-emitter current
is known at collector currents at a constant base current IB is called output resistance ro.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

VII Practical Circuit Diagram :

a. Sample

Figure 13.3: Circuit diagram of BJT in CE mode

b. Actual Circuit used in laboratory

c. Actual Experimental Set up used in laboratory

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

VIII Resources required

Instrument
s. /Components
Specification Quantity Remarks
No.
1. Digital Multimeter Digital Multimeter : 3 1/2 2 Digital Multimeter with
digit display. transistor testing facilities
will be preferred.
In place of Digital
Multimeter, Voltmeter
and ammeter can be
used.
2. DC Regulated Variable DC power supply 1
power supply 0- 30V, 2A, SC protection,
display for voltage and
current.
3. Voltmeter (0-20 V), (0-2 V), 1

4. Ammeter ( 0 - 200 mA, (0 - 200 µA) 1

5. Transistor BC107 or any other 1

equivalent
6. Resistor 1KΩ(0.5watts/0.25watts) 1

7. Bread board 5.5 CMX 17CM 1

8. Connecting Single strand Teflon As

wires coating ( 0.6mm ) p
er
requirement

IX Precautions

1. Do not switch ON the power supply unless you have checked the circuit
connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. While doing the experiment do not exceed the input voltage of the transistor
beyond its rated voltage. This may lead to damaging of the transistor.
3. Connect voltmeter and ammeter in correct polarities as shown in the circuit
diagram.

X Procedure

PartI
Input characteristics:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 1.
2. Set VCE at constant voltage (2V) by varying Vcc.
3. Vary the input voltage VBE in steps of 0.1V from 0V up to 1V and record the
corresponding value of IB in observation table.
4. Repeat the above steps 2 and 3 by keeping VCEat 5V, and l0V.
5. Sketch the characteristics from the recorded readings.
6. At suitable operating point calculate input resistance (Ri)-
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education
Basic Electronics (312314)

Part II
Output characteristics:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 1.
2. Set IB constant at l0µA by varying VBB.
3. Vary the output voltage Vcc in steps of 1V from 0V upto 10V and record the
corresponding value of VCE and IE in observation table.
4. Repeat the above steps 2 and 3 by keeping IB at 20µA and 30µA.
5. Sketch the characteristics from the recorded readings.
6. At suitable operating point calculate output resistance (Ro).

XI Resources used (with major specifications)

S. No. Data book /Components Specification Quantity

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

XII Actual procedure followed

XIII Precautions followed

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

XIV Observations and Calculations:

Table 1: Input Characteristics

S.No.
VCE=2V

VBE (V)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

Table 2: Output Characteristics

S.No. IB=lOµA IB=20µA IB=30µA

VcE(V) Ic(mA) VCE(V) Ic(mA) VCE(V) Ic(mA)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Calculations(from graph)

1. Input resistance Ri:

2. Output resistance Ro:

3. Current amplification factor β:

XV Results
1. Input resistance Ri =Q
2. Output resistance Ro =Q
3. Current amplification factor β =.............

XVI Interpretation of results

XVII Conclusions
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education
 Basic Electronics (312314)

XVIII Practical related Questions

Repeat the same experiment using PNP transistor.

[Space for answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

XIX References / Suggestions for further Reading

1. https://www.electrical4u.com/transistor-characteristics/
2. http://nptel.ac.in/courses/117107095/11

XX Assessment Scheme
Performance indicators Weightage
Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1 Handling of the components 10%
2 Identification of component 20%
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20%
4 Working in team 10%
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
5 Calculate theoretical values of given component 10%
6 Interpretation of result 05 %
7 Conclusions 05 %
8 Practical related questions 15 %
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100 %

Names of Student Team Members

a. ..............................
b. ..............................
c. ..............................
d. ..............................

Dated signature of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
Process Product Total
Related (l5) Related(l0) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

Practical No. 14: Build and Test the BJT voltage divider bias circuit for given input

I Practical Significance:
Wherever there is need to reduce the voltage, voltage dividers are used. The voltage divider bias
configuration is considered the simplest method that gives a very stable and predictable bias
current. Voltage dividers are useful for setting the output voltage of linear regulators, dividing
down a higher voltage to the input range of an AID inside a microcontroller

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-identified competency:
'Maintain electronic circuits comprising of discrete electronic components.'
5. Component identification skills.
6. Component mounting skills.
7. Use DC Power supply to give different voltages.
8. Use Digital multimeter to measure the voltage and current.

III Relevant Course Outcomes

• Use BJT in electronics circuits

IV Practical Outcome

Build and Test the BJT voltage divider bias circuit for given input:
● LLO 14.1 Build the circuit for BJT voltage divider bias circuit.
● LLO 14.2 Locate Q point on Load line.

V Relevant Affective domain related Outcomes

• Handle components and equipment carefully.
• Follow safety precautions.

VI Minimum Theoretical Background

The voltage divider configuration achieves the correct voltages by the use of resistors in certain
patterns. By selecting the proper resistor values, stable current levels can be achieved that vary
only little over temperature and with transistor properties.
Transistors used in amplifier circuits must be biased with constant (direct) levels of collector,
base and emitter current and constant terminal voltages. The levels of Ie and VCE define the
transistor de operating point, or quiescent point. The circuit that provides this state is known as a
bias circuit. Ideally, the current and voltage levels in bias circuits should remain constant. In
practical circuits these quantities are affected by the transistor current gain and by temperature
changes.

Figure 14.1 shows voltage divider bias , biasing is provided by three resistors R1, R2 and
RE. The resistors R1& R2 act as a potential divider giving a fixed voltage to base. If collector
current increases due to change in temperature or change in β, emitter current IE also increases
and voltage drop across RE increases thus reducing the voltage difference between base and
emitter. Due to reduction in base emitter voltage, base current and collector current reduces.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

So we can say that negative feedback exists in emitter bias circuit. This reduction in collector
current compensates for the original change in IC.

VII Practical Circuit Diagram :

a. Sample

Figure 14.1: Voltage divider biasing

b. Actual Circuit used in laboratory

c. Actual Experimental Set up used in laboratory

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

VIII Resources required

Instrument
s. /Components
Specification Quantity Remarks
No.
1. Digital Multimeter Digital Multimeter : 3 1/2 2 3. Digital Multimeter
digit display. with transistor testing
facilities will be
preferred.
4. In place of Digital
Multimeter, Voltmeter
and ammeter can be
used.
2. DC Regulated Variable DC power supply 1
power supply 0- 30V, 2A, SC protection,
display for voltage and
current.
3. Voltmeter (0-20 V), (0-2 V), 1

4. Ammeter ( 0 - 200 mA, (0 - 200 µA) 1

5. Transistor BC107 or any other 1

equivalent
6. Resistor Suitable as per voltage division 1

7. Bread board 5.5 CMX 17CM 1

8. Connecting Single strand Teflon As per

wires coating ( 0.6mm ) requirement

IX Precautions

4. Do not switch ON the power supply unless you have checked the circuit
connections as per the circuit diagram.
5. While doing the experiment do not exceed the input voltage of the transistor beyond its
rated voltage. This may lead to damaging of the transistor.
6. Connect voltmeter and ammeter in correct polarities as shown in the circuit
diagram.

X Procedure

1. Connect the electrical circuit as in Figure 1.

2. Switch on the power supply.
3. Measure the voltage VE and Vc at emitter and collector terminal respectively.
4. Measure VcE means the difference between Vc and VE-
5. Calculate the collector current Ic=(Vcc-Vc)/Rc.
6. Compare the measured values with the designed values.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

XI Resources used (with major specifications)

S. No. Data book /Components Specification Quantity

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

XII Actual procedure followed

XIII Precautions followed

XIV Observations and Calculations:

VcE=Vc-VE

Ic=(Vcc-Vc)/Rc

Calculations

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

XV Results

XVI Interpretation of results

XVII Conclusions

XVIII Practical related Questions

● Change value of R1 and find change in voltages.

[Space for answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

XIX References / Suggestions for further Reading

a. http://www.srmuniv.ac.in/downloads/biasing.pdfhttp://www.srmuni
v.ac.in/downloa ds/biasing.pdf
b. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9trNaY6C7bQ
c. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wGDi3zZhtqc

d. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_divider

XX Assessment Scheme
Performance indicators Weightage
Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1 Handling of the components 10%
2 Identification of component 20%
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20%
4 Working in team 10%
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
5 Calculate theoretical values of given component 10%
6 Interpretation of result 05 %
7 Conclusions 05 %
8 Practical related questions 15 %
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100 %

Names of Student Team Members

a. ..............................
b. ..............................
c. ..............................
d. ..............................

Dated signature of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
Process Product Total
Related(l5) Related(l0) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

Practical No. 15: Construct and Test the performance parameters of BJT as Switch.

I Practical Significance:
Switching and Amplification are the two areas of applications of Transistors. A transistor
is used for switching operation either for the opening or closing of the circuit. Transistor
as a Switch is the basis for many digital circuits. Solid state switches are one of the main
applications for the use of transistor to switch a DC output “ON” or “OFF”.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-identified
competency: 'Maintain electronic circuits comprising of discrete electronic
components.'
9. Component identification skills.
10. Component mounting skills.
11. Use DC Power supply to give different voltages.
12. Use Digital multimeter to measure the voltage and current.

III Relevant Course Outcomes

● Use of BJT as amplifier and switch

IV Practical Outcome
Construct and Test the performance parameters of BJT as Switch.:
● LLO 15.1 Test the performance parameters of BJT as Switch
● LLO 15.2 Identify Cutoff and saturation regions.

V Relevant Affective domain related Outcomes

• Handle components and equipment
carefully.
• Follow safety precautions.

VI Minimum Theoretical Background

If either the circuit uses the BJT transistor as a switch, then the biasing of the transistor, NPN or
PNP is arranged to operate the transistor at the both sides of the I-V characteristics curves shown
below. A transistor can be operated in three modes, active region, saturation region and cut-off
region: In the active region, transistor works as an amplifier. The two operating regions of transistor
Saturation Region (fully ON) and the Cut-off Region (fully OFF) were used to operate a transistor
switch
. Operating Regions: We can observe from the above characteristics, the pink shaded area at the
bottom of the curves represents the Cut-off region and the blue area to the left represent the
Saturation region of the transistor. These transistor regions are defined as

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

Figure15.1 : Operating regions of Transistor.

● Cut-off Region: The operating conditions of the transistor are zero input base current (IB=0),
zero output collector current(Ic=0), and maximum collector voltage (VCE) which results in a
large depletion layer and no current flowing through the device. Therefore, the transistor is
switched to “Fully-OFF”. So we can define the cut-off region when using a bipolar transistor as
a switch as being, both the junctions of NPN transistors are reverse biased, VB< 0.7v and Ic=0.
Similarly, for PNP transistor, the emitter potential must be –ve with respect to the base of the
transistor.

Figure15.2 : Cutoff region of Transistor.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

Figure 15.3 : Saturation region of Transistor.

● Saturation Region: In this region, the transistor will be biased so that the maximum amount of base
current (IB) is applied, resulting in maximum collector current(IC=VCC/RL) and then resulting in the
minimum collector-emitter voltage (VCE ~ 0) drop. At this condition, the depletion layer becomes as
small as the possible and maximum current flowing through the transistor. Therefore, the transistor is
switched “Fully-ON”.

VII Practical Circuit Diagram :

a. Sample

Figure 15.4: Voltage divider biasing

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

b. Actual Circuit used in laboratory

c. Actual Experimental Set up used in laboratory

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

VIII Resources required

Instrument
s. /Components
Specification Quantity Remarks
No.
1. Digital Multimeter Digital Multimeter : 3 1/2 2 5. Digital Multimeter
digit display. with transistor testing
facilities will be
preferred.
6. In place of Digital
Multimeter, Voltmeter
and ammeter can be
used.
2. DC Regulated Variable DC power supply 1
power supply 0- 30V, 2A, SC protection,
display for voltage and
current.
3. Voltmeter (0-20 V), (0-2 V), 1

4. Ammeter ( 0 - 200 mA, (0 - 200 µA) 1

5. Transistor 2N2222 or any other 1

equivalent
6. Resistor Suitable as per voltage division 1
(RB= 6.8KΩ, RC= 1 KΩ)
7. Bread board 5.5 CMX 17CM 1

8. Connecting Single strand Teflon As per

wires coating ( 0.6mm ) requirement

IX Precautions

7. Do not switch ON the power supply unless you have checked the
circuit connections as per the circuit diagram.
8. While doing the experiment do not exceed the input voltage of the transistor
beyond its rated voltage. This may lead to damaging of the transistor.
9. Connect voltmeter and ammeter in correct polarities as shown in the
circuit diagram.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

X Procedure

7. Connect the electrical circuit as in Figure .

8. Switch on the power supply.
9. Set the AC source (4V) and frequency (200 HZ) (Square wave) and draw it.
10. Set the oscilloscope (first terminal) at the common terminal of collector and resistance (RL) and
(second terminal of OSC) to the emitter of transistor Observe the input and output waveforms
simultaneously using oscilloscope.
11. Compare the measured values with the specification values.

XI Resources used (with major specifications)

S. No. Data book /Components Specification Quantity

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

XII Actual procedure followed

XIII Precautions followed

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

XIV Observations and Calculations:

Rise Time Tr =
Fall Time Tf=
On Time T-on =
Off Time T-off

Calculations

XV Results

XVI Interpretation of results

XVII Conclusions

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

XVIII Practical related Questions

a. From the 2N2222 datasheet, write down the parameters required to design the circuit.
b. From the design values, suggest a suitable transistor for switching action other than 2N2222. State
reasons.

[Space for answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

XIX References / Suggestions for further Reading

a. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_17m7eP6Uxs
b. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EQmND0UhFwQ

c. https://eeeforum.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/2/5/10254481/15e282_18_lab4_2.pdf
d. https://community.ibm.com/community/user/ai-datascience/discussion/what-is-
the-difference-between-bc547-transistor-vs-2n2222-
transistor#:~:text=The%20trigger%20terminal's%20maximum%20bias,the%202N
2222%20transistor's%20transition%20frequency.

XX Assessment Scheme
Performance indicators Weightage
Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1 Handling of the components 10%
2 Identification of component 20%
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20%
4 Working in team 10%
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
5 Calculate theoretical values of given component 10%
6 Interpretation of result 05 %
7 Conclusions 05 %
8 Practical related questions 15 %
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100 %

Names of Student Team Members

a. ..............................
b. ..............................
c. ..............................
d. ..............................

Dated signature of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
Process Product Total
Related(l5) Related(l0) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

Practical No.16: Build and Test the performance of Single Stage Common Emitter Amplifier

I Practical Significance Single stage low power amplifiers are generally used for small signal
amplification in the electronic circuit. Low power amplifier is used in various electronic appliances
and electronic communication. This practical will help the students to develop skills to build and
test single stage low power common emitter amplifier

II Industry/Employer Expected outcomes

Basic knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics, sciences and basic engineering to
solve the broad-based Electronics and Telecommunication engineering problems.
Discipline knowledge: Apply Electronics and Telecommunication engineering knowledge to
solve broad-based Electronics and Telecommunications engineering related problems.
Experiments and practice: Plan to perform experiments and practices to use the results to solve
broad-based Electronics and Telecommunication engineering problems
.
III course level learning outcomes (cos) Students will be able to achieve & demonstrate the Use of
BJT in electronics circuits

IV Laboratory learning outcomes: Build single stage Common emitter amplifier

Plot frequency response for Common emitter amplifier

V Relevant affective domain related outcomes.

● Follow safe practices.
● Follow ethical practices
● Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member

VI Relevant theoretical Background.

Low power amplifier is an electronic device that can increase the power of a signal. An amplifier
uses electric power from a power supply to increase the amplitude of a signal by an amplifier but
not all amplifiers are the same as they are classified according to their circuit configurations and
methods of operation. The classification of an amplifier depends upon the size of the signal, large
or small, its physical configuration and how it processes the input signal, which is the relationship
between input signal and current flowing in the load.

There are three different kinds of amplifier gain which can be measured and these are: Voltage
Gain ( Av ), Current Gain ( Ai ) and Power Gain ( Ap ) depending upon the quantity being
measured.

Voltage Gain, Av= VoutlVin

Power Gain, Ap= Av X Ai

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

VII Actual circuit diagram used in Laboratory with equipment specifications.

a. sample

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

b. Actual Circuit used in laboratory / Actual Experimental set up used in

laboratory

VIII Required resources /apparatus/equipment with specifications

s. Instrument Specification Quantity Remarks

/Components
No.
1. Cathode Oscilloscope 20/30/100 MHz Frequency 1 No.
(Analog Ray type)

2. Function Generator 0-2 MHz with Sine, square and 1 No.

triangular output with
variable frequency and
amplitude
3. Regulated DC Power 0-30V, 2Amp SC protection 1 No.
Supply

4. Transistor BC 547 or equivalent Transistor 1 No.

5. Resistors R1=33KO,R2=3.3KO,RC=l.5KO, 1 No.
RE=470O
6. Capacitors Cl=0.lµf, C2=0.lµf C3=10 µf 1 No.
7. Breadboard 5.5 cmX 17 cm 1 No.
8. Connecting wires Single strand Teflon coating (0.6 As per
mm diameter) requirement

IX Precautions to be followed
1. Ensure proper connections are made to the equipment.
2. Ensure the power switch is in 'off condition initially.
3. Ensure the use of proper settings of function generator and CRO.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

X Procedure
1. Build circuit on breadboard as per circuit diagram.
2. Select appropriate amplitude (10 mV to 20 mV) and frequency (1 KHz) of sine wave
input signal on function generator.
3. Connect function generator output to CRO and observe input sine wave signal on
CRO.
4. Connect function generator at input terminals and CRO at output terminals of circuit.
5. Switch on DC Power Supply.
6. Observe output waveform on CRO.
7. Vary input frequency (100 Hz to 2 MHz) and note down output voltage from CRO.
8. Calculate Gain. Repeat step 7 for twenty readings.
9. Plot frequency response on semi-log paper.

XI Observation & Calculations

Table No: 1.1 Observation Table

Input Voltage in mV at 1 KHz (To be kept Constant), Vi = ---------

Sr. Input Frequency(Hz) Output Voltage,Vo Voltage Gain Gain in dB

No. (Volts) (A=VoNi) 20 log(VoNi)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

Calculations:

Voltage Gain: Vo/Vi

Gain in dB =20 log (Vo/Vi)

XII Results.

Bandwidth= (Hz/KHz/MHz)
Av(max)= ………………….dB

XIII Interpretation of results.

XIV Conclusion and recommendations

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

XV Practical related questions

1. Identify type of biasing used in circuit.
2. Suggest the changes required in circuit if PNP transistor is used.
3. Suggest equivalent transistor using datasheet.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

XVI References/suggestions for further readings

1. Laboratory Manual for Introductory Electronics Experiments, Maheshwari, L.K.;
Anand, M.M.S., New Age International Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi; ISBN: 9780852265543
2. Transistor Database User Guide, 2016
3. Electronics Component Handbook; Jones, Thomas H., Reston Publishing, Resto,
Virginia, USA, ISBN: 978087909222
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NEiVSbPYWNE
5. https://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/Components/BC546.pdf
6. https://www.google.co.in/search?q=semilog+paper+paper&dcr=0&tbm=isch&source=
iu&ictx=1&fir=Moe
ylTfJDjG41M%253A%252CduGhD8XXNMsn8M%252C_&usg=_ROLCPnZZraikY
LlpkpZgKnGHtRY%3D&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiI35-XquPYAhVFsI8KHe3
EAIMQ9QEidDAR# imgrc= Moey 1TtJDjG41M:

Assessment Scheme

Performance indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1 Handling of the components 10%
2 Identification of component 20%
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20%
4 Working in team 10%
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
5 Calculate theoretical values of given component 10%
6 Interpretation of result 05 %
7 Conclusions 05 %
8 Practical related questions 15 %
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100%

Names of Student Team Members

................................
……........................
...............................
……........................

Marks Obtained Dated Signature of

Teacher
Process Related (15) Product Related (l0) Total (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

Practical No.17: Simulate and Test output waveform and frequency response of
single stage common emitter (CE) amplifier using simulation software (like SPICE /
Multisim)

I. Practical Significance
This practical will help the students to use EDA tools to build and test simple Electronics circuits such
as single stage low power common emitter. Simulation of circuit is advantageous for Study the
behavior of a system without building it, Results are accurate in general, compared to analytical
model. Simulation modeling solves real-world problems safely and efficiently.

II. Industry/Employer Expected outcomes

Discipline knowledge: Apply Electronics and Telecommunications engineering knowledge to solve
broad-based Electronics engineering related problems.
Experiments and practice: Plan to perform experiments and practices to use the results to solve broad-
based Electronics and Telecommunications engineering problems.
Engineering tools: Apply relevant Electronics and Telecommunications technologies and tools with an
understanding of the limitations.

III. Course level learning outcomes (cos) Students will be able to achieve &
demonstrate the use of BJT electronics circuits.

IV. Laboratory learning outcomes

● Build the circuit for BJT common emitter (CE) amplifier using simulation software (like
SPICE/Multisim)
● Plot Output Waveform for sinusoidal input.
● Plot frequency response curve.

V. Relevant affective domain related outcomes.

a. Follow ethical practices.
b. Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member
c. Use of computer.

VI Relevant theoretical Background.

Electronic Design Automation (EDA) is a powerful technology in the field
of modem Electronics technology. It does not have only strong design capabilities,
but also has the testing, analysis and management capabilities. According to the EDA
service objects, EDA software is classified into four kinds depend on circuit design
and analysis, digital circuit design, radio frequency circuit design and printed circuit
board (PCB) design such as Pspice, Multisim, Quartus II and Protel. It contains many
kinds of components, which can be chosen to use in experiments, in the component
database. At the same time, the new component be designed to expand the component
database. It provides all kinds of virtual instruments that include universal instruments
(multimeter, function generator, wattmeter and oscilloscope) and special instruments
(bode plotter, word generator, logic analyzer, distortion analyzer.

VII. Actual circuit diagram used in Laboratory with equipment

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

specifications.

VIII. Required resources /apparatus/equipment with specifications

s. Instrument
Specification Quantity Remarks
/Components
No.
Computer with Latest Processor 1 No.
1 advanced
Configuration
Simulation software LT Spice /Lab view/H 1 No.
Spice IP Spice /HS Spice /
2.
Multisim/ Proteus/Octave
Or any other
relevant open source
software

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

IX. Precautions to be followed

o Ensure proper earthing to the computer system.
o Ensure compatibility of computer system with software.
o Ensure proper installation of simulation software.

X. Procedure

1. Perform step by step Installation process of simulation software.

m}O,o t,g, II-, l(Cll J-.lllil .Iallil Gp,.- ....,_ tli¥i .i,JJ:!
0'-"oi'1!'91Ji.•
T-.-1b!a, J llll.,QI lllll!lllillll
,.a1.ac::11-•·'lf"'•J:Dl!Ji r '""" "'
j._',:11-.,-:.,.,. , .. .fl!
Ji
:ftlll
,. ' 'II.I'!
....,,
iolt..Jd lll'
..:l.!11111 I t
.

---
'!Im"''I" l11
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l•l
,:
il
i .
-
NllliR•lt-rit
- --
l'IIIIIC....

lllai'Ailllll
itl,li,l(1UMU. l"'dlr:I 1,41'U,
:::ix.:t,.ltlU'lt

,..,.... ,.
7V.==a
I
'II
- 'J

.
::
I

.
ti f, 11?-i l2!t:::=.i-l---
..

2. Select relevant electronic components from software library.

...

tN>_llUt,ldlf.,Jllunl.Jtl,.INOl2 lr<l. ,.w,,,'

12
D'Cl'_11'lJl',lollll_Wllrh_ :I
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tl.l$.,c:.,bgn._,...._iw,J>M-
...,,..,
.
.•s
l(fi$t.•5'
IIC'.ll:l,d'III.
ltad:t,U,.;
· -•J'II;
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IXll:l,d'III.
IXIID,a5,.;,
• .•J'II;
IX':tk,at:...
1:to:t..1111,,,
, l!ICl,U"
IKIICl,11,1,i,
• ·•s
1,iQ•,• ....
HiC'.11:1.d'I

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

3. Build the common emitter amplifier in simulation software as per diagram

9- )'?I' 1111>• Z•■■ ._.,,, Ir. lilGl ■

...-,1_,..,i,,-...,

R1
"'' , C
2

-
a
1-
TE,' TE

R4 R3 C3

•
ll<
lE
..,.
;,J()
TE'
.
-:-
..,

4. Apply Input signal sine wave to the circuit.

5. Simulate /run the circuit.
6. Note down output voltage for input frequency (l00Hz to 1MHz).
7. Take printouts of simulated circuit and frequency response on A-4 Paper

XI Observation table Observations and Calculations (use blank sheet

provided if space not sufficient)
Table No: 2.1 Observation Table

Input Voltage in mV (To be kept Constant),Vi = ---------

Sr. Input Output Voltage, Vo Voltage Gain Gain in dB 20

No. Frequency(Hz) (Volts) (A=VoNi) log(Vo/Vi)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

Calculations:

i. Voltage Gain: Vo/Vi

ii. Voltage Gain in dB : 20log (VoNi)

XII Results

1. Bandwidth (B.W) = (KHz/MHz)

2. Av (max) = dB

XIII Interpretation of Results (Give meaning of the above obtained results)

XIV Conclusions and Recommendation

(Actions/decisions to be taken based on the interpretation of
results).

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

XV Practical Related Questions (Note: Teacher shall assign

batch wise additional one or two questions related to practical)

1. Write down the procedure of installation of available Simulation

Software.
2. Suggest the equivalent software to simulate single stage CE Amplifier
circuit
3. Calculate input resistance and output resistance using software
practically.
1. .................................................................................................. .
2. ...................................................................................................

[Space for Answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

Assessment Scheme

Performance indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1 Handling of the components 10%
2 Identification of component 20%
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20%
4 Working in team 10%
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
5 Calculate theoretical values of given component 10%
6 Interpretation of result 05 %
7 Conclusions 05 %
8 Practical related questions 15 %
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100%

Names of Student Team Members

1. ................................
2. ...............................
3. ...............................
4. .............................

Dated Signature of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
Process Related (15) Product Related (l0) Total (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

Practical No. 18: Build and Test the performance of RC coupled two stage amplifiers.

I Practical Significance
An amplifier is the basic building block of most electronic systems. Just as one brick does not
make a house, a single stage amplifier is not sufficient to build a practical electronic system.
The gain of the single stage is not sufficient for practical applications. The voltage level of a
signal can be raised to the desired level if we use more than one stage. When a number of
amplifier stages are used in succession (one after the other) it is called a multistage amplifier
or a cascade amplifier. Much higher gains can be obtained from the multi-stage amplifiers.
This practical will help the students to use appropriate coupling of amplifiers.

II Industry/Employer Expected outcomes

a. Basic knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics, sciences and basic engineering
to solve the broad-based Electronics and Telecommunication engineering problems.
Discipline knowledge: Apply Electronics and Telecommunication engmeermg knowledge to
solve broad-based Electronics and Telecommunications engmeenng related problems.
Experiments and practice: Plan to perform experiments and practices to use the results to solve
broad-based Electronics and Telecommunication engineering problems.

III Course Level Learning Outcomes:

● Use of BJT as amplifier and switch

IV Laboratory learning outcomes

● Build the circuit for BJT two stage RC coupled common emitter(CE) amplifier.
● Plot frequency response

V Relevant affective domain related outcomes.

● Follow safe practices.
● Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member
● Maintain tools and equipment’s

VI Relevant theoretical Background.

In a multi-stage amplifier, the output of one stage makes the input of the next stage. We must use a
suitable coupling network between two stages so that a minimum loss of voltage occurs when the
signal passes through this network to the next stage. Also, the de voltage at the output of one stage
should not be permitted to go to the input of the next. If it does, the biasing conditions of the next
stage are disturbed
Frequency response curve is a graph that indicates the relationship between voltage gain and
function of frequency. The frequency response of a RC coupled amplifier is as shown in the
following graph.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

FIGURE 18.1 FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF AMPLIFIER

From the above graph, it is understood that the frequency decreases for the frequencies below
50Hz and for the frequencies above 20 KHz. whereas the voltage gain for the range of
frequencies between 50Hz and 20 KHz is constant.

Actual circuit diagram used in Laboratory with equipment specifications.

figure no.18.2 circuit diagram of 2 stage RC coupled amplifier

VII Actual Circuit used in laboratory/ Actual Experimental set up used in laboratory

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

VIII Required resources /apparatus/equipment with specifications

Sr. I Instrument/ S Specification Quantity Remark

Component
No.
11. Cathode Ray 20/30/100 MHz Frequency 1 No.
Oscilloscope type)(Analog

22. Function Generator 0-2 MHz with Sine, square and 1 No.
triangular output with variable
frequency and amplitude
33.Regulated DC Power 0-30V, 2Amp SC protection 1 No.
Supply
44. Transistor BC 547 or equivalent Transistor 2No.
55. Resistors Rl =33Kn,R2=3.3KO,RC=1.5KO, 2No.
RE=470O
66. Capacitors Cl=0.lµf, C2=0.lµfC3=10 µf 2No.
77. Breadboard 5.5 cmX 17 cm 1 No.
88. Connecting wires Single strand TTeflon coating(0.6 As per
mm diameter) requirement

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

IX Precautions to be followed

● Ensure proper connections are made to the equipment.

● Ensure the power switch is in 'off condition initially.
● Ensure the use of proper settings of function generator and CRO.

X Procedure
1. Make circuit connections as per diagram.
2. Connect function generator at input and CRO at the output terminals of circuit.
3. Set appropriate amplitude and frequency of sine wave signal on function
generator.
4. Switch on DC Power Supply, function generator and CRO.
5. Vary input frequency and note down output voltage on CRO.
6. Observe output waveform of CRO
7. Calculate Gain. Repeat step 5 & 6.
8. Plot frequency response on semi log paper.

XI Observation table
use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)
Table No: 5.1 Observation Table
Input Voltage in mV(To be kept Constant),Vi = ---------

Sr. Input Frequency(Hz) Output Voltage, Vo Voltage Gain (A= Gain in dB 20

No. (Volts) Vo/Vi) log(Vo/Vi)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

Calculations :

i. Voltage Gain: Vo/Vi

ii. Voltage Gain in dB: 20 log ( Vo/Vi)

iii. 3 dB Bandwidth (B.W) = FwFL

XII Results.
Bandwidth= (Hz/KHz/MHz)

Av(max) = dB

XIII Interpretation of results. (Give meaning of the above obtained results)

XIV Conclusion and recommendations: (Actions/decisions to be taken based on the

interpretation of results).

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

XV Practical related questions

1. Identify type of coupling used in circuit.
2. Calculate gain of Two Stage Amplifier if gain of amplifier 1 is 100 & gain of amplifier 2 is
200?
3. Suggest equivalent Transistor for multistage amplifier using datasheet.

[Space for Answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

XVI References/suggestions for further readings

1. Laboratory Manual for Introductory Electronics Experiments, Maheshwari, L.K.; Anand, M.M.S.,
New Age International Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi; ISBN: 9780852265543
2. Transistor Database User Guide, 2016
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=44UNkKddNdw
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7HxGCFMCNYE

Performance indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1 Handling of the components 10%
2 Identification of component 20%
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20%
4 Working in team 10%
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
5 Calculate theoretical values of given component 10%
6 Interpretation of result 05 %
7 Conclusions 05 %
8 Practical related questions 15 %
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100%

Names of Student Team Members

1. ................................
2. ...............................
3. ...............................
4. ...............................

Dated Signature of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
Process Related (15) Product Related (l0) Total (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

Practical No. 19: Test the Performance of FET Drain Characteristics.

I Practical Significance
The field-effect transistor (FET) is a transistor that uses an electric field to control the electrical
behavior of the circuit. JFETs are known as unipolar transistors since they involve single-carrier-type
operation. Field effect transistors have a very high input impedance at low frequencies. In this
experiment students will plot Drain and Gate
/Transfer characteristics of JFET

II Industry/Employer Expected outcomes

Discipline knowledge: Apply Electronics and Telecommunications engineering knowledge to solve

broad-based Electronics engineering related problems.
Experiments and practice: Plan to perform experiments and practices to use the results to solve broad-
based Electronics and Telecommunications engineering problems.
Engineering tools: Apply relevant Electronics and Telecommunications technologies and tools with an
understanding of the limitations.

III Course level learning outcomes (cos) : Students will be able to achieve & demonstrate
the Use of FET and MOSFET in electronics circuits.

IV Laboratory learning outcomes

1. Build the circuit for FET in common source configuration.
2. Plot characteristics for drain to source voltage VDS verses drain
Current ID for different Values of VGS

V Relevant affective domain related outcomes.

● Handle equipment and component carefully.

VI Relevant theoretical Background.

Junction Field Effect Transistors are a type of FETs (high input impedance devices)
which have three terminals namely Source (S), Gate (G) and Drain (D). These devices
are also called voltage controlled devices as the voltage applied at the gate terminal
determines the amount of current flowing in-between the drain and the source terminals.

N-channel JFET
N-channel JFET has its major portion made of n-type semiconductor. The mutually-
opposite two faces of this bulk material form the source and the drain terminals. There
are two relatively-small p-regions embedded into this substrate which are internally
joined together to form the gate terminal. Thus, here, the source and the drain terminals
are of n-type while the gate is ofp-type.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

P-channel JFET

P-channel JFET has its major portion made of p-type semiconductor. The mutually-
opposite two faces of this bulk material form the source and the drain terminals. There
are two relatively-small-regions embedded into this substrate which are internally
joined together to form the gate terminal. Thus, here, the source and the drain
terminals are of p-type while the gate is of n-type.

Figure 1: Drain characteristic

VII Actual circuit diagram used in Laboratory with equipment specifications.

Figure 2: FET characteristic and its symbol

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

VIII Required resources /apparatus/equipment with specifications

S.No. Name of Resource Suggested Specification Quantity

1. Power Supply 0-30V 1 Amp 2No.
2. Voltmeter 0-20V 1 No.
3. Ammeter (0-50 milliamps) 1 No.
(0-500µA)
4. JFET BFWl0, BFW15 or equivalent 1 No.
JFET
5. Connecting wires/ probes Single strand 0.6mm Teflon As per requirement
coating
6. Bread Board 5.5 CMX 17CM 1

IX Precautions to be followed
1. Care should be taken while handling terminals of components.
2. Select proper range & mode of ammeter and voltmeter.
3. Connect wires tightly while building circuit.
4. Show the connections to concerned teacher and then switch ON the power supply

X Procedure
Drain characteristics:

1. Connect the electrical circuit as shown in fig 3.

2. Fix gate to source voltage (Vgs) at 0V.
3. Increase drain to source power supply and note down drain to source voltage
(Vgs) and drain current (Id).
4. Increase gate to source de power supply so that voltmeter connected to gate
and source terminal show 1V.
5. Now repeat above procedure and note down drain to source voltage and
drain current by increasing drain power supply.
6. Take readings for 3 to 4 gate voltage values and tabulate it.
7. Plot a graph of Vds verses Id for various values of Vgs.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

XI Observation table

s.
No. Vgs= V Vgs= V Vgs= V
Vds (V) Id(mA) Vgs(V) Id(mA) Vgs (V) Id(mA)

Calculations:

Drain dynamic Resistance:

Mutual Conductance:

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

XII Results.
1. Drain dynamic Resistance (Rd)= ............................
2. Mutual Conductance (gm)=......................

XIII Interpretation of results.

XIV Conclusion and recommendations

XV Practical related questions

1. Write the Part number and manufacturer of given JFET.

2. Write the steps to identify terminals of given JFET.

[Space for answer]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

XVI References/suggestions for further readings

http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/transistor/tran 5.html
http://www.circuitstoday.com/characteristics-of-jfets
www.npteLac.in/courses/117107095/lecturers/lecture 36/lecture36 pagel.htm

Performance indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1 Handling of the components 10%
2 Identification of component 20%
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20%
4 Working in team 10%
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
5 Calculate theoretical values of given component 10%
6 Interpretation of result 05 %
7 Conclusions 05 %
8 Practical related questions 15 %
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100%

Names of Student Team Members

1. ................................
2. ...............................
3. ...............................
4. ...............................

Dated Signature of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
Process Related (15) Product Related (l0) Total (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

Practical no. 20: Check the performance of FET transfer characteristics and calculate
transconductance.

I Practical Significance
The field-effect transistor (FET) is a transistor that uses an electric field to control the electrical
behavior of the circuit. JFETs are known as unipolar transistors since they involve single-carrier-
type operation. Field effect transistors have a very high input impedance at low frequencies. In this
experiment students will plot Drain and Gate/Transfer characteristics of JFET
II. Industry/Employer Expected outcomes
Discipline knowledge: Apply Electronics and Telecommunications engineering knowledge to solve
broad-based Electronics engineering related problems.
Experiments and practice: Plan to perform experiments and practices to use the results to solve broad-
based Electronics and Telecommunications engineering problems.
Engineering tools: Apply relevant Electronics and Telecommunications technologies and tools with an
understanding of the limitations.
III. Course level learning outcomes (cos) :
Students will be able to achieve & demonstrate the Use of FET and MOSFET in
electronics circuits.

IV. Laboratory learning outcomes

1. Build the circuit for FET in common source configuration.
2. Plot characteristics for Gate to source voltage VGS verses drain current ID
3. Calculate transconductance

V. Relevant affective domain related outcomes.

● Handle equipment and component carefully.

VI. Relevant theoretical Background.

Junction Field Effect Transistors are a type of FETs (high input impedance devices) which
have three terminals namely Source (S), Gate (G) and Drain (D). These devices are also called
voltage controlled devices as the voltage applied at the gate terminal determines the amount
of current flowing in-between the drain and the source terminals.

Drain Characteristics:

The curve is divided into following regions:

Ohmic Region: In this region drain current increases linearly with the increase in drain to
source voltage, obeying ohm's law.
Curve AB: In this region drain current increases at the inverse square law rate with the increase
in drain to source voltage. It is because of fact that with increase in drain to source voltage,
drain current increases. This in tum increases reverse bias voltage across gate to source
junction. As a result width of depletion region increases reducing effective width of
channel.
Pinch off Region: This is also called saturation region. In this region drain current remains almost constant and at
its maximum value

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

Breakdown Region: In this region drain current increases rapidly as the drain to source voltage is also increased. It
happens because of breakdown of gate to source junction due to avalanche effect.

Gate/ Transfer Characteristics.

It gives relationship between drain current (Id) and gate to source voltage for a constant value of drain to source
voltage (Vds)

Figure 1: FET transfer characteristic

VII. Actual circuit diagram used in Laboratory with equipment specifications.

Figure 2: FET characteristic

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

VIII. Required resources /apparatus/equipment with specifications

S.No. Name of Resource Suggested Specification Quantity

1. Power Supply 0-30V 1 Amp 2No.
2. Voltmeter 0-20V 1 No.
3. Ammeter (0-50milliamps) 1 No.
(0-500µA)
4. JFET BFWl0, BFW15 or equivalent 1 No.
JFET
5. Connecting wires/ probes Single strand 0.6mm Teflon As per requirement
coating
6. Bread Board 5.5 CMX 17CM 1
IX. Precautions to be followed
5. Care should be taken while handling terminals of components.
6. Select proper range & mode of ammeter and voltmeter.
7. Connect wires tightly while building circuit.
8. Show the connections to concerned teacher and then switch ON the power supply.

X. Procedure
Transfer characteristics:

1. Connect the electrical circuit as shown in fig 3.

2. Set drain to source voltage to 1V, vary gate to source voltage in steps and
note down corresponding drain current (In).
3. Repeat the procedure for different set values of drain voltage and keep the record
of gate to source voltage and drain current.
4. Plot a graph of gate to source voltage verses drain current for different set values
of drain to source voltage.
5. A graph will be in second quadrant as gate to source voltage is negative.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

XI. Observation table

s. Vds =OV Vds = V Vds = V

No. Vgs (V) Id(mA) Vgs(V) Id(mA) Vgs (V) Id(mA)

s. Vds =OV Vds = V Vds = V

No. Vgs (V) Id(mA) Vgs(V) Id(mA) Vgs(V) Id(mA)

XII Results.

Amplification Factor:

XIII Interpretation of results.

Amplification Factor(µ)= .............................

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

XIV Conclusion and recommendations

XV Practical related questions

3. Write the steps to identify terminals of given MOSFET.

4. Compare JFET and MOSFET

[Space for answer]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

XVI References/suggestions for further readings

http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/transistor/tran 5.html
http://www.circuitstoday.com/characteristics-of-jfets
www.npteLac.in/courses/117107095/lecturers/lecture 36/lecture36 pagel.htm

Performance indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1 Handling of the components 10%
2 Identification of component 20%
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20%
4 Working in team 10%
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
5 Calculate theoretical values of given component 10%
6 Interpretation of result 05 %
7 Conclusions 05 %
8 Practical related questions 15 %
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100%

Names of Student Team Members

1. ................................
2. ...............................
3. ...............................
4. ...............................

Dated Signature of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
Process Related (15) Product Related (l0) Total (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

Practical No. 21: Build and Test the performance of common source FET
amplifier.

I Practical Significance:
The field-effect transistor (FET) is a transistor that uses an electric field to control
the electrical behavior of the circuit. JFETs are known as unipolar transistors since
they involve single-carrier-type operation. Field effect transistors have a very high
input impedance at low frequencies. In this experiment students will plot Drain and
Gate/Transfer characteristics of JFET

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-
identified competency: 'Maintain electronic circuits comprising of discrete
electronic components.'
1. Component identification skills.
2. Use Digital multimeter to measure the voltage at output of each block.
3. Fault finding skills.

III Relevant Course Outcomes

● Use of FET and MOSFET in electronics circuits.

.

IV Practical Outcome

Build and Test the performance of FET in common source configuration.

LLO 21.1 Plot characteristics for Gate to source voltage VGS verses drain current ID

V Relevant Affective domain related Outcomes

Handle components and equipment carefully.

Select instruments of required range.

VI Minimum Theoretical Background

FETs (high input impedance devices) which have three terminals namely Source
(S), Gate (G) and Drain (D). These devices are also called voltage controlled devices
as the voltage applied at the gate terminal determines the amount of current flowing
in-between the drain and the source terminals.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

Common Source (CS) Configuration

In the Common Source configuration (similar to common emitter), the input is applied to the
Gate and its output is taken from the Drain as shown. This is the most common mode of
operation of the FET due to its high input impedance and good voltage amplification and as such
Common Source amplifiers are widely used.

Figure 21.1 Common Source configuration

The common source mode of FET connection is generally used audio frequency amplifiers
and in high input impedance pre-amps and stages. Being an amplifying circuit, the output
signal is 180o “out-of-phase” with the input.
Output characteristic V-I curves of a typical junction FET

FET Parameters
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education
 Basic Electronics (312314)

1. Drain Resistance (rd): It is given by the relation of small change in drain to source voltage
( VDS) to the corresponding change in Drain Current ( ID) for a constant gate to source voltage
( VGS), when the JFET is operating in pinch-off region.

𝑟𝑑 = ∆𝑉𝐷𝑆/∆𝐼𝐷 at a constant VGS (from drain characteristics)

2. 2. Trans Conductance (gm): Ratio of small change in drain current ( ID) to the corresponding
change in gate to source voltage ( VGS) for a constant VDS.

𝑔𝑚 = ∆𝐼𝐷/ ∆𝑉 at constant VDS (from transfer characteristics).

The value of gm is expressed in mho’s ( ) or Siemens (s).

3. Amplification factor (µ): It is given by the ratio of small change in drain to source voltage (
VDS) to the corresponding change in gate to source voltage ( VGS) for a constant drain current
(ID).

𝝁 = ( ∆𝑽𝑫𝑺/ ∆𝑰𝑫 ) × ( ∆𝑰𝑫 /∆𝑽𝑮𝑺 ) = ∆𝑽𝑫𝑺 ∆𝑽𝑮𝑺 𝑖𝑒. 𝝁 = 𝒓𝒅 × 𝒈m

4. Drain current in the active region.

VII Circuit diagram:

a. Sample

Figure21.2: Circuit Diagram for Common Source characteristics

Note: This circuit is just a sample you can have any regulated power supply

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

b. Actual Circuit used in laboratory

c. Actual Experimental Set up used in laboratory

VIII Resources required

s. Instrument
Specification Quantity Remarks
No. /Components
1. Digital Digital Multimeter : 3 1/2 2 1. Digital Multimeter with
Multimeter digit display. diode testing facilities will
be preferred.
2. In place of Digital
Multimeter, Voltmeter and
ammeter can be used.
2. JFET (BFW10), 1
Dual channel 0-12 V 2
3. DC regulated
Power
supply.
Resistors Variable (Potentiometers) 2
4.
Connecting wires Single Strand) As per
5. requirement
Bread board 5.5 CMX 17CM 1 No.
6.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

IX Precautions

Before connecting the plug to the mains, check the insulation of wires.

X Procedure

Drain Characteristics:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure1.
2. Keep VGS = 0V by varying VGG.
3. Varying VDD gradually in steps of 1V up to 10V note down drain current ID and
drain to source voltage (VDS).
4. Repeat above procedure for VGS = -0.4, -0.8, -1.2 and -1.6 V
Transfer Characteristics:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure1.
2. Set voltage VDS = 4V/8V
3. Varying VDS in steps of 0.5V until the current ID reduces to minimum value.
4. Varying VGG gradually, note down both drain current ID and gate-source voltage (VGS).
5. Repeat above procedure (step 3) for VDS = 4V/ 8V

XI Resources used (with major specifications)

S. No. Data book /Components Specification Quantity

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

XII Actual procedure followed

XIII Precautions followed

XIV Observations and Calculations:

Table 1: Drain Characteristics.

S.N. VGS= 0V VGS= -0.4V VGS= -0.8V VGS= -1.2V

VDS(v) ID(mA) VDS(v) ID(mA) VDS(v) ID(mA) VDS(v) ID(mA)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Table 2: Transfer Characteristics.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

VDS = 8V
S.N. VDS = 4V

VGS(V) ID(mA) VGS(V) ID(mA)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Calculations:

1. Drain Resistance (rd):

𝑟𝑑= Δ𝑉𝐷𝑆/Δ𝐼𝐷 at a constant VGS (from drain characteristics)

2. Trans Conductance (gm):

𝑔𝑚= Δ𝐼𝐷/Δ𝑉𝐺𝑆 at constant VDS (from transfer characteristics).

3. Amplification factor (μ):

𝝁=(Δ𝑽𝑫𝑺/Δ𝑰𝑫 )×(Δ𝑰𝑫/Δ𝑽𝑮𝑺) = Δ𝑽𝑫𝑺/Δ𝑽𝑮𝑺

𝑖𝑒. 𝝁= 𝒓𝒅× 𝒈𝒎

XV Results

𝒓𝒅=

𝒈𝒎=

𝝁=

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

XVI Interpretation of results

XVII Conclusions

XVIII Practical related Questions

a) Repeat the experiment with N- Channel FET.

[Space for answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

XIX References / Suggestions for further Reading

1. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Practical Regulated Power Supply_Co

mponents.jpg#/media/File:Practical Regulated Power Supply_Components.jpg
2. https://www.electrical4u.com/regulated-power-supply/
3. http://www.circuitstoday.com/regulated-power-supply

XX Assessment Scheme

Performance indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1 Handling of the components 10%
2 Identification of component 20%
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20%
4 Working in team 10%
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
5 Calculate theoretical values of given component 10%
6 Interpretation of result 05 %
7 Conclusions 05 %
8 Practical related questions 15 %
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100 %

Names of Student Team Members

a. ..............................
b. ..............................
c. ..............................
d. ..............................

Marks Obtained Dated signature of

Teacher
Process Product Total
Related(l5) Related(l0) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

Practical No. 22: Test the various blocks of regulated dc power supply.

I Practical Significance:
AC power is generated and transmitted from power plants. But the integrated circuits
and electronic components used inside office automation equipment, factory automation
equipment, and other electronics appliances cannot be operated with the AC voltage and
they will be damaged by the high voltages. Stable DC voltage is required to operate these
integrated circuits and electronic components. The device that converts commercial AC
power to regulated DC power is called a regulated DC Power Supply.
A regulated power supply converts unregulated AC into a constant DC. With the help
of a rectifier it converts AC supply into DC. The output from the regulated power supply
may be constant or variable, but is always DC. (Direct Current). The testing of regulated
DC power supply is carried out to check whether the expected output is obtained at the
output stage, else this will conclude that there is fault at the particular stage.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-identified
competency: 'Maintain electronic circuits comprising of discrete electronic
components.'
1. Component identification skills.
2. Use Digital multimeter to measure the voltage at output of each block.
3. Visual circuit inspection skill

III Relevant Course Outcomes

● Maintain DC regulated power supply

IV Practical Outcome
Test the various blocks of regulated dc power supply.
● LLO 22.1 Test the voltages and waveforms at various Test points of regulated dc power supply.

V Relevant Affective domain related Outcomes

• Handle components and equipment carefully.

• Select instruments of required range.

VI Minimum Theoretical Background

Testing of regulated DC power supply is used to troubleshoot the power supply.

Testing is used to solve and eliminate the causes of fault. These faults cause voltage and
current instability. Which can have a significant impact on equipment. The aim of a DC
power supply is to provide the required level of DC power to the load using an AC
supply at the input. The DC power supplies, consists of following major components
/circuits :

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

• Input transformer: The input transformer 1s a step down transformer of required

voltage and current rating.
• Rectifier: The rectifier converts AC to pulsating DC.
• Filter: It removes ripples.
• Voltage Regulator: It provides a constant output voltage irrespective of change in
line voltage and load current.

VII Block Diagram :

c. Sample

Figure l: Regulated power supply Block diagram

Courtesy: (http:/lwww.circuitstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/Regulated-Power-Suppley-Block-Digram.ipg

d. Actual Circuit used in laboratory

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

VIII. Resources required

s. Instrument
Specification Quantity Remarks
/Components
No.
1. Digital Digital Multimeter : 3 1/2 2 1. Digital Multimeter with
Multimeter digit display. diode testing facilities will be
preferred.
2. In place of Digital
Multimeter, Voltmeter and
ammeter can be used.
2. CRO 25MHz Dual scope 1

DC regulated 2
3. Power supply
Trainer Kit
4 Electric Tester 1

IX. Precautions

Before connecting the plug to the mains check, check the wires insulation.

X. Procedure
1.Use trainer kit of regulated DC power supply.
2. ON the AC supply.
3. Check and Sketch the nature of waveform using CRO:
• at primary of the Transformer on CRO
• at secondary of the Transformer on CRO
• at output of rectifier.
• at output of filter .
• at output of regulator.
4. Draw all waveforms nature in the observation table.
5. Draw all waveforms nature on graph paper.

Resources used (with major specifications)

S. No. Data book /Components Specification Quantity

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

XI. Actual procedure followed

XII. Precautions followed

XIII. Observations and Calculations:

Table 1: Output voltage and Output waveform.

Output voltage (V) Output waveform

S.No. Stage

Primary of
1
Transformer

Secondary of
2
Transformer

Output of
3
Rectifier

Output of
4
Filter

Output of
5
Regulator

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

XIV. Results

XVI Interpretation of results

XVII Conclusion(s)

XVIII Practical related Questions

Measure the voltages at different stages given in observation table using DMM.

[Space for answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

XIX References / Suggestions for further Reading

1. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Practical Regulated Power Supply_Com
ponents.jpg#/media/File:Practical Regulated Power Supply_Components.jpg
2. https://www .electrical4u.com/regulated-power-supply/
3. http://www.circuitstoday.com/regulated-power-supply

XX Assessment Scheme
Performance indicators Weightage
Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1 Handling of the components 10%
2 Identification of component 20%
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20%
4 Working in team 10%
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
5 Calculate theoretical values of given component 10%
6 Interpretation of result 05 %
7 Conclusions 05 %
8 Practical related questions 15 %
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100 %

Names of Student Team Members

a. ..............................
b. ..............................
c. ..............................
d. ..............................

Dated signature of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
Process Product Total
Related(l5) Related(l0) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

Practical No. 23: Find out faults at different stages of regulated dc power supply.

I Practical Significance:

AC power is generated and transmitted from power plants. AC power generation and
transmission is easier and cheaper than DC supply transmission. But the integrated circuits
and electronic components used inside office automation equipment, factory automation
equipment, and other electronics appliances cannot be operated with the AC voltage and
they will be damaged by the high voltages. Stable DC voltages are required to operate these
integrated circuits and electronic components. The device that converts commercial AC
power to regulated DC power is called a regulated DC Power Supply. A regulated power
supply converts unregulated AC into a constant DC. With the help of a rectifier it converts
AC supply into DC. The output from the regulated power supply may be constant or variable,
but is always DC. (Direct Current). The testing of regulated DC power supply is carried out
to check whether the expected output is obtained at the output stage, else this will conclude
that there is fault at the particular stage.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-identified
competency: 'Maintain electronic circuits comprising of discrete electronic components.'
4. Component identification skills.
5. Use Digital multimeter to measure the voltage at output of each block.
6. Fault finding skills.

III Relevant Course Outcomes

Maintain DC regulated power supply.

IV Practical Outcome

Find out faults at different stages of regulated dc power supply.

:
● LLO 23.1 Identify the various faults in the Regulated DC power supply.

V Relevant Affective domain related Outcomes

• Handle components and equipment
carefully.
• Follow safety precautions.
• Select instruments of required range.

VI Minimum Theoretical Background

Testing of regulated DC power supply is used to troubleshoot the power supply. Testing is used to solve
and eliminate the causes of fault. These faults cause voltage and current instability. Which can have a
significant impact on equipment. The aim of a DC

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

power supply is to provide the required level of DC power to the load using an AC
supply at the input. The DC power supply consists of following major
components/circuits:

• Input transformer: The input transformer is a step down transformer.

• Rectifier: The rectifier converts AC to pulsating DC.
• Filter: It removes ripples.
Voltage Regulator: It provides a constant output voltage irrespective ofchange m
line and load voltage

VII Block diagram:

a. Sample

Figure 23.1 :Regulated power supply Block diagram

Courtesy: (b_tto:l/www.circuitstodav.com/wo-conlentluoloads/2009/10/Regulated-Power-Suoplev-Block-
Digram.iog)
)

b. Actual Circuit used in laboratory

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

c. Actual Experimental Set up used in laboratory

VIII Resources required

s. Instrument
Specification Quantity Remarks
No. /Components
1. Digital Digital Multimeter : 3 1/2 2 3. Digital Multimeter with
Multimeter digit display. diode testing facilities will be
preferred.
4. In place of Digital
Multimeter, Voltmeter and
ammeter can be used.
2. CRO 25MHz Dual scope 1

DC regulated 2
3. Power supply
Trainer Kit

IX Precautions

Before connecting the plug to the mains, check the insulation of wires.

X Procedure

1. Use trainer kit of regulated DC power supply.

2. ON the AC supply.
3. Create faults at different stages, compare the observed
output voltage with the expected output voltage at each stage
and comment on the values.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

XI Resources used (with major specifications)

S. No. Data book /Components Specification Quantity

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

XII Actual procedure followed

XIII Precautions followed

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

XIV Observations and Calculations:

Table 1: Observe output voltage and fault..

S.No. Expected Observed Comment Related to

Create fault at Output Output Observed fault
Stage Voltage Voltage
(V) (V)
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Calculations: Not Applicable

XV Results

XVI Interpretation of results

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

XVII Conclusions

XVIII Practical related Questions

a. Measure the voltages at given different stages given in observation table

using DMM.

[Space for answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

XIX References / Suggestions for further Reading

1. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Practical Regulated Power

Supply_Components.jpg#/media/File:Practical Regulated Power
Supply_Components.jpg.
2. https://www.e1ectrica14u.com/regu1ated-power-supp1y/
3. http://www.circuitstoday.com/regulated-power-supply.

XX Assessment Scheme
Performance indicators Weightage
Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1 Handling of the components 10%
2 Identification of component 20%
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20%
4 Working in team 10%
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
5 Calculate theoretical values of given component 10%
6 Interpretation of result 05 %
7 Conclusions 05 %
8 Practical related questions 15 %
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100 %

Names of Student Team Members

a. ..............................
b. ..............................
c. ..............................
d. ..............................

Dated signature of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
Process Product Total
Related(l5) Related(l0) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

Practical No. 24: Construct and test the performance of Zener voltage regulator for
given voltage.

I Practical Significance:
Troubleshooting of an electronic circuit is a process of having a special outlook on components
that comes out with remedies to repair it. The unexpected behavior exhibited by the circuit is
due to improper locating or soldering of components, component damage due to aging, faults,
overheat, and so on.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-identified competency:
'Maintain electronic circuits comprising of discrete electronic components.'
7. Component identification skills.
8. Use Digital multimeter to measure the voltage at output of each block.
9. Fault finding skills.

III Relevant Course Outcomes

Maintain DC regulated power supply.

IV Practical Outcome
Find out faults at different stages of regulated dc power supply.
● LLO 24.1 Rectify the various faults in the Regulated DC power supply.

V Relevant Affective domain related Outcomes

• Handle components and equipment carefully.
• Select instruments of required range.

VI Minimum Theoretical Background

Troubleshooting is a form of problem solving, often applied to repair failed products or processes
on a machine or a system. It is a logical, systematic search for the source of a problem in order to
solve it, and make the product or process operational.
Troubleshooting approach consists of the following:
Step 1 -Physical Observation
(Locating different electronic components in different section)
Step 2 -Define Problem Area
Step 3 -Identify Possible Causes
Step 4 -Determine Most Probable Cause

Step5-Test and Repair

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (22216)

VII Block diagram:

a. Sample

Figure24.1: Regulated power supply

Note: This circuit is just a sample you can have any regulated power supply

b. Actual Circuit used in laboratory

c. Actual Experimental Set up used in laboratory

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (22216)

VIII Resources required

s. Instrument
Specification Quantity Remarks
No. /Components
1. Digital Digital Multimeter : 3 1/2 2 5. Digital Multimeter with
Multimeter digit display. diode testing facilities will be
preferred.
6. In place of Digital
Multimeter, Voltmeter and
ammeter can be used.
2. CRO 25MHz Dual scope 1

DC regulated 2
3. Power supply
Trainer Kit

IX Precautions

Before connecting the plug to the mains, check the insulation of wires.

X Procedure

Follow the given flow chart for troubling shooting the given power supply.
1. Do the physical observations of different sections of the given power supply.
2. Draw the circuit diagram of the given power supply and mark test point as per the flow
chart.
3. Go on testing each section of given circuit from input side to output side and test output.
4. Record the voltage and sketch waveforms at all check points in the table.
5. Compare the voltage value at given point with expected value, check waveform at given
point and then identify the fault in given supply.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (22216)

Figure 24.2 : flowchart for troubleshooting of DC regulated Power supply

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (22216)

XI Resources used (with major specifications)

S. No. Data book /Components Specification Quantity

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

XII Actual procedure followed

XIII Precautions followed

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (22216)
XIV Observations and Calculations:

Table 1: Observed waveforms.

S.No. Standard Measured Observed waveform
Test Points value value

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Calculations: Not Applicable

XV Results

XVI Interpretation of results

XVII Conclusions

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (22216)

XVIII Practical related Questions

b) Repeat the experiment with different faults.

[Space for answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (22216)

XIX References / Suggestions for further Reading

XV. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Practical Regulated Power Supply_Co

mponents.jpg#/media/File:Practical Regulated Power Supply_Components.jpg
XVI. https://www.electrical4u.com/regulated-power-supply/
XVII. http://www.circuitstoday.com/regulated-power-supply

XX Assessment Scheme
Performance indicators Weightage
Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1 Handling of the components 10%
2 Identification of component 20%
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20%
4 Working in team 10%
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
5 Calculate theoretical values of given component 10%
6 Interpretation of result 05 %
7 Conclusions 05 %
8 Practical related questions 15 %
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100 %

Names of Student Team Members

a. ..............................
b. ..............................
c. ..............................
d. ..............................

Dated signature of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
Process Product Total
Related(l5) Related(l0) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (22216)

Practical No. 25: Construct and test the performance of Zener voltage regulator for
given voltage.

I Practical Significance:
The Zener diode is like a general-purpose PN junction diode. When biased in the forward direction
it behaves just like a normal PN junction diode, but when a reverse voltage is applied to it, the voltage
remains constant for a wide range of currents.
Zener Breakdown: There is a limit for the reverse biasing voltage. Reverse biasing voltage can
increase until the diode breakdown voltage reaches. This reverse biased voltage is called Zener Breakdown
voltage. At this stage, maximum current will flow through the Zener diode.
The fact that the voltage across the diode in the breakdown region is almost constant turns out to
be an important application of the Zener diode as a voltage regulator

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-identified competency: 'Maintain
electronic circuits comprising of discrete electronic components.'
10. Component identification skills.
11. Use Digital multimeter to measure the voltage at output of each block.
12. Fault finding skills.

III Relevant Course Outcomes

Maintain DC regulated power supply.

IV Practical Outcome

Find out faults at different stages of regulated dc power supply.

● LLO 25.1 Construct Zener voltage regulator for given voltage.
● LLO 25.2 Calculate load and line regulation.

V Relevant Affective domain related Outcomes

• Handle components and equipment carefully.

VI Minimum Theoretical Background

a) Line Regulation
In line regulation, series resistance and load resistance are fixed, only input voltage is changing.
Output voltage remains the same as long as the input voltage is maintained above a minimum
value. Line regulation is the system’s ability to maintain a constant output voltage regardless of
the input voltage delivered to the regulator.
Percentage of line regulation can be calculated by = 𝛥𝑉𝑜/𝛥𝑉𝑖𝑛 ∗ 100
where Vo is the output voltage and Vin is the output voltage for a particular change in input

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (22216)

b) Load Regulation
Load regulation is the system's ability to maintain a constant output voltage regardless of the size
of the load. Percent voltage load regulation is defined as the ratio of the difference between an
unloaded and fully loaded circuit over that of a fully loaded circuit.
(𝑉𝑁𝐿−𝑉𝐹𝐿)
Percentage of load regulation = ∗ 100
𝑉𝑁𝐿

where VNL is the no load resistor voltage (ie. remove the load resistance an the
voltage across the Zener Diode) and VFL is the full load voltage.

VII Practical Circuit Diagram:

a. Sample
+

+
+

Figure24.1: Regulated power supply

Note: This circuit is just a sample you can have any regulated power supply

b. Actual Circuit used in laboratory

c. Actual Experimental Set up used in laboratory

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (22216)

VIII Resources required

Instrument
s. /Components
Specification Quantity Remarks
No.
1. Digital Digital Multimeter : 3 1/2 2 No. 1. Digital Multimeter with
Multimeter digit display. diode testing facilities will be
preferred.
2. In place of Digital
Multimeter, DC Voltmeter
and DC ammeter can be
used.
2. DC Regulated Variable DC power supply 1 No.
power supply 0- 30V, 2A, SC protection,
display for voltage and
current.
3. Voltmeter 0-20 V 1 No.
4. Ammeter ( 0 - 200 mA, 0 2No.
- 200 µA)
5. Bread board 5.5 CMX 17CM 1 No.
6. Diode 1N4733 ( or any other 1 No.
equivalent Zener diode)
7. Variable Load 1 No.
Resistor
8. Resistor 1KQ(0.5watts/0.25watts) 1 No.

IX Precautions
1. Do not switch ON the power supply unless you have checked the circuit connections as per
the circuit diagram.
2. While doing the experiment do not exceed the input voltage of the diode beyond the rated
voltage of diode. This may lead to damaging of the diode.
3. Connect voltmeter and ammeter in correct polarities as shown in the circuit diagram.

X Procedure

A) Line Regulation:
1. Connect the circuit as in figure 1.
2. Keep load resistance fixed value; vary DC input voltage from 5V to 15V.
3. Record the output voltage as a load voltage with high line voltage 'V HL' and as a load
voltage with low line voltage 'Vu' in the observation table.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

B) Load Regulation:
1. Keep input voltage constant say 1OV, vary load resistance value.
2. Record no load voltage 'VNL' for maximum load resistance
value and full load voltage 'VpL' for minimum load resistance
value.
3. Calculate load regulation as per formula.
4. Sketch the graph for recorded readings.

XI Resources used (with major specifications)

S. No. Data book /Components Specification Quantity

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

XII Actual procedure followed

XIII Precautions followed

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

XIV Observations and Calculations:

Table 1: Measurement of Vin and Vz

S.No. Line Regulation Load Regulation

(RLconstant) (Vinconstant)
IL =lO(mA) Vin=lO(V)
Input Output Load Output
voltage voltage current voltage
Vin(VOLT Vz(VOLT IL(mA) Vz(VOLTS)
S) S)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Calculations:
Percentage of line regulation=

Percentage of load regulation=

XV Results

Load Resistance Output voltage Load current

Vz(VOLTS) IL(mA)

RLminimum
RLmaximum

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

XVI Interpretation of results

XVII Conclusions

XVIII Practical related Questions

Repeat the above experiment with Zener diode of different ratings.

[Space for answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

XIX References / Suggestions for further Reading

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n5 6b6-j0r4
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jG2YAtTWxv
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mfGEODPzTmc

XX Assessment Scheme
Performance indicators Weightage
Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1 Handling of the components 10%
2 Identification of component 20%
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20%
4 Working in team 10%
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
5 Calculate theoretical values of given component 10%
6 Interpretation of result 05 %
7 Conclusions 05 %
8 Practical related questions 15 %
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100 %

Names of Student Team Members

a. ..............................
b. ..............................
c. ..............................
d. ..............................

Marks Obtained Dated signature of

Teacher
Process Product Total
Related(l5) Related(l0) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

Practical no.26: Build and Test the performance of Positive voltage regulator using
78XX , three terminal IC for given voltage.

I. Practical Significance
In the industry and home appliances three terminal regulators are used. They
give fixed output voltages making them useful in a wide range of
applications. Use of IC 78xx will help students to acquire necessary practical
skills related to regulators. This practical will help the students to apply
relevant Electronics technologies and EDA tools with an understanding of
the limitations.
II. Industry/Employer Expected outcomes
Discipline knowledge: Apply Electronics and Telecommunications engineering
knowledge to solve broad-based Electronics engineering related problems.
Experiments and practice: Plan to perform experiments and practices to use the results
to solve broad-based Electronics and Telecommunications engineering problems.
Engineering tools: Apply relevant Electronics and Telecommunications technologies
and tools with an understanding of the limitations.
III. Course level learning outcomes (cos)
Maintain DC regulated power supply

IV. Laboratory learning outcomes

● Build the circuit for Negative voltage regulator using 78XX IC.
● Calculate load and line regulation.

V. Relevant affective domain related outcomes.

● This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry identified
competency 'Use discrete electronic devices and voltage regulators
● Maintain IC voltage regulator and SMPS.

VI. Relevant theoretical Background.

IC 78XX is positive series of regulators. For ICs within the 78xx family, the xx is replaced
with two digits, indicating the output voltage for example; the 7805 has a 5-volt output,
while the 7812 produces 12 volts. The LM78XX series of three terminal regulators is
available with several fixed output voltages making them useful in a wide range of
applications. The LM78XX series is available in an aluminum TO-3 package which will
allow over l .0A load current if adequate heat sinking is provided.

Line Regulation: It is defined as percentage change in the output voltage for a

change in the input voltage.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

Figure 1 : voltage regulator 78XX family

VII. Practical circuit diagram

a. sample

Figure 2 voltage regulator using 7805

b. Actual circuit diagram used in Laboratory with equipment

specifications.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

VIII. Required resources /apparatus/equipment with specifications

Instrument
s. /Components
Specification Quantity Remarks
No.
1. Digital Digital Multimeter : 3 1/2 2 No. 3. Digital Multimeter with
Multimeter digit display. diode testing facilities will be
preferred.
4. In place of Digital
Multimeter, DC Voltmeter
and DC ammeter can be
used.
2. DC Regulated Variable DC power supply 1 No.
power supply 0- 30V, 2A, SC protection,
display for voltage and
current.
3. Bread board 5.5 CMX 17CM 1 No.
4. Resistor 1K(0.5watts/0.25watts) 1 No.

5. IC7805 Thermal, short circuit and 1 No.

safe area
protection, High ripple
rejection,
1.5A output current, 4%
tolerance on preset output
voltage
6 Connecting Single strand Teflon Asper Connecting wires
wires coating (0.6 requiremen
mm diameter) t

IX. Precautions to be followed

1. Ensure proper connections are made to the equipment.
2. Ensure the power switch is in 'off' condition initially.
3. Ensure the polarity and appropriate range of multimeter

X. Procedure
a. Line Regulation:
1. Build circuit on breadboard as per circuit diagram.
2. Apply unregulated voltage to the circuit.
3. Measure input voltage with Digital Multimeter
4. Measure output voltage with Digital Multimeter
5. Note down the output voltages at different stages of regulated power supply

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

XI. Observation table

Sr no Vin: input voltage (v) Vo output voltage(v)

1 2
2 4
3 6
4 8
5 10
6 12
7 14
8 16
9 18
10 20

Calculation

XII. Results.
Line regulation is …………………………………

XIII. Interpretation of results.

XIV. Conclusion and recommendations

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

XV. Practical related questions

1. Refer the datasheet state the performance parameters of IC 7812 and 7912.
2. Compare fixed and variable regulators?

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

XVI. References/suggestions for further readings

1. Voltage regulator PCB for LM317 LM337 or 78xx 79xx IC by

ebay.com
2. Electronics Component Handbook; Jones, Thomas H., Reston
Publishing, Resto, Virginia, USA, ISBN: 978087909222
3. https:/lbw-server.com/voltage-regulators-stabi1izers-78xx-and-79xx
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mG9Jok1lTxU

Performance indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1 Handling of the components 10%
2 Identification of component 20%
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20%
4 Working in team 10%
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
5 Calculate theoretical values of given component 10%
6 Interpretation of result 05 %
7 Conclusions 05 %
8 Practical related questions 15 %
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100%

Names of Student Team Members

1. ................................
2. ...............................
3. ...............................
4. ...............................

Dated Signature of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
Process Related (15) Product Related (l0) Total (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

PRACTICAL NO.27: Build and Test the performance of Negative voltage regulator
using 79XX, three terminals IC for given voltage.

I. Practical Significance: In the industry and home appliances three terminal regulators
are used. They give fixed output voltages making them useful in a wide range of
applications. Use of IC 79xx will help students to acquire necessary practical
skills related to regulators. This practical will help the students to apply relevant
Electronics technologies and EDA tools with an understanding of the limitations.
II. Industry/Employer Expected outcomes
- Experiments and practice: Plan to perform experiments and practices to
use the results to solve broad-based Electronics and Telecommunication
engineering problems.
- Engineering tools: Apply relevant Electronics and Telecommunications
technologies and tools with an understanding of the limitations
- EDA Tools Usage: Use EDA tools to develop simple Electronics and
Telecommunication engineering related circuits

III. Course level learning outcomes (cos)

Maintain DC regulated power supply

IV. Laboratory learning outcomes

• Build the circuit for Negative voltage regulator using 78XX IC.
• Calculate load and line regulation.
V. Relevant affective domain related outcomes.
• This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry
identified competency 'Use discrete electronic devices and voltage
regulators
• Maintain IC voltage regulator and SMPS.

VI. Relevant theoretical Background.

IC 79XX is negative series of regulators. For ICs within the 79xx family, the
xx is replaced with two digits, indicating the output voltage for example; the
7905
has a -5volt output, while the 7912 produces -12 volts. The LM79XX series
of three terminal regulators is available with several fixed output voltages
making them useful in a wide range of applications. The LM79XX series is
available in an aluminum TO-3 package which will allow over l .0A load
current if adequate heat sinking is provided.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

Figure 1 : negative voltage 79XX series IC

VII. Practical circuit diagram

c. Sample

d. Actual circuit diagram used in Laboratory with equipment

specifications.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

 Basic Electronics (312314)

VIII. Required resources /apparatus/equipment with specifications.

Instrument
s. /Components
Specification Quantity Remarks
No.
1. Digital Digital Multimeter : 3 1/2 2 No. 5. Digital Multimeter with
Multimeter digit display. diode testing facilities will be
preferred.
6. In place of Digital
Multimeter, DC Voltmeter
and DC ammeter can be
used.
2. DC Regulated Variable DC power supply 1 No.
power supply 0- 30V, 2A, SC protection,
display for voltage and
current.
3. Bread board 5.5 CMX 17CM 1 No.
4. Resistor 1K(0.5watts/0.25watts) 1 No.

5. IC7905 Thermal, short circuit and 1 No.

safe area
protection, High ripple
rejection,
1.5A output current, 4%
tolerance on preset output
voltage
6 Connecting Single strand Teflon As per Connecting wires
wires coating (0.6 requiremen
mm diameter) t

IX. Precautions to be followed

4. Ensure proper connections are made to the equipment.
5. Ensure the power switch is in 'off' condition initially.
6. Ensure the polarity and appropriate range of multimeter

X. Procedure
1. Build circuit on breadboard as per circuit diagram.
2. Apply unregulated voltage to the circuit.
3. Measure input voltage with Digital Multimeter
4. Measure the negative output voltage with Digital Multimeter
5. Note down the output voltages at different stages of regulated power
supply.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

Sr no Vin: input voltage (v) Vo output voltage(v)

1 -1
2 -2
3 -3
4 -4
5 -5
6 -6
7 -7
8 -8
9 -9
10 -10
XI. Observation table.

XII. Results.

Line regulation is …………………………………

XIII. Interpretation of results.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

XIV. Conclusion and recommendations

XV. Practical related questions

1. What is load regulation?
2. Repeat above practical for load regulation.

[Space for Answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

XVI. References/suggestions for further readings

Voltage regulator PCB for LM317 LM337 or 78xx 79xx IC by ebay.com
Electronics Component Handbook; Jones, Thomas H., Reston Publishing,
Resto, Virginia, USA, ISBN: 978087909222
https:/lbw-server.com/voltage-regulators-stabi1izers-78xx-and-79xx
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mG9Jok1lTxU

Performance indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1 Handling of the components 10%
2 Identification of component 20%
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20%
4 Working in team 10%
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
5 Calculate theoretical values of given component 10%
6 Interpretation of result 05 %
7 Conclusions 05 %
8 Practical related questions 15 %
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100%

Names of Student Team Members

1. ................................
2. ...............................
3. ...............................
4. ...............................

Dated Signature of
Teacher
Marks Obtained
Process Related Product Related Total (25)
(15) (l0)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

Practical no.28: Construct and test the performance of Dual voltage regulator using
78XX and 79XX, three terminals IC for given voltage.

I. Practical Significance
Three terminal voltage regulators i.e. 78xx and 79xx series ICs are most
commonly used to build fixed voltage regulated power supply for various
applications. 78xx and 79xx series ICs have built-in protection against a
circuit drawing too much current. They have protection against overheating
and short-circuits, making them robust in most applications. This practical
will help the students to develop practical skills to build dual regulated power
supply for appropriate output voltage

II Industry/Employer Expected outcomes

a. Basic knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics, sciences and basic
engineering to solve the broad-based Electronics and Telecommunication
engineering problems.
b. Discipline knowledge: Apply Electronics and Telecommunication
engineering knowledge to solve broad-based Electronics and
Telecommunications engineering related problems.
c. Experiments and practice: Plan to perform experiments and practices to use
the results to solve broad-based Electronics and Telecommunication
engineering problems.
Maintain electronic equipment/systems comprising of discrete electronic
components.

III Course level learning outcomes (cos)

Maintain DC regulated power supply.

IV Laboratory learning outcomes.

Construct the circuit for Dual voltage regulator using 78XX and 79XX IC.
Calculate load and Line regulation.

V Relevant affective domain related outcomes.

d. Follow safe practices.
e. Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member.
f. Maintain tools and equipment

VI Relevant theoretical Background.

IC 78XX is series of positive voltage regulator and IC 79XX as a negative voltage regulator.
Last two digits indicates the voltage value for example, the 7805 has a + 5-volt output, while
the 7905 produces -5 volts. The LM78XX series of three terminal regulators is available with
several fixed output voltages making them useful in a wide range of applications.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

The LM78XX series is available in an aluminum TO-3 package which will allow over 1.0A
load current if adequate heat sinking is provided. Current limiting is included to limit the peak
output current to a safe value. Safe area protection for the output transistor is provided to limit
internal power dissipation.

The LM79XX series of 3-terminal regulators is available with fixed output voltages of 5V,
8V, 12V, and 15V. These devices need only one external component, i.e. compensation
capacitor at the output. The LM79XX series is packaged in the TO-220 power package and is
capable of supplying 1.5A of output current

Figure 28.1 IC package

VII Practical circuit diagram

g. Sample

Figure 28.2 Dual Voltage Regulator

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

h. Actual circuit diagram used in Laboratory with equipment specifications.

VIII Required resources /apparatus/equipment with specifications

s. Instrument/Component Specification Quantity Remark

No.
1. IC 7805/ 7812/ 7815 Thermal, short circuit and safe area 1 No.
protection, High ripple rejection,
1.5A output current, 4% tolerance
on preset output voltage
2. IC 7905/ 7912/ 7915 Thermal, short circuit and safe area 1 No.
protection, High ripple rejection,
1.5A output current, 4% tolerance
on preset output voltage
3. Digital Multimeter Digital Multimeter: 3 1/2 digit 1 No.
Display.
4. PN junction Diode 1N4007or any other equivalent 4No.
5. Centre tapped 6-0-6 or 9-0-9 or l 2-0-12, 1 No.
Transformer
6. Capacitors lO00µF, 100 µF, 1 No.
7. Breadboard 5.5 cm X 17 cm 1 No.
8. Connecting wires Single strand Teflon coating (0.6 As per
mm diameter) requirement

IX Precautions to be followed
• Ensure proper connections are made to the equipment.
• Ensure the power switch is in 'off' condition initially.
• Ensure the polarity and appropriate range of multimeter.

X Procedure
• Build circuit on breadboard as per circuit diagram.
• Apply unregulated voltage to the circuit.
• Measure input voltage with Digital Multimeter
• Measure output voltage with Digital Multimeter
• Note down the output voltages at different stages of dual regulated power
supply.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

XI Observation table
Table No: 28.1 Observation Table

Sr. No. IC Used Output DC Voltage

1. 7805

2. 7905

XII Results.
1. For 7805 the output DC voltage is ……………… (Positive/negative).
2. For 7905 the output DC voltage is ……………… (Positive/negative).

XIII Interpretation of results. (Give meaning of the above obtained

results)

XIV Conclusion and recommendations (Actions/decisions to be taken

based on the interpretation of results).

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

XV Practical related questions.

(Note: Teacher shall assign batch wise additional one or two questions related to practical)
1. Sketch the circuit of dual regulated power supply using IC 78XX and
79XX that will give output equals to+/- 20V
2. Refer the datasheet state the performance parameters ofIC 7812 and 7912.
3. Compare fixed and variable regulators?

[Space for Answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

XVI References/suggestions for further readings

Voltage regulator PCB for LM317 LM337 or 78xx 79xx IC by ebay.com
Electronics Component Handbook; Jones, Thomas H., Reston Publishing,
Resto, Virginia, USA, ISBN: 978087909222
https:/lbw-server.com/voltage-regulators-stabi1izers-78xx-and-79xx
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mG9Jok1lTxU

Performance indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1 Handling of the components 10%
2 Identification of component 20%
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20%
4 Working in team 10%
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
5 Calculate theoretical values of given component 10%
6 Interpretation of result 05 %
7 Conclusions 05 %
8 Practical related questions 15 %
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100%

Names of Student Team Members

.
1. ...............................
2. ...............................
3. ...............................

Dated Signature of
Teacher
Marks Obtained
Process Related (15) Product Related (l0) Total (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

Practical no.29: Build and Test the performance of LOW voltage regulator using IC
LM723 for given voltage.(2 V-7V).

I Practical Significance
Voltage regulators are used to compensate for voltage fluctuations in main
power as well as load current variation .Voltage regulators are used in
industries as well as in domestic applications such as Air Conditioners, TV
Receivers and Refrigerators in order to protect them from fluctuating input
voltage. In this practical students will able to sketch line and load regulation
characteristics of given IC 723.

II Industry/Employer Expected outcomes

• Maintain electronic equipment/systems comprising of discrete electronic components

III Course level learning outcomes (cos)

• Maintain DC regulated power supply.

IV Laboratory learning outcomes

• Build LOW voltage regulator circuit using IC LM723 (2V- 7V).

• Calculate load and line regulation.

V Relevant affective domain related outcomes.

i. Follow safe practices.
j. Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member
k. Maintain tools and equipment.

VI Relevant theoretical Background.

IC 723 voltage regulator is commonly used for series voltage regulator
applications. It can be used as low and high voltage regulator. The output
voltage can be set to any desired positive voltage between 2 volt to 37volt. It
is available in both Dual-In-Line and Metal Can packages.

Features of 723 Voltage Regulator

• 150 mA output current without external pass transistor
• Output currents of 10A is possible by adding external transistors
• Input voltage ranges from 9.5 to 40V.
• Output voltage adjustable from 2V to 37V

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

• 150 mA output current without external pass transistor

• Output currents of 10A is possible by adding external transistors
• Input voltage ranges from 9.5 to 40V.
• Output voltage adjustable from 2V to 37V

Figure: 29.1 Pin configuration of IC LM723

Block diagram of IC 723.

Includes, voltage reference source, error amplifier, a series pass transistor and a
current limit transistor all are included in 14 pin DIP package. It has temperature
compensated 6.2 V Zener, which is biased with constant current source. A
reference voltage amplifier generates the precise reference voltage in between 6.8
to 7.5 V.

Figure 29.2: Block diagram of IC LM723

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

VII Practical Circuit diagram :

a. Sample

Figure 29.3: Circuit diagram of IC LM723

b. Actual circuit diagram used in Laboratory with equipment specifications.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

VIII Required resources /apparatus/equipment with specifications.

s. Instrument/Component Specification Quantity Remark

No.
1. Digital Multimeter Digital Multimeter: 3 1/2 digit 1 No.
Display.
2. DC Power Supply Variable DC power supply 0- 30V, 1 No.
2A, SC protection, display for
voltage and current. Or output of
rectifier -filter circuit
3. Regulator IC LM723 1 No.

4. Resistor 1.2K.Q, 560.Q, 3.9 K.Q,15 K.Q 1 No. each

,0.15.Q/5W,10K.Qvariable resistor
5. Capacitor 100 pF,100 Nf, 1 No. each
6. Breadboard 5.5 cm X 17 cm 1 No.
7. Connecting wires Single strand Teflon coating (0.6 Asper
mm diameter) requirement

IX. Precautions to be followed

1. Ensure proper connections are made to the equipment.

2. Ensure the power switch is in 'off' condition initially.
3. Ensure the polarity and appropriate range of multimeter.

X. Procedure
1. Build circuit on breadboard as per circuit diagram.
2. To find out line regulations vary the input voltage in steps keeping load
constant.
3. Measure the output voltage.
4. To find out Load regulations vary the load in steps keeping input voltage
constant.
5. Measure Output voltage.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

XI. Observation table

Table 29.1: Measurement of V in and Vo for Line Regulation

RL = (to be kept constant)

Sr. Input Voltage Output Voltage

No. (Vin) (Vo)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Table 29.2: Measurement of IL and Vo for Load Regulation

Vin= (to be kept constant)

Sr. Load Current Output Voltage

No. (IL)in mA (Vo) in Volts
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

Calculations:

i. Line Regulation = Vout/ Vin

ii. Load Regulation =

XII. Results.

1. %Line Regulation =.......................

2. %Load Regulation= .............................

XIII. Interpretation of results. (Actions/decisions to be

taken based on the interpretation of results).

XIV. Conclusion and recommendations

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

XV. Practical related questions

1. State the difference between low voltage and high voltage regulator?
2. List out various protection circuits used in regulator
3. State the significance of lead temperature rating of IC 723

[Space for Answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

XVI. References/suggestions for further readings.

1. Voltage Regulator Circuit Manual by Robert J. Traister ,Publisher :

Academic Presss
2. http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm723.pdf
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=veXShWaCliA
4. https://www .youtube.com/watch?v=tNqT7vCDswk
5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mG9Jok1lTxU

Performance indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1 Handling of the components 10%
2 Identification of component 20%
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20%
4 Working in team 10%
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
5 Calculate theoretical values of given component 10%
6 Interpretation of result 05 %
7 Conclusions 05 %
8 Practical related questions 15 %
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100%

Names of Student Team Members

1. ...............................
2. ...............................
3. ……………………
4. ……………………

Dated Signature of
Teacher
Marks Obtained
Process Related Product Related Total (25)
(15) (l0)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

Practical no. 30: Build and Test the performance of HIGH voltage regulator using IC
LM723 for given voltage.(7V-30V)

I. Practical Significance
The LM723/LM723C is a voltage regulator designed primarily for series regulator
applications. By itself, it will supply output currents up to 150 mA; but external
transistors can be added to provide any desired load current. The circuit features
extremely low standby current drain and provision is made for either linear or fold-
back current limiting. The LM723/LM723C is also useful in a wide range of
Regulator other applications such as a shunt regulator, a current regulator or a
temperature control. This practical will help the students to develop practical skills
to build high voltage regulator using IC 723.

II. Industry/Employer Expected outcomes

• Maintain electronic equipment/systems comprising of discrete electronic
components.

III. Course level learning outcomes (cos)

• Maintain DC regulated power supply.

IV. Laboratory learning outcomes.

1. Build High voltage regulator circuit using IC LM723 (7V-30V)

2. Calculate load and line regulation.

V. Relevant affective domain related outcomes.

▪ Follow safe practices.
▪ Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member
▪ Maintain tools and equipment

VI. Relevant theoretical Background.

The 723 voltage regulator is commonly used for series voltage regulator
applications. It can be used as both positive and negative voltage regulator.
LM723 IC can also be used as a temperature controller, current regulator or
shunt regulator and it is available in both Dual-In- Line and Metal Can
packages.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Basic Electronics (312314)

Features of 723 Voltage Regulator:-

• 150 mA output current without external pass transistor

• Output currents in excess of 10A possible by adding external transistors
• Input voltage ranges from 9.5 to 40V.
• Output voltage adjustable from 2V to 37V
• Can be used as either a linear or a switching regulator
• Reference voltage Vref = 6.8V to 7.5V.
• Line regulation= 0.5% Vo = 0.001%Vo.
• Load regulation 0.6% Vo= 0.003% Vo.
• Short circuit current limit Isc = 65mA at Rsc = 100 and Vo= 0.
• Quiescent current drain is 3.5mA, typically 1.3mA.

Figure 30.1: Pin configuration of IC LM723

Block diagram of IC 723.

Includes, voltage reference source, error amplifier, a series pass transistor and a current limit
transistor all are included in 14 pin DIP package. It has temperature compensated 6.2 V Zener,
which is biased with constant current source. A reference voltage amplifier generates the precise
reference voltage in between 6.8 to 7.5 V. The output of error amplifier drives the series pass
transistor Ql to give output voltage. Transistor Q2 is connected internally to provide short circuit
current limiting.

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Figure 30.2: Block diagram of IC LM723

VII. Practical circuit diagram

a. Sample

b. Actual circuit diagram used in Laboratory with equipment

specifications.

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VIII. Required resources /apparatus/equipment with specifications.

s. Instrument/Component Specification Quantity Remark

No.
1. Digital Multimeter Digital Multimeter: 3 1/2 digit 1 No.
display.
2. DC Power Supply Variable DC power supply 0- 30V, 1 No.
2A, SC protection, display for
voltage and current. Or rectifier -
filter output
3. Regulator IC LM 723 1 No.

4. Resistor 1.2KQ, 560Q, 3.9 KQ,10 Kn 1 No each

,0.15Q/5W,10KQ variable resistor
5. Capacitor 100 pF,100 Nf,100 µF,2200 µF. 1 No each
6. Breadboard 5.5 cmX 17 cm 1 No.
7. Connecting wires Single strand Teflon coating (0.6 As per
mm diameter) requirement
1. Ensure proper connections are made to the equipment.

IX. Precautions to be followed

1. Ensure proper connections are made to the equipment.
2. Ensure the power switch is in 'off condition initially.
3. Ensure the polarity and appropriate range of multimeter

X. Procedure.
1. Build circuit on breadboard as per circuit diagram.
2. To find out line regulation vary the input voltage in steps keeping
load constant.
3. Measure the output voltage.
4. To find out Load regulation vary the load in steps keeping input
voltage constant.
5. Measure Output voltage

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XI. Observation table

Measurement of V in and Vo for Line Regulation

RL = (to be kept constant)

Table 26.1: Measurement of Vin and Vo for Line Regulation

Input Voltage Output Voltage

Sr.
No. (Vin) in Volts (Vo) in Volts
1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Table 30.2: Measurement ofIL and Vo for Load Regulation

Vin = (to be kept constant)

Load Current Output Voltage

Sr.
No. (IL) in mA (Vo) in Volts

1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

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Calculations:

i. Line Regulation = Vout/ Vin

ii. Load Regulation =

XII. Results.

%Line Regulation =.......................

%Load Regulation= .............................

XIII. Interpretation of results.(Give meaning of the above obtained results)

XIV. Conclusion and recommendations.(Actions/decisions to be taken based on

the interpretation of results).

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XV. Practical related questions

1. State the output voltage ranges for low voltage and high voltage regulator?
2. List the IC used as variable voltage regulator and fixed regulators
3. State equivalent IC's for adjustable voltage regulation.
4. Draw the metal can package ofIC 723.

[Space for Answers]

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XVI. References/suggestions for further readings

Voltage Regulator Circuit Manual by Robert J. Traister ,Publisher : Academic
Presss
http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm723.pdf
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=veXShWaCliA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tNqT7vCDswk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mG9JoklITxU

Dated Signature of
Marks Obtained
Teacher

Process Related Product Related Total (25)

(15) (l0)

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