PAPER

SEMANTICS

Supervisor: Cut Raudhatul Miski, S.Pd., M.Pd.

Arranged By:

Nur Afriliana Putri

Seila Egia Andini

Tri Adinda Novela

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF

EDUCATION AND TEACHER’S TRAINING ISLAMIC
UNIVERSITY OF SULTAN SYARIF KASIM RIAU
2024
 PREFACE

First of all, thanks to Allah SWT because of the help of Allah,

writers finished writing the paper entitled "Concluding Sentence" right
in the calculated time. The purpose in writing this paper is to fulfill the
assignment that given by Mrs. Cut Raudhatul Miski, S.Pd., M.Pd.
In arranging this paper, the writers truly get lots challenges and
obstructions but with help of many individuals, those obstructions
could pass. Writers also realized there are still many mistakes in
process of writing this paper.
Because of that, the writer says thank you to all individuals
who helps in the process of writing this paper. Hopefully Allah replies
all helps and bless you all. The writers realized that this paper still
imperfect in arrangement and the content. Then the writer hopes the
criticism from the readers can help the writer in perfecting the next
paper. Last but not the least hopefully, this paper can help the readers to
gain more knowledge.

Pekanbaru, October 26, 2024

Author

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Paper
B. Purpose Of the Paper
C. Problem of the Paper
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION
A. LEXICAL RELATIONS
1. Lexical fields
2. Kinship
3. Hyponymy
4. Synonymy
5. Antonymy
6. Binary and non-binary antonyms
7. A comparison of four relations
8. Converse antonyms
9. Symmetry and reciprocity
10. Expressions of quantity
CHAPTER III CONCLUSION
A. CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAFI

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 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Paper

A General Background on Lexical Semantics This chapter 5 of
“Introducing English Semantics” by charles W.kreidler peace
depicts the lexical relations explaining how the words are related in
lexicon. They help when understanding the structure of human
language and the complications it comprises of. Literal-level
semantics is a branch of linguistics that studies meaning of a word
and its connection with other words. It considers the patterns of
lexical organization and the effects that such organization has on the
learning and use of words.
B. Purpose of the Paper
1. By understanding lexical relations, individuals can expand their
vocabulary and improve their language skills. Recognizing
synonyms, antonyms, and hyponyms can help people find more
precise and expressive ways to communicate.
2. By understanding the relationships between words, readers can
better grasp the meaning of texts, identify key ideas, and make
inferences.
3. By recognizing patterns and connections between words, learners
can acquire vocabulary more efficiently and improve their
language proficiency. Understanding these relationships can also
aid in translation and interpretation.

C. Problem of the Paper

1. Misunderstanding the nuances of meaning between similar
words, leading to incorrect word choice.
2. Difficulty in recognizing and understanding the relationships
between words, hindering comprehension of complex texts.
3. Difficulty in understanding the nuances of meaning and cultural
connotations associated with different words.

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 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

A. LEXICAL RELATIONS
This section would delve into the various ways words relate to
each other in a language's lexicon. It would explain that understanding
these relationships is crucial for comprehending the nuances of
meaning. Types of Lexical Relations: The lesson would cover different
types of lexical relations, including:
a) Synonymy: Words with similar meanings (e.g.,
big/large, happy/joyful). Discuss the degrees of
synonymy and contexts where synonyms are not
interchangeable.
b) Antonymy: Words with opposite meanings. It would
provide examples of different types of antonyms and
discuss the complexities of antonymy, such as the fact
that some words may have multiple antonyms
depending on the context. Activities could include
identifying antonyms in sentences and creating
sentences using antonyms. Explain the different types
of antonyms:
1) Gradable antonyms: Opposites along a scale
(e.g., hot/cold, big/small). These are relative
and not absolute.
2) Complementary antonyms: Mutually exclusive
opposites (e.g., alive/dead, married/single).
One must be true, the other false.
3) Converse antonyms: Opposites that represent
different perspectives on the same relationship
(e.g., buy/sell, parent/child, teacher/student).
c) Hyponymy: A hierarchical relationship where one
word is a specific instance of a more general word
(e.g., dog is a hyponym of animal, rose is a hyponym
of flower). Introduce the terms hypernym (the general
term) and co-hyponyms (words at the same level in the
hierarchy).

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 d) Meronymy: A part-whole relationship (e.g., wheel is a
meronym of car, branch is a meronym of tree). It
would provide examples of meronymic relationships
and discuss how understanding these relationships can
help in comprehending complex concepts. Activities
could include identifying meronyms in descriptions
and creating diagrams illustrating meronymic
relationships.
e) Homonymy: Words that share the same spelling or
pronunciation but have different meanings (e.g., bank
(river bank) and bank (financial institution)).
f) Polysemy: A word with multiple related meanings
(e.g., bright (shining) and bright (intelligent)).
B. Componential Analysis
Componential analysis is a method used to break down the
meaning of words into smaller, more basic semantic
components (semes). The goal is to show how the meaning of a
word is built from these fundamental units. What is
Componential Analysis? Begin by defining componential
analysis and explaining its purpose. Illustrate with examples.
Example: the word “man” can be broken down into human,
male, adult.
To apply componential analysis, we could analyze word,
identifying components, and discussing potential ambiguities.
C. Polysemy and Monosemy
Polysemy words have multiple related meanings (e.g., “bright”
meaning shining or intelligent). And monosemy have a single
meaning. To distinguishing between Polysemy and
Homonymy: by emphasize the crucial difference between
polysemy (multiple related meanings) and homonymy (words
with different meanings that happen to share the same form).
a) Polysemy: it would delve deeper into the nature of
polysemous words, exploring the relationships between
their different meanings.

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 Types of polysemy: explore different ways polysemy
arises, such as metaphor, metonymy, and
generalization.
Context and polysemy: discuss how context plays a
crucial role in determining the intended meaning of a
polysemous word.
b) Tests for Polysemy and Homonymy
These tests might include:
1) Semantic relatedness: Are the different
meanings of a word semantically related? If
yes, it is more likely polysemy.

2) Etymological analysis: Does the word have a

single historical origin? If yes, it supports
polysemy.

3) Thematic analysis: Do the different meanings

share a common theme or underlying concept?
If yes, it supports polysemy.
c) Polysemy and Monosemy as a Cline
It would explore the idea that the distinction between
polysemy and monosemy is not always clear-cut, and
words can exist along a continuum (cline) between
these two extremes. Some words might have a core
meaning with several closely related extensions,
making it difficult to definitively classify them as
purely polysemous or monosemous.

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 CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION

A. Conclusion
Chapter 5 of Introducing English Semantics provides a
comprehensive exploration of lexical relations has explored the
fascinating world of lexical relations, which are the building
blocks of language. By understanding the various types of lexical
relations, such as synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, meronymy,
homonymy, and polysemy, we gain a deeper appreciation for the
intricate ways in which words are connected. These relationships
are essential for effective communication, language learning, and
computational linguistics.
By mastering these concepts, we can better comprehend the
nuances of meaning, improve our vocabulary, and enhance our
ability to analyze and interpret language.

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 BIBLIOGRAFI

Kreidler, Charles W. (2002). Introduction English Semantics. USA &

Canada: Taylor & Francis e-Library.