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DELHI SULTANATE

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 Delhi Sultanate Period: 1206-1526

Foreign Invasions

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The first Muslim invasion: Mohammad Bin Qasim’s Invasion (712 AD)
In Sindh part of India Killed Raja Dahir
He came from Arab

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1001 AD: 1st attack
The first Turk invasion by: Mahmud Ghaznavi (998-1030 AD)

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The first Turk invasion: Mahmud Ghaznavi’s Invasion (998-1030 AD)

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1001 AD: 1st
Attacked 17attack
times During the rule of Jayapala
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Country: Turkmenistan Attacked
Country: Turkmenistan Reason: 17 times (1001-1027
Revenge and Loot AD)
Death: 1030 AD Reason: Revenge (for his father’s
For his father’s (Subuktigin)
(Subuktigin) death
death and Loot)
Death: 1030 AD Due to Malaria

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between Ghaznavi and Hindu Shahi rulers
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Battle of Peshwar fought between Ghaznavi
Earlier ruled by: Jayapala
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and Jayapala (1001 AD)

Battle of Peshawar against
Ghaznavi
Ghaznavi invaded (1001 AD)
Somnath
Ghanavi 16th timeSomnath
invaded Temple (1025 AD)
16th time ·
Temple (1025 AD) Last attack in 1027 AD
17th time
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17th time Last attack: 1027Jats
AD looted Ghaznavi
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Writers during Ghaznavi’s time

Writers
Firdausi wrote:during Ghaznavi’s time:
Shahnama
· Al Beruni
Firdausi
wrote:wrote: Shahnama (also popularly known as Kitab-al-Hind)
Tahquiq-e-Hind
· Al Beruni wrote: Tahquiq-e-Hind
Al-Biruni wrote: Tahqiq ma li-I-Hind Also popularly known as Kitab al-Hind

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 Also known as Muizuddin Muhammad Queen Naikidevi
defeated the Ghori
Second Turk invasion: Mohammad Ghori’s invasion (1175-1206 AD) army in 1178 AD

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1st attack: 1175 AD In Multan
1178 AD In Gujarat
Ghori attacked
Defeated by Bhima II Solanki Dynasty

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Tarain
Delhi Then ruled by Prithviraj III

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(Prithviraj Chauhan)
King ofGharwal
Kannauj
Jai Chand Battle between Prithviraj and Ghori:
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Married
1st Battle of Tarain: 1191 AD (won by
Daughter: Sanyogita Prithviraj)

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Ghori)

Bijolia Inscription provides early insight of Chahmanas/Chauhan Dynasty

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Writer in Prithviraj Chauhan’s court: Prithviraj Queen: Karpura Devi
Chandra Bardai wrote: Prithviraj Raso
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Someshwara
daughter
According to it => of Jaichand
Ghori attacked 17 timesSanyogita was married to Prithviraj
Chauhan
Ghori again invaded India
Battle of Chandawer
-a (1194 AD): between Ghori and Jai Chand (King of Gahadwal)
TICK to
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Remember
Qutubuddin Aibak (commander of
Slave Dynasty (1206-90 AD) S
Ghori) helped in Battle of Tarain
The Khilji Dynasty (1290-1320 AD) K
Other slaves of Ghori:
The Tuglaq Dynasty (1320-1414 AD) T
Yalduz
The Sayyid Dynasty (1414-1451 AD) Sa
Qubacha
The Lodhi Dynasty (1451-1526 AD) Lo
Bhaktiyar Khilji Destroyed Nalanda
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SAKT SA LONDA University

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 The Slave Dynasty (1206-1290 AD)
Also known as Mamluk Dynasty
Qutubuddin Aibak: 1206-10 Rulers belonged to Ilbari tribe /Shamshi tribe
He ruled Lahore (Capital)
He was given the title ‘Lakh Baksh’ (giver of Lakhs)
He died in 1210 while playing Chaugan or polo
He constructed two Mosques: Quwat-ul-Islam at Delhi and Adhai din ka e

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Jhonpra
Jhopra at Ajmer

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Quwat-ul-Islam next to Qutub Minar
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Technique
Arch Technique
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Built in: 12th Century
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Earlier it had Jain Monastries

Sanskrit Vidyapeeth
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Adhai din ka Jhopra at Ajmer

Aibak was only available to
complete the basement
He also begun the construction of Qutub Minar, in the honour of famous Sufi Saint
Khwaja Qutubuddin Bhaktiyar Kaki
He patronised writers like: Hasan -un-Nazami (author of Taj-ul-Massir) and
Fakhruddin ·(author of Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi)

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 Qutub Minar built by
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Qutb-ud-din Aibak (built the
first story)
Iltutmish (who added three
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more stories)
Firoz Shah (replaced the top

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story 5th story)

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Qutub Minar (Indo-Islamic structure)
5 storeys (73 m)
Son-in-law of Qutubuddin
Shamsuddin Iltutmish (1211-36) He killed his son Aram Shah
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Nizam ul Mulk was his Wazir (PM)

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He made Delhi the Capital in place of Lahore
He saved Delhi Sultanate from the wrath of Chengiz Khan
died in: 1227 AD
(He attacked Transoxiana
region in 1219 AD)
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( Looked after

Finance dept.
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He introduced: Silver coin (tanka) and Copper coin (jital)

Organised the-Iqta System (Piece Piece of Land
of Land)
He set up the official nobility of slaves known as Chahalgani Chalisa (group of
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Turkish slaves

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 Razia Sultana: 1236-1240 AD Court language of Turks: Persian
Daughter of Iltutmish
The First Lady and only Muslim lady who ever ruled in India
Altunia, governor of Bhatinda refused to accept suzerainty of Razia, Razia
accompanied by Yakut marched against Altunia
Altunia got Yakut murdered and imprisoned Razia (In Quila Mubarak of Bhatinda)

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Later Altunia and Razia got married
In 1240 AD, Razia became the victim of a conspiracy and was assassinated near
Kaithal (Haryana) By Khokhar tribe

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She patronised: Minhaj-al-Siraj
ni (Chronicler
) Yakut was an Ethiopian slave
Wrote: Tabakat-e-Nasiri
He was naib under Nasiruddin Mahmud
Ghiyassuddin Balban: 1266-1287 AD

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He broke the power of Chalisa and restored the prestige of the crown
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He established the military department Diwan-i-Arz
Title taken: Zil-i-Ilahi (shadow of Allah) Descendants of Afrasiyab
Insignias Chhatra
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He introduced Sijda (prostration before the monarchy) and Paibos (kissing the feet
of monarch) as the normal form of Salutation
He started blood and iron policy
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He adopted the policy of consolidation rather than expansion

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His
num
Lasttitle:
ruler:
Original name:
Khaiqubad
Ulugh Khan
Qaiqabad
Baha-ud-Din
Last ruler of Slave Dynasty
He started Nawruz (Parsi festival) in Delhi Sultanate
One Liners
Tugril Beg, (MCQs)
the governor of Bengal under Sultan Balban, revolted against Balban, and
declared himself as an independent ruler of Bengal in 1279
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Sultan Mahmud came to India from Afghanistan city: Ghazni

Last ruler of Slave Dynasty
Chahamana(1287-1290
Khaiqubad ruler: Prithviraj
AD) III

Mongols under
Important Genghis Khan invaded Transoxiana in North-East Iran in: 1213
Officers
Wazir: Prime Minister (looks after the finance dept.)
Muhammad
Amil: CollectsGhori attacked Tarbarhinda (Bhatinda), a strategic point for Prithviraj
revenue
Chauhan
Amir: Governor of Pargana
Naib: Incharge of all other dept. except finance
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 ·
The city of Siri which was second
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of the seven cities of Delhi (1st>
city of Delhi: Qila Rai Pithora by Tomar Dynasty)

Malik Kafur and brother Oman

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He increase taxation in Doab region in 1325
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(To provide medical care and treatment to poor and needy)
(to take care of orphans and widows)

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 MUGHAL EMPIRE

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First usage of Gun powder massively
Babur: 1526-30
Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodhi Battle of Panipat on April 21, 1526
Estd. Mughal Dynasty (lasted till establishment of British rule in India)
Original name: Zahir-ud-Din-Muhammad
Daulat Khan Lodi invited him to India
Calls themselves as “Uzbek”
He assumed the title of Padshah
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From father’s side he was descendant of
Timur and from mother’s end he was
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descendant of Genghis Khan

/

When was of the age 12 years old, he

became the ruler of Ferghana in 1494
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He was forced to leave his throne after
the Uzbegs, another Mongol group,
invaded
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He conquered Kabul in 1504

Military strategy of Babur

Tulughma formation

Wars of Babur
1527:
1526: defeated
1st BattleRana Sanga of Mewar at Khanwa (Battle of Khanwa)
of Panipat
1527: He defeated Rana Sanga of Mewar at Khanwa (Battle of Khanwa)
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 1528: he defeated Medini Rai of Chanderi · at Chanderi
(Battle of Chanderi)
1529: he defeated Afghans in Battle of Ghagra (Between Babur and Mahmud Lodhi)
1530: he died at Agra. His tomb is in Kabul

Autobiography
Tuzuk-i-Baburi in Turkish

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Gave excellent account of India and his empire
Translated in Persian, named: Baburnama by Abdur Rahim Khanekhana
Translated in English by Madam Bevridge

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Architecture built by Babur

Humayun: 1530-40 and 1555-56

Son of Babur
Eldest
e son of babur Kabuli Bagh Mosque Aram Bagh,
Ascended throne in 1530 in Panipat Agra
His succession was challenged by
He fought two battles against:
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Kamran, Hindal, Askari along with Afghans
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Shershah (Afghani ruler) at Chausa (1539) and
Kannauj/Bilgram (1540) · Completely defeated
by Shershah Suri (Died in: 1545)
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Humayun after loosing battle took shelter at Safavid Dynasty (Iran)

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His sister, Gulbadan Begum, wrote his biography Humayunama

# After Sher Shah’s
Built: Din Panah at Delhi as his second capital
After
death, Sher Shah’s death Humayun invaded India
he regained
in 1555 and defeated his brothers the Afghans.
Original name: Farid Khan his empire in 1555
- He once became the
&
ruler of India.
Humayun’s Tomb, New Delhi
Bihar
Sher Shah: 1540-45 me Death: while climbing down the stairs of library
built by his widow Bega
(at Din Panah) in 1556 and was buried in Delhi
Son of Hasan Khan, the Jagirdar of Sasaram Begum (Haji Begum)
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Ibrahim Lodhi transferred his father’s jagir to him

1539: defeated Humayun in Battle of Chausa Title assumed: Sher Shah
1540: defeated Humayun in Battle of Kannauj/Bilgram and annexed Kannauj
He conquested: Malwa (1542), Ranthambhor (1542), Raisin (1543),
Rajaputanaannexation
-Rajputana annexation of Marwar (1542), Chittor (1544) and Kalinjar (1545)
Death: in 1545 while conquering Kalinjar Buried in Sasaram
Coin issued: Rupia and fixed standard weights and measures all over the empire
Built: G.T. Road Runs from Calcutta to Peshawar
Present day: Chittagong in Bangladesh
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 Sarai

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Sarai: Houses fully covered for rest or keeping materials while travelling through the
G.T. Road
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Land revenue system: land was measured and 1/3rd of the average land was fixed
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as land tax. The peasants was given Patta (title deed) and a qabuliyat (deed of
agreement) which fixed peasants rights and taxes
Zamindars were removed and taxes collected directly

Built: Purana Quila at Delhi

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Buried in: Sasaram

Purana Quila at Delhi

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Akbar: 1556-1605
One of the greatest ruler of Mughal Dynasty
Eldest son of Humayun
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Title: Jalaluddin
Full name: Muhammad
Abu’l-Fath Akbar
Jalal-ud-din BadshahAkbar
Muhammad Ghazi Ascended the throne at the
age of 13 at Kalanaur, Punjab
Regent: His tutor Bairam Khan
Hemchandra

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2nd Battle of Panipat (1556): between Hemu (the Hindu General
of Muhammad Adil Shah) and Bairam Khan (the regent of Akbar)
Hemu was defeated, captured and slain

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Akbar tried to win over the Rajputas wherever possible and inducted Rajput kings into
Mughal service and treated them at par with Mughal nobility
Married: Harakha Bai (daughter of Bharmal/Biharimal)
·Bihari Mal Kutchhwaha Rajput ruler
of Amer, capital-Jaipur in 1562 or Bihar Mal
Rana Pratap Singh and son Amar Singh (Sisodiya Rajputs of Mewar), Capital-Chittor)
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Battle of Haldighati (1576): between Rana Pratap and Mughal
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army led by Man Singh of Amer.
Rana Pratap was defeated but never surrendered
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Religion proclaimed (new): Din-i-Illahi (1581) Based on synthesis of values from

several religions like: Hinduism, Islam, Jainism and Christianity

Only Hindu to follow this: Birbal

Not that popular
Built in 1570 (inin1569,
Won expedition Jahangir was born)
Gujarat
Built: ·
Fatehpur Sikri: in honour of Salim Chisti And shifted his court from Agra to here
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Agra Fort
Also built Buland Darwaza for Salim
Lahore Fort
Chisti - Built after: Victory over Gujarat expedition
Allahabad Fort
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Humayun’s Tomb at Delhi (UNESCO World Heritage Site)
Note: Kumbhalgarh Fort
Kangra Fort of Himachal (Rajasthan) built by Rana -

Pradesh is considered the Kumbha of Sisodia Rajput clan

oldest in India of Mewar
Wall is 36 km long (it is considered as the second IG - @dheeraj._.jaat
longest wall in the world)
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1571: Akbar shifted capital to Sikri
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1585: Capital shifted from Sikri to Lahore
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1598: Capital shifted from Lahore to Agra

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Buland Darwaza

Navaratna i.e nine jewels of Akbar

Birbal (administrator)
Abul Fazal (scholar and statesman)
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Faizi: Brother of Abul Fazal (scholar and statesman)
Tordarmal
·odar Mal: (Finance Minister, Dahsala Bandobast/Jabti)
Panch Mahal at Fatehpur Sikri
Bhagwandas (Mansabdar, son of Bharmal)
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built by Akbar
Man Singh (Mansabdar, Grandson of Bharmal)
Tansen (Musician) I
Akbar also built Translation Department
Abdur# Rahim Khanekhana (statesman, Hindi poet)
Mulla Do Pyaja ↑
Ramayana was translated into Persian
by Abdul Qadir Badayuni
Religious discourse
↑
Mahabharata was translated into
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Faizi: helped Akbar start Ibadatkhana Persian by Faizi and Abdul Qadir and
was called “Razmnama”
Tansen: originally served under Raja Ramchandra Singh

↓
Composed: Dhrupad Tomar, ruling in Gwalior
Gharana: Rewa/Gwalior “Miya title” given by Akbar to him
Gaz (unit of measuring
Original name: Ramtanu Pande length Later divides into
Abul Fazl: wrote Akbarnama (biography of Akbar) Tassuj (equal parts)
3 parts
3rd: Ain-e-Akbari
Played Rudraveena (Rabab) 1st: about ancestors of Akbar
(administration of Akbar)
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2nd: about reign of Akbar L
Inspired by Sher Shah Suri
 Land Revenue during Akbar’s Reign
Land types recognition:
1. Polaj: land actually cultivated for each crop in succession
>
2. Parauti: Land
Land left
thatfallow
can befar a time
Left to for
fallow recover its strength
1-2 years time to recover its strength
3. Chachar: land that had lain follow for 3-4 threeyears
or four years
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4. Banjar: land uncultivated for 5 yrs/more

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Best type (Cannot be left fallow)

Revenue fixed: in 10 yrs estimates known as Dahsala

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Tax taken: Zabti 1/3rd of it
He abolished Zizya

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Death: in 1605 Tomb at Agra (Sikandara)

Administration If rank is doe

morethen
more thanthey
made JagirJagir
are made (revenue
(revenue
Started Mansabdari
(In 1571)
Mansab (rank) R rights for land) Jagirdari system
Decided on basis Zat Si pahi
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Sawar Horseman
Highest rank reached: 7000
Payment on basis of:
Mirza Aziz Koka Raja Man Singh
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Cash Naqdi
Jagri

Last Expedition of Akbar

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Akbar (MCQs)
defeated Meeran Bahadur, ruler of Khandesh
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He won Aseergarh Fort in 1601 AD
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Charbagh style of architecture introduced by: Mughals

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He died in: 1605 Tomb of Akbar in Sikandra, Agra
Military commanders in Akbar’s empire: Faujdars
One Liners:
Kotwals: Police
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Charbagh style of architecture introduced by: Mughals
Diwans: Revenue
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Military
Bakhshis:commanders in Akbar’s
assist military empire: Faujdars
commanders
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Humayun’s brother Kamran controlled Afghanistan and Punjab regions
Babur ascended the throne at the age of: 12
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Mir Saman was given the charge of looking after the imperial household during the
Mughal administration IG - @dheeraj._.jaat
 Correct sequence order in terms of size: Paragana Sarkar Suba

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Kotwals: Police
Diwans: Revenue
&
Bakhshis: assist military commanders

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