Republic of the Philippines

EULOGIO “AMANG” RODRIDUEZ

INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Gen. Mariano Alvarez, Cavite
.

COURSE OVERVIEW

Course Code:GESCITECH
Course Title: Science, Technology, and Society
Course Program:
Year Level: First Year
Semester: First Semester
Course Description: This course is designed to enable students to appreciate, in broad terms,
the societal impact of developments in science and technology at the global and national level.
This includes a review of the history of science and technology globally-from the prehistoric era
all the way to today’s advances in sciences and technology-and similarly in the Philippines,
including science policy. The historical survey, which is grounded on understand of basic
science concepts, will examine how these developments have affected the course of human
society; political, economically, and socially (including culturally).

LEARNING MODULE

Module 1. GENERAL, TECNOLOGY AND SCIENCE AND THE HUMAN CONDITION

A. Target Learning Outcome

At the end of the lesson students are expected to:

 Discuss how the ideas postulated by Copernicus, Darwin and

Freud contributed to the spark of S0.1
 Scientific Revolution; and
Analyze how scientific revolution is done in various part of the world like Latin America, East
Asia, Middle East, and Africa.

B. Content of the Lesson

Intellectual Revolutions That Define Society
Science, Technology and Nation Building
Science Education in the Philippines
Indigenous Science and Technology

C. Introduction
This lesson will give light to the development of Science and technology
and scientific in the heart of the society. It is goal of this lesson to
articulate ways by which society is transformed by science and
technology.

D. Activities

List down the appliances at your home and make how it’s help you
in daily life? Explain
 E. Learning Content, Discussions, and Illustrations

Intellectual Revolutions That Define Society

Define Science

• Science as an idea

It includes ideas, theories and all available systematic explanations and observations
about the natural and physical world.

• Science as an intellectual activity

It encompasses a systematic and practical study of the natural and physical world. The
process of study involves systematic observation and experimentation.

Science as body knowledge

• It is a subject or a discipline, a field of study, or a body of knowledge that deals with the
process of learning about the natural and physical world. This is what we refer to as
school science.

Science as a personal and social activity

• This explains that science is both knowledge and activities done by human beings to
develop better understanding of the world around them.
• To improve life and to survive in life. It is interwoven with people’s lives.

Scientific Revolution (16th up to 18th)

• The period of enlightenment when the, developments in the field of mathematics,

physics, astronomy, biology and chemistry transformed the views of society about
nature.
• The golden age for people committed to scholarly life in science
• Enable the people to reflect, rethink and reexamine their beliefs and their way of life.
Where did it started?

EUROPE

Why?

• Probable answer invention of printing machine and the blooming of intellectual activities
done in various places of learning, and growth number of scholars in various fields of
human interest.
 Influences to Scientific Revolution

CREATIVITY SCIENTIST
Passion SCIENCE
to know IDEAS
CURIOSITY SCIENCE
Passion
to DISCOVERIES
TECHNOLOGY
CRITICAL discover
THINKING
Notable Scientist during the Scientific Revolution

Nicolaus Copernicus

• Renaissance men, particularly on the field of science

• He was appointed as a canon at Frombork Cathedral in Poland.
• He had plenty of time to sustain his interest in astronomy
• His idea and model of the universe was essentially complete in 1510.
• He outlined two kinds of planetary motion
a. the orbits of Venus and Mercury lay inside the orbit of the Sun.
b. the orbit of Mars, Saturn, and Jupiter lay outside the Earth’s orbit, thus further from the
sun
• Heliocenter
Charles Darwin

• His theory of Evolution

• He changed our concept of the world’s creation.
• He spend time taking long walks to observe his surroundings while collecting specimens
and he pored over books in his father’s library.
• Published his book “The Origin of the Species”
• His book presented evidences on how species evolved over time and presented traits
and adaptation that differentiate species.
• His book The Descent of Man was impressive yet very controversial. He introduced the
idea of all organic life, including human beings, under the realm of evolutionary thinking.

Sigmund Freud

• Is a famous figure in the field of psychology

• He share to raise the consciousness on the civilized world in psychological matters.
• Father of psychoanalysis a method to gather reliable date to study human’s inner life.
• Psychoanalysis- is a scientific way to study the human mind and neurotic illness.
• Had a great impact on the scientific way of understanding human nature.
• His method was unorthodox- focusing on human sexuality and the evil nature of man
• Freudian ideas and theories are still considered nowadays as a great inspiration to
examine human mind and behavior in a more scientifically accepted way.

Cradle of Early Science

• Mesoamerica includes the area of Central America from Southern Mexico up to the
border of South America, it is rich in culture and knowledge prior to the arrival of its
European colonizer.
Maya civilization is one of the famous civilizations that lasted for 2000 years
- People are known for their works in astronomy
- incorporated their advanced understanding of astronomy into their temples and other
religious structures.
Ex. Chichen Itza in Mexico situated at the location of the sun during the spring and full equinox.
• Mayan knowledge and understanding about celestial bodies was advanced for their
time.
• Mayans are also known for measuring time using two complicated calendar systems.
 • Mayans also developed the technology for growing different crops and building elaborate
cities using ordinary machineries and tools.
• Mayans built looms for weaving cloth and devised a rainbow of glittery paints made from
mineral called mica.
• They are also believed to be one of the first people to produce rubber products 3000
years before Goodyear received its patent in 1844
• They are famous s one of the world’s first civilizations to use a writing system known as
the Mayan hieroglyphics.
• Created a number system based on the numeral 20.
• They developed the concept of zero and positional value.

Inca Civilization
Incas made advanced scientific ideas considering their limitations as an old civilization.
Scientific ideas and tools that they developed to help them in everyday life:
1. road paved with stones
2. stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes and other disasters
3. irrigation system and technique for storing water for their crops to grow in all types of
land
4. Calendar with 12 months to mark their religious festivals and prepare them for
planting season.
5. The first suspension bridge
6. Quipu, a system of knotted ropes to keep records that only experts can interpret; and
7. Inca textiles since cloth was one of the specially prized artistic achievements.

Aztec Civilization
1. Mandatory education
2. Chocolates
3. Antispasmodic medication
4. Chinampa a long narrow floating field on a shallow lake bed .
5. Aztec Calendar
6. Invention of canoe

Development of Science
India
Huge peninsula surrounded by vast bodies of
water and fortified by huge mountain in its
Northern boarders.
- Known for manufacturing iron and metallurgical works
- Famous for their medicines
- Ex. Ayurveda- traditional medicine 2500BC
- Susruta Samhita ancient text that describes different surgical and other medical
procedures.
Astronomy
 - Developed configuration of the universe, the spherical self- supporting earth, and the
year 360 days with 12 equal parts.
- Siddhanta Shiromani the ancient text covered topics such as: mean longitudes of the
planets, true longitudes of the planets, the three problems of diurnal roation; syzygies;
the moon’s crescent; conjunctions of the planets with each other; conjunction of the
planets with the fixed stars; and the paths of the sun and the moon.

Mathematics
- Bisht (1982)
- Indus Valley Civilization
- Standardize measurement of length to a high
- degree of accuracy and designed as a ruler, the
- Mohenjodaro ruler.
- Aryabhatiya (Aryabhata)introduced a number of
- trigonometric functions, tables, and techniques.
- Brahmagupta
- Suggested that gravity was a force of attraction, and lucidly explained the use of zero as
both
placeholder and a decimal digit, along the hindu-arabic numeral system.
- Madhava of Sangamagrama founder of mathematical analysis.
China
Greatly influenced the neighbor countries
- Known for traditional medicine.
Ex. Accupuncture
Technology
Compass, papermaking, gunpowder and printing tools. Iron plough, wheelbarrow and propeller
different design models of bridges, invented seismological detector and developed a dry dock
facility.
Astoronomy
Significant records of supernovas, lunar and solar eclipses and comets
Middle East
- 7th to 8th centuries period of Muslim scholarship or what called Golden Age of Islam
lasted until
the 13th century.
- Placed a greater value on science experiments rather than plain thought experiments
that led
to the development of scientific method in the
Muslim world and made significant Improvements by using experiments.
Contributions
Ibn al Haytham known as the Father of Optics
Empirical proof of the intromission theory of light
Mathematics
 - Muhammad ibn Musa al Khwarizma name to the concept of algorithm while term al-
jabr is the term of algebra
- Arabic Numeral System
- Introduction of decimal point.
Science

Played an important role in the foundation of modern chemistry(Jabir ibn Hayyan “Father
ofChemistry”)

Medicine
Ibn Sina
- pioneered the science of expiremental medicine
- First physician to conduct clinical trials
- His books The Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine were used to standard
medicinal texts in both the Muslim world and Europe during the 17th century.
- Discovery of the contagious nature of infectious diseases and introduction to
pharmacology
- Decline of golden age 11th to 13th century due to conquest of Mongols

Africa

Egyptian Civilization

 Contributed immensely and made significant advances in the fields of astronomy,

mathematics and medicines.
Ex. The development of geometry was a product of necessity to preserve the layout and
ownership of farmlands of the Egyptians living along the Nile River.
• Developed to improve the quality of life of the Egyptians especially in building their early
homes and cities
• Great structures of the Egyptians pyramids and the early dams built to divert water from
Nile River are some proofs of their advanced technology.
• they are also known to be center of alchemy
• They tried to study human anatomy and pharmacology, and applied important
components such as examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis for the treatment
of disease.
• In the field of Astronomy they have developed three types of calendars: lunar, solar, and
stellar, or a combination of three.
• Metallurgy- imported iron technology that enabled them to benefit from the
developments of Bronze Age until the Iron Age.
developed metal tools used at their homes, agriculture and building magnificent
structures.

Mathematics

 The Lebombo Bone from the mountains between Swaziland and South Africa, which
may have been a tool of multiplication, division, and simple mathematical calculation
  Have basic concepts of algebra and geometry
 Six month lunar calendar
considered to be the oldest mathematical artifact dated from 35000 BCE

Brief Historical Background of Science and Technology in the Philippines

• -history of Science and technology in the Philippines started way back before the country
gained independence from the American
• Pre Spanish
 Scientific knowledge is observed in the way they plant their crops that
provide them food
 taking care of animals to help them in daily their daily tasks, and for food
production.
 Science is observed in the way they interpret movements of the heavenly
bodies to predict seasons and climates, and in organizing days into
months and year.
 in preparing soil for agricultural purposes - discovery of medicinal
plants.

Technology
 used to build houses, irrigations and developing tools in everyday life
planting, hunting, cooking, and fishing, weapons
 transportation both land and water ways creating musical instruments

 archeological facts discovered in different parts of the country also prove

that the Metal Age had a significant influence
 sophisticated designs of gold and silver jewelry, ceramics and metal tools
trading in China, Japan, Indonesia and other nearby countries have
influenced their live by providing different opportunities for cultural and
technological exchange.

Spaniards Colonization

 Established schools for boys and girls introduced the concept of subjects
and disciplines
 Beginning of formal science and technology in the country, known as
school of science and technology.
  School focuses on understanding concepts related to the human body,
plants, animals and heavenly bodies.
 Technology focuses on using and developing house tools in everyday life.
 Filipinos developed ways to replicate the technology brought by
Spaniards using indigenous materials.
 Medicine and advanced science were introduced in formal colleges and
universities
 Gallon trade has brought additional technology and development in the
Philippines.
 allowed other ideas, crops, tools, cultural practices, technology and
Western practices reach the country.

 Filipino students who were able to study iin Europe contributed to

advancement of medicine, engineering, arts, music, and literature in the
country.
 The Philippines being one of the centers of global trade in the Southeast
Asia was considered one of the developed places in the region.
 Superstitious belief, Catholic doctrine halted the growth of Science in the
country.

American Colonization

 Have more influence in the development of Science and Technology compared

to Spaniards.
 public education system, improved the engineering works and the health
conditions of the people.
 established modern research university
 created more public hospitals
 mineral resources of the country were also explored and exploited.
 Transportation and communication systems were improved though not
accessible throughout the country.

Americanize the Philippines

 reorganize the learning of science and introduced it in the public and private
schools
 basic education focuses on nature studies and science and sanitation, until it
became a subject formally known as Science.
 Researches were done to control Malaria, Cholera, and Tuberculosis and other
tropical diseases.

Science, Technology and Nation Building

Brief Historical Background of Science and Technology in the Philippines

 • -history of Science and technology in the Philippines started way back before the country
gained independence from the American
• Pre Spanish
 Scientific knowledge is observed in the way they plant their crops that
provide them food
 taking care of animals to help them in daily their daily tasks, and for food
production.
 Science is observed in the way they interpret movements of the heavenly
bodies to predict seasons and climates, and in organizing days into
months and year.
 in preparing soil for agricultural purposes - discovery of medicinal
plants.

Technology
 used to build houses, irrigations and developing tools in everyday life
planting, hunting, cooking, and fishing, weapons
 transportation both land and water ways creating musical instruments

 archeological facts discovered in different parts of the country also prove

that the Metal Age had a significant influence
 sophisticated designs of gold and silver jewelry, ceramics and metal tools
trading in China, Japan, Indonesia and other nearby countries have
influenced their live by providing different opportunities for cultural and
technological exchange.

Spaniards Colonization

 Established schools for boys and girls introduced the concept of subjects
and disciplines
 Beginning of formal science and technology in the country, known as
school of science and technology.
 School focuses on understanding concepts related to the human body,
plants, animals and heavenly bodies.
 Technology focuses on using and developing house tools in everyday life.
 Filipinos developed ways to replicate the technology brought by
Spaniards using indigenous materials.
 Medicine and advanced science were introduced in formal colleges and
universities
 Gallon trade has brought additional technology and development in the
Philippines.
 Allowed other ideas, crops, tools, cultural practices, technology and
Western practices reach the country.
  Filipino students who were able to study iin Europe contributed to
advancement of medicine, engineering, arts, music, and literature in the
country.
 The Philippines being one of the centers of global trade in the Southeast
Asia was considered one of the developed places in the region.
 Superstitious belief, Catholic doctrine halted the growth of Science in the
country.

American Colonization

 Have more influence in the development of Science and Technology compared

to Spaniards.
 public education system, improved the engineering works and the health
conditions of the people.
 established modern research university
 created more public hospitals
 Mineral resources of the country were also explored and exploited.
 Transportation and communication systems were improved though not
accessible throughout the country.

Americanize the Philippines

 reorganize the learning of science and introduced it in the public and private
schools
 Basic education focuses on nature studies and science and sanitation, until it
became a subject formally known as Science.
 Researches were done to control Malaria, Cholera, and Tuberculosis and other
tropical diseases.

Science Education in the Philippines

Science education focuses on teaching, learning and understanding science. Teaching

science. Teaching science involves developing ways on how to effectively teach science. This
means exploring pedagogical theories and models in helping teachers teach specific concepts
and processes effectively. Learning science, on the other hand. Includes both pedagogy and the
most interesting aspect, which is helping the students understand and love science.

Understanding science implies developing and applying science-process skills and using
science literary in understanding the natural world and activities in everyday life.
John Dewey 2001, stressed the importance of utilizing the natural environment to teach
students. In fact Marx 1994,opines that science is going to be one of the most important school
subjects in the future.

Science Education in Basic Tertiary Education

 In basic education, science education helps students learn important concepts and facts
that are related to everyday life ,Carale and Ocampo 2003, Meador, 2005; Worth & Grollman,
2003 including important skills such as process skill, critical thinking skills, and life skills that are
needed in coping up with daily life.

In tertiary education, science and education deals with developing student

understanding and appreciation of science ideas and scientific works. This is done through
offering basic science courses in the General Education curriculum. Science education in the
tertiary level also focuses on the preparation of science teachers, scientist, engineers, and other
professional in various science-related fields such as engineering, agriculture, medicine and
health sciences.

Philippines Science High School System (PSHSS)

This is a government program for gifted students on the Philippines. It is a service institute of
the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) whose mandate is to offer free scholarship
basic for secondary course with special emphasis on subjects pertaining to the sciences, with
the end-view of preparing its students for a science career Republic Act No. 3661. The school
maintain a dormitory for all its students. PSHSS students have proven to be a beacon
excellence, courage, and hope for the country. When the students graduate from the school,
they are expected to pursue degrees in science and technology and universities locally or
abroad.

Indigenous Science and Technology

Indigenous knowledge is embedded in the daily life experiences of young children as they grow
up. They live and grow in a society where the members of the community prominently practice
indigenous knowledge.

Some examples of indigenous knowledge that are taught and practiced by the indigenous
people are:

 Predicting weather conditions and seasons using knowledge in observing animal’s

behavior and celestial bodies;
 Using herbal medicine;
 Preserving foods;
 Classifying plants and animals into families and groups bases on cultural properties
 Preserving and selecting good seeds for planting;
 Using indigenous technology in daily lives;
 Building local irrigation systems;
 Classifying different types of soil for planting bases on cultural properties;
 Producing wines and juices from tropical fruits ; and
 Keeping the custom of growing plants and vegetables in the yard.
 Indigenous beliefs also develop desirable values that are relevant or consistent to
scientific attitudes as identifies by Johnson 2000, namely:

1. Motivating Attitudes
2. Cooperating attitudes
3. Practical Attitudes
4. Reflective Attitudes

Pawilen 2005 explained that indigenous science knowledge has developed diverse
structures and content through the interplay between the society and environment.
According to Kuhn 1962, developmental stages of most sciences are characterized by
continual competition between a number of distinct view of nature, each partially derived
from and all roughly compatible with the dictates of scientific observation and method.

Sibisu 2004pointed out that indigenous science provides the basics of astronomy,
pharmacology, food technology or metallurgy, which were derived from traditional
knowledge and practices.

Indigenous science uses science process skills such as observing, comparing,

classifying, measuring, problem solving, inferring, communicating and predicting.
Indigenous science is guided by culture and community values such as the following

 The land is a source of life. It is a precious gift from the creator.

 The earth is revered as “Mother Earth”. It is the origin of their identity as people.
 All living and non-living things are interconnected and interdependent with each other.
 Human being are stewards or trustee of the land and other natural resources. They have
a responsibility to preserved it.
 Nature is friend to human being- it needs respect and proper care.

F. Activity/Post Test

I. Write the correct answer in space provided before the number. (1 Point
Each)

1. _______________It includes ideas, theories and all available systematic explanations

and observations about the natural and physical world.

2. _______________It is a subject or a discipline, a field of study, or a body of knowledge

that deals with the process of learning about the natural and physical world.
3. _______________It is a subject or a discipline, a field of study, or a body of knowledge
that deals with the process of learning about the natural and physical world.

4. _______________This explains that science is both knowledge and activities done by

human beings to develop better understanding of the world around them.
5. _______________This explains that science is both knowledge and activities done by
human beings to develop better understanding of the world around them.
6. _______________The period of enlightenment when the, developments in the field of
mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology and chemistry transformed the views of
society about nature.
7. _______________ He developed the theory of Evolution. He changed our concept of the
world’s creation.
8. _______________Is a famous figure in the field of psychology
9. _______________Is one of the famous civilizations that lasted for 2000 years.
10. _______________They also developed the technology for growing different crops and
building elaborate cities using ordinary machineries and tools.
11. _______________They made advanced scientific ideas considering their limitations as
an old civilization.
12. _______________They contributed immensely and made significant advances in the
fields of astronomy, mathematics and medicines.
13. _______________They Established schools for boys and girls introduced the concept of
subjects and disciplines
14. _______________He stressed the importance of utilizing the natural environment to
teach students.
15. _______________He opines that science is going to be one of the most important school
subjects in the future.is embedded in the daily life experiences of young children as they
grow up, they live and grow in a society where the members of the community
prominently practice,

G. Reference

Bisht,R. (1992). “Excavation at Banali: 1974-77.” In Posssehl,

Gregory L. (Ed.). Harapan Civilization: A Contemporary Perpective.

New Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing Co.ung Pinoys Insparable From Cellphones:
Survey Accesed February 3, 2010. http//news.
Abs-cbn.com/lifestyle/08/12/10young9pinoys-insperable cellphones-survey
ABS-CBN News. 2010. “Y

Crosta. P. (n.d). “What are Stem Cells?” Accessed August 1, 2017.

http://www/.medicalnewstoday.com/infro/stem_cell.

Fliesler, N. (2017. “ Now Heat this.”Accessed August 1, 2017.

https://hms.harvard.edu/news/now-hear.

Ref.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0950069880100412
 Module 2. Science, Technology and Society and the Human Science

A. Target Learning Outcome

At the end of the lesson students are expected to:

 Identify different conceptions of human flourishing;
 Determine the development of the scientific method
and validity of science; and
 Critic human flourishing vis-à-vis progress of science
and technology to be able to define for themselves the
meaning of a good life.

B. Content of the Lesson

 Human Flourishing
 Technology as Way of Revealing
 The Good life
 When Technology and Humanity Cross

C. Introduction

As times change, elements that comprise human flourishing changed, which are subject
to the dynamic social history as written by humans. People founds means to live more
comfortably, explore more places, develop more products, and make more money and then
repeating the process in full circle. In the beginning, early people relied on simple machines to
make hunting and gathering easier. This development allowed them to make grander and more
sophisticated machines to aid them in their endeavors that eventually led to space explorations,
medicine innovation and ventures of life after death.

D. Activity

Get a whole paper then write an essay about human condition in our country, and what
would be the help of science and technology in our daily life. Write at least 5 sentences
in your own words and opinion?

E. Learning Content, Discussions, and Illustrations

Human Flourishing
Every discovery, innovation and success contributes to our pool of human knowledge.
Perhaps, open of the most prevalent themes is human’s perpetual need to locate himself
in the world by finding proofs to trace evolution. The business of uncovering the secrets
of the universe answers the question of our existence and provides us something to look
forward to. Having a particular role, which us uniquely ours, elicits our ides of self-
importance. It is in this regard that human flourishing is deeply intertwined with goal
setting relevant to science and technology. In this case, the latter is relevant tool in
achieving science. Suffice to say that the end goals of both science and technology and
human flourishing are related, in that the good is inherently related to the truth. The
following are two concepts about science which ventures its claim on truth.

Science as Method and Results

In school, the scientific method is introduces in the earlier part of discussions. Even
though the number of steps varies, it present a general idea of how to do science.

1. Observe.
2. Determine
3. Formulate hypothesis
4. Conduct experiment
5. Gather and analyse results
6. Formulate conclusion and provide recommendation

Verification Theory

The earliest criterion that distinguishes philosophy and science is verification theory. The
idea proposes that a discipline is science if it can be confirmed or interpreted in the
event of an alternative hypothesis being accepted. The said theory gives premium to
empiricism and only takes into account those results which are measurable and
experiment which are repeatable. This was espoused by a movement in the early
twentieth century called the Vienna Circle, a group of scholars who believed that only
those which cannot be observed should be regarded as meaningful and reject those
which cannot be directly accesses as meaningless.

American philosopher Thomas Kuhn warned us against bridging the gap

between evidence and theory by attempting to interpret the former according to our own
biases that is whether or not we subscribe to the theory.

Falsification Theory
Falsification Theory asserts that as long as an ideology is not proven to be false and can
best explain a phenomenon over alternative theories, we should accept the said
ideology.Karl Popper is the known proponent of this view. He was notorious for
stating that up-and-coming theories of the time, such as Mar’x Theory of Sociel theory
and Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis, are not testable and thus not falsifiable, and
subsequently questioning their status as scientific. Falsification method is more
accepted, scientist are still not convinced that it should be regarded as what makes a
discipline scientific.

Human flourishing is defined as being “good spirited” in the classical Aristotelian

notion. Human generally have a notion on what it means to flourish; albeit in the advent
of science and technology, they close to hinge their ends alongside the latter’s result.

Technology as a Way of Revealing

The Good Life

Aristotle and How We All Aspire for a Good Life

It is interesting to note that the first philosopher who approached the problem of reality
from a “scientific” lens as we know how, is also the first thinker who dabbled into the
complex problematization of the end goal of lie; happiness. This man is none other
than Aristotle

In the contrast of Plato who thought that things in this world are not real and are only
copies of the real in the world of forms. Aristotle puts everything back to the ground in
claiming that this world is all there is to it and this world is the only reality we can all
access.

Plato recognized change as process and as a phenomenon that happens in the world,
that in fact, it is constant, However, Plato claims that despite the reality of change, things
remain and they retain their ultimate “whatness”; that you remain to be you despite the
pimple that now sits atop your nose.
 Aristotle claims that happiness is the be all and end all of everything that we do. Aristotle
actually means is human flourishing, a kind of contentment in knowing that one is getting
the best out of life.

Materialism

The first materialists were the atomists in Ancient Greece. Democritus and Leucippus
led as school whose primary beliefs is that the world is made up of and is controlled by
tiny indivisible units in the world called atomos or seeds. Atomos simply come
together randomly to form the things in the world. As such, only material entities
matter. In terms of human flourishing, matter is what makes us attain happiness. We see
this at work with most people who are clinging on to material wealth as the primary
source of the meaning of their existence.

Hedonism

The hedonist, for their part, see the end goal of life in acquiring pleasure. Pleasure as
always been the priority of hedonists. For them, life is about obtaining and indulging in
pleasure because life is limited. The mantra of this school of though is the famous. “Eat.
Drink, and merry for tomorrow we die” Led by Epicurus, this school of thought also does
not buy any notion of afterlife just like the materials.

Stoicism

Another school of thought led by Epicurus, the stoics

espoused the idea that to generate happiness, must learn to distance oneself and be
apathetic. The original term, apatheriam precisely means to be indifferent. For the
stoics, happiness can only be attained by a careful practice of apathy. We should, in this
worldview, adopt the fact that some things are not within our control.

Theism

Most people find the meaning of their lives using God as a

fulcrum of their existence. The Philippines, as a predominantly catholic country is
witness to how people base their life goals on beliefs that hinged on some form of
supernatural reality called heaven. The ultimate basis of happiness for theists is the
communication with God.

Humanism
 Humanism as another school of thought espouses the
freedom of man to carve his own destiny and to legislate his own laws, free from the
shackles of a God that monitors and controls. For humanists, man is literally the captain
of this own ship. Inspired by the enlightenment in seventeenth century, humanists see
themselves not merely as stewards of the creation but as individuals who are in control
of themselves and the world outside them.

When Technology and Humanity Cross

Television Sets, Mobile Phones. Computers, and Humanity

A number of technological devices can be easily found inside the home, the most
accessible place to anyone, having said that, it can also be easily inferred that these
technological devices are some of the most popular and most commonly used types of
devices across of all age groups.

First, according to Kantar Media, one of the most trusted television audience
measurement providers, in the Philippines, 92 percent of urban homes and 70 percent of
rural homes own at least one television set.

Television was a products of different experiments by various people. Paul Gottllieb

Nipkow, a German student, in the late 1800s was successful in his attempt to send
images though wires with the aid of a rotating metal disk. This invention was the called
the “electric telescope”, that had 18 lines of resolution.

Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton who was an English Scientist and Boris Rosing
who was as Russian scientist, created a new system of television by using the cathode
ray tube in addition to the mechanical scanner system. This success story gave rise to
two types of television system, namely mechanical and electronic television (Jezek,
n.d.).

Mobiles phones have a very interesting background story. On april 3, 1973, Martin
Cooper, a senior engineer at Motorola, made the world’s first mobile phone call. He
called their rival telecommunication company and properly informed them that hwe was
making the call from a mobile phone.

Laptops have been available to the public for even less time than personal computers.
Before, the first design of computer was so big that it could company whole floors of
building. It was believed that the transition from a personal computer to laptop was only
a matter of design, an improvement and a little deviation from the standard design of a
personal computer. The first true portable computer was released on April 1981. It was
called the Osborn 1(Orfano, 2011). From the moment on, the evolution of laptops
continued until the present time where various design and models are already available.

Here are some facts about Filipinos and their use if gadgets and the
internet (Rapple, n.d.):

 Mobile phone subscription is at 119 million

 Filipinos spend approximately 3.2 hours on mobile and 5.2 hours
desktop daily.
 Currently, the Philippines has one of the highest digital
populations in the wolrd.
 There are now 47 million active Facebook accounts in the
Philippines
 The Philippines is the fastest-growing application market in
Southeast Asia.

Robotics and Humanity

Another great product of the innovative minds of the people is the robot. Robots are now
widely used. For example, there are the so-called service robots. These particular robots
do specific task but focus mainly in assisting their masters in their everyday task. The
international Federation for Robotics (IFR) and United Economic Commission Eurooe
(UNECE) made it their task to formulate a working definition for service robots, A
premilinary extract of the relevant definition is IFR, 2012:

F .Activity/Post test

Give the write answer for the following 2 point each

1-6 What is the 6 scientific methods of science?

1.
2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7. ________________ American philosopher, he warned us against bridging the gap

between evidence and theory by attempting to interpret the former according to our own
biases that is whether or not we subscribe to the theory.

8. _______________Is defined as being “good spirited” in the classical Aristotelian

notion. Human generally have a notion on what it means to flourish; albeit in the advent
of science and technology, they close to hinge their ends alongside the latter’s result.

9._______________ He recognized change as process and as a phenomenon that

happens in the world, that in fact, it is constant, However, Plato claims that despite the
reality of change, things remain and they retain their ultimate “whatness”; that you
remain to be you despite the pimple that now sits atop your nose.

10. The first materialists were the atomists in Ancient Greece. Democritus and
Leucippus led as school whose primary beliefs is that the world is made up of and is
controlled by tiny indivisible units in the world called atomos or seeds.

11._______________Another school of thought led by Epicurus, the stoics espoused

the idea that to generate happiness, must learn to distance oneself and be apathetic.
The original term, apatheriam precisely means to be indifferent. For the stoics,
happiness can only be attained by a careful practice of apathy.

12. ________________Most people here find the meaning of their lives using God as a
fulcrum of their existence.

13. ______________a German student, in the late 1800s was successful in his attempt
to send images though wires with the aid of a rotating metal disk. This invention was the
called the “electric telescope”, that had 18 lines of resolution.

14. _______________Who was as Russian scientist, created a new system of television

by using the cathode ray tube in addition to the mechanical scanner system?

15. _______________Have been available to the public for even less time than personal
computers. Before, the first design of computer was so big that it could company whole
floors of building.

G. References
Bisht,R. (1992). “Excavation at Banali: 1974-77.” In Posssehl,

Gregory L. (Ed.). Harapan Civilization: A Contemporary Perpective.

New Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing Co.ung Pinoys Insparable From Cellphones:
Survey Accesed February 3, 2010. http//news.
Abs-cbn.com/lifestyle/08/12/10young9pinoys-insperable cellphones-survey
ABS-CBN News. 2010. “Y

Crosta. P. (n.d). “What are Stem Cells?” Accessed August 1, 2017.

http://www/.medicalnewstoday.com/infro/stem_cell.

Fliesler, N. (2017. “ Now Heat this.”Accessed August 1, 2017.

https://hms.harvard.edu/news/now-hear.

Module 3. SPECIFIC ISSUES IN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

A. Target Learning Outcome

At the end of the lesson students are expected to:

 Define the Information Age
 Discuss the history of Information Age: and
 Understand the factors that need to be considered in checking
website sources.
 Determine the interrelatedness of society, environment, and
health
 Create a diagram that would show the relatedness of species in
forming up a diverse and healthy society without compromising
one another; and
 Identify everyday task and evaluate whether they contribute to the
wellness and health of biodiversity and society or not

B. Content of the Lesson

The information age
Biodiversity
Gene Therapy
C. Introduction
This is but a pressing statement for people to know more about the
importance of our diverse environment, and how human activities can either
contribute to its growth or destruction. There is growing importance of studying
how society, environment, and health is interrelated to each other, that if human
beings fail to recognize the need of one of those components., the other
remaining components can be affected and compromised. Thus ,it is timely to
know about the pressing effects of species being extinct and that of our
ecosystem being imbalanced.

D. Activities
Write at least 3 words, on how we can have a healthy environment and
explained it in your own words?

F. Learning Content, Discussions, and Illustrations

The Information Age

The Information age is defined as a period starting in the last quarter of

the 20th century when information became effortlessly accessible through
publications and through management of information by computers networks.
The means of conveying information (e.g,, writing ,math, other codes) among
humans has evolved with increasing speed. The information age is also called
the Digital Age and New media Agebecause it was associated with the
development of computers.

According to James R. Messenger who proposed the Theory of

Information Age in 1982, “the information age is a true age based upon the
interconnection of computers via telecommunications, with these information
systems operating on both a real-time and as-needed basis. Furthermore, the
primary factors driving this new age forward are convenience and user-
friendliness which, in turn, will create user dependence.”

In his article “Truth of the information Age” (n.d.), Robert Harris detailed some
facts on the information Age.

1. Information must compete

2. Newer is equated with truer
3. Selection is a viewpoint
4. The media sells what the culture buys.
5. The early word gets the perm
6. You are what you eat and so is your brain
7. Anything in great demand will be counter field.
8. Ideas are seen as controversial.
9. Undead information walks ever on.
10. Media presence creates the story.
12. The medium selects the message.

Computer are among the most important contribution of advances in the

information age to society. A computer is an electronic device that stores and
processes data (information)

Types of Computer
1. Personal Computer/PC
 It is a single user instrument. PCs were first known as microcomputer
since they were a complete computer but built on a smaller than the enormous
systems operated by most businesses.

2. Desktop Computer
It is described as a Pc that is not designed for portability. The assumption
with a desktop is that it will be set up in a permanent spot.

3. Laptops
These are portable computers that integrate the essentials of a desktop
computer in a battery-powered package, which are somewhat larger than a
typical hardcover book.

4. Personal Digital Assistant (PDAs)

These are tightly integrated computers that usually have no keyboards
but rely on a touch screen for user input.

5. Server
It refers to a computer that has been improved to provide network
services to other computers.
6. Mainframes
These are huge computer systems that can fill an entire room. They are
used especially by large firms to describe the large expensive machines that
process millions of transactions every day.

7. Wearable Computers
They involve materials that are usually integrated into cell phones,
watches, and other small objects or places. They perform common applications
such as databases, email. Multimedia, and schedulers (UShistory.org, 2017)

The World Wide Web (Internet)

Several historian trace the origin of the Internet to Claude E. Shannon, an

American Mathematician who was considered as the “Father of information
Theory”. He worked at Bell Laboratories and at age 32, he published a paper
proposing that information can be quantitatively encoded as a sequence of ones
and zeroes.

The internet is a worldwide system of interconnected networks that facilitate data

transmission among innumerable computers. It was developed during the 1970s
by the Department of Defense. In ease of an attack, military adviser suggested
the advantage of being able to operate on one computer from another terminal.

BIODIVERSITY AND THE HEALTHY SOCIETY

Biodiversity is defined as the vast variety of life forms on the entire Earth. It
encompasses all kinds of life forms, from the single-celled organisms to the
largest multi-celled organisms. Its definition is in the structural and functional
perspective and not as individual species.
Another meaning of biodiversity is the “the variability among living organism from
all sources, including terrestrial, marine and aquatic ecosystem and the
ecological complexes of which they are pars; this includes diversity within
species, between species and of ecosystem. Biodiversity is the source of the
essential goods and ecological services that constitute that source of life for all
and it has direct consumptive value in food, agriculture, medicine, and in industry
(Villagio Globale, 2009)

Threats to Biodiversity

1. Habitat loss and destruction

2. Alterations in ecosystem composition
3. Over-exploitation
4. Pollution and contamination
5. Global climate change

Consequences of Biodiversity Loss

Even with the improvement of technology and science at present, we still have a
lot to learn biodiversity, more so about the consequences of biodiversity loss.
However, the basic concept about biodiversity loss was from Charles Darwin and
Alfred Russel Wallace

Intact ecosystems function best since the organism composing them are
specialized to function in that ecosystem to capture, transfer, utilized and
ultimately, lose both energy and nutrients. The particular species making up and
ecosystem determine its productivity, affect nutrient cycles and soil contents and
influence environmental conditions such as water cycles, weather patterns,
climate and other nonbiotic aspects. The loss of biodiversity has many
consequences that we understand, and many that we do not.

Nutritional Impact of Biodiversity

According to the World Health Organization, biodiversity is a vital element of a

human being’s nutrition because of its influence to food production.

Nutrition and biodiversity are linked at many levels: the ecosystem, with food
production as an ecosystem service; the species in the ecosystem; and the
genetic diversity within species. Nutritional composition between foods and
among varieties/cultivars/breeds of the same foods can differ dramatically,
affecting micronutrient availability in the diet. Healthy local diets, with adequate
average levels of nutrients intake, necessitates maintenance of high biodiversity
and thus impact global nutrition status and human health.
 THE ASPECTS OF GENE THERAPHY

Human gene therapy was actually first realized in 1971 when the first
recombinant DNA experiments were planned. It can be simply viewed as
insertion DNA into a patient’s tissue that hope to successfully eradicate the
targeted disease, It was actually inspired by the success of recombinant DNA
technology which occurred over the last 20 years. Without a doubt. Gene therapy
is the most promising yet possibly unfavorable medical field being studied.

THE BASIC PROCESS

There are several approaches to gene therapy. These are the following (Fliesler,
2017):

 Replacement of mutated gene that causes disease with a healthy copy of

the gene
 Inactivation of mutated gene that is functioning improperly
 Introducing a new gene into the body to help fight a disease

TWO TYPES OF GENE THERAPY

The idea of gene therapy is based on correcting a disease at its root; fixing the
abnormal genes that appear to lead to certain diseases.

1. Somatic gene therapy. Involves the manipulation of genes in cells that

will helpful to the patient but not inherited to the next generation
(Nimsergern,1988)

2. Germ-line therapy. Involves the genetic modification of germ or the

origin cells that will pass the change on the next generation (Your
Genome.201711)

STEM CELL GENE THERAPY

Stem cells are mother cells that have the potential to become any type or cell in
the body. One of the main characteristics of stem cell is their ability to self- renew
or multiply while maintaining the potential to develop into other types of cells.
Stem cells can become cells of the blood, heart, bones, skin, muscles, and brain,
among others. There are different sources of stem cell but all types of stem cells
have the same capacity to develop into multiple types of cells.
Stems cells are derived from different sources.
Two of which are embryonic and somatic stem cells.

The embryonic stem cells are derived from a four-or-five-day-old human

embryo that is in the blastocyst phase of development. The embryos are usually
extras that have been created in IVF (in vitro fertilization) clinics where several
eggs are fertilized in a test tube then implanted into a woman (Crosta, 2013).

The somatic stem cellare cells that exist throughout the body after embryonic
development and are found inside of different types of tissue. These stem cells
have been found in tissues such as the brain, bone, marrow, blood, blood
vessels, skeletal muscles, skin and the liver. They remain in a non-dividing state
for year until activated by disease or tissue injury. These stem cells can divide of
self-renew indefinitely, enabling then to generate the entire original organ. It is
generally thought that adult or somatic stem cells are limited in their ability to
differentiate based on their tissue of origin, but there is some evidence to suggest
that they can differentiate to become other cell types (Crosta, 2013).

THE NANO WORLD

How Small is a Nanoscale?

A nanometer is a billionth of a meter, or 10-9 of a meter

How to view a nanomaterial?

Scientist uses special types of microscopes to view minute nanomaterial. During
the early 1930s, scientist used electron microscopes and field microscopes to
look at the nanoscale. The scanning tunneling microscope and atomic force
microscope are just among the modern and remarkable advancement in
microscopy.

1. Electron microscope
German engineers Ernts Ruska and Max Knoll built the first electron
microscope during the 1930s. This type of microscope utilizes a particle beam of
electrons to light up to a million times while conventional light microscopes can
magnify object up to 1,500 times only.

2. Atomic Force microscope AFM

It was first developed by Gred Binig, Calvin Quate, and Christoph Gerber
in 1986. It makes use of a mechanical probe that gathers information from the
surface of a material.

3. Scanning tunneling microscope

 This special type of microscope enables scientist to view and manipulate
nanoscale particles, atoms and small molecules.

Nanomanufacturing

It refers to scaled up, reliable and cost-effective manufacturing of nano scale

materials, structures, devices and systems. It also involves research,
improvement, and incorporation of processes for the construction of materials.

1. Bottom-up fabrication
Its manufactures products by building them up from atomic and molecule-
scale components. However, this method can be time-consuming.

2. Top-down fabrication
Its trims down large pieces of materials into nanoscale. This process
need larger amounts of materials and discards excess raw materials.

There are new approaches to the assembly of nanomaterials based from

the application of principles in top-down and bottom-up fabrication,
These include

-Dip pen lithography

It is method in which the tip of an atomic force microscope is
“dipped” into a chemical fluid and the utilized to “write on a surface, like
an old-fashioned ink pen onto paper

-Self-Assembly
It depicts an approach wherein a set of components join together
to mold an organized structure in the absence of an outside direction.

-Chemical vapor deposition

It is a procedure wherein chemicals act in response to form very

pure, high performance films.

-Nanoimprint lithography
It is a method of generating nanoscale attributes by “stamping” or
printing” them onto a surface.

-Molecular beam epitaxy

It is one manner for depositing extremely controlled thin films

-Roll-to-toll processing
It is a high volume practice for constructing nanoscale devices on
a roll of ultrathin plastic or metal.

Atomic layer epitaxy.

 It is means for laying down one-atom-thick layers on a surface

BENEFITS AND CONCERNS OF USING NANOTECHNOLOGY

1. Nanotechnology is not a single technology; it may become pervasive.

2. Nanotechnologyseeks to develop new material with specific properties

3. Nanotechnology may introduce new efficiencies and paradigms which may

Make some natural resources and current practices uncompetitive or obsolete.

4. Nanotechnologymay be complicated to detect its presence unless one has

the specialist tools of nanotechnology

Nanotechnologyis an advance interdisciplinary filed that encompassed science

and technology that manufactures materials of great help to the improvement of various areas
of society especially health care, environment, energy, food, water, and agriculture. It is a field
that need to be explored, not only by known experts but also neophytes, in order to advance our
knowledge science and technology, and more importantly, to help improve our quality of life.
But, we engage in nanotechnology, we need to take into account the social, ethical, and
environment concerns of using such nanomaterials.

F. Activity/Post test. Write the correct answer in the blank, 2 points each number.

1.______________Is defined as a period starting in the last quarter of the 20 th century when
information became effortlessly accessible through publications and through management of
information by computers networks.

2. ______________Who proposed the Theory of Information Age in 1982, “the information age
is a true age based upon the interconnection of computers via telecommunications, with these
information systems operating on both a real-time and as-needed basis.

3. ______________Are among the most important contribution of advances in the information

age to society

4. ______________Were first known as microcomputer since they were a complete computer

but built on a smaller than the enormous systems operated by most businesses.
5. It is described as a Pc that is not designed for portability.

6. ______________These are portable computers that integrate the essentials of a desktop

computer in a battery-powered package, which are somewhat larger than a typical hardcover
book.
7.______________It refers to a computer that has been improved to provide network services
to other computers.

8. ______________who was considered as the “Father of information Theory”. He worked at

Bell Laboratories and at age 32, he published a paper proposing that information can be
quantitatively encoded as a sequence of ones and zeroes.

9. ______________Is defined as the vast variety of life forms on the entire Earth. It
encompasses all kinds of life forms, from the single-celled organisms to the largest multi-celled
organisms. Its definition is in the structural and functional perspective and not as individual
species.

10. ______________Therapy was actually first realized in 1971 when the first recombinant DNA
experiments were planned.

11. ______________Involves the manipulation of genes in cells that will helpful to the patient
but not inherited to the next generation

12. ______________Involves the genetic modification of germ or the origin cells that will pass
the change on the next generation

13. ______________Are mother cells that have the potential to become any type or cell in the
body.
14.______________Are derived from a four-or-five-day-old human embryo that is in the
blastocyst phase of development.

15. ______________Are cells that exist throughout the body after embryonic development and
are found inside of different types of tissue. These stem cells have been found in tissues such
as the brain, bone, marrow, blood, blood vessels, skeletal muscles, skin and the liver.
G. Referrences

Bisht,R. (1992). “Excavation at Banali: 1974-77.” In Posssehl,

Gregory L. (Ed.). Harapan Civilization: A Contemporary Perpective.

New Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing Co.ung Pinoys Insparable From Cellphones:
Survey Accesed February 3, 2010. http//news.
Abs-cbn.com/lifestyle/08/12/10young9pinoys-insperable cellphones-survey
ABS-CBN News. 2010. “Y

Crosta. P. (n.d). “What are Stem Cells?” Accessed August 1, 2017.

http://www/.medicalnewstoday.com/infro/stem_cell.

Fliesler, N. (2017. “ Now Heat this.”Accessed August 1, 2017.

https://hms.harvard.edu/news/now-hear.
Prepared by:

ANNA MAE L. DUBLADO

LUZ G. TI LAON