Foundations 30

Unit 1 – Set Theory and Logic

FP 30.3: Demonstrate understanding of set theory and its applications

FP 30.2: Demonstrate understanding of inductive and deductive reasoning including:

analysis of conditional statements analysis of puzzles and games involving numerical and
logical reasoning making and justifying decisions solving problems

* Adapted from Nelson Foundations of Mathematics

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F30 – Unit 1 – Set Theory and Logic Date: _______________
Key Terms
Key Terms
Set – A collection of distinguishable objects; for example, the set of all whole numbers is W = {0,1,2,3…}
Element – An object in a set; for example, 3 is an element of D, the set of digits.
Universal Set – A set of all the elements under consideration for a particular context.
Subset – A set whose elements all belong to another set; for example, the set of all odd digits, O = {1, 3, 5…} is a subset
of D, the set of digits.
Complement – All the elements of a universal set that do not belong to a subset of it.
Empty Set – A set with no elements; for example, the set of odd numbers divisible by 2 is the empty set.
Disjoint – Two or more sets having no elements in common; for example, the set of even numbers and the set of odd
numbers are disjoint.
Finite Set – A set with a countable number of elements; for example the set of even numbers less than 10, E = {2, 4, 6,
8} is finite.
Infinite Set – A set with an infinite number of elements; for example, the set of natural numbers N = {1,2, 3…} is
infinite.
Mutually Exclusive – Two or more events that cannot occur at the same time; for example the sun setting and the sun
rising are mutually exclusive.
Intersection – The set of elements that are common to two or more sets. In set notation, A∩B denotes the
intersection of sets A and B
Union – The set of all the elements in two or more sets; in set notation A∪B denotes the union of sets A and B.
Principle of Inclusion and Exclusion – The number of elements in the union of two sets is equal to the sum of the
number of elements in each set ,less the number of elements in both sets; using set notation this is written:
𝑛(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑛(𝐴) + 𝑛(𝐵) − 𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
Conditional Statement – An “if-then” statement; for example, “If it is Monday, then it is a school day.”
Hypothesis – An assumption; for example, in the statement “If it is Monday, then it is a school day” the hypothesis is
“If it is Monday”
Conclusion – The result of a hypothesis; for example, in the statement “If it is Monday, then it is a school day” the
conclusion is “then it is a school day.”
Counterexample – An example that disproves a statement; for example, “If it is Monday, then it is a school day.” Is
disproved by the counterexample that Thanksgiving is Monday and there is no school.
Converse – A conditional statement in which the hypothesis and the conclusion are switched; for example the
converse of “If it is Monday, then it is a school day” is “If it is a school day, then it is Monday.”
Bi-conditional – A conditional statement whose converse is also true; in logic notation, a bi-conditional statement is
written as “p if and only if q” . Notation is: p <=> q.
Inverse – A statement that is formed by negating both the hypothesis and the conclusion of a conditional statement;
for example, for the statement “If a number is not even, then it is not divisible by 2.”
Contrapositive – A statement that is formed by negating both the hypothesis and the conclusion of the converse of a
conditional statement; for example, for the statement “If a number is even, then it is divisible by 2” the contrapositive
is “If a number is not divisible by 2, then it is not even.

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F30 – Unit 1 – Set Theory and Logic Date: _______________
Lesson 1 – Types of Sets and Set Notation
Lesson 1 – Types of Sets and Set Notation
Set – A collection of distinguishable objects
Element – An object in a set
Universal Set – A set of all the elements under consideration for a particular context.

Set Notation:
1) Sets are defined using brackets {}. Each element is placed within the brackets to show they are contained in the set.

Example 1: Fill in the following examples of sets and write the set notation of each.

Fruit Even Numbers Whole Numbers between 1 and 20

Set: Set: Set:

Elements: Elements: Elements:

Common Sets:
The Set of Digits: D = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} The Set of Integers: I = {… -1, 0, 1, 2 …}
The Set of Whole Numbers: W = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6…} The Set of Odds: O = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9…}
The Set of Real Numbers: R = {… -1, -0.5, 0, 0.5, 1…} The Set of Evens: E = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10…}
The Set of Natural Numbers: N = {1, 2, 3, 4…} The Set of Primes: P = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13…}

Subset – A set whose elements all belong to another set; for example, the set of all odd digits, O = {1, 3, 5…} is a subset
of D, the set of digits.
Complement – All the elements of a universal set that do not belong to a subset of it.
Empty Set – A set with no elements; for example, the set of odd numbers divisible by 2 is the empty set.
Set Notation:
1) If A is a subset of B we write: A=∈
2) The complement of A is A’
3) To denote an empty set we write: A = { } or A = ∅

Example 2: Set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6} and Set B = {2, 4, 6}.

a) If there is a subset denote this using set notation

b) Determine the set B’

c) Determine C, a subset of B, that contains odd integers

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F30 – Unit 1 – Set Theory and Logic Date: _______________
Lesson 1 – Types of Sets and Set Notation

Disjoint – Two or more sets having no elements in common

Finite Set – A set with a countable number of elements
Infinite Set – A set with an infinite number of elements

Example 3: Using set notation give an example of the following:

a) Two disjoint sets b)A finite set c) An infinite set

Writing Set Notation for large sets

1) Set up the following: {x|___ ≤ x ≤ ___} (you can use any variable)
2) Put your smallest number in the first blank and your largest number in the last blank
3) This is read as: Blank is less than or equal to x which is less than or equal to blank. This means that
whatever you choose for x has to between the two blanks.

Representing Using a Venn Diagram

1) The outside is a representation of the universal set, of all numbers possible
2) A circle is a subset of the universal set
3) If you have a subset of a subset you place the circles on top of each other

U U - Universal Set
A A∈U - A is a subset of U
B B∈A - B is a subset of A
B ∈ A∈ U
A’ A’ - Complement of A

Example 4: Indicate the multiples of 5 and 10, from 1 to 500, using set notation. List any subsets and any
complimentary sets. Represent this as a Venn Diagram.

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F30 – Unit 1 – Set Theory and Logic Date: _______________
Lesson 1 – Types of Sets and Set Notation

Set Notation:
1) The number of elements in a set is denoted as n(A)
2) If A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} then n(A) = 6

Example 5: You rescue homeless animals and advertise on a website. You currently have dogs, cats, rabbits,
ferrets, parrots, lovebirds, macaws, iguanas, and snakes.
a) Design a way to organize the animals on the webpage. Use set notation and a Venn Diagram

b) Name and subsets, disjoint sets, and complimentary sets.

c) Create a subset of fur-bearing animals. Write in set notation which set this would be a subset of and also
which set it would be equal to.

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F30 – Unit 1 – Set Theory and Logic Date: _______________
Lesson 2 – Solving Problems with Sets and Venn Diagrams

Lesson 2 – Solving Problems with Sets and Venn Diagrams

Example 1: A triangular number, 1, 3, 6 or 10, can be represented as a triangular away.

a) Determine the pattern and make a conjecture about triangular numbers.

b) Write in set notation the triangular numbers from 1 to 100 that are even and odd. Denote in set notation
using U, T, E and O

c) Determine the number of elements in U, T, E and O

d) Determine the number of elements that are not triangular

e) How many numbers are there that are triangular

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F30 – Unit 1 – Set Theory and Logic Date: _______________
Lesson 2 – Solving Problems with Sets and Venn Diagrams

Mutually Exclusive – Two or more events that cannot occur at the same time; for example the sun setting and the sun
rising are mutually exclusive.

Example 2: a) Record the possible sums that can occur when you roll two four sided dice in an outcome
table

1 2 3 4
1
2
3
4

b) Display the sets of sums of all rolls, the set of rolls that produce a sum greater than 5 and the set of rolls
that produce a sum less than 5 in a Venn diagram and in Set Notation. Determine the number of elements in
each set.

c) Determine a formula for the number of ways both sums can occur.

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F30 – Unit 1 – Set Theory and Logic Date: _______________
Lesson 3 – Relationships between sets

Lesson 3 – Relationships Between Sets

Elements in Set
A and Set B

A B

Elements in Set A Elements in Set B

but not in Set B but not in Set A

Elements in U but
not in Set A or Set B

Organizing Data into a Venn Diagram

1) Determine the data that is both in Set A and Set B
2) Determine the data that is disjoint
3) Organize the numbers into each section of the diagram, check to see if the numbers match the total

Example 1: In school there are 65 Grade 12 students. Of these students, 23 play volleyball and 26 play
basketball. There are 31 students who do not play either sport. Organize this information into a Venn
Diagram.

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F30 – Unit 1 – Set Theory and Logic Date: _______________
Lesson 4 – Intersection and Union of Two Sets

Lesson 4 – Intersection and Union of Two Sets

Intersection – The set of elements that are common to two or more sets. In set notation, A∩B denotes the intersection
of sets A and B
Set Notation:
1) The intersection of Set A and B is denoted 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵
2) Remember A “and” B
3) This includes all elements that have to be in both Set A and Set B. It is the shaded region on the Venn Diagram
Example 1: Write the intersection of Set A and B in set notation: A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12}

Union – The set of all the elements in two or more sets; in set notation A∪B denotes the union of sets A and B.
Set Notation:
1) The union of Set A and B is denoted 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵
2) Remember A “or” B
3) This includes any elements that belong to at least one of the sets. It is any element in Set A or B.
Example 2: Write the union o f Set A and B in set notation. A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12}

A\B – Remember A “minus” B. These are all the elements in set A but not in Set B.
Example 3: Find all the elements of A\B. A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}

Example 4: If you draw a card at random from a standard deck of cards determine the following with set notation:
a) Describe the sets C, S, H, D and U. b) Determine n(C), n(S), n(H), n(D), n(U).

c) The union of S and H and the number of elements. d) The intersection of S and H and the number of
elements.

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F30 – Unit 1 – Set Theory and Logic Date: _______________
Lesson 4 – Intersection and Union of Two Sets

Example 5: You survey 34 people at the gym. You learn that 16 people do weight training three times a week, 21
people do cardio training three times a week, and 6 people train fewer than three times a week. How can you
interpret this data? Sketch a Venn diagram.

Principle of Inclusion and Exclusion – The number of elements in the union is the sum of the elements in the two sets
subtract the intersection. 𝒏(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) = 𝒏(𝑨) + 𝒏(𝑩) − 𝒏(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩)

Determining The Number of Elements in a Set Using a Formula

1) Define the Universal Set and all subsets
2) Determine any intersected areas
3) Sketch a Venn Diagram
4) Create a formula to determine the given information using: n(A), n(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵), n(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵), n(A\B) for your given sets.

Example 5: The athletics department at a large high school offers 16 different sports: badminton, basketball, cross-
country running, curling, football, golf, hockey, lacrosse, rugby, cross-country skiing, soccer, softball, tennis, ultimate
Frisbee, volleyball, wrestling. Create a Venn diagram of your information. Determine:
- Number that requires a ball and implement - Number that requires either a ball or implement
- Number that requires only a ball - Number that requires neither a ball nor implement
- Number that requires only an implement

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F30 – Unit 1 – Set Theory and Logic Date: _______________
Lesson 5 – Application of Set Theory

Lesson 5 – Application of Set Theory

Principle of Inclusion and Exclusion – The number of elements in the union is the sum of the elements in the
two sets subtract the intersection. 𝒏(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) = 𝒏(𝑨) + 𝒏(𝑩) − 𝒏(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩)

Solving a Problem Using the Principle of Exclusion and Inclusion

1) Define the sets and subsets
2) Define your variable of what you are solving
3) Sketch a Venn diagram
4) Determine a formula to solve for the variable using the Principle of Exclusion and Inclusion
5) Solve for all unknown information

Example 1: Use the following clues to answer the questions below:

- 28 children have a dog, a cat, or a bird
- 13 children have a dog
- 13 have a cat
- 13 have a bird
- 4 children have only a dog and a cat
- 3 children have only a dog and a bird
- 2 children have only a cat and a bird
- No child has two of each type of pet

Determine: How many children have a cat, a dog, and a bird, and how many children have only one pet.

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F30 – Unit 1 – Set Theory and Logic Date: _______________
Lesson 5 – Application of Set Theory

The Game of Set

The object of the game is to make as many sets as you possibly can. If you are playing by yourself you try to
use the entire deck and make all possible sets. If you are playing with a partner you want to make more sets
than your partner.

Each card has three categories: Shape, Colour and Shading. You must draw three cards to make a set.

Categories: Colour = Red, Blue, Green

Shape = Oval, Triangle, Square
Shading = Solid, Shaded, Outline

Rules for creating a set:

- Each Colour must be the all the same or all different for each card in the set
o All three cards are red
o All three cards are blue
o All three cards are green
o One red, one green and one blue
- Each Shape must be all the same or all different for each card in the set
o All circles/ovals
o All Triangle/Diamonds
o All Square/Squiggle
o One oval, one triangle, one square
- Each Shading must be all the same or all different for each card in the set
o All Solid
o All Shaded
o All Outlined
o One Solid, One Shaded, One Outlined

Rules:
- Deal 12 cards faced up on the table then begin to make sets.
- If you see a set you must call set before you touch the cards.
- Whoever calls set first is allowed to grab the set
- All players must agree that the set is a set before you gain the cards
- When cards are removed replace them with the deck
- If no sets are possible add 3 more cards
- When no sets are possible, and the deck is dealt, count the number of sets each player made.

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F30 – Unit 1 – Set Theory and Logic Date: _______________
Lesson 6 – Conditional Statements and Their Converse

Lesson 6 – Conditional Statements and Their Converse

Conditional Statement – An “if-then” statement; for example, “If it is Monday, then it is a school day.”
Hypothesis – An assumption; for example, in the statement “If it is Monday, then it is a school day” the hypothesis is “If
it is Monday”
Conclusion – The result of a hypothesis; for example, in the statement “If it is Monday, then it is a school day” the
conclusion is “then it is a school day.”

Converse – A conditional statement in which the hypothesis and the conclusion are switched; for example the converse
of “If it is Monday, then it is a school day” is “If it is a school day, then it is Monday.”

Notation: p → q; If hypothesis then conclusion

Example 1: a) Verify when the coach’s conditional statement is true or false. Show in a Venn Diagram
Hypothesis: “It is raining outside”
Conclusion: “We practice indoors”

p q p→q

b) Determine the converse of the statement.

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F30 – Unit 1 – Set Theory and Logic Date: _______________
Lesson 6 – Conditional Statements and Their Converse

Bi-conditional – A conditional statement whose converse is also true

Example 2: “If you are north of latitude 60⁰N, you can experience over 18.8 h or daylight on June 21.
a) Is this true?

b) Is the converse true? Is it biconditional?

Example 3: “A person who cannot distinguish between certain colours is colour blind”
a) Write this as a conditional statement “if p then q”

b) Write the converse. Is it biconditional?

Example 4: “A quadrilateral is a square if and only if all of its sides are equal.” Is this biconditional?

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F30 – Unit 1 – Set Theory and Logic Date: _______________
Lesson 7 – The Inverse and the Contrapositive of Conditional Statements

Lesson 7 – The Inverse and the Contrapositive of Conditional

Statements
Inverse – A statement that is formed by negating both the hypothesis and the conclusion of a conditional
statement; for example, for the statement “If a number is not even, then it is not divisible by 2.”

Contrapositive – A statement that is formed by negating both the hypothesis and the conclusion of the
converse of a conditional statement; for example, for the statement “If a number is even, then it is divisible
by 2” the contrapositive is “If a number is not divisible by 2, then it is not even.

Notation
1) Inverse: If ⌐p, ⌐q, then ⌐p→ ⌐q
2) Contrapositive: If ⌐p, ⌐q then ⌐q→ ⌐p

Example 1: “If today is February 29th, then this year is a leap year.”
a) Determine the conditional statement.

b) Determine the inverse

c) Determine the contrapositive

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F30 – Unit 1 – Set Theory and Logic Date: _______________
Lesson 7 – The Inverse and the Contrapositive of Conditional Statements

Example 2: “If a number is a multiple of 10, then it is a multiple of 5.”

a) Determine the conditional statement

b) Write the contrapositive statement and determine if true.

Example 3: “If a colour is red, yellow, or blue, then it is a primary colour.”

a) Determine the conditional statement

b) Determine the converse statement

c) Determine the inverse statement

d) Determine if the statement is bi-conditional

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