• Subject:-

Environmental biology
• Topic:-
Weather Modification
• Submitted To:-
Mam NAILA
• Submitted By:-
InaYat Ur Rahman
• Class:-
MSc 1st Zoology
• Regn.No:-
ZO220202007
• What is Weather ?

Weather, state of the atmosphere at

a particular place during a short
period of time.
It involves such atmospheric
phenomena as temperature,
humidity, precipitation (type and
amount), air pressure, wind, and
cloud cover.
• What is weather Modification ?
Also known as weather control.
 Act of intentionally manipulating or
altering the weather.
Most common form of weather
modification is cloud seeding.
Cloud seeding ncreases rain or snow.
Purpose of increasing the local water
supply.
• Cloud seeding
Type of weather modification.
 Aims to change the amount or type
of precipitation that falls from clouds
by dispersing substances into the air
that serve as cloud condensation or
ice nuclei
Alter the microphysical processes
within the cloud.
• Methodology
Most common chemicals used for cloud
seeding include silver iodide, potassium
iodide and dry ice (solid carbon dioxide).
Liquid propane which expands into a gas,
has also been used.
Produce ice crystals at higher temperatures
than silver iodide.
When cloud seeding, increased snowfall
takes place
When temperatures within the clouds are
between −4 and 19 °F (−20 and −7 °C).
Cloud seeding can be done by ground
generators, planes, or rockets.
silver iodide, which has a crystalline
structure similar to that of ice, will
induce freezing nucleation.
In mid-altitude clouds, the usual seeding
strategy has been based on the fact.
Vapour pressure is lower over ice than over
water.
Formation of ice particles in supercooled clouds
allows those particles to grow at the expense of
liquid droplets.
If sufficient growth takes place.
Particles become heavy enough to fall as
precipitation from clouds.
This process is known as "static" seeding.
Cloud seeding chemicals may be dispersed by
aircraft or by dispersion devices.
located on the ground (generators or canisters
fired from anti-aircraft guns or rockets.
Release by aircraft, silver iodide flares are ignited
and dispersed as an aircraft flies through the
inflow of a cloud.
When released by devices on the ground, the
fine particles are carried downwind and upward
by air currents after release.
An electronic mechanism was tested in 2010.
 Infrared laser pulses were directed to the air
above Berlin.
Researchers from the University of Geneva.
The experimenters posited that the pulses would
encourage atmospheric sulfur dioxide and nitrogen
dioxide to form particles that would then act as
seeds.
1. Schaefer-Langmuir experiments

First experiments with cloud seeding

were conducted in 1946.
American chemist and meteorologist
Vincent J. Schaefer.
Since then seeding has been performed
from aircraft, rockets, cannons, and
ground generators.
Many substances have been used, but
solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) and silver
iodide have been the most effective.
When used in supercooled clouds
(composed of water droplets at
temperatures below freezing).
Form nuclei around which the water
droplets evaporate.
Resulting water vapour deposits into ice
crystals, which build quickly as water
droplets attach themselves.
In clouds at temperatures above
freezing, calcium chloride particles
provide the condensation nucleii around
which raindrops form.
Attempts have been made to use
these substances in cloud seeding
operations.
To minimize damage to crops and
buildings from hailstones.
 • cloud-seeding aircraftA Cessna 441
Conquest II fitted with cloud-seeding pods
on its wings, at Hobart International
Airport, Tasmania, Australia, 2008.
• Effectiveness

Whether cloud seeding is effective in

producing a statistically significant increase
in precipitation is still a matter of academic
debate, with contrasting results depending
on the study in question, and contrasting
opinion among experts.
• History Of Cloud Seeding
in 1891 Louis Gathmann suggested shooting
liquid carbon dioxide into rain clouds to
cause them to rain.
1930s, the Bergeron–Findeisen
process theorized that supercooled water
droplets present.
while ice crystals are released into rain
clouds would cause rain.
While researching aircraft icing, General
Electric (GE)'s Vincent Schaefer and Irving
Langmuir confirmed the theory.
Schaefer discovered the principle of
cloud seeding in July 1946 through a
series of serendipitous events.
Following ideas generated between him
and Nobel laureate Langmuir.
While climbing Mt Washington in New
Hampshire, Schaefer, Langmuir’s research
associate,
Created a way of experimenting with
supercooled clouds using a deep freeze
unit of potential agents.
Stimulate ice crystal growth, i.e., table
salt, talcum powder, soils, dust, and
various chemical agents with minor effect.
Then one hot and humid July 14, 1946, he
wanted to try a few experiments at GE’s
Schenectady Research Lab.
He was dismayed to find that the deep freezer was
not cold enough to produce a "cloud" using breath
air.
He decided to move the process along
by adding a chunk of dry ice just to lower
the temperature of his experimental
chamber.
To his astonishment, as soon as he
breathed into the deep freezer.
Noted a bluish haze, followed by an eye-
popping display of millions of microscopic
ice crystals.
That reflecting the strong light rays from
the lamp illuminating a cross-section of
He instantly realized that he had
discovered a way to change super-
cooled water into ice crystals.
The experiment was easily replicated,
and he explored the temperature
gradient to establish the −40 °C limit for
liquid water.
Within the month, Schaefer's
colleague, the atmospheric scientist Dr.
Bernard Vonnegut was credited with
discovering another method.
Vonnegut accomplished his discovery
at the desk, looking up information in a
basic chemistry text and then tinkering
with silver and iodide chemicals to
produce silver iodide.
Together with Professor Henry Chessin,
SUNY Albany, a crystallographer, he co-
authored a publication in Science and
received a patent in 1975.
Both methods were adopted for use in
cloud seeding during 1946 while working
for GE in the state of New York.
Dry ice and silver iodide agents are
effective in changing the physical
chemistry of super-cooled clouds, thus
useful in augmentation of winter
snowfall over mountains and under
certain conditions, in lightning and hail
suppression.
From March 1967 until July 1972, the US
military’s Operation Popeye cloud-
seeded silver iodide to extend the
monsoon season over North Vietnam,
The operation resulted in the targeted
areas seeing an extension of the
monsoon period an average of 30 to
45 days.
The 54th Weather Reconnaissance
Squadron carried out the operation to
“make mud, not war”.
An attempt by the United States
military to modify hurricanes in the
Atlantic basin using cloud seeding in
the 1960s was called Project Stormfury.
Only a few hurricanes were tested with
cloud seeding because of the strict rules
set by the scientists of the project.
It was unclear whether the project was
successful.
Hurricanes appeared to change slightly in
structure, but only temporarily.
The fear that cloud seeding could
potentially change the course or power of
hurricanes and negatively affect people in
the storm’s path stopped the project.
 • Cloud seeding in Asia
1. China
The largest cloud seeding system is in the
People’s Republic of China.
They believe that it increases the amount
of rain over several increasingly arid
regions, including its capital city, Beijing, by
firing silver iodide rockets into the sky where
rain is desired.
There is even political strife caused by
Including its capital city, Beijing, by
firing silver iodide rockets into the sky
where rain is desired.
There is even political strife caused by
neighboring regions that accuse each
other of “stealing rain” using cloud
seeding.
China used cloud seeding in Beijing just
before the 2008 Olympic Games in
order to have a dry Olympic season.
In February 2009, China also blasted
After four months of drought, and blasted
iodide sticks over other areas of northern
China to increase snowfall.
The snowfall in Beijing lasted for
approximately three days and led to the
closure of 12 main roads around Beijing.
At the end of October 2009 Beijing
claimed it had its earliest snowfall since
1987 due to cloud seeding.
2. India
In the years 2003 and 2004 Karnataka
government initiated cloud seeding. 1984–
87,1993-94 by Tamil Nadu Govt due to severe
drought.
In the years 2003 and 2004 Karnataka
government initiated cloud seeding.
Cloud seeding operations were also
conducted in the same year through US-
based Weather Modification.Inc. in the
 In 2008, there were plans for 12 districts of
state of Andhra Pradesh.

3. Indonesia
In Jakarta, cloud seeding was used to
minimize flood risk in anticipation of
heavy floods in 2013.
According to the Agency for the
Assessment and Application of
Technology.
4. Israel
Israel has been enhancing rain in
convective clouds since the 1950s.
The practice involves emitting silver
iodide from airplanes and ground
stations.
The seeding takes place only in the
northern parts of Israel.
5. Kuwait
To counter drought and a growing
population in a desert region.
 Kuwait is embarking on its own cloud
seeding program.
With the local Environment Public Authority
conducting a study to gauge its viability
locally.
 • Storm prevention
Project stormfury was an attempt to
weaken tropical cyclones by flying aircraft into
storms and seeding the eyewall with silver iodide.
The project was run by the United States
Government from 1962 to 1983.
A similar project using soot was run in
1958, with inconclusive results.
Various methods have been proposed to
reduce the harmful effects of hurricanes.
 Hail cannons have been used by some farmers
since the 19th century
Attempt to ward of hail , but there is no reliable
scientific evidence to confirm their effectiveness.
Another new anti-hurricane technology is
a method for the reduction of tropical
cyclones’ destructive force.
Pumping sea water into and diffusing it in
the wind at the bottom of such tropical
cyclone in its eye wall.
 THE END

Thank you Mam !