Lecturer Notes_2/ CIVL5269/SEM2/2015

Flexural Behaviour at Service Load

and Overload
CIVL5269

DAMITH MOHOTTI
School of Civil Engineering | Faculty of Engineering & IT
THE UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY

Email: [email protected]

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Content

› Serviceability limit state.

› Modular ratio theory
› Analysis of uncracked concrete section
› Cracking of concrete
› Analysis of cracked section (service stage – elastic analysis ) .
› Development of moment-curvature diagram

Serviceability Limit State

A serviceability limit defines the performance criterion for serviceability and

corresponds to a conditions beyond which specified service requirements
resulting from the planned use are no longer met. In limit state design, a
structure fails its serviceability if the criteria of the serviceability limit state are not
met during the specified service life and with the required reliability. Hence, the
serviceability limit state identifies a civil engineering structure which fails to meet
technical requirements for use even though it may be strong enough to remain
standing.

Structural engineers must ensure that a structure performs acceptably under

service load conditions, in addition to possessing adequate reserves of strength
to resist loads that might reasonably be expected to occur at any time through
the life of the structure (Warner et al., 2009)

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Elastic Behaviour

Under normal working conditions, the strain and stresses developed in reinforced
concrete structures are generally sufficiently small to allow the concrete and steel
to be treated as linear elastic materials ( Beletich et al.,2013).

Linear elastic theory

𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀 1

Simple bending theory

𝑀 𝜎 𝐸
= = 2
𝐼 𝑦 𝑅
𝜎 and 𝜀 are the fibre stress and strain at distance y from the neutral axis, 𝐼 is the
second moment of inertia, 𝑀 is the bending moment, 𝑅 radius of curvature of bent
beam, E is the young’s modulus of the material.
5

Modular Ratio Theory

The modular ratio method is a computational technique that allows for the
conversion of a member cross-section constructed from any number of different
materials, with differing elastic moduli, into an “ equivalent” section consisting of a
single homogeneous, material ( Warner et al., 2007).

The modular ratio theory provides a comparatively easy method of analysing

flexural behaviour of reinforced concrete beams at service load condition.

Assumptions:

1. Plane section remains plain

2. Perfect bond between the reinforcing steel and the concrete
3. All stresses in the steel reinforcements are in the elastic range
4. Before cracking, concrete in linear and elastic. After cracking, in service
conditions, concrete has no tensile strength and is linear- elastic in
compression.

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Modular Ratio Theory

Uncracked Reinforced Concrete Section

𝜎𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑦 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

𝑀
𝜎𝑐 = 𝑦 3
𝐼𝑔

𝐼𝑔 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

𝑀 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

Modular Ratio Theory

Uncracked Reinforced Concrete Section

Assuming perfect bond between steel and concrete,

𝜀𝑐 ( 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒) = 𝜀𝑠 ( 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙) 4
Using Eq. (1), 𝜎𝑐 = 𝐸𝑐 𝜀𝑐 5
𝜎𝑠 = 𝐸𝑠 𝜀𝑠 6
𝜎𝑠 𝐸𝑠 𝜀𝑠
Using Eq. 5 & (6), = 7
𝜎𝑐 𝐸𝑐 𝜀𝑐

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Modular Ratio Theory

Uncracked Reinforced Concrete Section

𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝜎𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦,

𝜎𝑠 = 𝑛𝜎𝑐 8

𝑤𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐸𝑠 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔′ 𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙

𝐸𝑐 ( 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔′ 𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒)

𝐸𝑠
𝑛= 9
𝐸𝑐

Example 1
Analysis of Uncracked Reinforced Concrete Section
Example 1 : Calculate the stresses developed in
(a) Outermost fibers of the given section
(b) In the steel
by neglecting the effect from steel in calculating Second moment of area

Young's modulus of concrete and steel to be assumed as 24 GPa and 200 GPa,
Moment applied = 15 kNm

Note: This will be done in the lecture.

10

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Example 1
Analysis of Uncracked Reinforced Concrete Section

𝐸𝑠 =200 GPa, 𝐸𝑐 =24 GPa, M= 15 kNm

𝐼𝑔 = Second moment of area of the section

350 × 5003
𝐼𝑔 = = 3645 × 106 𝑚𝑚4
12

𝑀 15 × 106
𝜎0 = 𝜎1 = 𝑦= 250
𝐼𝑔 3645 × 106
= 𝟏. 𝟎𝟐 𝑴𝑷𝒂

At the level of steel , y=190mm, therefore

𝑀 15 × 106
𝜎𝑐,190 = 𝑦= 190 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝐼𝑔 3645 × 106

11

Example 1
Analysis of Uncracked Reinforced Concrete Section

Using modular ratio concept,

𝐸𝑠 200
𝑛= = = 8.3
𝐸𝑐 24

Stress developed in steel due the applied moment,

𝜎𝑠𝑡,190 = 𝑛𝜎𝑐 = 8.3 × 0.78 = 𝟔. 𝟓 𝑀𝑃𝑎

12

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Transformed Section Method

Uncracked Reinforced Concrete Section

Converted area
Original area

𝐴2 ( 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎) = 𝑛𝐴𝑠𝑡 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡 10

𝐴2 = (𝑛 − 1)𝐴𝑠𝑡

• In transformed section analysis method, steel area is replaced by an

equivalent concrete area using modular ratio theory.
• Neutral axis and second moment of area need to be evaluated based on the
new sectional properties.

13

Example 2
Analysis of Uncracked Reinforced Concrete Section
Use the same section given in example 1 to calculate,
(a) Stresses developed in outermost fiber of the section
(b) Stresses developed in the steel
by using transformed section method ( equivalent concrete area method)
Young's modulus of concrete and steel to be assumed as 24 GPa and 200 GPa,
Moment applied = 15 kNm

Note: This will be done in the lecture.

14

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Example 2
Analysis of Uncracked Reinforced Concrete Section

𝑑 = 500 − 60 = 440𝑚𝑚
Step 1 : Calculate 𝑑𝑛 by taking first moment of area for the section about top most fibre,
𝐷
𝐴1 + 𝐴2 𝑑𝑛 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 𝑑
2
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 1256 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴2 = (𝑛 − 1)𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝐴2 = 8.3 − 1 × 1256𝑚𝑚2 = 9173𝑚𝑚2
15

Example 2
Analysis of Uncracked Reinforced Concrete Section

𝐴1 = 500 × 350 = 175000𝑚𝑚2

𝐷
𝐴1 + 𝐴2 𝑑
𝑑𝑛 = 2
𝐴1 + 𝐴2
175000 × 250 + 9173 × 440
=
175000 + 9173
= 𝟐𝟔𝟎𝒎𝒎

Step 2 : Calculate the second moment of area of transformed section

𝑏𝐷3 𝐷
𝐼𝑔𝑡 = + 𝑏𝐷 (𝑑𝑛 − )2 +(𝑛 − 1)𝐴𝑠𝑡 (𝑑 − 𝑑𝑛 )2
12 2
350 × 5003
𝐼𝑔𝑡 = + 350 × 500 (260 − 250)2 +(8.3 − 1) × 1256 × (440 − 260)2
12
𝐼𝑔𝑡 = 𝟑𝟗𝟔𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑚𝑚4

16

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Example 2
Analysis of Uncracked Reinforced Concrete Section
Step 3 : Calculate the stresses at outermost fibres
𝑀 15 × 106
𝜎0 = 𝑦= 260 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐼𝑔𝑡 3960 × 106

𝑀 15 × 106
𝜎1 = 𝑦= 500 − 260
𝐼𝑔𝑡 3960 × 106
= 𝟏. 𝟏𝟒𝑀𝑃𝑎

Step 4 : Calculate the stress developed in steel

𝑀 15 × 106
𝜎𝑐,180 = 𝑦= (440 − 260)
𝐼𝑔𝑡 3960 × 106
= 0.68 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 𝑛𝜎𝑐,180 = 8.3 × 0.68 = 𝟓. 𝟔𝟒 𝑀𝑃𝑎

17

Cracking of Concrete

Flexural primary cracks Shear cracks

18

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Cracking of Concrete
Cracking Stress

Reinforced concrete beams crack when the stress due to the applied load in the
concrete at the extreme tensile fiber reaches the cracking stress, 𝜎𝑐𝑟

′
𝜎𝑐𝑟 = 𝑓𝑐𝑡,𝑓 − 𝜎𝑐𝑠 11
where, 𝜎𝑐𝑠 is the residual stress due to shrinkage.
′
𝑓𝑐𝑡,𝑓 is the characteristic tensile strength of concrete

In the absence of accurate data, according to AS 3600, characteristic flexural

strength of concrete can be determined from the following equation.

′ 12
𝑓𝑐𝑡,𝑓 = 0.6 𝑓𝑐′

AS 3600-2009 / Clause 3.1.1.3

19

Cracking of Concrete
Shrinkage Stress

where residual stress due to shrinkage can be estimated from.

2.5𝑝𝑤 ∗
𝜎𝑐𝑠 = × 𝐸𝑠 𝜀𝑐𝑠 13
1 + 50𝑝𝑤

∗ is the final design shrinkage

𝜀𝑐𝑠
𝑝𝑤 is the tensile steel ratio defined in Eq.(14) AS 3600-2009 / Clause 3.1.7

𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑝𝑤 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 14

∗ is given in AS 3600 clause 3.1.7

𝑏𝑤 is the width of the web and 𝜀𝑐𝑠

20

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Flexural Behaviour-Cracked Section

Singly Reinforced Rectangular Section

C = compressive force in concrete section, T = Tensile force in steel, M = applied moment,

𝜎0 , 𝜀0 = stress and strain at the outermost fibre of concrete section,
𝜎𝑠𝑡 , 𝜀𝑠𝑡 = stress developed in tension steel

Assumptions:
Concrete stress varies linearly from a maximum value of to zero at the neutral
axis at the depth 𝑑𝑛
𝑑𝑛
𝑘= 15
𝑑

21

Flexural Behaviour-Cracked Section

Compressive force , C can be calculated by

16

Similarly tensile force in steel can be calculated as

17

Lever arm between compressive and tension force to be calculated by

considering the shape of the stress block as,

18

𝜀𝑠𝑡 𝑑 − 𝑑𝑛 1−𝑘
= = 19
𝜀0 𝑑𝑛 𝑘

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Flexural Behaviour-Cracked Section

Using linear relationship, it is possible to derive 𝜎𝑠𝑡 in terms of 𝑘,

𝜎𝑠𝑡
𝐸𝑠 = 𝜀𝑠𝑡 1−𝑘
𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 𝑛𝜎0 20
𝜎0 𝑘
𝐸𝑐 = 𝜀0

By considering the force equilibrium and equating C and T and replacing 𝜎𝑠𝑡
with Eq.(20) , a second order function for 𝑘 in terms of 𝑛 and 𝑝 can be
obtained. 1
𝜎 𝑏𝑘𝑑 = 𝜎𝑠𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑡
2 0
1 1−𝑘
𝑏𝑘𝑑 = 𝑛 𝐴𝑠𝑡
2 𝑘
𝐴𝑠𝑡 1 2
=𝑝 𝑘 + 𝑛𝑝𝑘 − 𝑛𝑝 = 0 21
𝑏𝑑 2
𝑘= (𝑛𝑝)2 +2𝑛𝑝 − 𝑛𝑝
22
23

Flexural Behaviour-Cracked Section

Calculating 𝑘 from Eq.(22) and replacing in Eq.(18) it is possible to calculate 𝑧.

Therefore, maximum stress generated in the concrete can be calculated as
follows.
𝑀 = 𝐶𝑧 23

𝑀
𝜎0 = 24
1
𝑏𝑘𝑑𝑧
2

Similarly, maximum stress generated in the tension steel can be calculated as,

𝑀 = 𝑇𝑧 25

𝑀
𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 26
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑧

24

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Example 3
Analysis of Cracked Reinforced Concrete Section

For the same cross-section given in the example 1, determine the stresses
developed in concrete and steel by a moment of 50 kNm. Assume section as
cracked section.
𝐴𝑠𝑡 1257 𝐸𝑠 200
𝑝= = = 0.0082 𝑛= = = 8.33
bd 350 × 440 𝐸𝑐 24

Calculate k using Eq.(18)

𝑘= (𝑛𝑝)2 +2𝑛𝑝 − 𝑛𝑝 = 0.068 2 + 2 × 0.068 − 0.068
= 0.307
Calculate z using Eq.(14)
1
𝑍 = 440 − × 0.307 × 440 = 395 𝑚𝑚
3
50 × 106
Calculate 𝜎0 using Eq.(24) 𝜎 0 = = 5.35 𝑀𝑃𝑎
1
× 350 × 0.307 × 440 × 395
2
50 × 106
Calculate 𝜎𝑠𝑡 using Eq.(26) 𝜎𝑠𝑡 = = 101 𝑀𝑃𝑎
1257 × 395
25

Flexural Behaviour-Cracked Section

Doubly Reinforced Cracked Section Elastic Analysis

𝐶𝑠 = compressive force in top steel, 𝜎𝑠𝑐 , 𝜀𝑠𝑐 = stress and strain developed in compression steel
𝜎𝑐 = the stress developed in concrete at the level of compression steel
𝜎0 𝑑𝑛
= 27
𝜎𝑐 𝑑𝑛 − 𝑑𝑠𝑐
Re-writing the above equation; 𝑘−𝛿
𝜎𝑐 = 𝜎0 28
𝑘

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Flexural Behaviour-Cracked Section

Doubly Reinforced Cracked Section Elastic Analysis
Where, 𝑑𝑠𝑐
𝛿= 29
𝑑
Calculate the compressive steel stress using Eq.(5)
𝑘−𝛿
𝜎𝑠𝑐 = 𝑛𝜎0 30
𝑘
By using force balance, it is possible to derive the neutral axis depth.
1 𝑘−𝛿 (𝑘 − 𝛿) (1 − 𝑘)
𝜎 𝑏𝑘𝑑 − 𝜎0 𝐴𝑠𝑐 + 𝑛 𝜎0 𝐴𝑠𝑐 = 𝑛𝜎0 𝐴𝑠𝑡 31
2 0 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘

Eq.(31) can be rearranged and solve for k.

𝑘= [𝑛𝑝 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑝𝑐 ]2 +2[𝑛𝑝 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑝𝑐 𝛿] − [𝑛𝑝 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑝𝑐 ] 32

1
𝑍𝑐 = 𝑑 − 𝑘𝑑 33
3
𝑍𝑠 = 𝑑 − 𝑑𝑠𝑐 34
27

Flexural Behaviour-Cracked Section

Doubly Reinforced Cracked Section Elastic Analysis

Consider the moment equilibrium of the section;

𝑀 = 𝐶𝑠 𝑍𝑠 + 𝐶𝑐 𝑍𝑐 35
Replace the terms in Eq.(35) with 𝐶𝑠 and 𝐶𝑐
1 𝑘−𝛿
𝑀 = 𝜎0 𝑏𝑘𝑑 𝑍𝑐 + (𝑛 − 1)𝜎0 𝐴𝑠𝑐 𝑍𝑠 36
2 𝑘
Maximum stress developed in concrete
𝑀
𝜎0 = 37
1 𝑘−𝛿
𝑏𝑘𝑑 𝑍𝑐 + (𝑛 − 1) 𝐴𝑠𝑐 𝑍𝑠
2 𝑘
Stress in tension steel, Eq.(20) and (37)
(1 − 𝑘) 𝑀 38
𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 𝑛
𝑘 1 𝑘−𝛿
𝑏𝑘𝑑 𝑍𝑐 + (𝑛 − 1) 𝐴𝑠𝑐 𝑍𝑠
2 𝑘

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Example 4
Doubly Reinforced Cracked Section Elastic Analysis

Determine the neutral axis position for the crack condition and hence determine
the stresses developed in the outer fibre of the concrete and compression and
tension steel.
Note: This will be done in the Tutorial .

Young's modulus of concrete and steel to be

assumed as 24 GPa and 200 GPa, Moment applied
= 100 kNm

29

Flexural Behaviour-Cracked Section

Transformed Method- Singly Reinforced

Calculation of neutral axis depth and second moment of area of the cracked
section using transformed section method.

Neutral axis can be found by solving following equation

𝑏𝑑𝑛 2 39
= 𝑛 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 − 𝑑𝑛
2
Second moment area of the cracked section calculated as follows.
𝑏𝑑𝑛 3
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = + 𝑛𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 − 𝑑𝑛 2 40
3
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Flexural Behaviour-Cracked Section

Transformed Method-Doubly Reinforced

Calculation of neutral axis depth and second moment of area of the cracked
section using transformed section method.
𝐴𝑠𝑐 𝑛 − 1

Neutral axis can be found by solving following equation

41

Second moment area of the cracked section calculated as follows.

42

31

Example 5
Transformed Method-Doubly Reinforced

Determine the neutral axis position for the given section under the crack condition
and hence determine the stresses developed in the outer fibre of the concrete,
compression and tension steel using transformed method.

Young's modulus of concrete and steel to

be assumed as 24 GPa and 200 GPa,
Moment applied = 50 kNm

Note: This will be done in the Lecture.

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Example 5
Transformed Method-Doubly Reinforced

Young's modulus of concrete and steel to

be assumed as 24 GPa and 200 GPa,
Moment applied = 50 kNm

Step 1: Calculate neutral axis depth by getting the first moment of area of
different sections around top most fiber;
𝑏𝑑𝑛 2
+ 𝐴𝑠𝑐 𝑛 − 1 𝑑𝑛 − 𝑑𝑠𝑐 = 𝑛 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 − 𝑑𝑛
2
350 × 𝑑𝑛 2
+ 628 × 8.33 − 1 𝑑𝑛 − 60 = 8.33 × 1257 × 440 − 𝑑𝑛
2
𝑑𝑛 = 130𝑚𝑚
33

Example 5
Transformed Method-Doubly Reinforced

Step 2: Calculate Second moment of area of the cracked section

𝑏𝑑𝑛 3
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = + 𝑛 − 1 𝐴𝑠𝑐 𝑑𝑛 − 𝑑𝑠𝑐 2 + 𝑛𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 − 𝑑𝑛 2
3
350 × 1303
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = + 8.33 − 1 × 628 × 130 − 60 2 + 8.33 × 1257
3
× 440 − 130 2 = 1.285 × 109 𝑚𝑚4

Step 3: Calculate stresses developed at outermost fibers of concrete section

𝑀 50 × 106
𝜎0 = 𝑦= (130) = 5 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐼𝑐𝑟 1.285 × 109

Step 4: Calculate stresses developed in tensile reinforcements

𝑀 50 × 106
𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 𝑛 𝑦 = 8.33 × (440 − 130) = 100 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐼𝑐𝑟 1.285 × 109

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Example 5
Transformed Method-Doubly Reinforced

Step 5: Calculate stresses developed in compressive reinforcements

𝑀 50 × 106
𝜎𝑠𝑐 = 𝑛 𝑦 = 8.33 × (130 − 60) = 22 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐼𝑐𝑟 1.285 × 109

35

Moment-Curvature Relationship

Moment-curvature relationship for an under reinforced section

( Warner et al.,2007)

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Moment-Curvature Relationship
Service Load

The curvature 𝜒 is linearly related to the moment, M in a cross-section by

bending stiffness, 𝑆 .

Simple bending theory Equation: 43

1
Curvature of the beam segment given by : 𝜒= 44
𝑅
By rearranging the bending equation, where 𝑆 ( bending stiffness)= EI ).
𝑀
𝜒= 45
𝑆
Before cracking starts, for uncracked sections
𝑀
𝜒= 46
𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑔
𝐼𝑔𝑡 is the gross section area of concrete calculated using the transformed
section method used in Example 2.
37

Moment-Curvature Relationship
Effect of Tensile Steel Quantity
Moment-curvature relationships: effect of tensile steel quantity
( Warner et al.,2007)

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Moment-Curvature Relationship

Relationship between moment and curvature before cracking (𝑀 < 𝑀𝑐𝑟 )

When cracks starts ( 𝑀 > 𝑀𝑐𝑟 ) the bending stiffness of the section suddenly
reduces and can denotes as 𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑐𝑟 . 𝐼𝑐𝑟 can be obtained from either modular
ratio theory or for more accuracy using Branson Theory (1977).
𝑀𝑐𝑟 4 47
𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑒𝑓 = 𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑐𝑟 + 𝐼𝑔 − 𝐼𝑐𝑟
𝑀
For the purpose of calculating the deflection, Branson suggested to use
power of 3 instead of 4.
𝑀𝑐𝑟 3
𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑒𝑓 = 𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑐𝑟 + 𝐼𝑔 − 𝐼𝑐𝑟 48
𝑀
39

Example 6
Bending Stiffness Calculation
Calculate the bending stiffness of the given section for cracked and uncracked
section using normal method and Branson’s method.

•Young's modulus of concrete and steel to be

assumed as 24 GPa and 200 GPa, Moment applied =
′
80 kNm, 𝑓𝑐,𝑓 = 2.9 𝑀𝑃𝑎

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Example 6
Bending Stiffness Calculation

a) Uncracked condition, 𝐼𝑔
1
𝐼𝑔 = × 350 × 5003 = 3645 × 106 𝑚𝑚4
12
𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑔 = 24000 × 3645 × 106 = 87.5 𝑘𝑁𝑚2

b) Cracked condition, 𝐼𝑐𝑟

𝐴𝑠𝑡 1257 𝐸𝑠 200
𝑝= = = 0.0082 𝑛= = = 8.33
bd 350 × 440 𝐸𝑐 24
𝑘= (𝑛𝑝)2 +2𝑛𝑝 − 𝑛𝑝 = 0.068 2 + 2 × 0.068 − 0.068 = 0.307
𝑑𝑛 = 135𝑚𝑚

Using transformed method,

𝑏𝑑𝑛 3 2
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = + 𝑛𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 − 𝑑𝑛
3

41

Example 6
Bending Stiffness Calculation

b) cont.
350 × 1353 2
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = + 8.33 × 1257 × 440 − 135 = 1260 × 106 𝑚𝑚4
3
Stiffness of fully crack section,
𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑐𝑟 = 24 × 103 × 1260 × 106

𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑐𝑟 = 30.24 × 103 𝑘𝑁𝑚2

c) Effective bending stiffness ( Branson’s method)

′
𝑓𝑐,𝑓 = 2.9 𝑀𝑃𝑎

1 ′
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 𝑏𝐷2 𝑓𝑐,𝑓
6
1
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = × 350 × 5002 × 2.9 = 42.29 𝑘𝑁𝑚
6
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Example 6
Bending Stiffness Calculation

C) cont.
𝑀𝑐𝑟 42.29
= = 0.52
𝑀 80

Using Branson’s Eq.

𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 1.29 × 109 + 3645 − 1260 × 106 × 0.523

𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 1595 × 106 𝑚𝑚4

𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 24000 × 1595 × 106 = 38.2 × 103 𝑘𝑁𝑚2

43

Moment-Curvature Relationship
Defining of First Yield Point

𝑑𝑛
𝑀𝑦 = 𝑓𝑠𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 − 49
3
1
𝑀𝑦 = 𝑓𝑠𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 1 − 𝑘 50
3
𝜀𝑠𝑦
𝜒𝑦 = 51
𝑑 − 𝑑𝑛

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Example 7
Defining of First Yield Point

Calculate the first yield moment and the relevant curvature for the given section
in example 5.

Calculating the yield moment using Eq.(41)

135
𝑀𝑦 = 500 × 1257 440 − = 234 𝑘𝑁𝑚
3
500 × 106
𝜀𝑠𝑦 = = 0.0025
200 × 109
0.0025
𝜒𝑦 = = 8.19 × 10−6𝑚𝑚−1
440 − 135

45

Moment-Curvature Relationship
Non-linear Behaviour of Reinforcement Concrete

Compressive strain in the concrete section at height y above the neutral axis is
given by;

𝑦
𝜖 𝑦 = 𝜖0 52
𝑑𝑛

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Moment-Curvature Relationship
Non-linear Behaviour of Reinforcement Concrete

Similarly no-linear distribution of concrete stress block, stress is explained as a

function of 𝜖0 and y.
2
𝜀0 𝑦 𝜀0 𝑦
𝜎 𝑦 = 𝑓𝑐 2 − ′ 53
𝜀0′ 𝑑𝑛 𝜀0 𝑑𝑛

The compressive force C can be defined by obtaining the area of the stress
block similar to the work done in linear examples.
𝑑𝑛
𝐶= 𝑏𝜎 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 54
𝑦=0

2
𝜀0 1 𝜀0
𝐶 = 𝑓𝑐 𝑏𝑑𝑛 ′ − 55
𝜀0 3 𝜀0′

For a particular value of 𝜀0 and known value of 𝜀0′ , C can be explained as a

function of 𝑑𝑛
𝐶 = 𝑓(𝑑𝑛 ) 56
47

Moment-Curvature Relationship
Non-linear Behaviour of Reinforcement Concrete

By assuming steel still in elastic state

𝑑 − 𝑑𝑛
𝜀𝑠𝑡 = 𝜀0 57
𝑑𝑛
𝑑 − 𝑑𝑛
𝑇 = 𝐸𝑠 𝜀0 𝐴𝑠𝑡 58
𝑑𝑛
For a particular value of 𝜀0 T can be explained as a function of 𝑑𝑛
𝑇 = 𝑓(𝑑𝑛 )
The by considering the force balance C=T it is possible to obtain neutral axis
depth, 𝑑𝑛 .
Next step is the obtain the distance to the force C from the neutral axis as
shown below. 𝑑𝑛
𝐶𝑦 = 𝑏𝑦𝜎 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 59
𝑦=0
2
2 𝜀0 1 𝜀0 60
𝐶𝑦 = 𝑏𝑓𝑐 𝑑𝑛2 ′ −
3 𝜀0 4 𝜀0′
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Moment-Curvature Relationship
Non-linear Behaviour of Reinforcement Concrete

Lever arm for the moment at the level of T due to force C can be calculated
using the following relationships:

𝑑𝑐 = 𝑑𝑛 − 𝑦 61

𝑧 = 𝑑 − 𝑑𝑐 62

Moment M and curvature 𝜒 is obtained as follows.

𝑀 = 𝐶𝑧 63
𝜀0
𝜒= 64
𝑑𝑛

49

Example 8
Moment-Curvature Relationship

Develop your own calculation sheet to generate moment-curvature relationship

for the given section highlighting,
a) Critical moment and curvature
b) Yield moment and curvature
c) Non linear component of moment and curvature diagram by assuming
parabolic stress development.

Young's modulus of concrete and steel to be

assumed as 24 GPa and 200 GPa,
′
𝑓𝑐,𝑓 = 2.9 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Yield stress of steel = 500 MPa
Characteristic strength of concrete = 24 MPa

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Example 8
Moment-Curvature Relationship

Calculation for moment and curvature at 𝜀0 =0.0015, Assume 𝜀0′ =0.003

Step 1: Calculate C in terms of 𝑑𝑛

2 2
𝜀0 1 𝜀0 0.0015 1 0.0015
𝐶 = 𝑓𝑐 𝑏𝑑𝑛 − 𝐶 = 24 × 𝑏𝑑𝑛 − = 10𝑏𝑑𝑛
𝜀0′ 3 𝜀0′ 0.003 3 0.003

Step 2: Calculate T

𝑑 − 𝑑𝑛 440 − 𝑑𝑛
𝑇 = 𝐸𝑠 𝜀0 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 200 × 103 × 0.0015 × × 1256
𝑑𝑛 𝑑𝑛

Step 3: Evaluate 𝑑𝑛 by C=T

𝐶=𝑇
440 − 𝑑𝑛
10𝑏𝑑𝑛 = 200 × 103 × 0.0015 × × 1256 𝑑𝑛 = 170𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝑛

51

Example 8
Moment-Curvature Relationship

Step 4: Calculate, 𝑦
2
2 𝜀0 1 𝜀0
𝐶𝑦 = 𝑏𝑓𝑐 𝑑𝑛2 ′ −
3 𝜀0 4 𝜀0′

2
𝑏𝑓𝑐 𝑑𝑛2 2 𝜀0 1 𝜀0
𝑦= −
𝐶 3 𝜀0′ 4 𝜀0′

2
𝑓𝑐 𝑑𝑛 2 𝜀0 1 𝜀0
𝑦= −
10 3 𝜀0′ 4 𝜀0′

2
24 × 170 2 0.0015 1 0.0015
𝑦= − = 110𝑚𝑚
10 3 0.003 4 0.003

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Example 8
Moment-Curvature Relationship

Step 4: Calculate, 𝑑𝑐
𝑑𝑐 = 𝑑𝑛 − 𝑦 = 170 − 110𝑚𝑚 = 60𝑚𝑚

Step 5: Calculate, Moment , M

𝑀 = 𝐶𝑧

𝑧 = 𝑑 − 𝑑𝑐

𝑀 = 𝐶𝑧 = 10𝑏𝑑𝑛 × (𝑑 − 𝑑𝑐 )

𝑀 = 𝐶𝑧 = 10𝑏𝑑𝑛 × 𝑑 − 𝑑𝑐 = 10 × 350 × 170 × 440 − 60

= 226 𝑘𝑁𝑚

Step 6: Calculate the curvature, 𝜒

𝜀0 𝜀0 0.0015
𝜒= 𝜒= = = 8.82 × 10−6
𝑑𝑛 𝑑𝑛 170
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