EXPERIMENT 1

Aim: Design and test a high-level collector Modulator circuit and Demodulation the signal using
diode detector.

Components and equipment’s required: Transistor – SL100, Resistors – 22k Ω(POT), 47KΩ,
Capacitors- 1µf, 0.1µf , Inductor, , DC Supply – 30V, Signal generator (1MHz), CRO(40 MHz),
Connecting wires and Bread board

Theory:
The amplitude modulation definition is, an amplitude of the carrier signal is proportional to (in

accordance with) the amplitude of the input modulating signal. Amplitude modulation (AM) in a
tuned amplifier circuit using a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) involves varying the amplitude of
an input signal to carry information. The BJT acts as an amplifier, and the tuned circuit filters out
unwanted frequencies, leaving only the desired modulated signal. By adjusting the biasing of the
BJT, the modulation depth can be controlled, allowing for faithful reproduction of the
modulating signal. Overall, the tuned amplifier circuit amplifies the modulated signal while
filtering out noise and unwanted frequencies, enabling efficient transmission or reception of
modulated signals. The detector is a demodulator, It recovers the original signal (what was the
modulating signal at the transmitter end) from the received AM signal. The detector consists of a
simple half-wave rectifier which rectifies the received AM signal. This is followed by a low pass
filter which removes (bypasses) the high-frequency carrier waveform the received signal. The
resultant output of the low pass filter will be the original input (modulating) signal.

Design:
Reconstruction circuit: consider frequency of message signal as fm =100 Hz, this is the cutoff

𝑓𝑚 = 2𝜋𝑅𝐶
1
frequency of LPF. Choose C = 0.1μF and find R using

=
1

𝑓𝑐
Tuned Circuit frequency is
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶
. Carrier wave frequency fc=1KHz Assume capacitor =1uF

then L= 25.33mH
Circuit Diagram

Modulation

Demodulation

Waveforms

Where A = Vmax and B = Vmin

Procedure
1. Rig up the circuit as shown in the figure.
2. Set the amplitude of c(t) = 2Vp and m(t) = 2Vp using different signal generator.
3. Set the frequency of message signal m(t) =100Hz & carrier wave signal c(t) = 1KHz to
get the AM wave.
4. Tune the 22KΩ pot till get clear waveforms of AM in CRO.
5. Note down the Vmax & Vmin.
6. Calculate the modulation index µ along with values of Vm & Vc
7. Repeat step number 4 and 5 for various value of Vmax & Vmin by varying amplitude
of modulating signal m(t).

Result: Designed and verified Amplitude modulation and demodulation circuit.

Components Required:

 PLL 565
 Resistor, 12K, 12K, 1KΩ
 Capacitor: 10uF, 0.01uF, 0.01uF
 Bread board, Connecting wire
 CRO (40MHz), Signal generator(1MHz), DC supply(30V)

Theory:

Circuit Diagram:
Waveform

Tabular Column:
Procedure:
1. Setup the FM generator circuit and apply 5Vpp, 1KHz sine wave input and observe
the output.
2. Note maximum and minimum frequency fmax and fmin of FM output. Calculate
frequency deviation ∆ f =f max−f min. Calculate the modulation index mi=∆f / f m where fm is
modulating signal frequency.
3. Set up FM demodulator and apply the FM signal to it. Observe the demodulated output.
Result:
Verified FM modulation and demodulation circuit using PLL.
 EXPERIMENT 4
Aim: Design and plot the frequency response of Preemphesis and Deemphasis Circuits

Components Required:

Theory:

The pre-emphasis and de-emphasis help to improve the quality of any communication especially
audio signals on the transmitter and receiver sides. The presence of noise is also an issue in FM
and we know that noise usually has higher amplitude and higher frequency. When the amplitude
of a high-frequency noise is higher than the current component in the modulation signal, it
causes high-frequency interference. To deal with this issue, most FM circuits use a technique
called pre-emphasis during transmission and de-emphasis during receiving. Pre-emphasis and
de-emphasis circuits are commonly used in FM transmitters and receivers to improve the output
signal-to-noise ratio. The pre-emphasis circuit is actually a high pass filter and de-emphasis
circuit a low pass filter. The amount of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis used is defined by the
time constant of a simple RC filter circuit. Simple pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuits using
op-amp are given in the diagram

Circuit Diagram:
Frequency response of Pre-emphasis Circuit Frequency response of De-emphasis Circuit
 Design:
Choose appropriate value for Time constant, T Sound transmission in TV have been
standardized at 75 µsec.
Therefore, the time constant T = 75µ = R2C2 With general assumptions of value of
C2 = 0.1µF then find R2 = T / C2=75µ /0.1µ = 750Ω (Assume 820Ω as standard Value)
For Butterworth filters, Gain A = 1.586 Gain of non-inverting amplifier = 1+Rf/R1 →
1.586 = 1+Rf/R1 → Rf/R1 = 0.586
Take suitable value of R1=1KΩ, then find Rf =586 (Assume 560Ω as standard Value).
Tabular Column
Frequency F in Hz Output Voltage Vo in Volts Output = 20log (Vo)
100 Hz
…
…
100 KHz
Expected Graph
Frequency response of Pre-emphasis Frequency response of De-emphasis

Procedure:
1. Test all the components and probes.
2. Set up the pre- emphasis circuit on a bread board as shown in figure.
3. Feed a sine wave as input =1V.
4. Vary the frequency from 100 Hz to 100KHz on step of 500 Hz and note down the values of
the corresponding output voltage on a tabular column.
5. Plot frequency response on a graph sheet with log f on x-axis and gain in dB on yaxis.
6. Mark the cut-off frequencies corresponding to 3dB points.
7. Repeat the above steps for de-emphasis circuit.
Result: Designed and verified and ploted the frequency response of Pre-emphasis and
Deemphasis
 EXPERIMENT 6
Aim: Design and test Pulse sampling, flat top sampling and reconstruction.
Theory:
The sampling theorem can be defined as the conversion of an analog signal into a discrete form
by taking the sampling frequency as twice the input analog signal frequency. Input signal
frequency denoted by Fm and sampling signal frequency denoted by Fs. If the sampling
frequency (Fs) equals twice the input signal frequency (Fm), then such a condition is called the
Nyquist Criteria for sampling. When sampling frequency equals twice the input signal frequency
is known as “Nyquist rate”. If the sampling frequency (Fs) is less than twice the input signal
frequency, such criteria called an Aliasing effect. In flat-top sampling or rectangular pulse
sampling, the top of the samples remains constant and is equal to the instantaneous value of the
baseband signal x(t) at the start of sampling. During transmission, noise is introduced at top of
the transmission pulse which can be easily removed if the pulse is in the form of flat top. Here,
the top of the samples are flat i.e. they have constant amplitude. Hence, it is called as flat top
sampling or practical sampling. Flat top sampling makes use of sample and hold circuit.”
Circuit Diagram
Pulse sampling circuit diagram
Reconstruction of Pulse sampling circuit diagram

Flat Top Sampling

Waveform

Procedure:

Before wiring the circuit checks all the components using multi meter.
2. As per design set the values and do the connections as shown in circuit diagram.
3. Set the pulse signal amplitude or sampling signal to around 4 Vp and frequency, fs = 1KHz.
4. Set the message signal amplitude to around 2 Vp and frequency, fm = 100 HZ.
5. Observe the sampled signal at the emitter terminal of transistor
6. Connect this output to the reconstruction filter and observe the waveforms.
Results: Verified the working Pulse sampling, flat top sampling and reconstruction circuits