22POP13

Model Question Paper-I/II with effect from 2022-23 (CBCS Scheme)

USN
First/Second Semester B.E.
Degree Examination
PRINCIPLES OF
PROGRAMMING USING C

TIME: 03 Hours Max. Marks: 100

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Note: 01. Answer any FIVE full questions, choosing at least ONE question from each
MODULE. 02. Use C code snippet to illustrate a specific code design or a purpose
Mod *Bloom’s Ma
ule -1 Taxonomy rks
Level

Q.0
1
m a Explain the structure of C program in detail. Write a sample program to
demonstrate the components in the structure of C program
The basic structure of a C program is divided into 6 parts which makes it
easy to read, modify, document, and understand in a particular format.
C program must follow the below-mentioned outline in order to
L2 8

successfully compile and execute. Debugging is easier in a well-structured

C program.
Sections of the C Program
There are 6 basic sections responsible for the proper execution of a
program. Sections are mentioned below:

1. Documentation
2. Preprocessor Section
3. Definition
4. Global Declaration
5. Main() Function
a. Sub Programs

1. Documentation

This section consists of the description of the program, the name of the
program, and the creation date and time of the program. It is specified at
the start of the program in the form of comments. Documentation can be
represented as:

// description, name of the program, programmer name, date, time etc.

or

/*
description, name of the program, programmer name, date, time etc.
*/
Anything written as comments will be treated as documentation of the

program and this will not interfere with the given code. Basically, it gives
an overview to the reader of the program.

2. Preprocessor Section

All the header files of the program will be declared in the preprocessor
section of the program. Header files help us to access other’s improved

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code into our code. A copy of these multiple files is inserted into our
program before the process of compilation.

Example:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>

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3. Definition

Preprocessors are the programs that process our source code before the
process of compilation. There are multiple steps which are involved in the
writing and execution of the program. Preprocessor directives start with
the ‘#’ symbol. The #define preprocessor is used to create a constant
throughout the program. Whenever this name is encountered by the
compiler, it is replaced by the actual piece of defined code.

Example:

#define long long ll

4. Global Declaration

The global declaration section contains global variables, function

declaration, and static variables. Variables and functions which are
declared in this scope can be used anywhere in the program.

Example:

int num = 18;

5. Main() Function

Every C program must have a main function. The main() function of the
program is written in this section. Operations like declaration and
execution are performed inside the curly braces of the main program. The
return type of the main() function can be int as well as void too. void()
main tells the compiler that the program will not return any value. The
int main() tells the compiler that the program will return an integer value.

Example:

void main()
 or

int main()

6. Sub Programs

User-defined functions are called in this section of the program. The

control of the program is shifted to the called function whenever they are
called from the main or outside the main() function. These are specified as

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per the requirements of the programmer.

Example:

int sum(int x, int y)

{
return x+y;

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}

b Demonstrate formatted output of integer in C with suitable example L3 6

Demonstrate formatted INPUT of integer in C with suitable example

In C programming, you can use the printf function to display formatted

output. To display integers with a specific format, you can use format
specifiers
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int number = 42;

// Displaying the integer with different formats

printf("Integer: %d\n", number); // %d is the format specifier for
integers
printf("Integer (padded with zeros): %05d\n", number); // Padded
with zeros to a width of 5
printf("Integer (right-aligned): %-10d\n", number); // Right-aligned
within a width of 10
printf("Integer (with sign): %+d\n", number); // Display sign (+
or -)

return 0;
}

%d is the format specifier for integers.

Demonstrate formatted INPUT of integer in C with suitable example

In C programming, you can use the scanf function to read formatted

input, including integers. Here's an example

demonstrating the formatted input of an integer

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int number;
 // Prompt the user for input
printf("Enter an integer: ");

// Read an integer from the user

if (scanf("%d", &number) == 1) {
// If the input is a valid integer, display it
printf("You entered: %d\n", number);
} else {
// If the input is not a valid integer, display an error message
printf("Invalid input. Please enter a valid integer.\n");

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}

return 0;
}

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c Discuss different types of error occur in L2 6
program Syntax Errors:
● Definition: Syntax errors occur when the code violates the rules
of the programming language.
● Examples: Missing semicolons at the end of statements,
mismatched parentheses or braces, incorrect use of keywords, etc.
● Impact: The program will not compile until syntax errors are
fixed. The compiler will generate error messages pointing to the
location of the syntax error.
// Example of syntax error
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
printf("Hello, world!" // Missing semicolon
return 0;
}

Logic Errors:
● Definition: Logic errors occur when the code does not produce the
expected output due to mistakes in the algorithm or overall design.
● Examples: Incorrect calculations, improper conditional
statements, wrong loop conditions, etc.
● Impact: The program may compile and run, but it will not
produce the desired or correct results. Debugging is required to
identify and fix logic errors.
// Example of logic
error #include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int x = 5, y = 10;
int sum = x - y; // Incorrect operation

printf("Sum: %d\n", sum);

return 0;
}

Runtime Errors:
 ● Definition: Runtime errors occur while the program is
running. They are often related to unexpected conditions or
invalid operations during execution.
● Examples: Division by zero, accessing an array out of
bounds, dereferencing a null pointer, etc.
● Impact: The program may terminate abruptly (crash) or exhibit
unpredictable behavior. Identifying and fixing runtime errors
often involves debugging tools.
// Example of runtime error
#include <stdio.h>

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int main() {
int divisor = 0;
int result = 10 / divisor; // Division by zero

printf("Result: %d\n", result);

return 0;

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}

OR

Q.0 a Explain the various rules for forming identifiers names. Give examples L2 8
2 for valid and invalid identifiers for the same.
In C programming, identifiers are names given to various program
elements such as variables, functions, arrays, etc. Identifiers must follow
certain rules to be valid.

Rules for Forming Identifiers in C:

Character Set:
● Valid characters for identifiers are letters (both
uppercase and lowercase), digits, and the underscore _.
● The first character of an identifier must be a letter or an
underscore.
Length:
● Identifiers can be of any length, but only the first 31
characters are significant. Some compilers may
support longer identifiers.
Keywords:
● Identifiers cannot be the same as C keywords (reserved
words). For example, int, for, while, etc., are reserved
and cannot be used as identifiers.
Whitespace:
● No whitespace characters are allowed within an identifier.
 Examples of Valid Identifiers:

int variable; // valid

float average_score; // valid
char _symbol; // valid
int x1; // valid

Examples of Invalid Identifiers:

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int 123number; // invalid (starts with a digit)
double my-score; // invalid (contains a hyphen)
char first name; // invalid (contains a whitespace)
float while; // invalid (while is a keyword)

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b Mention various output devices and explain hardcopy devices

Common Output Devices:

L1 6

Monitors (Visual Display Units):

● Monitors display information in visual form on a screen.
They come in various types, such as CRT (Cathode Ray
Tube), LCD (Liquid Crystal Display), LED (Light
Emitting Diode), and more.
Printers:
● Printers produce a hardcopy of the information
processed by a computer. There are different types of
printers, including dot matrix, inkjet, laser, and thermal
printers.
Plotters:
● Plotters are used to produce high-quality graphical output.
They use pens to draw images on paper based on computer
instructions.
Projectors:
● Projectors display computer-generated images or
presentations on a large screen or surface, often used
in classrooms and business presentations.
Speakers:
● Speakers provide audio output, allowing users to hear
sound produced by the computer, such as music, videos, or
system alerts.

Hardcopy Devices:

Hardcopy devices produce a permanent, physical copy of the information.

The primary hardcopy device is a printer. Printers can be further
categorized based on their printing technology:

Dot Matrix Printers:

 ● These printers use a matrix of pins to strike an inked
ribbon, creating dots on paper. They are relatively slow
but are capable of producing multipart forms. They are
used in applications like invoice printing.
Inkjet Printers:
● Inkjet printers spray tiny droplets of ink onto paper
to create images or text. They are suitable for
producing high-quality color prints and are commonly
used for documents and photo printing.

c Explain generation of computer L2 6

1. First Generation (1940s-1950s):

● Technology: Vacuum tubes were used for electronic components.

● Characteristics: Large, expensive, and prone to
overheating. Limited to batch processing.
● Examples: ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator
and Computer), UNIVAC I.

2. Second Generation (1950s-1960s):

● Technology: Transistors replaced vacuum tubes, leading to

smaller and more reliable computers.
● Characteristics: Faster, smaller, and more affordable.
Introduction of assembly language and high-level programming
languages.
● Examples: IBM 1401, IBM 7090 series.

3. Third Generation (1960s-1970s):

● Technology: Integrated circuits (ICs) replaced

individual transistors, leading to increased computing
power.
● Characteristics: Smaller, more powerful, and more
reliable. Introduction of time-sharing and
multiprogramming.
● Examples: IBM System/360, CDC 6600.

4. Fourth Generation (1970s-1980s):

● Technology: Microprocessors, VLSI (Very Large Scale

Integration) chips, and the development of personal computers.
● Characteristics: Smaller, cheaper, and accessible to
individuals. Rise of GUIs (Graphical User Interfaces) and
networking.
● Examples: IBM PC, Apple Macintosh, Commodore 64.

5. Fifth Generation (1980s-Present):

● Technology: Parallel processing, artificial intelligence (AI),

and advanced software development.
● Characteristics: Focus on parallel processing, AI, and natural
language processing. Integration of voice and image
recognition.
 ● Examples: IBM Watson, Google's DeepMind.

Mod Module-2
ule-2

Q. 03 a Demonstrate the functioning of Bitwise operator in C L3 6

Bitwise operators
Bitwise operators are used to manipulate bits in various different ways.
They are equivalent to how we use mathmatical operations like (+, -, /, *)
among numbers, similarly we use bitwise operators like (|, &, ^, <<, >>, ~)

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among bits.

Type of Bitwise Operators

Bitwise AND(&) : lt takes two numbers as operands and does AND on

every bit of two numbers. The result of AND is 1 only if both bits are 1.

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Bitwise OR( | ) : Ittakes two numbers as operands and does OR on every
bit of two numbers. The result of OR is 1 if any of the two bits is 1.
Bitwise XOR (^) :It takes two numbers as operands and does XOR on
every bit of two numbers. The result of XOR is 1 if the two bits are
different.
Left shift(<<) : It takes two numbers, the left shifts the bits of the first
operand, and the second operand decides the number of places to shift.
Right shift(>>) : It takes two numbers, right shifts the bits of the first
operand, and the second operand decides the number of places to shift.
Bitwise NOT(~): It takes one number and inverts all bits of it.

b Write a C program to find roots of quadratic equation L3 8

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<math.h>
int main()
{
float a, b, c, d,root1,root2,real,imag;
printf("enter the coefficients a, b, c:\n");
scanf("%f%f%f",&a,&b,&c); if(a==0||b==0||
c==0)
{
printf("Invalid coefficients\n");
exit(0);
}
d=b*b-4*a*c;
if(d>0)
{
root1=(-b+sqrt(d))/(2.0*a);
root2=(-b-sqrt(d))/(2.0*a);
printf("the roots are real and distinct...\n");
printf("root1=%.2f\n”,root1); printf(“root2=
%.2f\n",root2);
}
else if(d==0)
{
root1=root2=-b/(2.0*a);
printf("the roots are real and equal..\n"); printf("root1=%.2f\
n”,root1);
 printf(“root2=%.2f\n",root2);
}
{
real= -b/(2.0*a);
imag=sqrt(fabs(d))/(2.0*a);
printf("the roots are complex and
imaginary..\n");
printf("root1=%.2f+i%.2f\n",real,imag);
printf(“root2=%.2f-i%.2f\n",real,imag);
}

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return 0;
}

c Distinguish between the break and continue statement L4 6

break statement: This statement terminates the smallest enclosing loop
(i.e., while, do-while, for loop, or switch statement). Below is the program
to illustrate the same:

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Example:
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i = 0, j = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)

{
printf("i = %d, j = ", i);
for (int j = 0; j < 5; j++) {

if (j==2 )
break;

printf("%d ", j);

}
printf("\n");

}
return 0;
}

continue statement: This statement skips the rest of the loop statement
and starts the next iteration of the loop to take place. Below is the
program to illustrate the same.

Example:

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i = 0, j = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)

{
printf("i = %d, j = ", i);
for (int j = 0; j < 5; j++) {
 if (j==2 )
continue;

printf("%d ", j);

}
printf("\n");

}
return 0;
}

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OR

Q.0 a Illustrate Nested loops in C with suitable example L3 6

4 A nested loop means a loop statement inside another loop statement.
That is why nested loops are also called “loop inside loops“. We can

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define any number of loops inside another loop.

1. Nested for Loop

Nested for loop refers to any type of loop that is defined inside a ‘for’
loop. Below is the equivalent flow diagram for nested ‘for’ loops

Syntax:
for ( initialization; condition; increment )

{ for ( initialization; condition; increment )

// statement of inside loop

}

// statement of outer loop

}
Example :
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
int arr[2][3] = { { 0, 6 }, { 1, 7 }, { 2, 8 } };

for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i)

{ for (int j = 0; j < 3; ++j)

{
printf("Element at arr[%i][%i][%i] = %d\n", i, j, k, arr[i][j][k]);

return 0;
}

2. Nested while Loop

A nested while loop refers to any type of loop that is defined inside
a ‘while’ loop. Below is the equivalent flow diagram for nested
‘while’ loops:
Syntax:

while(condition)

{ while(condition)

// statement of inside loop

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}

// statement of outer loop

}
Example: Print Pattern using nested while loops

// C program to print pattern using nested while loops

m
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{

int end = 5;

printf("Pattern Printing using Nested While loop");

int i = 1;

while (i <= end) {

printf("\n");

int j = 1;

while (j <= i)

{ printf("%d ",

j); j = j + 1;

i = i + 1;

return 0;
}

Output
Pattern Printing using Nested While loop
1
12
123
1234
12345

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m
3. Nested do-while Loop
A nested do-while loop refers to any type of loop that is defined inside a
do-while loop. Below is the equivalent flow diagram for nested ‘do-while’
loops:

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Syntax:

do{

do{

// statement of inside loop

}while(condition);

// statement of outer loop

}while(condition);

Example: Below program uses a nested for loop to print all prime factors
of a number.

#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>

// A function to print all prime factors of a given number n

void primeFactors(int n)
{
 // Print the number of 2s that divide n

while (n % 2 == 0) {

printf("%d ", 2);

n = n / 2;

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for (int i = 3; i <= sqrt(n); i = i + 2) {

// While i divides n, print i and divide n

while (n % i == 0) {

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printf("%d ", i);

n = n / i;

if (n > 2)

printf("%d ", n);

}

int main()
{

int n = 315;

primeFactors(n);

return 0;
}

b Write a C program to print whether a given number is palindrome or not L3 7

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{ int
n,r,s=0,x;
scanf("%d",&n);
x=n;
while(x!=0)
{
r=x%10;
s=s*10+r;
x/=10;
 }
printf("Reverse of the number is %d",s);
if(s==n)
printf("\nNumber is a palindrome");
else
printf("\nNumber is not a palindrome");
return 0;
}

c Explain switch statements with syntax. Write a C program to simulate L3 7

calculator

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Switch Statement
The switch statement in C is an alternate to if-else-if ladder statement
which allows us to execute multiple operations for the different possibles
values of a single variable called switch variable.Here, We can define
various statements in the multiple cases for the different values of a
single variable.

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Syntax:
switch(expression){
case value1:
//code to be
executed; break;
//optional case
value2:
//code to be executed;
break; //optional
......

default:
code to be executed if all cases are not matched;
}

Example :
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int main()
{
int a, b, res; char op;
printf("Enter a simple arithmetic expression:\n"); scanf("%d%c
%d",&a,&op,&b);
switch(op)
{
case '+':res=a+b;
break;
case '-':res=a-b;
break;
case '*':res=a*b;
break;
case '/':if(b!=0)
res=a/b;
else
{
printf("division by zero is not possible\n");
exit(0);
}
 break;
case '%':res=a%b
; break;
default:printf("Illigal operator\n");
exit(0);
}
printf("\nResult=%d”,res);
return 0;
}

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Mod
ule-3

Q. 05 a Write a C program to implement Bubble sort technique(ascending order) L3 8

Sorting elements in ascending order using bubble sort
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

m
void main()
{
int i,j,a[10],temp;
clrscr();
printf(“ Enter the number of elements:”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
printf(“Enter the elements into an array\n”);
for(i=0;i<n;i++);
{ scanf(“%d”,a[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<n-1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n-1-i;j++)
{
if(a[j]>a[j+1])
{
temp=a[j];
a[j]=a[j+1];
a[j+1]=temp;
}
}}
printf(“ The sorted elements are \n“);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf(“%d”,a[i]”);
}
return 0;
getch();
}

b Illustrate the concept of recursive function with example L3 6

A recursive function is a function that calls itself directly or indirectly.
It is one of the most important fundamental concepts in c programming.
It helps to break down a complex problem into smaller sub- problems.

Here’s an example c program that uses a recursive function to find the

factorial of a number
 #include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
Int n;
clrscr();
printf(“Enter the number:”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
if(n<0)
printf(“invalid number”);
else

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return 1;
else
return(x*fact(x-1));
}

Output:

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Enter the number: 5
5!=120

c Discuss various scope of variables L2 6

The scope is the variable region in which it can be used. Beyond that
area, we cannot use a variable. The local and global are two scopes for c
variables.
Local scope:
The local scope is limited to the code or function in which the variable is
declared.
Global scope :
Global scope is the entire program. Global variables can be used
anywhere throughout the program.
There are 2 types of variables ont he basis of Scope.
Local variables:
The variable that is declared in a function or code is called a local
variable.
The scope of local variables is within the defined function only. We
cannot use a local variable outside the function(in which it is declared).
Global variables:
The scope of the global variable is the entire program. They are not
defined inside any function and can be used in any function.
Example program:
#include<stdio.h>
char name= surendra; //Declaring global variable//
void person()
{
int age=20; //Declaring local variable//
Float height=5.8;
printf(“ age is%d\n, age);
printf(“height is %f”,height);
printf(“ name is %c”,name);
}
int main()
{
person();
 return 0;
}

OR

Q. 06 a Differentiate between call by value and call by reference. Using suitable L4 8

example
Call by value:
● The value of the actual parameters is copied into the formal
parameters
● The arguments in the function call(Actual arguments) are not

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modified by the change in parameters of the called function(formal
arguments)
● Different memory is allocated for actual and formal
parameters. Example : program to show call by value.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()

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{
int a,b,swap();
clrscr();
a=5;
b=10;
printf(“ value of a=%d and value of b=%d before swap”,a,b);
swap(a,b);
printf(“\n value of a=%d and b=%d after swap”,a,b);
getch();
}
int swap(int x,int y)
{
int temp;
temp=x;
x=y;
y=temp;
}

Call by reference:
● The address of the variable is passed into the function call as
the actual parameter
● The value of the actual parameters can be modified by changing
the formal parameters since the address of the actual parameters
is passed
● Same memory is allocated for both formal parameters.
Example: program to show call by reference.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,*aa,*bb,swap();
clrscr();
a=5;
b=10;
aa=&a;
bb=&b;
printf(“value of a=%d and value of b=%d before swap”,a,b);
 swap(aa,bb);
printf(“\n value of a=%d and b=%d after swap”,a,b);
getch();
}
int swap(int *x,int*y)
{
int temp;
temp=*x;
*x=*y;
*y=temp;
}

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b Write a C program to transpose a MxN matrix
#include<stdio.h>
L3 8

m
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
Int a[3][2],b[2][3],i,j;
clrscr();
printf(“Enter values of matrix:”);
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<2;j++)
scanf(“%d”,&a[i][j]);
}
printf(“Matrix:\n”);
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<2;j++)
printf(“%d”,a[i][j]); printf(“\
n”);
}
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
b[j][i]=a[i][j];
}
printf(“Transpose matrix:\n”);
for(i=0;i<2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
printf(“%d”,b[i][j]); printf(“\
n”);
}
getch();
}

Output:
Enter values of the matrix: 4
5
6
1
2
 3
Matrix:
45
61
23
Transpose matrix:
462
513

c Discuss the various storage classes L2 4

C language uses 4 storage classes, namely:

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m
1. auto
This is the default storage class for all the variables declared inside a
function or a block. Hence, the keyword auto is rarely used while writing
programs in C language. Auto variables can be only accessed within the
block/function they have been declared and not outside them (which
defines their scope). Of course, these can be accessed within nested blocks
within the parent block/function in which the auto variable was declared.
However, they can be accessed outside their scope as well using the
concept of pointers given here by pointing to the very exact memory
location where the variables reside. They are assigned a garbage value by
default whenever they are declared.
2. extern
Extern storage class simply tells us that the variable is defined elsewhere
and not within the same block where it is used. Basically, the value is
assigned to it in a different block and this can be overwritten/changed in a
different block as well. So an extern variable is nothing but a global
variable initialized with a legal value where it is declared in order to be
used elsewhere. It can be accessed within any function/block.
Also, a normal global variable can be made extern as well by placing the
‘extern’ keyword before its declaration/definition in any function/block.
This basically signifies that we are not initializing a new variable but
instead, we are using/accessing the global variable only. The main purpose
of using extern variables is that they can be accessed between two different
files which are part of a large program.
 3. static
This storage class is used to declare static variables which are popularly
used while writing programs in C language. Static variables have the
property of preserving their value even after they are out of their scope!
Hence, static variables preserve the value of their last use in their scope.
So we can say that they are initialized only once and exist till the
termination of the program. Thus, no new memory is allocated because
they are not re-declared.
Their scope is local to the function to which they were defined. Global
static variables can be accessed anywhere in the program. By default, they

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are assigned the value 0 by the compiler.
4. register
This storage class declares register variables that have the same
functionality as that of the auto variables. The only difference is that the
compiler tries to store these variables in the register of the microprocessor
if a free register is available. This makes the use of register variables to be

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much faster than that of the variables stored in the memory during the
runtime of the program.
If a free registration is not available, these are then stored in the memory
only. Usually, a few variables which are to be accessed very frequently in a
program are declared with the register keyword which improves the
running time of the program. An important and interesting point to be
noted here is that we cannot obtain the address of a register variable using
pointers.

Module-4

Q. 07 a Mention various operations that can be performed on string using L2 8

built-in functions. Explain any two function
In C programming, you can perform various operations on strings using
standard library functions from the `string.h` header. Here are two
commonly used string operations:

1. **String Length (strlen):**

- **Description:** The `strlen` function returns the length (number
of characters) of a string excluding the null terminator.
- **Example:**
```c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main() {
char myString[] = "Hello, world!";
 int length = strlen(myString);
printf("Length of the string: %d\n", length);
return 0;
}
```
**Output:** `Length of the string: 13`

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2. **String Copy (strcpy):**
- **Description:** The `strcpy` function is used to copy one string to
another. It copies the characters from the source string to the
destination string until it encounters the null terminator.
- **Example:**

m
```c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main() {
char source[] = "Hello, world!";
char destination[20]; // Ensure the destination buffer is large
enough

strcpy(destination, source);
printf("Copied string: %s\n", destination);
return 0;
}
```
**Output:** `Copied string: Hello, world!`

These functions are essential for working with strings in C, providing

capabilities such as determining string length and copying strings.

b Develop a program using pointer to compute the sum, mean and standard L4 8
deviation of all element stored in array of N real number

Here's a C program that uses pointers to compute the sum, mean, and
standard deviation of an array of N real numbers:

```c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
 void calculateStats(double *arr, int size, double *sum, double *mean,
double *stdDev) {
// Calculate sum
*sum = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
*sum += arr[i];
}

// Calculate mean
*mean = *sum / size;

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// Calculate standard deviation
*stdDev = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
*stdDev += pow(arr[i] - *mean, 2);
}
*stdDev = sqrt(*stdDev / size);

m
}

int main()
{ int size;
printf("Enter the number of elements: ");
scanf("%d", &size);

double numbers[size];

printf("Enter %d real numbers:\n", size);

for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
scanf("%lf", &numbers[i]);
}

double sum, mean, stdDev;

calculateStats(numbers, size, &sum, &mean, &stdDev);

printf("Sum: %.2f\n", sum);

printf("Mean: %.2f\n", mean);
printf("Standard Deviation: %.2f\n", stdDev);

return 0;
}
This program prompts the user to enter the number of elements and then
takes the input for each real number. It calculates the sum, mean, and
standard deviation using pointers and prints the results. The `%lf` format
specifier is used for reading and printing double values.

c Explain how strings are represented in main memory L2 4

Strings are objects representing a sequence of character values. An

array of characters works the same as a string. So, a string is an
array of characters or an object used to represent a sequence of
 characters. A string is referred to as using a character pointer or a
character array.

Storing Strings as Character Arrays

The strings declared as character arrays are stored like other arrays
in C. For example, if str[] is an auto variable, the string is stored in
the stack segment; if it’s a global or static variable, then stored in the
data segment.

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Strings as character arrays can be stored in two ways:

char str[6] = "Ninja"; /*One extra for string

terminator*/
char str[6] = {‘N‘,‘i’, ‘n’, ‘j‘, ‘a‘, '\0'}; /* '\0' is string terminator */

m
Storing Strings as Character Pointers

Strings can be stored using character pointers in two

ways: Read-only string in a shared segment.

The directly assigned string values to a pointer are stored in a

read-only block shared among functions in most

compilers. char *str = "Ninja";

The word “Ninja” is stored in a shared read-only location while the

pointer str is stored in read-write memory. The pointer str can be
changed to point to something else, but it cannot change the value at
the present str. So this kind of string should be used only when the
string is not modified at a later stage in the program.

Dynamically allocated in the heap segment.

Strings are stored like other dynamically allocated things in C and

shared among functions.

char *str;
int size = 6; /*one extra for ‘\0’*/
str = (char *)malloc(sizeof(char)*size);
*(str+0) = 'N';
*(str+1) = 'i';
*(str+2) = 'n';
*(str+3) = 'j';
*(str+4) = 'a';
*(str+5) = '\0';

Example (modify a string)

int main()
{
char str[] = "Ninja";
*(str+1) = 'n';
 getchar();
return 0;
}

OR

Q. 08 a Write a program to compare two strings without using built-in L3 8

function

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int main()
{
char s[20] = “college”;
char d[20] = “terna”;

m
int i = 0;
while(s[i] != ‘\0’ || d[i] != ‘\0’)
{
if(d[i] == s[i])
{
cmp = 0; i+
+;
}
else
{
cmp = 1;
break;
}
}
f(cmp == 0)
printf(“Strings are
equal); else
printf(“Strings are different”);
return 0;
}

b What is a pointer? Discuss pointer arithmetic with suitable C code L2 6

Pointers are one of the core components of the C programming

language. A pointer can be used to store the memory address of other
variables, functions, or even other pointers. The use of pointers allows
low-level memory access, dynamic memory allocation, and many other
functionality in C.

A pointer in c is an address, which is a numeric value. Therefore, you

can perform arithmetic operations on a pointer just as you can on a
numeric value. There are four arithmetic operators that can be used
on pointers: ++, --, +, and -.

Incrementing a Pointer

Syntax :
data_type *ptr;
ptr = /* initialize ptr to point to some memory location */;

// Increment the pointer to the next element

ptr++;

Example:

#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
int numbers[] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};

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int *ptr = numbers; // Point to the first element
ptr++; // Increment the pointer to move to the next element
return 0;
} // Now ptr points to the second element (20)

Decrementing a Pointer

m
Decrementing a pointer is identical to incrementing it, except it
transfers it to the prior memory address.

Syntax :

data_type *ptr;
ptr = / * initialize ptr to point to some memory location */;

// Decrement the pointer to the previous

element ptr--;

Example:

#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
int numbers[] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
int *ptr = numbers;
ptr--;
return 0;
}

Addition of Integer to a Pointer

Adding an integer value to a pointer is a basic operation with major

ramifications for memory management and data traversal.

Example:

// C program to illustrate pointer Addition

#include <stdio.h>

// Driver Code
int main()
{
// Integer variable //
int N = 4;
 // Pointer to an integer
int *ptr1, *ptr2;

// Pointer stores the address of N

ptr1 = &N;
ptr2 = &N;

printf("Pointer ptr2 before Addition: ");

printf("%p \n", ptr2);

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// Addition of 3 to ptr2
ptr2 = ptr2 + 3;
printf("Pointer ptr2 after Addition: ");
printf("%p \n", ptr2);

return 0;

m
}

Output
Pointer ptr2 before Addition: 0x7ffca373da9c
Pointer ptr2 after Addition: 0x7ffca373daa8

Subtraction of Integer from a Pointer

Subtracting an integer from a pointer essentially pushes the pointer

backwards in memory by the computed offset. This can be handy for
exploring arrays or controlling dynamic memory allocation.

// C program to illustrate pointer Subtraction

#include <stdio.h>

// Driver Code
int main()
{
// Integer variable
int N = 4;

// Pointer to an integer
int *ptr1, *ptr2;

// Pointer stores the address of N

ptr1 = &N;
ptr2 = &N;

printf("Pointer ptr2 before Subtraction: ");

printf("%p \n", ptr2);

// Subtraction of 3 to ptr2
ptr2 = ptr2 - 3;
printf("Pointer ptr2 after Subtraction: ");
printf("%p \n", ptr2);

return 0;
 }

Output
Pointer ptr2 before Subtraction: 0x7ffd718ffebc
Pointer ptr2 after Subtraction: 0x7ffd718ffeb0

c Explain gets()and puts() function with example L2 6

The gets() and puts() are declared in the header file stdio.h. Both
the functions are involved in the input/output operations of the

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strings.

C gets() function

The gets() function enables the user to enter some characters followed
by the enter key. All the characters entered by the user get stored in a

m
character array. The null character is added to the array to make it a
string. The gets() allows the user to enter the space-separated strings.
It returns the string entered by the user.
Declaration

char[] gets(char[]);

Reading string using gets()

#include<stdio.h>

void main ()

char s[30];

printf("Enter the string? ");

gets(s);

printf("You entered %s",s);

Output
Enter the string?
How are you doing?
You entered How are you doing?

C puts() function

The puts() function is used to print the string on the console which is
previously read by using gets() or scanf() function. The puts() function
returns an integer value representing the number of characters being
printed on the console. Since, it prints an additional newline character
with the string, which moves the cursor to the new line on the console,
the integer value returned by puts() will always be equal to the
number of characters present in the string plus 1.
 Declaration:

int puts(char[])

Example:

#include<stdio.h>

#include <string.h>

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int main(){

char name[50];

printf("Enter your name:

");

m
gets(name); //reads string from

user printf("Your name is: ");

puts(name); //displays string

return 0;

Output:
Enter your name: chaitanya
Your name is: chaitanya

Module-5

Q. 09 a Explain various modes in which file can be opened for processing L2 7

File Opening Modes

M Meaning Description
od
e

r Read Only reading possible. No, create the file if it

does not exist.

w Write Only writing is possible. Create the file if it

does not exist; otherwise, erase the old content
of the file and open a blank file.

a Append Only writing is possible. Create a file; if it does

not exist, otherwise open the file and write
from the end of the file. (Do not erase the old
content).
 r+ Reading + Reading and writing are possible. Create a
file Writing if it does not exist, overwriting existing data.
Used for modifying content.

w Reading + Reading and writing are possible. Create a file

+ Writing if it does not exist. Erase old content.

a+ Reading + Reading and writing are possible. Create a

file Appendingif it does not exist. Append content at the end
of the file.

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EXAMPLE
#include <stdio.h>

int main (){

m
FILE *fp;
fp= fopen (" myfile.dat " ," r "); // file opening mode.
if (fp == NULL) {

printf (" File cannot open. ");

}
return 0 ;
}

b Implement structure to read, write and compute average marks of L3 8

the students. List the students scoring above and below the average
marks for a class of n students

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
struct student {
int rollno;
char name[20];
float marks;
};
int main()
{
int i,n,found=0;
struct student s[10];
float sum=0,average;
printf("\nEnter the number of student details");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0; i<n; i++) {
 printf("\nenter the %d student details",i+1);
printf("\n enter roll number:");
scanf("%d",&s[i].rollno);
printf("\n enter student name");
scanf("%s",s[i].name); printf("\
n enter the marks:");
scanf("%f",&s[i].marks);
}

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printf("\nStudent details are\n");
printf("\nRollno\t\tName\t\tMarks\n");
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
printf("%d\t\t%s\t\t%f\n",s[i].rollno,s[i].name,s[i].marks);

m
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
sum=sum+s[i].marks;
average=sum/n;
printf("\nAVERAGE=%,2f",average); printf("\
n students scoring above average\n"); for(i=0;
i<n; i++) {
if(s[i].marks>=average) {
printf("%s\t",s[i].name);
}
}
printf("\n students scoring below average\n");
for(i=0; i<n; i++) {
if(s[i].marks<average) {
printf("%s\t",s[i].name);
found=1;
}
}
if(found==0)
printf("\n no students scored below average");
return 0;
}

c What are enumeration variable? How are they declared L1 5

Enumeration (or enum) is a user defined data type in C. It is mainly

used to assign names to integral constants, the names make a
program easy to read and maintain.
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enum State {Working = 1, Failed = 0};

The keyword ‘enum’ is used to declare new enumeration types in C

m
>>example of enum declaration>>

/*The name of enumeration is "flag" and the constant

are the values of the flag. By default, the values of the constants are
as follows:
constant1 = 0, constant2 = 1, constant3 = 2 and so on.*/

enum flag{constant1, constant2, constant3,........};

Variables of type enum can also be defined. They can be defined in

two ways:

// In both of the below cases, "day" is

// defined as the variable of type week.

enum week{Mon, Tue,

Wed}; enum week day;

// Or

enum week{Mon, Tue, Wed}day;

>>PROGRAM EXAMPLE>>

// An example program to demonstrate working

// of enum in C
#include<stdio.h>

enum week{Mon, Tue, Wed, Thur, Fri, Sat, Sun};

int main()
{
enum week day;
day = Wed;
printf("%d",day);
return 0;
}
 Output:
2

OR

Q. 10 a Write a short note on functions used to L2 8

Read data from a file

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There are three different functions dedicated to reading data from a
file

● fgetc(file_pointer): It returns the next character from the file

pointed to by the file pointer. When the end of the file has
been reached, the EOF is sent back.

m
● fgets(buffer, n, file_pointer): It reads n-1 characters from
the file and stores the string in a buffer in which the NULL
character ‘\0’ is appended as the last character.
● fscanf(file_pointer, conversion_specifiers, variable_adresses):
It is used to parse and analyze data. It reads characters from
the file and assigns the input to a list of variable pointers
variable_adresses using conversion specifiers. Keep in mind
that as with scanf, fscanf stops reading a string when space or
newline is encountered.

Write data to a file

In C, when you write to a file, newline characters ‘\n’ must be

explicitly added.

The stdio library offers the necessary functions to write to a file:

● fputc(char, file_pointer): It writes a character to the

file pointed to by file_pointer.
● fputs(str, file_pointer): It writes a string to the file pointed
to by file_pointer.
● fprintf(file_pointer, str, variable_lists): It prints a string to the
file pointed to by file_pointer. The string can optionally
include format specifiers and a list of variables variable_lists.

b Differentiate structures and unions with syntax and example L4 6

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Syntax

The syntax of structures in C language is,

struct structure_name {
member definition;

m
} structure_variables;

Where,

● structure_name is the name given to the structure.

● member definition is the set of member variables.
● structure_variable is the object of structure.

Example
struct Data {
int a;
long int b;
} data, data1;

Syntax

The syntax of unions in C language is,

union union_name {
member definition;
} union_variables;

Where,

● union_name is any name given to the union.

● member definition is the set of member variables.
● union_variable is the object of union.

Example
union Data {
int i;
float f;
} data, data1;

c How to detect END-OF-FILE L2 6

 The function feof() is used to check the end of file after EOF. It tests
the end of file indicator. It returns non-zero value if successful
otherwise, zero.

Here is the syntax of feof() in C language,

int feof(FILE *stream)

Here is an example of feof() in C language,

Let’s say we have "new.txt" file with the following content −

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This is demo!
This is demo!

Now, let us see the example.

Example

m
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
FILE *f = fopen("new.txt", "r");
int c = getc(f);
while (c != EOF) {
putchar(c);
c = getc(f);
}
if (feof(f))
printf("
Reached to the end of file.");
else
printf("
Failure.");
fclose(f);
getchar();
return 0;
}

Output
This is demo!
This is demo!
Reached to the end of file.

Table showing the Bloom’s Taxonomy level, course outcome and program outcomes

Questions Bloom’s Taxonomy Course Outcome Program Outcomes

Q. 1 a L2 CO1 PO1,PO2

b L3 CO2 PO1,PO2

c L2 CO2 PO1,PO2

Q.2 a L2 CO2 PO1,PO2

 b L1 CO1 PO1

c L2 CO1 PO1

Q.3 a L3 CO2 PO1,PO2

b L3 CO2,CO5 PO1,PO2,PO3

c L4 CO2 PO1,PO2

Q.4 a L3 CO2 PO1,PO2

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b L3 CO2,CO5 PO1,PO2,PO3

c L3 CO2,CO5 PO1,PO2

Q.5 a L3 CO3 PO1,PO2, PO3

b L3 CO3,CO5 PO1,PO2,PO3

m
c L2 CO2 PO1,PO2

Q.6 a L4 CO4 PO1,PO2,PO3

b L3 CO3 PO1,PO2,PO3

c L2 CO2 PO1,PO2

Q.7 a L2 CO5 PO1,PO2, PO3

b L4 CO4 PO1,PO2,PO3

c L2 CO2 PO1

Q.8 a L3 CO5 PO1,PO2,PO3

b L2 CO4 PO1,PO2

c L2 CO2 PO1

Page 02 of 02
22POP13
Q.9 a L2 CO5 PO1,PO2

b L3 CO4,CO5 PO1,PO2,PO3

c L1 CO4 PO1

Q.10 a L2 CO2,CO5 PO1,PO2

b L4 CO4 PO1,PO2

c L2 CO2 PO1

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