COEFFICIENT BOUNDS OF CERTAIN SUBCLASS OF UNIVALENT

FUNCTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE MODIFIED SIGMOID

FUNCTION

BY

AGBANA, OLUWATUNMISE GAIL

MATRICULATION NUMBER: 18CF006160

REGISTRATION NUMBER: 1800879

JULY, 2022.
COEFFICIENT BOUNDS OF CERTAIN SUBCLASS OF UNIVALENT
FUNCTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE MODIFIED SIGMOID
FUNCTION

BY

AGBANA, OLUWATUNMISE GAIL

MATRICULATION NUMBER: 18CF006160

REGISTRATION NUMBER: 1800879

A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL

SCIENCE, COLLEGE OF PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCES,
LANDMARK UNIVERSITY OMU-ARAN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT
OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF
SCIENCES DEGREE IN MATHEMTICS.

[B.Sc. Mathematics]

JUNE 2022.

i
 CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this work was carried out by AGBANA OLUWATUNMISE GAIL with

the Matriculation number and Registration number of 18CF006160 and 1800879 respectively

and approved as meeting the requirement of the award of the Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.)

Degree in Mathematics of the Department of Physical Sciences, College of Pure and Applied

Sciences of Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria.

Mr. M. O. Oluwayemi Date

Project Supervisor

Dr. S. O. Salawu Date

Head of Units

(Mathematics Programme)

Dr. S. O. Ikubanni Date

Head of Department

(Physical Sciences)

External Supervisor Date

ii
 DEDICATION
This work is dedicated to God for His Grace upon my life, to my family and to all my

distinguished lecturers for the love, support and encouragement shown to me during my

undergraduate programme.

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I appreciate God for all the protection, guidance and direction that He granted me throughout

my university education. I acknowledge my family, the Olowolayemo’s, the Alika’s and the

Jonathan’s for their consistent love, supporting me in the achievement of my B.Sc. Degree in

Mathematics. I appreciate the support and encouragement of Professor O. O. Osemwegie. I

appreciate all the support, tutelage and encouragement given to me by my supervisor Mr. M.

O. Oluwayemi and my level advisor Dr. (Mrs.) E. O. Davids. I acknowledge all the lecturers

of the Mathematics Programme: Professor A. O. Taiwo, Dr. S. O. Salawu, Dr. T. O.

Ogunlade, Dr. O. O. Alabi, Dr. (Mrs.) O. Y. Oludoun, Mr. J. O. Okoro, and Mrs. B. B.

Aladeitan for always being available out of their busy schedules to educate me and guide me

to better understanding and success throughout my undergraduate period.

iv
 ABSTRACT

In this study, application of a generalised differential operator and sigmoid function in

geometric function theory is considered. Furthermore, this work considers a class of

univalent functions involving a generalised differential operator and sigmoid function. Since

the functions are univalent and of bounded turning, this work finds applications in any field

that involves reduction or enlargement.

v
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE .............................................................................................................................i

CERTIFICATION .................................................................................................................... ii

DEDICATION ......................................................................................................................... iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................iv

ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ..........................................................................................................vi

TABLE OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... viii

CHAPTER 1 - GENERAL INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 1

1.1. Background of the Study ................................................................................................ 1
1.2. Definition of Terms......................................................................................................... 1
1.2.1. Complex Numbers.................................................................................................... 1
1.2.2. Functions of Complex Variables ............................................................................. 3
1.2.3. Limit of Functions of Complex Variables ................................................................ 6
1.2.4. Continuity ................................................................................................................ 7
1.2.5. Differentiability ....................................................................................................... 7
1.2.6. Domain and Range of Complex functions ............................................................... 8
1.2.7. Analyticity of Complex Function ............................................................................. 8
1.2.8. Conformal Mapping and the Riemann Mapping Theorem ...................................... 8
1.2.9. Integral Function ..................................................................................................... 9
1.2.10. Meromorphic function ............................................................................................. 9
1.2.11. Series Representation of Functions of Complex Variable ..................................... 10
1.2.12. The Caratheòdory Function .................................................................................. 11
1.2.13. Univalent Functions .............................................................................................. 12
1.2.14. Normalised Univalent Functions ........................................................................... 12
1.2.15. The Subordination Principle ................................................................................. 13
1.2.16. Special Functions .................................................................................................. 13
1.2.17. Differential Operators (Multiplier Transformations)............................................ 15
1.2.18. Coefficient Problems ............................................................................................. 16
1.3. Aims and Objectives of the Study ................................................................................ 17
1.4. Statement of the Problem .............................................................................................. 17

vi
1.5. Justification of the Study .............................................................................................. 17
1.6. Significance of the Study .............................................................................................. 18

CHAPTER 2 - LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................ 19

CHAPTER 3 - METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................... 20

3.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 20
3.2. Main Result ................................................................................................................... 22

CHAPTER 4 - DISCUSSION OF RESULTS ......................................................................... 31

CHAPTER 5 - CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .............................................. 32

5.1. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 32
5.2. Contribution to Knowledge............................................................................................... 32
5.3. Recommendation .............................................................................................................. 32

REFERENCE ...............................................................................................................................

vii
TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 1 ................................................................................................................................................... 1
Figure 2 ................................................................................................................................................... 4
Figure 3 ................................................................................................................................................... 5
Figure 4 ................................................................................................................................................... 5
Figure 5 ................................................................................................................................................... 6

viii
 CHAPTER 1 - GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the Study
Complex numbers and complex variables are studied significantly in mathematical science,

engineering, and technology. It is incomplete to study complex numbers or complex variables

without proper emphasis on the real number system being its parent. Real numbers consist of

all positive integers, negative integers, and decimal fractions, whereas the complex number

can be written as the sum or difference of a real number and imaginary number.

The set of complex numbers, denoted by ℂ, is therefore defined as:

𝑧  ℂ: 𝑧 = 𝑅𝑒(𝑧) + 𝐼𝑚(𝑧) = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦

where 𝑅𝑒(𝑧) = 𝑥 and 𝐼𝑚(𝑧) = 𝑦.

(Imaginary axis)
y
𝑷 (𝒙, 𝒚)
𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚

(Real axis)
x
Figure 1

Therefore, 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 has both the real part 𝑅𝑒 𝑧 = 𝑥 and the imaginary part 𝐼𝑚 𝑧 = 𝑦,

for all 𝑥, 𝑦  ℝ and 𝑖 = √−1.

1.2. Definition of Terms

1.2.1. Complex Numbers

The set ℂ of complex numbers is closed under the operations of addition (+), subtraction

(−), multiplication (×) and division (÷) as it satisfies the following laws for any 𝑥, 𝑦  ℂ:

i. Commutative Law

1
 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑦𝑥.

ii. Law of Associativity

(𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝑧 = 𝑥 + (𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑥𝑦)𝑧 = 𝑥(𝑦𝑧).

iii. Distributive Law

𝑥 (𝑦 + 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧 and (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑧 = 𝑥𝑧 + 𝑦𝑧

iv. Existence of Identity:

a. Additive Identity

𝑥 + 0 = 0 + 𝑥 = 𝑥

b. Multiplicative Identity

𝑥1 = 1𝑥 = 𝑥

v. Existence of Inverse Elements:

a. Additive Inverse

𝑥 + (−𝑥) = (−𝑥) + 𝑥 = 0

b. Multiplicative Inverse
1 1
𝑥 = 𝑥 = 1
𝑥 𝑥

This makes the complex numbers a field that has the real numbers as a subfield. The set ℂ of

complex numbers has no natural ordering which makes it superior to the set ℂ of real

numbers. For Instance, for any two real numbers a and b, either 𝑎 > 𝑏 or 𝑎 < b or 𝑎 == 𝑏

must be true.

The Order Relation: The set ℂ of complex numbers is said to be an ordered field if it

satisfies the following order relations defined on it:

i. Law of Trichotomy

For any 𝑎, 𝑏  ℂ, one and only one of the following holds 𝑎 == 𝑏, 𝑎 > b, 𝑎 < 𝑏

ii. Law of Transitivity

If 𝑎 < 𝑏 and 𝑏 < 𝑐 then 𝑎 < 𝑐, for any 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐  ℂ.

2
 iii. Law of Addition

If 𝑎 < 𝑏, then 𝑎 + 𝑐 < 𝑏 + 𝑐, for all complex numbers ℂ.

iv. Law of Multiplication

If 𝑎 < 𝑏 and 𝑏 < 𝑐 then 𝑎𝑐 < 𝑏𝑐, for all complex numbers ℂ.

Hence, we can express the set of complex numbers as the set of all ordered pair of real

numbers (𝑥, 𝑦). Thus, a complex number 𝑧 is an ordered pair (𝑥, 𝑦) of real numbers so that

𝑧 = (𝑥, 𝑦), where 𝑥 is the real part of 𝑧 and 𝑦 is the imaginary part of 𝑧.

1.2.2. Functions of Complex Variables

The set of complex numbers 𝑧 is called a complex variable.

Let 𝑤 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 and 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 be complex variables. Suppose for every complex variable

𝑧 in a given domain 𝐷, there is a corresponding one or more values of 𝑤 then 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧) is a

function of 𝑧. A complex function is a function that has a subset of the complex numbers as

a domain and the complex numbers as a codomain. For any complex function, the values 𝑧

from the domain and their images 𝑓(𝑧) in the range may be separated

into real and imaginary parts:

𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦

𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) (1.1)

where 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦), 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) are all real-valued.

In other words, a complex function 𝑓: ℂ → ℂ may be decomposed into

𝑢: ℝ2 → ℝ and 𝑣: ℝ2 → ℝ

A complex function 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧) can be viewed as a mapping from a domain 𝐷 in the 𝑧-plane.

The following are the types of mapping:

1. Injective Mapping (One-to-one)

2. Surjective Mapping

3
 3. Bijective Mapping

If only one value of 𝑤 corresponds to each value of 𝑧 ∈ 𝐷, then 𝑤 is a single-valued function

of 𝑧. For Example: 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 3 ; 𝑓(0) = 0, 𝑓(1) = 1 and 𝑓(2) = 8, etc. However, if more

than one value of 𝑤 corresponds to each value of 𝑧 ∈ 𝐷, then w is a multiple-valued function

1
of 𝑧 with 𝑢 and 𝑣 as functions of two real variables 𝑥 and 𝑦. For Example: 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 2 ;

𝑓(1) = ±1, 𝑓(0) = 0, 𝑓(−3) = ±√−3, etc.

Complex Plane: It is the geometrical representation of complex numbers with Cartesian

coordinate system with the horizontal 𝑥-axis as the real axis and the vertical 𝑦-axis as the

imaginary axis. Since complex numbers 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 can expressed as an ordered pair of real

numbers, we can represent complex numbers by point  with coordinates 𝑥, 𝑦 in an 𝑥𝑦 plane

called the complex plane or Argand diagram. Often times, the complex plane is referred to as

the 𝑧 plane. The distance between two points on the complex plane can be discussed as a

result of this. A curve ℂ of center 𝑧0 and radius 𝑟 can be defined and represented on the

complex plane as |𝑧 − 𝑧0 | = 𝑟.

𝑖𝑟

−𝑟 𝑧0 𝑟 x

−𝑖𝑟

Figure 2

4
Unit Circle: A unit circle defined as |𝑧| ≤ 1 is the circle of radius 1 and center 𝑧0 = 0.

1
|𝑧| = 1

1
Unit Circle

Figure 3

If the centre is shifted to the origin without loss of generality, then, |𝑧| ≤ 𝑟, where 𝑧0 = 0.

We consider when 𝑟 = 1 which is a unit circle. Then for every 𝑧 inside the circle 𝐶, the

inequality |𝑧| < 1 holds which refers to the interior of ℂ. The region is known as an open

disk but by Riemann mapping theorem, any simple connected region that is not whole on the

𝑥𝑦 plane can be a conformal map onto the unit disk. The interior 𝑧 ∈ ∁: |𝑧| < 1 is open and

bounded but the exterior 𝑧 ∈ ∁: |𝑧| > 1 is open but not bounded.

|𝑧 − 𝑧0 | = 𝑟

Figure 4

However, a closed disk defined by |𝑧| ≤ 1 consists of the interior of ℂ and its boundary. The

whole complex plane can be said to consists of the interior of a circle, the boundary of the

circle and the exterior of the circle.

The 𝒘-plane: Since 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 with 𝑢 and 𝑣 are both functions of 𝑥 and 𝑦. For

every point (𝑥, 𝑦) in the 𝑧-plane, 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧) defines a corresponding set of points (𝑢, 𝑣) in the

5
𝑤-plane which is the mapping of the 𝑧-plane onto the 𝑤-plane. Then 𝑤-plane is the image of

a circle in 𝑧-plane which is mapped by the function 𝑓(𝑧). This is geometrically illustrated by:

𝑓(𝑧)

y v

x u

𝑧 −plane 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 𝑤-plane 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣

Figure 5

The following are forms

cc of complex functions:

𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 , where 𝑖 = √−1 (Cartesian form).

𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃) , where 𝑢 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 and 𝑣 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 (Polar Form).

𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 (Euler Form).

𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧) = log 𝑒 𝑟 + 𝑖𝜃 log 𝑒 𝑒.

𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧) = ln 𝑟 + 𝑖𝜃.

1.2.3. Limit of Functions of Complex Variables

Let 𝑓(𝑧) be a single-valued defined on all points in some neighbourhood of point 𝑧0 and

when 𝑧 ≠ 𝑧0 . Then a number 𝑙 is the limit of 𝑓(𝑧) as 𝑧 approaches of 𝑧0 if for any real

number 𝜖 > 0, however small, there exists a real number 𝛿 > 0 such that

|𝑓(𝑧) − 𝑙| < 𝜖 when 0 < |z − 𝑧0 | < 𝛿 (1.2)

Geometrically, if 𝜖 can be made as small as we wish by choosing points 𝑧 sufficiently close

6
to 𝑧0 (Murray, Seymour, John, & Dennis, 2009). If 𝑧0 is a point in the complex plane then

lim 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑙
𝑧 → 𝑧0 (1.3)

1.2.4. Continuity

Let 𝑓(𝑧) be a single-valued defined on all points in some neighbourhood of 𝑧 point 𝑧0 as

well as when 𝑧 = 𝑧0 . The function 𝑓(𝑧) at 𝑧 = 𝑧0 if for any 𝜖 > 0, there exists a 𝛿 > 0 such

that |𝑓(𝑧) − 𝑓(𝑧0 )| < 𝜖 whenever |𝑧 − 𝑧0 | < 𝛿. Then the function 𝑓(𝑧) is said to be

continuous at 𝑧 = 𝑧0 and if the limit exists then:

lim 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑓(𝑧0 ) (1.4)

𝑧 → 𝑧0

Remark 1.2.1. These are conditions must hold for 𝑓(𝑧) to be continuous:

1. The limit lim 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑙 must exist

𝑧 → 𝑧0

2. 𝑓(𝑧0 ) must exist, i.e. 𝑓(𝑧) is defined at 𝑧0

3. 𝑙 = 𝑓(𝑧0 )

Continuity is the definition of Limit without the restriction that 𝑧 ≠ 𝑧0 and when 𝑙 = 𝑓(𝑧0 ).

1.2.5. Differentiability

A complex function 𝑓 is said to be differentiable at a point 𝑧0 ∈ 𝐶 if the limit exists then

𝑓(𝑧) − 𝑓(𝑧0 )
lim (1.5)
𝑧→𝑧0 𝑧 − 𝑧0

The limit is called the derivative of 𝑓 at 𝑧0 and is denoted by 𝑓 ′ (𝑧0 ) (Howie, 2003).

7
1.2.6. Domain and Range of Complex functions

A domain usually denoted by 𝐷 is a non-empty open connected set or a region. A domain is

a region but conversely is not true because not all regions are domains.

Neighbourhood: A neighbourhood of a real number 𝑥0 is an interval in the form

(𝑥0 − 𝜖, 𝑥0 + 𝜖) where 𝜖 is any positive real number. Thus, we say than an 𝜖 neighbourhood

of 𝑥0 is the set of points 𝑥 ∈ ℝ for which

|𝑥 − 𝑥0 | < 𝜖 (1.6)

(Ponnusamy & Silverman, 2006).

1.2.7. Analyticity of Complex Function

A complex function 𝑓(𝑧) is said to be analytic at 𝑧0 if its derivative 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) exists at each point

𝑧 in some neighbourhood of 𝑧0 (Helm, 2008). If 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) exists at all points 𝑧 of a region 𝑅

then 𝑓(𝑧) is said to be analytic in 𝑅 and is referred to as an analytic function in 𝑅 or a

function analytic in 𝑅. The terms regular and holomorphic are sometimes used as synonyms

for analytic (Murray, Seymour, John, & Dennis, 2009).

Cauchy-Riemann Equation: A condition that is necessary for a complex function

𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) to be analytic is that it satisfies the Cauchy-Riemann Equations

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= , =− (1.7)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

Remark 1.2.2. The Cauchy-Riemann Equation are necessary but not sufficient for 𝑓(𝑧) to be

analytic. It can be sufficient when the four partial derivatives in (1.7) are continuous.

1.2.8. Conformal Mapping and the Riemann Mapping Theorem

Conformal Mapping: In considering a plane with points 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 and a second plane with

points 𝑤 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣. If there exists a function 𝑓 such that to each point 𝑧 corresponds one point

𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧), we say that the function 𝑓 is a mapping or transformation of the plane 𝑧 into the

8
plane 𝑤. If the function 𝑓(𝑧) is complex differentiable at every point in a region 𝑅 of the

complex plane we say that the function is analytic in the region 𝑅. Mapping by analytic

function preserve angles; therefore, such angles are qualified as conformal. In other words, if

in the plane 𝑧 the angle between two curves is 𝛼, in the plane 𝑤 the angle between the

conformal mappings of the given curves is also 𝛼 (Brian, 2017). A function that preserves

both angle size and orientation is said to be conformal.

Riemann Mapping Theorem: Suppose 𝐷 is a simply connected domain, other than the

whole plane, and 𝑧0 is a point in 𝐷. Then there exists a unique function 𝑓(𝑧), analytic and

univalent in 𝐷, which maps 𝐷 onto the disk |𝑤| < 1 in such manner that 𝑓(𝑧0 ) = 0 and

𝑓 ′ (𝑧0 ) > 0. (Ponnusamy & Silverman, 2006)

Hence, the Riemann mapping theorem simply says that any two simply connected domains,

other than the whole plane can be mapped to each other by a conformal map.

1.2.9. Integral Function

If a function 𝑓(𝑧) is analytic on the whole complex plane, then 𝑓(𝑧) is said to be an integral

function or an entire function (Ponnusamy & Silverman, 2006). By Liouville theorem, if a

complex function 𝑓(𝑧) is analytic in the whole plane, then 𝑓(𝑧) must be a constant. An entire

function can be represented by a Taylor’s series expansion which has an infinite radius of

convergence.

1.2.10. Meromorphic function

A meromorphic function is a single-valued function that is analytic in all but possibly a

discrete subset of its domain, and at those singularities it must go to infinity like

9
a polynomial (i.e., these exceptional points must be poles and not essential singularities). A

simpler definition states that a meromorphic function is a function 𝑓(𝑧) of the form,

𝑔(𝑧)
𝑓(𝑧) = (1.8)
ℎ(𝑧)

where 𝑔(𝑧) and ℎ(𝑧) are entire functions and ℎ(𝑧) ≠ 0 (Krantz, 1999).

1.2.11. Series Representation of Functions of Complex Variable

Taylor’s Series Expansion: Generally, the Taylor series of a function 𝑓(𝑥) that is infinitely

differentiable at 𝑎 is the power series

𝑓 ′ (𝑎) 𝑓 ′′ (𝑎) 2
𝑓 ′′′ (𝑎)
𝑓(𝑎) + (𝑥 − 𝑎) + (𝑥 − 𝑎) + (𝑥 − 𝑎)3
1! 2! 3!

and this can be written as

∞
𝑓 (𝑛) (𝑎)
∑ (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑛
𝑛!
𝑛=0

Suppose that a complex function 𝑓 (𝑧) is analytic everywhere with center 𝑧0 and radius 𝑟.

Then the power series is

∞

𝑓(𝑧) = ∑ 𝑎𝑛 (𝑧 − 𝑧0 )𝑛
𝑛=0

If 𝑧0 = 0, then the Taylor’s Series is

∞

𝑓(𝑧) = ∑ 𝑎𝑛 (𝑧)𝑛 (1.9)

𝑛=0

where (𝑛 = 0,1,2, ….) And

𝑓 (𝑛) 𝑧0
𝑎𝑛 =
𝑛!

The Taylor series can be derived by Cauchy’s Integral Formula

𝑛! 𝑓(𝑧) (1.10)
𝑓 (𝑛) (𝑧) = ∮ 𝑑𝑧
2𝜋𝑖 (𝑧 − 𝑧0 )𝑛+1

10
where 𝐶 is a Jordan Curve and 𝑓 is analytic inside and on 𝐶 with 𝑧0 inside 𝐶.

Hence this shows that, power series represents analytic functions and conversely, every

analytic function has a Taylor’s Series representation which converges at every point within a

disk |𝑧 − 𝑧0 | = 𝑅.

Laurent Series Expansion: Taylor series fails to expand a complex variable around its

points when 𝑓(𝑧) is said to be singular. The representation of Laurent series thus valid in an

annulus bounded by two concentric circles 𝐶1 and 𝐶2 such that 𝑓(𝑧) is analytic in the annulus

and at each point of 𝐶1 and 𝐶2 , 𝑓(𝑧) may be singular at some points outside 𝐶1 or even some

points inside 𝐶2 .

Then 𝑓(𝑧) can be expressed as a series

∞ ∞

𝑓(𝑧) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 (𝑧 − 𝑧0 )−𝑛 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 (𝑧 − 𝑧0 )𝑛
𝑛=1 𝑛=0

The Laurent series has ∑∞

𝑛=0 𝑎𝑛 (𝑧 )𝑛
− 𝑧0 , (𝑛 = 0,1, 2 … ) as the analytical part and

∑∞ −𝑛
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 (𝑧 − 𝑧0 ) , (𝑛 = 1,2,3 … ) as the principal part.

1.2.12. The Caratheòdory Function

Let ℘ be a class of functions consisting of 𝑝 in the form

𝑝(𝑧) = 1 + 𝑐1 𝑧 + 𝑐2 𝑧 2 + 𝑐3 𝑧 3 + ⋯ (1.11)

let there exist analytic function 𝑝 ∈ ℘ in the unit disc U when 𝑝(0) = 1 and 𝑅𝑒 𝑝(𝑧) > 0.

Then 𝑝(𝑧) is called a Caratheòdory function.

11
1.2.13. Univalent Functions

A function 𝑓(𝑧) analytic in domain 𝐷 is said to be univalent in 𝐷 if 𝑓 is a one-to-one

mapping 𝐷 onto another domain (i.e., 𝑓 provides a one-to-one mapping onto its image 𝑓(𝐷)).

That is, for any 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 ∈ 𝐷, 𝑓(𝑧1 ) = 𝑓(𝑧2 ) ⟹ 𝑧1 = 𝑧2

Alternatively,

𝑧1 ≠ 𝑧2 ⇒ 𝑓(𝑧1 ) ≠ 𝑓(𝑧2 ) for all 𝑧1 = 𝑧2 ∈ 𝐷

Some of the classes of analytic univalent functions include the convex functions, the starlike

functions, the alpha-convex functions, etc.

Convex Function

The analytic and normalized univalent function in the unit disk 𝑈 is said to be a convex

function if and only if the following condition is satisfied:

𝑧𝑓′′(𝑧)
𝑅𝑒 [1 + ] > 0, 𝑧∈𝑈
𝑓′(𝑧)

Starlike Function

The analytic and normalized univalent function in the unit disk 𝑈 is said to be a starlike

function if and only if the following condition is satisfied:

𝑧𝑓 ′ (𝑧)
𝑅𝑒 [ ] > 0, |𝑧| < 1
𝑓(𝑧)

1.2.14. Normalised Univalent Functions

Let 𝑓(𝑧) be analytic in the unit disk 𝑈 = {𝑧: |𝑧| < 1; 𝑧 ∈ ℂ}, then 𝑓(𝑧) has the power series

expansion

𝑔(𝑧) = 𝑏0 + 𝑏1 𝑧 + 𝑏2 𝑧 + 𝑏3 𝑧 + ⋯ = ∑ 𝑏𝑘 𝑧 𝑘 ,
2 3 (𝑏1 ≠ 0),
𝑘=0

12
that is convergent in the unit disk 𝑈. Then,

𝑔(𝑧) − 𝑏0 = 𝑏1 𝑧 + 𝑏2 𝑧 2 + 𝑏3 𝑧 3 + ⋯

𝑔(𝑧) − 𝑏0 𝑏2 𝑏3
= 𝑧 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 + ⋯
𝑏1 𝑏1 𝑏1

𝑔(𝑧) − 𝑏0 𝑏𝑘
let 𝑓(𝑧) = and 𝑎𝑘 = (𝑏 ≠ 0), when 𝑘 = 2, 3, 4, …
𝑏1 𝑏1 1

Then 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 + 𝑎2 𝑧 2 + 𝑎3 𝑧 3 + ⋯ . Hence,

𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 + ∑ 𝑎𝑘 𝑧 𝑘 (1.12)
𝑘=2

Thus, such that 𝑓(0) = 0 and 𝑓 ′ (0) = 1. (1.12) is a normalized univalent function.

1.2.15. The Subordination Principle

Let 𝑓(𝑧) and 𝑔(𝑧) be analytic functions in 𝑈 = {|𝑧| <1}, 𝑓(𝑧) is said to be subordinate to

𝑔(𝑧) if there exists a function 𝜙(0) = 0, and |𝜙(𝑧)| < 1 such that

𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑔(𝜙(𝑧)), {|𝑧| <1}. (1.13)

Subordination is denoted by 𝑓(𝑧) ≺ 𝑔(𝑧). (Pommerenke, 1975)

1.2.16. Special Functions

In the nineteenth century, C. F. Gauss, C. G. J. Jacobi, F. Klein and many others developed

the theory of special functions. And in the twentieth century, the theory of special functions

has been outstripping by the other fields in mathematics such as real analysis, functional

analysis, topology, algebra, differential equations, etc. (Ramachandran & Dhanalakshmi,

2017). The following are some of the special functions:

13
Bessel Function

Bessel’s differential equation of order n is given by

𝑧 2 𝑌 ′′ + 𝑧𝑌 ′ + (𝑧 2 − 𝑛2 )𝑌 = 0

Legendre Function

Legendre’s differential equation of order 𝑛 is given by

(1 − 𝑧 2 )𝑌 ′′ − 2𝑧𝑌 ′ + 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)𝑌 = 0

Sigmoid Function
Sigmoid function is given by

1
ℎ(𝑧) = (1.14)
1 + 𝑒 −𝑧

The function in (1.14) is differentiable and has the following properties:

1. It outputs real numbers between 0 and 1.

2. It maps a very large input domain to a small range of outputs.

3. It never loses information because it is a one-to-one function.

4. It increases monotonically.

Fadipe-Joseph et. al (2013) studied and established that the modified sigmoid function

belongs to the class of function from (1.11) as

2
𝜙𝑛,𝑚 (𝑧) =
1 + 𝑒 −𝑧
and introduced the series form of the sigmoid function

∞ ∞ 𝑚
(−1)𝑚 (−1)𝑛 𝑛
𝜙𝑛,𝑚 (𝑧) = 1 + ∑ ((∑ 𝑧 ) )
2𝑚 𝑛!
𝑚=1 𝑛=1

14
Therefore,
1 1 1
𝜙𝑛,𝑚 (𝑧) = 1 + 𝑧 − 𝑧3 + 𝑧5 − ⋯ (1.15)
2 24 240

1.2.17. Differential Operators (Multiplier Transformations)

A differential operator is an essential tool in geometric function theory. In 1975, Ruscheweyh

with the use of convolution introduced a differential operator 𝐷𝑛 as a tool to investigate a

certain class of univalent functions. The continuous extension and generalization of the tool

have since then continued to gain attention among the function theorists Oluwayemi et al.

(2022). Below are some of the notable operators:

Ruscheweyh Differential Operator (1975)

Let 𝑛 ∈ ℕ = {0,1,2, ⋯ }. The Ruschewyh derivative of 𝑛𝑡ℎ order 𝑓, denoted by 𝑅 𝑛 𝑓(𝑧) is

defined by
(1.16)
∞

𝑅 𝑛 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 + ∑ 𝐵𝑘 (𝑛)𝑎𝑘 𝑧 𝑘
𝑘=2

where,

𝑛+𝑘−1 (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) ⋯ (𝑛 + 𝑘 − 1)
𝐵𝑘 (𝑛) = 𝐵(𝑛, 𝑘) = ( )=
𝑛 (𝑘 − 1)!

(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) ⋯ (𝑛 + 𝑘 − 1) (𝑛 + 1)𝑘−1
= =
(𝑘 − 1)! (1)𝑘−1

Sălăgean Differential Operator (1983)

Let 𝑓(𝑧) ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑛 ∈ ℕ. The Sălăgean differential operator denoted by 𝐷𝑛 𝑓(𝑧) is

𝐷 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 + ∑ 𝑘 𝑛 𝑎𝑘 𝑧 𝑘
𝑛
(1.17)
𝑘=2

15
Amourah and Yousef (2020)

Let 𝑚, 𝑛 ∈ ℕ. The differential operator defined by Amourah and Yousef is given by

∞
𝑚 𝜇 + 𝜆 + (𝑛 − 1)(𝜆 − 𝛼)(𝛽 − 𝜎) 𝑚
𝐷𝜇,𝜆,𝜎 𝑓(𝑧) =𝑧+∑[ ] 𝑎𝑛 𝑧 𝑛 (1.18)
𝜇+𝜆
𝑛=2

1.2.18. Coefficient Problems

The Feketo-Szegö Functional

In 1933, Fekete-Szegö proved that

3 − 4𝜎. if 𝜎 ≤ 0
−2𝜎 (1.19)
|𝑎3 − 𝜎𝑎22 | ≤ {1 + 𝑒 ( ) if 0 ≤ 𝜎 ≤ 1
1−𝜎
4𝜎 − 3 if 𝜎 ≥ 1
The determination of the sharp bounds for the functional |𝑎3 − 𝜎𝑎22 | is known as the Fekete-

Szegö problem.

The Hankel determinant

The Hankel determinant of 𝑓(𝑧) when 𝑞 ≥ 1 and 𝑛 ≥ 1 defined by Pommerenke (1975) as;

𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛+1 … 𝑎𝑛+𝑞−1
𝑎𝑛+1 𝑎𝑛+2 … 𝑎𝑛+𝑞
𝐻𝑞 (𝑛) = | ⋮ | (1.20)
⋮ ⋱ ⋮
𝑎𝑛+𝑞−1 𝑎𝑛+𝑞 … 𝑎𝑛+2𝑞−2

It is observed that the Fekete-Szegö functional from (2.4) is 𝐻2 (1) and Fekete-Szegö further

generalised the estimate as |𝑎3 − 𝛿𝑎22 | with 𝛿 being real. Further, the second Hankel

determinant which occurs in the case when 𝑞 = 2 and 𝑛 = 2 is given by

𝑎2 𝑎3 2
𝐻2 (2) = |𝑎 𝑎4 | = |𝑎2 𝑎4 − 𝑎3 |
3

was obtained by several authors in literature for various classes on univalent functions but in

this work the Hankel determinant in the case 𝑞 = 3 and 𝑛 = 1 will be considered.

16
1.3. Aims and Objectives of the Study

The aim of this study is to establish certain subclass of univalent functions associated with

the modified sigmoid function and investigate the coefficient problems.

The objectives of this study are to:

1. develop a new subclass of univalent functions;

2. obtain initial coefficients for the new subclass of functions; and

3. determine the Fekete-Szegö functional and the Hankel determinants of the subclass of

univalent functions.

1.4. Statement of the Problem

Applications of differential operators as a tool in GFT and the use of special functions

among function theorists have continued to gain attention in recent times. This study

therefore considered the applications of a generalised differential operator and sigmoid

function in establishing a certain class of analytic functions.

1.5. Justification of the Study

The study extended the differential operator defined by Amourah and Yousef (2020).

Furthermore, the class of functions investigated by Vamshee et al. (2015) was generalised

and the study of sigmoid function in relation to the function of bounded turning was

introduced and the coefficients were obtained.

17
1.6. Significance of the Study

This study is to consider application of a generalised differential operator and sigmoid

function in geometric function theory. There are many subclasses of analytic and univalent

functions because researchers in the field are seeking to improve on existing works and add

new knowledge to the classes of analytic and univalent functions related to GFT. The class of

functions considered in this work is a class of univalent functions involving a generalised

differential operator and sigmoid function. Since the functions are univalent and of bounded

turning, the work finds applications in any field that involves reduction or enlargement.

18
 CHAPTER 2 - LITERATURE REVIEW

Fadipe-Joseph et. al (2013) investigated the properties of sigmoid function in relation

to univalent functions theory and establiahed that the modified sigmoid function belongs to

the class of function in (1.11).

Murugusundaramoorthy and Janani (2015) obtained the initial coefficients of

𝜆 −pseudo starlike functions related to sigmoid functions and the Fekete-Szegö coefficient

functional for certain normalized analytic functions defined on the open unit disk. Vamshee

et. al (2015) obtained an upper bound to the third Hankel determinant for a certain subclass

of univalent functions using toeplitz determinant.

Olatunji and Dansu (2016) obtained the first few coefficients estimates for Bazilevicˇ

Ma-Minda Functions for a certain class and the relevant connection to Fekete-Szegö

inequality. From the work of Ramachandran and Dhanalakshmi (2017), some classes were

considered and the initial coefficient and Fekete-Szegö functional were estimated.

Oluwayemi et. al (2019) used the Sălăgean differential operator in (1.17) involving modified

sigmoid function to define a class and established various geometric properties of the class.

From the work of Amourah and Yousef (2020), a new generalized differential

operator was defined on the open unit disk U and a subclass was introduced using the

operator defined. Furthermore, coefficient estimates, growth and distortion theorems, closure

theorems and class preserving integral operators for functions in the class defined were

discussed. Oluwayemi et. al (2022) introduced a generalized multiplier operator used as a

tool to investigate a new class of functions and its subclass and investigated various

properties of the class.

19
 CHAPTER 3 - METHODOLOGY

3.1. Introduction

Recall from (1.12), 𝑓(𝑧) can be written in the form

∞

𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 + ∑ 𝑎𝑘 𝑧 𝑘
𝑘=2

The following differential operator is defined as follows

0 (𝛼,
𝐷𝜇,𝜔 𝜎, 𝜏)𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑓(𝑧)

1
1
𝜎 − 𝜇(𝜔 − 𝛼) 𝜇(𝜔 − 𝛼) ′ 𝜏(𝜔 − 𝛼) 2 ′′
𝐷𝜇,𝜔 (𝛼, 𝜎, 𝜏) 𝑓(𝑧) = ( 𝑓(𝑧) + 𝑧𝑓 (𝑧) + 𝑧 𝑓 (𝑧)) .
𝜎 𝜎 𝜎

It follows that,

∞
𝜎 − 𝜇(𝜔 − 𝛼) 𝜎 − 𝜇(𝜔 − 𝛼) 𝜎 − 𝜇(𝜔 − 𝛼)
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧+∑ 𝑎𝑘 𝑧 𝑘 .
𝜎 𝜎 𝜎
𝑘=2

∞
𝜇(𝜔 − 𝛼) ′ 𝜇(𝜔 − 𝛼) 𝜇(𝜔 − 𝛼)
𝑧𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧+∑𝑘 𝑎𝑘 𝑧 𝑘 .
𝜎 𝜎 𝜎
𝑘=2

∞
𝜏(𝜔 − 𝛼) 2 ′′ 𝜏(𝜔 − 𝛼)
𝑧 𝑓 (𝑧) = ∑ 𝑘(𝑘 − 1) 𝑎𝑘 𝑧 𝑘 .
𝜎 𝜎
𝑘=2
Therefore,
∞
1
𝜎 − 𝜇(𝜔 − 𝛼) 𝜎 − 𝜇(𝜔 − 𝛼) 𝜇(𝜔 − 𝛼)
𝐷𝜇,𝜔 (𝛼, 𝜎, 𝜏) 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧+∑ 𝑎𝑘 𝑧 𝑘 + 𝑧
𝜎 𝜎 𝜎
𝑘=2

∞ ∞
𝜇(𝜔 − 𝛼) 𝜏(𝜔 − 𝛼)
+∑𝑘 𝑎𝑘 𝑧 𝑘 + ∑ 𝑘(𝑘 − 1) 𝑎𝑘 𝑧 𝑘 .
𝜎 𝜎
𝑘=2 𝑘=2

∞ ∞ ∞
𝜎 − 𝜇(𝜔 − 𝛼) 𝜇(𝜔 − 𝛼) 𝜏(𝜔 − 𝛼)
= 𝑧+∑ 𝑎𝑘 𝑧 𝑘 + ∑ 𝑘 𝑎𝑘 𝑧 𝑘 + ∑ 𝑘(𝑘 − 1) 𝑎𝑘 𝑧 𝑘 .
𝜎 𝜎 𝜎
𝑘=2 𝑘=2 𝑘=2

∞ 1
𝑘(𝑘 − 1)𝜏(𝜔 − 𝛼) + 𝑘𝜇(𝜔 − 𝛼) − 𝜇(𝜔 − 𝛼)
= 𝑧 + ∑ (1 + ) 𝑎𝑘 𝑧 𝑘
𝜎
𝑘=2

20
 ∞ 1
1
(𝑘 − 1)(𝑘𝜏(𝜔 − 𝛼) + 𝜇(𝜔 − 𝛼))
𝐷𝜇,𝜔 (𝛼, 𝜎, 𝜏) 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 + ∑ (1 + ) 𝑎𝑘 𝑧 𝑘
𝜎
𝑘=2
∞ 𝑛
𝑛
(𝑘𝜏(𝜔 − 𝛼) + 𝜇(𝜔 − 𝛼))
𝐷𝜇,𝜔 (𝛼, 𝜎, 𝜏) 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 + ∑ (1 + (𝑘 − 1) ) 𝑎𝑘 𝑧 𝑘 , ( 𝑛 ∈ ℕ)
𝜎
𝑘=2

Where 𝜇, 𝜔 ≥ 0, 𝛼, 𝜏 ≥ 0, 𝜎 ≠ 0, 𝑛 ∈ ℕ
𝑛
𝛼 (𝑛,𝜎,𝜏) (𝑘𝜏 + 𝜇)(𝜔 − 𝛼)
Let 𝛱𝜇,𝜔 = (1 + (𝑘 − 1) ( ))
𝜎
∞
𝑛 𝑛 (𝛼,𝜎,𝜏)
𝐷𝜇,𝜔 (𝛼, 𝜎, 𝜏) 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 + ∑ 𝛱𝜇,𝜔 𝑎𝑘 𝑧 𝑘
𝑘=2

The differential operator reduces to that of Amourah and Yousef (2020) if 𝜇 = 𝜆 − 𝛼 and

𝜎 = 𝜇 + 𝜆.

𝑛 𝑛 (𝛼,𝜎,𝜏)
With the aid of the differential operator 𝐷𝜇,𝜔 (𝛼, 𝜎, 𝜏) 𝑓(𝑧) we define the class 𝑇(𝛱𝜇,𝜔 ),

defines as follows.

𝑛 (𝛼,𝜎,𝜏)
Definition 3.1. The function 𝑓(𝑧) ∈ 𝑅𝑇(𝛱𝜇,𝜔 ) if the following condition is satisfied:

𝑛
𝑅𝑒{𝐷𝜇,𝜔 (𝛼, 𝜎, 𝜏) 𝑓(𝑧)} > 𝛽

Where 𝑧 ∈ 𝑈 and 𝑛 ∈ ℕ.

Lemma 3.1. (Pommerenke, 1975) If 𝑝 ∈ ℘, the |𝑐𝑘 | ≤ 2, for each 𝑘 ≥ 1 and the triangle
1+𝑧
inequality is sharp for the function 1−𝑧

Lemma 3.2. (Vamshee, Venkateswarlu, & RamReddy, 2015) The power series for

𝑝(𝑧) = 1 + ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=1 𝑐𝑛 𝑧 given in (1.11) converges in the open unit disc U to a function in ℘ if

and only if the Toeplitz determinants

2 𝑐1 𝑐2 ⋯ 𝑐𝑛
𝑐−1 2 𝑐1 ⋯ 𝑐𝑛−1
𝐷𝑛 = || 𝑐−2 𝑐−1 2 ⋯ 𝑐𝑛−2 || , 𝑛 = 1,2,3 …
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
𝑐−𝑛 𝑐−𝑛+1 𝑐−𝑛+2 ⋯ 2

21
and 𝑐−𝑘 = 𝑐̅𝑘 are all non-negative. They are strictly positive except for
1+𝑧
𝑝(𝑧) ∑∞
𝑚=1 𝜌𝑛 𝜌0 (𝑒
𝑖𝑡𝑘
𝑧), 𝜌𝑘 > 0, 𝑡𝑘 real and 𝑡𝑘 ≠ 𝑡𝑗 for 𝑘 ≠ 𝑗, where 𝜌0 (𝑧) = 1−𝑧; in the case

𝐷𝑛 > 0 for 𝑛 < (𝑚 − 1) and 𝐷𝑛 = 0 for 𝑛 ≥ 𝑚

We may assume without restrictions that 𝑐1 > 0. On using Lemma 3.2., for 𝑛 = 2, we

have that

2 𝑐1 𝑐2
𝐷2 = |𝑐̅1 2 𝑐−1 | = [8 + 2𝑅𝑒{𝑐12 𝑐2 } − 2|𝑐2 |2 − 4|𝑐1 |2] ≥ 0,
𝑐̅2 𝑐̅1 2

Which is equivalent to

2𝑐2 = c12 + 𝑥(4 − c12 ), 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑥, |𝑥| ≤ 1. (3.1)

For 𝑛 = 3,

2 𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3
𝑐̅ 2 𝑐1 𝑐2
𝐷3 = | 1 |≥0
𝑐̅2 𝑐̅1 2 𝑐1
𝑐̅3 𝑐̅2 𝑐̅1 2

Which is equivalent to

4𝑐3 = (c13 + 2𝑐1 (4 − c12 )𝑥 − 𝑐1 (4 − c12 )𝑥 2 + 2(4 − c12 )(1 − |𝑥|2 )𝑧) (3.2)

3.2. Main Result

𝑛 (𝛼,𝜎,𝜏) 1
Theorem 3.1. If 𝑓(𝑧) from (1.12) belongs to the class 𝑅𝑇(𝛱𝜇,𝜔 ) (0 ≤ 𝛽 ≤ 4) then,

3
(1 − 𝛽) 4 − 9𝜋 + 4𝛽) 2
|𝑎2 𝑎3 − 𝑎4 | = (−4 + 6𝜋) ( )
12𝜋 2 6 − 9𝜋

Proof: Assume 𝑓(𝑧) and 𝑝(𝑧) from (1.12) and (1.11) such that

𝑓 ′ (𝑧) − 𝛽
= 𝑝(𝑧)
1−𝛽

𝑓 ′ (𝑧) − 𝛽 = (1 − 𝛽) 𝑝(𝑧) (3.3)

22
Applying the series representation for 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) and 𝑝(𝑧) into (3.3) follows that

𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 𝛽 − (1 − 𝛽) 𝑝(𝑧)

1 + 2𝑎2 𝜋𝑧 + 3𝑎3 𝜋𝑧 2 + 4𝑎4 𝜋𝑧 3 + ⋯ = 𝛽 + (1 − 𝛽) (1 + 𝑐1 𝑧 + 𝑐2 𝑧 2 + 𝑐3 𝑧 3 + ⋯ )

2𝑎2 𝜋𝑧 + 3𝑎3 𝜋𝑧 2 + 4𝑎4 𝜋𝑧 3 + ⋯ = 𝛽 − 1 + 1 + 𝑐1 𝑧 + 𝑐2 𝑧 2 + 𝑐3 𝑧 3 + ⋯ − 𝛽 − 𝑐1 𝛽𝑧 −

𝑐2 𝛽𝑧 2 − 𝑐3 𝛽𝑧 3 − ⋯

2𝑎2 𝜋𝑧 + 3𝑎3 𝜋𝑧 2 + 4𝑎4 𝜋𝑧 3 + ⋯ = 𝑐1 𝑧 + 𝑐2 𝑧 2 + 𝑐3 𝑧 3 + ⋯ − 𝑐1 𝛽𝑧 − 𝑐2 𝛽𝑧 2 − 𝑐3 𝛽𝑧 3 − ⋯

2𝑎2 𝜋𝑧 + 3𝑎3 𝜋𝑧 2 + 4𝑎4 𝜋𝑧 3 + ⋯ = (1 − 𝛽)𝑐1 𝑧 + (1 − 𝛽)𝑐2 𝑧 2 + (1 − 𝛽)𝑐3 𝑧 3 + ⋯ (3.4)

Equating the coefficients of like powers of 𝑧 , 𝑧 2 and 𝑧 3 respectively in (3.4) then,

2𝑎2 𝜋𝑧 = (1 − 𝛽)𝑐1 𝑧; 3𝑎3 𝜋𝑧 2 = (1 − 𝛽)𝑐2 𝑧 2 ; 4𝑎4 𝜋𝑧 3 = (1 − 𝛽)𝑐3 𝑧 3

(1 − 𝛽)𝑐1 (1 − 𝛽)𝑐2 (1 − 𝛽)𝑐3 (3.5)

𝑎2 = ; 𝑎3 = ; 𝑎4 =
2𝜋 3𝜋 4𝜋

Substituting the values of 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 and 𝑎4 from (3.5) in the functional |𝑎2 𝑎3 − 𝑎4 | for the

𝑛 (𝛼,𝜎,𝜏)
function 𝑓(𝑧) ∈ 𝑅𝑇 (𝛱𝜇,𝜔 ) then

(1 − 𝛽)𝑐1 (1 − 𝛽)𝑐2 (1 − 𝛽)𝑐3

|𝑎2 𝑎3 − 𝑎4 | = |( )( )− |
2𝜋 3𝜋 4𝜋

(1 − 𝛽) (1 − 𝛽)𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3
|( )( − )|
𝜋 6𝜋 4

(1 − 𝛽) 2(1 − 𝛽)𝑐1 𝑐2 − 3𝜋𝑐3

|𝑎2 𝑎3 − 𝑎4 | = | | (3.6)
𝜋 12𝜋

When 𝑑1 = 2(1 − 𝛽) and 𝑑2 = −3𝜋 (3.7)

(1 − 𝛽)
|𝑎2 𝑎3 − 𝑎4 | = |𝑑1 𝑐1 𝑐2 + 𝑑2 𝑐3 | (3.8)
12𝜋 2

Substituting the values of 𝑐2 and 𝑐3 from (3.1) and (3.2) respectively, then the right-hand

side of (3.8) becomes

1 1
|𝑑1 𝑐1 𝑐2 + 𝑑2 𝑐3 | = |𝑑1 𝑐1 × (c12 + 𝑥(4 − c12 )) + 𝑑2 × (c13 + 2𝑐1 (4 − c12 )𝑥 − 𝑐1 (4 −
2 4

c12 )𝑥 2 + 2(4 − c12 )(1 − |𝑥|2 )𝑧)|

23
 2 1
= |𝑑1 𝑐1 × 4 (c12 + 𝑥(4 − c12 )) + 𝑑2 × 4 (c13 + 2𝑐1 (4 − c12 )𝑥 − 𝑐1 (4 − c12 )𝑥 2 + 2(4 −

c12 )(1 − |𝑥|2 )𝑧)|

4|𝑑1 𝑐1 𝑐2 + 𝑑2 𝑐3 | = |𝑑1 𝑐1 × 2(c12 + 𝑥(4 − c12 )) + 𝑑2 × (c13 + 2𝑐1 (4 − c12 )𝑥 − 𝑐1 (4 −

c12 )𝑥 2 + 2(4 − c12 )(1 − |𝑥|2 )𝑧)|

By triangle inequality and the fact that |𝑧| < 1, then

4|𝑑1 𝑐1 𝑐2 + 𝑑2 𝑐3 | ≤ |2𝑑1 c13 + 2𝑑1 𝑐1 𝑥(4 − c12 ) + 𝑑2 c13 + 2𝑑2 𝑐1 (4 − c12 )𝑥 − 𝑑2 𝑐1 (4 −

c12 )|𝑥|2 + 2𝑑2 (4 − c12 ) − 2𝑑2 (4 − c12 )|𝑥|2 |

≤ |(2𝑑1 + 𝑑2 )c13 + 2𝑑2 (4 − c12 ) + 2(𝑑1 + 𝑑2 )𝑐1 (4 − c12 )|𝑥| − 𝑑2 (𝑐1 + 2)(4 −

c12 )|𝑥|2 | (3.9)

Using the values of 𝑑1 and 𝑑2 from (3.7) then,

2𝑑1 + 𝑑2 = 4 − 3𝜋 − 4𝛽; 2𝑑2 = −6𝜋; 𝑑1 + 𝑑2 = 2 − 3𝜋 − 2𝛽 (3.10)

Substituting (3.10) into (3.9) , then

4|𝑑1 𝑐1 𝑐2 + 𝑑2 𝑐3 | ≤ |(4 − 3𝜋 − 4𝛽)c13 − 6𝜋 (4 − c12 ) + 2(2 − 3𝜋 − 2𝛽)𝑐1 (4 − c12 )|𝑥| +

3𝜋(𝑐1 + 2)(4 − c12 )|𝑥|2 |

When 𝑐1 = 𝑐, 𝑐1 + 𝑎 = 𝑐1 − 𝑎 where 𝑎 ≥ 0. When |𝑥| = 𝜇, therefore

4|𝑑1 𝑐1 𝑐2 + 𝑑2 𝑐3 | ≤ [(4 − 3𝜋 − 4𝛽)𝑐 3 − 6𝜋 (4 − c 2 ) + 2(2 − 3𝜋 − 2𝛽)c(4 −

c 2 )𝜇 + 3𝜋(c + 2)(4 − c 2 )𝜇 2 ] (3.11)

𝐹(𝑐, 𝜇) = [(4 − 3𝜋 − 4𝛽)𝑐 3 + 6𝜋 (4 − c 2 ) + 2(−2 + 3𝜋 − 2𝛽)c(4 − c 2 )𝜇

+ 3𝜋(c − 2)(4 − c 2 )𝜇 2 ]

𝑑𝐹
= 2(−2 + 3𝜋 − 2𝛽)c(4 − c 2 ) + 6𝜋(c − 2)(4 − c 2 )𝜇
𝑑𝜇

𝐹(𝑐, 1) = (4 − 3𝜋 − 4𝛽)𝑐 3 + 6𝜋 (4 − c 2 ) + 2(−2 + 3𝜋 − 2𝛽)c(4 − c 2 )

+ 3𝜋(c − 2)(4 − c 2 )

24
 = 4𝑐 3 − 3𝜋𝑐 3 − 4𝛽𝑐 3 + 24𝜋 − 6𝜋𝑐 2 + (−4𝑐 + 6𝜋𝑐 + 4𝛽𝑐)(4 − c 2 ) + (3𝜋𝑐

− 6𝜋)(4 − c 2 )

= 4𝑐 3 − 3𝜋𝑐 3 − 4𝛽𝑐 3 + 24𝜋 − 6𝜋𝑐 2 − 16𝑐 + 24𝜋𝑐 − 16𝛽𝑐 + 4c 3 − 6𝜋c 3 + 4𝛽c 3 +

12𝜋𝑐 − 24𝜋 − 3πc 3 + 6𝜋c 2

= 8𝑐 3 − 12𝜋c 3 + 36𝜋𝑐 − 16𝑐 − 16𝛽𝑐

= (8 − 12𝜋)c 3 + (36𝜋 − 16 − 16𝛽)𝑐

𝐹(𝑐, 1) = (8 − 12𝜋)c 3 + 4(9𝜋 − 4 − 4𝛽)𝑐 (3.12)

max 𝐹(𝑐, 𝜇) = 𝐹(𝑐, 1) = 𝐺(𝑐) (3.13)

0≤𝜇≤1

From (3.12) and (3.13), it follows that

𝐺(𝑐) = (8 − 12𝜋)c 3 + 4(9𝜋 − 4 − 4𝛽)𝑐 (3.14)

(3.15)
𝐺 ′ (𝑐) = 3(8 − 12𝜋)c 2 + 4(9𝜋 − 4 − 4𝛽)

𝐺 ′′ (𝑐) = 6(8 − 12𝜋)𝑐 (3.16)

From (3.15) when 𝐺 ′ (𝑐) = 0 then

3(8 − 12𝜋)c 2 + 4(9𝜋 − 4 − 4𝛽) = 0

3(8 − 12𝜋)c 2 = −4(9𝜋 − 4 − 4𝛽)

−4(9𝜋 − 4 − 4𝛽) −4(9𝜋 − 4 − 4𝛽) −4(9𝜋 − 4 − 4𝛽)

c2 = = =
3(8 − 12𝜋) (24 − 36𝜋) 4(6 − 9𝜋)

4 − 9𝜋 + 4𝛽 (3.17)
c2 =
6 − 9𝜋

Substituting the value of (3.17) into (3.16) then,

4 − 9𝜋 + 4𝛽)
𝐺 ′′ (𝑐) = 6(8 − 12𝜋)√( )
6 − 9𝜋

This shows that 𝐺(𝑐) has its maximum value of 𝑐 at (3.17), Therefore substituting the value

of 𝑐 2 into (3.14),

25
 4 − 9𝜋 + 4𝛽) 4 − 9𝜋 + 4𝛽)
𝐺𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (8 − 12𝜋) ( ) √( ) − 4(9𝜋 − 4
6 − 9𝜋 6 − 9𝜋

4 − 9𝜋 + 4𝛽)
− 4𝛽) √( )
6 − 9𝜋

4 − 9𝜋 + 4𝛽) 4 − 9𝜋 + 4𝛽)
= √( ) ((8 − 12𝜋) ( ) − 4(9𝜋 − 4 − 4𝛽))
6 − 9𝜋 6 − 9𝜋

4 − 9𝜋 + 4𝛽) (8 − 12𝜋)(4 − 9𝜋 + 4𝛽) + 4(6 − 9𝜋)(4 − 9𝜋 + 4𝛽)

= √( )( )
6 − 9𝜋 6 − 9𝜋

4 − 9𝜋 + 4𝛽) 4 − 9𝜋 + 4𝛽)(8 − 12𝜋 + 24 − 36𝜋)

= √( )( )
6 − 9𝜋 6 − 9𝜋

1
4 − 9𝜋 + 4𝛽) 2 4 − 9𝜋 + 4𝛽) 1
=( ) ( ) (8 − 12𝜋 + 24 − 36𝜋)
6 − 9𝜋 6 − 9𝜋
3
4 − 9𝜋 + 4𝛽) 2
=( ) (−16 + 24𝜋)
6 − 9𝜋
3
4 − 9𝜋 + 4𝛽) 2 (3.18)
𝐺𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (−16 + 24𝜋) ( )
6 − 9𝜋

3
4 − 9𝜋 + 4𝛽) 2
4|𝑑1 𝑐1 𝑐2 + 𝑑2 𝑐3 | ≤ (−16 + 24𝜋) ( )
6 − 9𝜋
3
4 − 9𝜋 + 4𝛽) 2 (3.19)
|𝑑1 𝑐1 𝑐2 + 𝑑2 𝑐3 | ≤ (−4 + 6𝜋) ( )
6 − 9𝜋

From (3.8) and (3.19) then

3
(1 − 𝛽) 4 − 9𝜋 + 4𝛽) 2 (3.20)
|𝑎2 𝑎3 − 𝑎4 | = (−4 + 6𝜋) ( )
12𝜋 2 6 − 9𝜋

When the value of 𝜋 = 1 in (3.20), the following Corollary is obtained.

𝑛 (𝛼,𝜎,𝜏) 1
Corollary 3.1.1. If 𝑓(𝑧) from (1.12) belongs to the class 𝑅𝑇(𝛱𝜇,𝜔 ) (0 ≤ 𝛽 ≤ 4)

3
(1 − 𝛽) 4 − 9 + 4𝛽) 2
|𝑎2 𝑎3 − 𝑎4 | = (−4 + 6) ( )
12 6−9

26
 3
(1 − 𝛽) −5 + 4𝛽) 2
|𝑎2 𝑎3 − 𝑎4 | = (2) ( )
12 −3
3
(1 − 𝛽) 5 − 4𝛽) 2
|𝑎2 𝑎3 − 𝑎4 | = ( )
6 3

Remark 3.1.1. This result coincides with that of Vamshee et al. (2015).

When the value of 𝛽 = 0 in (3.20), the following Corollary is obtained.

𝑛 (𝛼,𝜎,𝜏) 1
Corollary 3.1.2. If 𝑓(𝑧) from (1.12) belongs to the class 𝑅𝑇(𝛱𝜇,𝜔 ) (0 ≤ 𝛽 ≤ 4)

5 5
|𝑎2 𝑎3 − 𝑎4 | ≤ √
18 3

Remark 3.1.2. This result coincides with that of Babalola (2010).

𝑛 (𝛼,𝜎,𝜏) 1
Theorem 3.2. If 𝑓(𝑧) ∈ 𝑅𝑇(𝛱𝜇,𝜔 ) (0 ≤ 𝛽 ≤ 4) then,

2
|𝑎3 − 𝑎22 | ≤ (1 − 𝛽)
3𝜋

Proof: Putting the values of 𝑎2 and 𝑎3 from (3.5) then,

2
(1 − 𝛽)𝑐2 (1 − 𝛽)𝑐1 (1 − 𝛽) 𝑐2 (1 − 𝛽)𝑐12
|𝑎3 − 𝑎22 | = | −( ) |=| ( − )|
3𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 3 4𝜋

(1 − 𝛽) 4𝜋𝑐2 − 3(1 − 𝛽)𝑐12

=| ( )|
𝜋 12𝜋

(1 − 𝛽) (3.21)
|𝑎3 − 𝑎22 | = |(4𝜋𝑐2 − 3(1 − 𝛽)𝑐12 )|
12𝜋 2

Substituting the values of 𝑐2 from (3.1) , then the right-hand side of (3.21) will be,

1
|(4𝜋𝑐2 − 3(1 − 𝛽)𝑐12 )| = |(4𝜋 × (c12 + 𝑥(4 − c12 )) − 3(1 − 𝛽)𝑐12 )|
2

= |(2𝜋(c12 + 𝑥(4 − c12 )) − 3(1 − 𝛽)𝑐12 )| = |(2𝜋c12 + 2𝜋𝑥(4 − c12 ) − 3𝑐12 + 3𝛽𝑐12 )|

= |(2𝜋c12 + 8𝜋𝑥 − 2𝜋𝑥c12 − 3𝑐12 + 3𝛽𝑐12 )| = |(2𝜋 − 2𝜋𝑥 − 3 + 3𝛽)c12 + 8𝜋𝑥|

27
 |(4𝜋𝑐2 − 3(1 − 𝛽)𝑐21 )| = |(2𝜋 − 2𝜋𝑥 − 3 + 3𝛽)c12 + 8𝜋𝑥| (3.22)

When 𝑐1 = 𝑐, 𝑐1 + 𝑎 = 𝑐1 − 𝑎 where 𝑎 ≥ 0 , therefore

|(4𝜋𝑐2 − 3(1 − 𝛽)𝑐2 )| = |(−2𝜋 − 2𝜋 + 3 − 3𝛽)𝑐2 + 8𝜋𝑥|

|(4𝜋𝑐2 − 3(1 − 𝛽)𝑐2 )| = |(−4𝜋 + 3 − 3𝛽)𝑐2 + 8𝜋| (3.23)

𝐺(𝑐) = −(4𝜋 − 3 + 3𝛽)𝑐2 + 8𝜋 (3.24)

𝐺 ′ (𝑐) = −2(4𝜋 − 3 + 3𝛽)𝑐 (3.25)

𝐺𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐺 (0) = 8𝜋 (3.26)

|(4𝜋𝑐2 − 3(1 − 𝛽)𝑐2 )| ≤ 8𝜋 (3.27)

Then substituting (3.27) into (3.21) then,

(1 − 𝛽)
|𝑎3 − 𝑎22 | ≤ × 8𝜋
12𝜋 2
2 (3.28)
|𝑎3 − 𝑎22 | ≤ (1 − 𝛽)
3𝜋

When the value of 𝜋 = 1, the following Corollary is obtained.

𝑛 (𝛼,𝜎,𝜏) 1
Corollary 3.2.1. If 𝑓(𝑧) from (1.12) belongs to the class 𝑅𝑇(𝛱𝜇,𝜔 ) (0 ≤ 𝛽 ≤ 4)

2
|𝑎3 − 𝑎22 | ≤ (1 − 𝛽) (3.29)
3

Remark 3.2.1. This result coincides with that of Vamshee et al. (2015).

When the value of 𝛽 = 0, the following Corollary is obtained.

𝑛 (𝛼,𝜎,𝜏) 1
Corollary 3.2.2. If 𝑓(𝑧) from (1.12) belongs to the class 𝑅𝑇(𝛱𝜇,𝜔 ) (0 ≤ 𝛽 ≤ )
4

2
|𝑎3 − 𝑎22 | ≤ (3.30)
3

Remark 3.2.2. This result coincides with that of Babalola (2010).

𝑛 (𝛼,𝜎,𝜏) 1
Theorem 3.3. If 𝑓(𝑧) from (1.12) belongs to the class 𝑅𝑇(𝛱𝜇,𝜔 ) (0 ≤ 𝛽 ≤ 4) and

𝜙𝑛,𝑚 (𝑧) from (1.15) then,

1
|𝑎2 𝑎3 − 𝑎4 | ≤ (1 − 𝛽)
96𝜋

28
 𝑛 (𝛼,𝜎,𝜏) 1
Proof: Assume 𝑓(𝑧) from (1.12) belongs to the class 𝑅𝑇(𝛱𝜇,𝜔 ) (0 ≤ 𝛽 ≤ 4) then

𝑓 ′ (𝑧) − 𝛽
= 𝜙𝑛,𝑚 (𝑧)
1−𝛽

𝑓 ′ (𝑧) − 𝛽 = (1 − 𝛽) 𝜙𝑛,𝑚 (𝑧) (3.31)

1 1 3 1 5
1 + 2𝑎2 𝜋𝑧 + 3𝑎3 𝜋𝑧 2 + 4𝑎4 𝜋𝑧 3 + ⋯ = 𝛽 + (1 − 𝛽) (1 + 𝑧 − 𝑧 + 𝑧 −⋯)
2 24 240
1 1 1 𝛽
2𝑎2 𝜋𝑧 + 3𝑎3 𝜋𝑧 2 + 4𝑎4 𝜋𝑧 3 + ⋯ = 𝛽 − 1 + 1 + 2 𝑧 − 24 𝑧 3 + 240 𝑧 5 − ⋯ − 𝛽 − 2 𝑧 +

𝛽 𝛽
𝑧 3 − 240 𝑧 5 − ⋯
24

1 1 1 5 𝛽 𝛽 𝛽 5
2𝑎2 𝜋𝑧 + 3𝑎3 𝜋𝑧 2 + 4𝑎4 𝜋𝑧 3 + ⋯ = 𝑧 − 𝑧3 + 𝑧 − ⋯ − 𝑧 + 𝑧3 − 𝑧 +⋯
2 24 240 2 24 240
1
2𝑎2 𝜋𝑧 + 3𝑎3 𝜋𝑧 2 + 4𝑎4 𝜋𝑧 3 + 5𝑎5 𝜋𝑧 4 + 6𝑎6 𝜋𝑧 5 … = 2 (1 − 𝛽)𝑧 −

1 1 (3.32)
(1 − 𝛽)𝑧 3 + (1 − 𝛽)𝑧 5 + ⋯
24 240

Equating the coefficients of like powers of 𝑧 , 𝑧 2 , 𝑧 3 ,𝑧 4 and 𝑧 5 respectively in (3.32) then,

(1 − 𝛽)𝑧 −(1 − 𝛽)𝑧 3

2𝑎2 𝜋𝑧 = ; 3𝑎3 𝜋𝑧 2 = 0; 4𝑎4 𝜋𝑧 3 = ;
2 24

(1 − 𝛽)𝑧 5
5𝑎5 𝜋𝑧 4 = 0; 6𝑎6 𝜋𝑧 5 = ;
240

Then,

(1 − 𝛽) −(1 − 𝛽) (1 − 𝛽)
𝑎2 = ; 𝑎3 = 0; 𝑎4 = ; 𝑎5 = 0; 𝑎6 = ; (3.33)
4𝜋 96𝜋 1440𝜋

Substituting the values of 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 and 𝑎4 from (3.33) into the functional |𝑎2 𝑎3 − 𝑎4 | for the

function

(1 − 𝛽) −(1 − 𝛽)
|𝑎2 𝑎3 − 𝑎4 | = |(( ) × 0) − ( )|
4𝜋 96𝜋

(1 − 𝛽)
=| |
96𝜋

29
 1
|𝑎2 𝑎3 − 𝑎4 | ≤ (1 − 𝛽) (3.34)
96𝜋

When the value of 𝜋 = 1, the following Corollary is obtained.

𝑛 (𝛼,𝜎,𝜏) 1
Corollary 3.3.1. If 𝑓(𝑧) from (1.12) be in the class 𝑅𝑇(𝛱𝜇,𝜔 ) (0 ≤ 𝛽 ≤ 4)

1
|𝑎2 𝑎3 − 𝑎4 | ≤ (1 − 𝛽) (3.35)
96

When the value of 𝛽 = 0, the following Corollary is obtained.

𝑛 (𝛼,𝜎,𝜏) 1
Corollary 3.3.1. If 𝑓(𝑧) from (1.12) be in the class 𝑅𝑇(𝛱𝜇,𝜔 ) (0 ≤ 𝛽 ≤ 4)

1
|𝑎2 𝑎3 − 𝑎4 | ≤ (3.36)
96

30
 CHAPTER 4 - DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

𝑛 𝑛 (𝛼,𝜎,𝜏)
Using a differential operator 𝐷𝜇,𝜔 (𝛼, 𝜎, 𝜏), a class 𝑅𝑇(𝛱𝜇,𝜔 ) was defined. The

upper bound to the Third Hankel determinant for the class was obtained with the use of the

Toeplitz determinants.

𝑛 (𝛼,𝜎,𝜏)
Recall from theorem 3.1. that if 𝑓(𝑧) from (1.12) belongs to the class 𝑅𝑇(𝛱𝜇,𝜔 )

3
1 (1−𝛽) 4−9𝜋+4𝛽) 2
(0 ≤ 𝛽 ≤ 4) then, |𝑎2 𝑎3 − 𝑎4 | = (−4 + 6𝜋) 2
( ). When the value of 𝜋 = 1,
12𝜋 6−9𝜋

3
(1−𝛽) 5−4𝛽) 2
the corollary 3.1.1. where |𝑎2 𝑎3 − 𝑎4 | = ( 3 ) was obtained and the result coincides
6

with that of Vamshee et al. (2015). Also, when the value of 𝛽 = 0, the corollary 3.1.2. where

5 5
|𝑎2 𝑎3 − 𝑎4 | ≤ √ was obtained and the result coincides with that of Babalola (2010).
18 3

𝑛 (𝛼,𝜎,𝜏)
Recall from theorem 3.2. that if 𝑓(𝑧) from (1.12) belongs to the class 𝑅𝑇(𝛱𝜇,𝜔 )

1 2
(0 ≤ 𝛽 ≤ 4) then, |𝑎3 − 𝑎22 | ≤ 3𝜋 (1 − 𝛽). When the value of 𝜋 = 1, the corollary 3.2.1.

2
where |𝑎3 − 𝑎22 | ≤ 3 (1 − 𝛽) was obtained and the result coincides with that of Vamshee et

2
al. (2015). Also, when the value of 𝛽 = 0, the corollary 3.2.2. where |𝑎3 − 𝑎22 | ≤ 3 was

obtained and the result coincides with that of Babalola (2010).

𝑛 (𝛼,𝜎,𝜏)
Recall from theorem 3.3. If 𝑓(𝑧) from (1.12) belongs to the class 𝑅𝑇(𝛱𝜇,𝜔 )

1 1
(0 ≤ 𝛽 ≤ 4) and 𝜙𝑛,𝑚 (𝑧) from (1.15) then, |𝑎2 𝑎3 − 𝑎4 | ≤ 96𝜋 (1 − 𝛽). When the value of

1
𝜋 = 1, the corollary 3.3.1. where |𝑎2 𝑎3 − 𝑎4 | ≤ 96 (1 − 𝛽) was obtained. Also, when the

1
value of 𝛽 = 0, the corollary 3.3.1. where |𝑎2 𝑎3 − 𝑎4 | ≤ 96 was obtained.

31
 CHAPTER 5 - CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1. Conclusion

In this study,

1. a generalised differential operator was defined;

2. a subclass of univalent function was developed;

𝑛 (𝛼,𝜎,𝜏)
3. the initial coefficients for functions in the class 𝑅𝑇(𝛱𝜇,𝜔 ) were obtained; and

𝑛 (𝛼,𝜎,𝜏)
4. the Fekete-Szegö functional and the Hankel determinant for the class 𝑅𝑇(𝛱𝜇,𝜔 )

were determined.

5.2. Contribution to Knowledge

A certain class of univalent function defined with a generalised differential operator

associated with sigmoid function was defined. Furthermore, coefficient problems for the class

of function were studied.

5.3. Recommendation

Further research can be done with the class developed. Also, more geometric properties such

as the fourth Hankel determinant can be established.

32
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