MATHS GURUS 2020

EQUATION OF A CIRCLE, GRAPHS OF CUBIC FUNCTIONS & GRAPHICAL

DETERMINATION OF LAWS

EQUATIONS OF A CIRCLE
1 1
1. Determine the equation of a circle centre (2 , − 2) and radius 𝑟 = 3 units. Give your answer
in the form 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑒 = 0 where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 and 𝑒 are integers.
1 2 1 2
(𝑥 − ) + (𝑦 + ) = 9
2 2
2
1 2
1
𝑥 −𝑥+ +𝑦 +𝑦+ =9
4 4
4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1 + 4𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + 1 = 36
4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 34 = 0 or
2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 17 = 0
2. The points with coordinates (7, −10) and (−3, 8) are the end points of a diameter of a circle
centre A. Determine the equation of the circle in the form 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 where
𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are constants.
𝑥 +𝑥 𝑦 +𝑦
Centre A ⟹ 𝑚𝑖𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 ( 1 2 , 1 2 )
2 2
7−3 −10+8
=( , ) ⟹ 𝐴(2, −1)
2 2

𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 ⟹ √(2 + 3)2 + (−1 − 8)2 = √106 = 10.30 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

2
(𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = (√106)
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 1 = 106
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 101 = 0
3. The equation of a circle is given as 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 − 16𝑥 + 24𝑦 + 3 = 0. Find the centre of
the circle and its radius.
3
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 = −
4
2
4 2
2
6 2 3 4 2 6 2
𝑥 − 4𝑥 + (− ) + 𝑦 + 6𝑦 + ( ) = − + (− ) + ( )
2 2 4 2 2
2 2
49
(𝑥 − 2) + (𝑦 + 3) =
4
7
Centre (2, −3) and radius 𝑟 = 2 = 3.5 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
4. The equation of a circle is given as 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 − 5 = 0. Find the centre of the circle and
its radius.
2
4 2 2
0 2 4 2 0 2
𝑥 + 4𝑥 + ( ) + 𝑦 + 0𝑦 + ( ) = 5 + ( ) + ( )
2 2 2 2
(𝑥 + 2)2 + (𝑦 + 0)2 = 9
#Gurus files Page 1 of 22
 Centre (−2, 0) and radius = 3 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
5. obtain the centre and the radius of the circle represented by equation
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 10𝑦 + 16 = 0.
0 2 10 2 0 2 10 2
𝑥 2 + 0𝑥 + ( ) + 𝑦 2 − 10𝑦 + (− ) = −16 + ( ) + (− )
2 2 2 2
(𝑥 + 0)2 + (𝑦 − 5)2 = 9
Centre (0, 5) radius = 3 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
6. Show that 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 − 12𝑦 − 12 = 0 is an equation of a circle hence state the
radius and the centre of the circle.
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 4 = 0
2 2 −4 2 2 2 −4 2
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + (2) + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + ( 2 ) = 4 + (2) + ( 2 )

(𝑥 + 1)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 = 9 ⟺ It is an equation of a circle

Centre (−1, 2) & radius = 3 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
7. Find the centre and the radius of a circle whose equation is given by
4(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) = 12(𝑥 − 𝑦) + 7
4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 − 12𝑥 + 12𝑦 = 7
7
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 4

2
−3 2 2
3 2 7 −3 2 3 2
𝑥 − 3𝑥 + ( ) + 𝑦 + 3𝑦 + ( ) = + ( ) + ( )
2 2 4 2 2
3 2 3 2 25
(𝑥 − ) + (𝑦 + ) =
2 2 4
Centre (1.5, −1.5) and radius = 2.5 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
8. Find the centre and the radius of a circle whose equation is given by
2𝑥(𝑥 − 3) + 2𝑦(𝑦 + 5) + 9 = 0.
2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 2𝑦 2 + 10𝑦 + 9 = 0
9
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 5𝑦 =
2
−3 2
5 2 9 −3 2 5 2
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + ( ) + 𝑦 2 + 5𝑦 + ( ) = + ( ) + ( )
2 2 2 2 2
(𝑥 − 1.5)2 + (𝑦 + 2.5)2 = 4
Centre (1.5, −2.5) and radius = 2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
9. AB is the diameter of a circle. Given the co – ordinates of A and B as (2, −3) and
(4, −7)respectively, find the equation of the circle in the form
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 where a, b and c are integers.

4+2 −7−3
Centre ( , ) ⟹ (3, −5)
2 2

#Gurus files Page 2 of 22

 Radius = √(3 − 2)2 + (−5 + 3)2 = √5
2
(𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 + 5)2 = (√5)
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9 + 𝑦 2 + 10𝑦 + 25 = 5
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 29 = 0
10. Find the equation of a circle with the end points of a diameter at (4, 3) and (0, 1). Give
your answer in the form 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 where a, b and c are integers.
4+0 3+1
Centre ( 2 , 2 ) ⟹ (2, 2)

Radius = √(2 − 0)2 + (2 − 1)2 = √5

2
(𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 = (√5)
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 4 = 5
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 3 = 0
11. Find the circles that satisfy the conditions: Radius = √17, centre on the x – axis, and passes
through the point (0,1) . Give your answers in the form in the form 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 +
𝑐 = 0 where , ab and c are integers.

𝑥 2 + 1 = 17
𝑥 = √16 = ±4
Centres (4, 0) 𝑜𝑟 (−4, 0)
(𝑥 − 4)2 + (𝑦 − 0)2 = 17
𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 16 + 𝑦 2 = 17
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 − 1 = 0
OR
(𝑥 + 4)2 + (𝑦 − 0)2 = 17
𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 16 + 𝑦 2 = 17
Centre (𝑥, 0) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 8𝑥 − 1 = 0
(𝑥 − 0)2 + (0 − 1)2 = 17

12. A circle whose centre is at (1, 3) has the x – axis as its tangent. Determine the equation of
the circle in the form 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 where a, b and c are integers.

#Gurus files Page 3 of 22

 (𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 3)2 = 𝑟 2
𝑟 2 = (3 − 0)2 = 9
(𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 3)2 = 9
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 + 9 = 9
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 1 = 0

13. Find the equation of the line containing the centres of the two circles
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 9 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 4 = 0.
−4 2 6 2 −4 2 6 2
i. 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + ( 2 ) + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 + (2) = −4 + ( 2 ) + (2)

(𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 + 3)2 = 9
Centre (2, −3) radius = 3 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
6 2 4 2 6 2 4 2
ii. 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + (2) + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + (2) = −9 + (2) + (2)

(𝑥 + 3)2 + (𝑦 + 2)2 = 4
Centre (−3, −2) radius = 2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
 End points of the line are (2, −3) and (−3, −2)
−2 + 3 1
𝑚= =
−3 − 2 −5
𝑦+3 1
=
𝑥 − 2 −5
−5(𝑦 + 3) = 1(𝑥 − 2)
−5𝑦 − 15 = 𝑥 − 2
𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 13 = 0
14. The line 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 4 = 0 is a tangent to a circle at (0, 2) . The line 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 7 is a tangent to
the same circle at (3, −1). Find:
a) The centre and radius of the circle.

#Gurus files Page 4 of 22

 𝑦−2
Equation of L1 ⟹ 𝑥−0 = −2
⟹ 𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 2
𝑦+1 −1
Equation of L2 ⟹ 𝑥−3 = 2
1 1
⟹ 𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 2
1 1
∴ −2𝑥 + 2 = − 𝑥 +
2 2
4 − 4𝑥 = −𝑥 + 1
3 = 3𝑥
⇔ 𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 0
Centre (1, 0)
Radius =√(3 − 1)2 + (−1 − 0)2 = √5

b) The equation of the circle in the form 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0, where a, b and c

𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠.
2
(𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 0)2 = (√5)
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 = 5
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 4 = 0
15. The area of an annulus between two concentric circles is8𝜋 square units. If the equation of
the larger circle is given as 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 + 8𝑦 − 73 = 0, find the equation of the smaller
circle.
Larger circle 81
2 2 𝜋 − 𝜋𝑟 2 = 8𝜋
4𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 8𝑥 + 8𝑦 = 73 4
2 2
73 81𝜋 − 4𝜋𝑟 2 = 32𝜋
𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 49
4
2 2 = 𝑟2
−2 2 4
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + ( ) 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + ( ) 7
2 2 𝑟 = = 3.5
73 −2 2 2 2 2
= +( ) +( ) Equation of the smaller circle
4 2 2
81 49
(𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = (𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 =
4 4
9 49
Centre (1, −1) radius = 2 = 4.5 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 1 =
4
𝜋𝑅 2 − 𝜋𝑟 2 = 8𝜋 2 2
4𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 4 + 4𝑦 + 8𝑦 + 4 = 49
9 2 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 + 8𝑦 − 41 = 0
𝜋 ( ) − 𝜋𝑟 2 = 8𝜋
2

#Gurus files Page 5 of 22

16. Calculate the length of the tangent from a point (−9, 9) to the circle whose equation is
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 − 10𝑦 − 2 = 0.
2
6 2 2
−10 2 6 2 −10 2
𝑥 + 6𝑥 + ( ) + 𝑦 − 10𝑦 + ( ) = 2+( ) +( )
2 2 2 2
(𝑥 + 3)2 + (𝑦 − 5)2 = 36
Centre (−3, 5) Radius = 6 units

AO = √(−9 + 3)2 + (9 − 5)2 = √36 + 16 = √52

2
AB = √(√52) − 62 = √52 − 36 = 4 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

17. In the figure below, ABCD is a square inscribed in a circle whose equation is
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 10 = 0. Calculate, in terms of 𝜋, the area of the shaded segments.

2
−6 2 2
−6 2 −6 2 −6 2
𝑥 − 6𝑥 + ( ) + 𝑦 − 6𝑦 + ( ) = −10 + ( ) + ( )
2 2 2 2
(𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 − 3)2 = 8
Centre (3, 3) Radius = √8
2
Area of the circle =𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝜋(√8) = 8𝜋
2
Considering the square ⟹ 𝑙 2 + 𝑙 2 = (2√8)
2𝑙 2 = 4 × 8
𝑙 = √16 = 4 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Area of the square = 4 × 4 = 16
Area of shaded region = (8𝜋 − 16) sq. units

18. In the figure below, the circle passes through the points (−2, 0), (6, 0), (0, −2) and (0, 6).
#Gurus files Page 6 of 22
 Find:
(a) The centre and the radius of the circle.
6−2
𝑦⟹ =2
2
6−2
𝑥⟹ =2
2
Centre (2, 2)
𝑟 = √(2 − 0)2 + (2 − 6)2
= √4 + 16 = √20 = 2√5

(b) The equation of the circle in the form 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 where a, band c

are integers
2
(𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 = (√20)
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 4 = 20
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 12 = 0
19. Given that a circle whose equation is 0.25𝑥 2 + 0.25𝑦 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑘𝑦 − 1 = 0 passes through a
point (−2, 4). Find:
(a) The value of k
0.25𝑥 2 + 0.25𝑦 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑘𝑦 − 1 = 0
1 2 1
𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑘𝑦 = 1
4 4
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑘𝑦 = 4

2
4 2 2
4𝑘 2 4 2 4𝑘 2
𝑥 + 4𝑥 + ( ) + 𝑦 + 4𝑘𝑦 + ( ) = 4 + ( ) + ( )
2 2 2 2
(𝑥 + 2)2 + (𝑦 + 2𝑘)2 = 8 + 4𝑘 2
Centre (−2, −2𝑘) radius = √8 + 4𝑘 2

𝑟 = √(−2 + 2)2 + (−2𝑘 − 4)2 = √8 + 4𝑘 2

4𝑘 2 + 16𝑘 + 16 = 8 + 4𝑘 2
16𝑘 = −8
1
𝑘=−
2

(b) The centre and the radius of the circle.

#Gurus files Page 7 of 22

 −1
Centre [(−2, (−2 × ))] = (−2, 1)
2
1
Radius = √8 + (4 × 4) = √9 = 3 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
20. Three points A(3, −1), B(1, 4) and C(−4, 2) lie on a circle. Calculate:
(a) The centre and the radius of the circle.
(𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 4)2 = (𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2
4𝑥 − 10𝑦 = −7 ...... (i)
(𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 4)2 = (𝑥 + 4)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2
10𝑥 + 4𝑦 = −3 ...... (ii)
Solving eqn (i) and (ii) simultaneously,
20𝑥 + 8𝑦 = −6
20𝑥 − 50𝑦 = −35 −
58𝑦 = 29
1
⟹𝑦=2
1
4𝑥 = −7 + (10 × ) = −2
2
1
⟹𝑥=−
2
1 1
Centre (− 2 , 2)

1 2 1 2
𝑟 = √(1 + ) + (4 − )
2 2
= √2.25 + 12.25
= √14.5 = 3.808

(b) The equation of the circle in the form 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 where a, b and c are
integers.
1 2 1 2 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 14 = 0
(𝑥 + ) + (𝑦 − ) = (√14.5)
2 2
1 1
𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + + 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 + = 14.5
4 4

#Gurus files Page 8 of 22

 GRAPHS OF CUBIC FUNCTIONS
1. (a) Complete the table below for 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 8

𝑥 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
𝑦 −28 0 10 8 0 −8 −10 0 28

(b) On the grid provided, draw the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 8 for −5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3

Use the scale: 1 cm represents 1 unit on the x – axis
1 cm represents 5 units on the y – axis

(c) (i) Use the graph to solve the equation 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 8 = 0

Values of x are 𝑥 = −4, 𝑥 = −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 2
(ii) By drawing a suitable straight line on the graph, solve the equation
𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 8 = 5𝑥 + 5
Drawing the graph of the line 𝑦 = 5𝑥 + 5 𝑓𝑜𝑟 − 5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3
𝑥 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
𝑦 −20 −15 −10 −5 0 5 10 15 20
Values of x are 𝑥 = −4.74, 𝑥 = −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 2.74

#Gurus files Page 9 of 22

2. (a) Complete the table below for 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 6
𝑥 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
𝑦 −18 0 4 0 −6 −8 0 24

(b) On the grid provided, draw the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 6 for −4 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3

Use the scale: 1 cm represents 1 unit on the x – axis
1 cm represents 5 units on the y – axis

(c) (i) Use the graph to solve the equation 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 6 = 0

Values of x are 𝑥 = −3, 𝑥 = −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 2
(ii) By drawing a suitable straight line on the graph, solve the equation 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 − 12 = 0
Drawing the graph of the line 𝑦 = 6𝑥 + 6
𝑥 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
𝑦 −18 −12 −6 0 6 12 18 24
Values of x are 𝑥 = 3, 𝑥 = −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = −4
3. (a) Complete the table below for 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 5 for −5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
#Gurus files Page 10 of 22
 𝑥 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2
𝑦 15 19 13 3 −5 −5 9
(b) On the grid provided draw the graph of for 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 5 for −5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
3

Use a scale of 1 cm to represent 1 unit on the x – axis and 2 cm to represent 5 units

on the y – axis.

(c) Use your graph to solve the equations;

i. 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 5 = 0
Values of x are 𝑥 = 1.51𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = −0.69
ii. 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 5 = −4𝑥 − 1
Drawing the graph of 𝑦 = −4𝑥 − 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 − 4 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
𝑥 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2
𝑦 15 11 7 3 −1 −5 −9
Values of x are 𝑥 = 1, 𝑥 = −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = −4

4. (a) Complete the table below for 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 for −5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4

#Gurus files Page 11 of 22
 𝑥 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
𝑦 −40 0 18 20 12 0 −10 −12 0 32
(b) On the grid provided draw the graph of for 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 for −5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4. Use a scale
of 1 cm to represent 1 unit on the x – axis and 1 cm to represent 10 units on the y – axis.

(c) Use your graph to solve the equations;

i. 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 = 0
Values of x are 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = −4
ii. 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 = 0
Drawing the graph of 𝑦 = 8𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 − 5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4
𝑥 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
𝑦 −40 −32 −24 −16 −8 0 8 16 24 32
Values of x are 𝑥 = 4, 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = −5

#Gurus files Page 12 of 22

 (d) State the maximum and minimum value of 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 12𝑥
Maximum turning point (−2.36, 20.75)
Minimum turning point (1.69, −12.6)
5. (a) Complete the table below for 𝑦 = 4𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 2 − 15𝑥 + 9 for −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3
𝑥 −2 −1.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
𝑦 −25 0 12 14 9 0 −10 −18 −21 −16 0
3 2
(b) On the grid provided draw the graph of for 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 8𝑥 − 15𝑥 + 9 for −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3. Use
a scale of 2 cm to represent 1 unit on the x – axis and 1 cm to represent 5 units on the y –
axis.

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 (c) Using the graph drawn;
i. Solve the equation 4𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 2 − 15𝑥 + 9 = 5𝑥 − 15
Drawing the graph of 𝑦 = 5𝑥 − 15
𝑥 −2 0 1.5 3
𝑦 −25 −15 −7.5 0
Values of x are 𝑥 = 3, 𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = −2

ii. Find the range of values of x for which:

4𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 2 − 15𝑥 + 9 ≥ 0
Values of x are −1.5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0.5
4𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 2 − 15𝑥 + 9 < 0
Values of x are −∞ ≤ 𝑥 < −1.5 and 0.5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3

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 GRAPHICAL DETERMINETION OF LAWS
1. Two variables A and B are connected by the equation A = kBn where k and n are
constants. The table below gives values of A and B.
A 1.5 1.95 2.51 3.20 4.50
B 1.59 2.51 3.98 6.31 11.5

a) Find a linear equation connecting A and B. (2 marks)

A = kBn
Introducing logarithm to base 10 on both sides, we get:
log 𝐴 = log 𝑘 + n log 𝐵
b) On square paper draw a suitable line graph to represent the relation in (a) above
(scale 1cm to represent 0.1 units on both axis). (5 marks)

log 𝐴 0.1761 0.2900 0.3997 0.5051 0.6532

log 𝐵 0.2014 0.3997 0.5999 0.8000 1.0607

c) Use your graph to estimate the values of k and n in to one decimal place. (3 marks)
log 𝑘 = 0.06
𝑘 = 100.06 = 1.148
𝑛 = 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ = 0.56

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2. Two quantities P and n, are connected by the equation P = AK n where A and K are
constants. The table below shows some corresponding values of n and P.
N 2 4 6 8 10
P 9.8 19.4 37.4 74.0 144.0
a) State the linear equation connecting P and n. (2 marks)
P = AK n log 𝑃 = log 𝐴 + 𝑛𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝐾
Introducing logarithms on both
sides, we get:
b) On the grid provided, draw a suitable straight line. (5 marks)
N 2 4 6 8 10
P 9.8 19.4 37.4 74.0 144.0
𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑃 0.9912 1.2878 1.5729 1.8692 2.1584

c) Use your graph to estimate the value of A and k. (3 marks)

log 𝐴 = 0.7 log 𝑘 = 0.15
0.7
𝐴 = 10 = 5.012 𝑘 = 100.15 = 1.4125

#Gurus files Page 16 of 22

4. The relationship between the two variables E and F is believed to be of the form F = a + bE −1 ,
where a and b are constants.
a) Complete the table below to two decimal places. (2 marks)

E 1 2 3 4 5 6
F 7.0 6.0 5.7 5.5 5.4 5.3
1⁄
E 1 0.50 0.33 0.25 0.20 0.17
b) Use the values on the table above to draw a suitable linear graph of F against 1⁄E on
the grid provided. (3 marks)

c) Use the graph to estimate the values of a and b. (3 marks)

𝑎 ⟹ 𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 = −2.48
𝑏 ⟹ 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ = 0.5
d) What is the relationship between F and E. (1 marks)
0.5
𝐹 = 𝐸 − 2.48 OR F = 0.5E −1 − 2.48
e) Find E correct to 4 significant figures when F= 6.4 (1 marks)
0.5 0.5
6.4 = − 2.48 𝐸= = 0.0563
𝐸 8.88

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5. In an experiment involving two variables t and r, the following results were obtained.
𝑡 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
𝑟 1.50 1.45 1.30 1.25 1.05 1.00
a) On the grid provided, draw the line of best fit for the data.

b) The variables r and t are connected by the equation 𝑟 = 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑘 where a and k are
constants. Determine;
i. The values of a and k.
𝑎 ⟹ 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 = −0.21
𝑘 ⟹ 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 = 1.74
ii. The equation of the line of best fit.
𝑟 = −0.21𝑡 + 1.74
iii. The value of t when 𝑟 = 0.
𝑡 = 8.12

6. Two variables R and P are connected by a function 𝑅 = 𝑘𝑃𝑛 where k and n are constants.

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 The table below shows the data involving the two variables.
P 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
R 36 49 64 81 100
log 𝑃 0.48 0.54 0.60 0.65 0.70
log 𝑅 1.56 1.69 1.81 1.91 2.00

(a) Complete the table above for log 𝑃 and log 𝑅 correct to 2 decimal places.
(b) Express 𝑅 = 𝑘𝑃𝑛 in a linear form.
log 𝑅 = log 𝑘 + 𝑛 log 𝑃
(c) Using a scale of 1 cm for 0.1 on the x – axis and 1 cm for 0.2 on the y – axis, draw a line
of best fit to represent the information.

(d) Using your graph, determine the law connecting R and P.

log 𝑅 = 2.01 log 𝑃 + 0.6

7. Two quantities P and r are connected by the equation 𝑃 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛 where a and n are constants. The

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 table below gives the values of P and r.
P 1.2 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.5 4.5
𝑟 1.58 2.25 3.39 4.74 7.86 11.50

(a) Express the equation 𝑃 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛 in the form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 where m and c are constants.
log 𝑃 = log 𝑎 + 𝑛𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑟
(b) Complete the table above for log 𝑃 and log 𝑟 correct to 2 decimal places.
P 1.2 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.5 4.5
𝑟 1.58 2.25 3.39 4.74 7.86 11.50
log 𝑃 0.079 0.176 0.301 0.398 0.544 0.653
log 𝑟 0.199 0.352 0.530 0.676 0.895 1.061

(c) On the grid below, draw the linear graph to represent the information above.

(d) From your graph, determine the values of the constants a and n hence find P when 𝑟 = 8
𝑛 = 0.67 log 𝑃 = (0.67 × 0.903) − 0.06 = 0.54501
−0.06
𝑎 = 10 = 0.87 𝑝 = 100.54501 = 3.5075995 ≅ 3.51
log 𝑃 = 0.67 log 𝑟 − 0.06

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8. The variables P and Q are connected by the equation 𝑃 = 𝑎𝑏 𝑄 where a and b are constants. The
values of P and Q are given below.
P 6.56 17.7 47.8 129 349 941 2540 6860
Q 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
log 𝑃 0.82 1.25 1.68 2.11 2.54 2.97 3.40 3.84

(a) Complete the table for log 𝑃 correct to 2 decimal places.

(b) State the equation that would give a straight line.

log 𝑃 = log 𝑎 + 𝑄 log 𝑏
(c) On the grid provided below, draw a suitable straight line graph to represent this information. Use
the scale of 1 cm for 1 unit on the horizontal axis and 1 cm for 0.5 units on the vertical axis.

(d) From your graph, determine the law connecting P and Q.

log 𝑃 = 0.43𝑄 + 0.82

(e) Find P when 𝑄 = 4.6

log 𝑃 = 0.82 + (0.43 × 4.6) = 2.798
𝑝 = 102.798 = 628.05

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9. Two variable quantities R and t are connected by the equation 𝑅 = 𝑘𝑡 𝑛 where k and n are
constants. The table below gives the values of R and t.
R 1.82 2.14 2.51 2.95 3.47 4.17 4.79 5.62 7.59
t 1.58 2.0 2.51 3.16 3.98 5.01 6.31 7.94 12.0
log 𝑅 0.26 0.33 0.40 0.47 0.54 0.62 0.68 0.75 0.88
log 𝑡 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.08

a) Find a linear equation which connects R and t. (2 marks)

log 𝑅 = log 𝑘 + 𝑛 log 𝑡
b) On the graph provided, draw a suitable straight line graph to represent the relation in part
(a) above. (4 marks)

c) Hence estimate to one decimal place, the values of k and n. (4 marks)

𝑛 = 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 0.7
log 𝑘 = 𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 = 0.12
𝑘 = 100.12 = 1.318 ≅ 1.3

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