Mathematical System

Module in Mathematics 8
Quarter 3 • Module 1 • Weeks 1 – 2

Rufina W. Andres
Developer

Department of Education • Schools Division of Benguet

i
 Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Cordillera Administrative Region
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BENGUET
Wangal, La Trinidad, Benguet

COPYRIGHT NOTICE
2020

Section 9 of Presidential Decree No. 49 provides:

“No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of

the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency
of office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit.”

This material has been developed for the implementation of K-12

Curriculum through the Curriculum Implementation Division (CID)—
Learning Resource Management and Development System (LRMDS). It
can be reproduced for educational purposes and the source must be
acknowledged. Derivatives of the work including creating an edited
version, an enhancement or a supplementary work are permitted provided
all original work is acknowledged and the copyright is attributed. No work
may be derived from this material for commercial purposes and profit.

ii
 What I Need to Know
In this module, you will learn about mathematical system in Geometry particularly
defined terms, undefined terms, postulates, and theorems. You are expected to perform the
given activities at the end of this module. The facilitator will guide and assist you in doing the
activities in this module. You can ask questions in the part that you cannot understand.

Learning Objectives:
1. Describes a mathematical system.
2. Identify axiomatic structure of a mathematical system.
3. Differentiate defined terms, undefined terms, postulates and theorems.

What I know
Direction: Read each item carefully. Select the letter of the best answer. Write your
answer on the space provided before each number.

_____1. A statement that has been formally proven using mathematical reasoning.
A. axiom B. postulate C. rule D. theorem
_____2. How many points are needed to name a line?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 3
_____3. What is a line?
A. A straight set of points that goes on forever in both directions.
B. A curved set of points that goes on forever in both directions.
C. A straight set of points that goes on forever in one direction only.
D. A straight set of points that does not go on forever in either direction.
_____4. Which of the following describes a point?
A. straight path B. flat surface C. exact location D. lines that cross
A B
_____5. How does the figure at the right be properly named?
A. ⃡𝐴𝐵 B. 𝐴𝐵 C. 𝐴𝐵 D. 𝐴𝐵
_____6. Any four non-collinear points determine a ____.
A. plane B. line C. ray D. point
_____7. Find the distance between −5 and −12.
A. 5 B. 6 C. 7 D. 8
_____8. What is the distance between points 𝐵 and 𝐸?
A B C D E

A. 9 B. 10 C. 11 D. 12
_____9. Which of the following is an axiom?
A. Theorem C. The universal truth in all branches of Mathematics
B. Definition D. Universal truth specific to geometry
_____10. A postulate differs from a theorem in the sense that a postulate _____.
A. needs to be proven to be accepted C. is accepted as true without proof
B. needs a theorem to be proven D. needs to be accepted

2
 What’s In
It is a structure formed from one or more sets of undefined objects, various
concepts which may or may not be defined and a set of axioms relating these objects
and concepts. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms)

To find the answer:

1. Use a ruler to match the definition of each word or that describes it.
2. Each line you draw will cross a number and a letter.
3. Write the letter under the matching number in the decoder.

circle Polygon with 5 sides

1
triangle E Polygon with 9 sides
2
square 5 Polygon with 12 sides
3
I
rectangle Polygon with 8 sides
4
H
pentagon Shape of Philippine Flag
T A
8
hexagon Polygon with 3 sides
6 M
heptagon L Polygon with 10 sides
T
octagon Shape of a coin
1 9 7 12 C M
nonagon Polygon with 6 sides

E 10 A
decagon Polygon with 11 sides
11
2
undecagon A Quadrilateral with 4 equal sides

5
dodecagon Polygon with 7 sides

3
DECODER
I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

4
S Y S T E M
H Reference: Holt Mathematics Course 1 (Chapter 2 Resource Book) by Holt, Rinehart and Winston

T 3
A

8
 What’s New

Look for the four parts of a typical mathematical system using Word Hunt Puzzle. It
will be horizontal, vertical or diagonal. The first letter of your answer is given already.

1. U_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _____

2. D_ _ _ _ _ _ _____

3. P_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

4. T_ _ _ _ _ _ _

4
 What It Is
The development of critical thinking and reasoning is one of the main objectives in
learning Geometry. To answer the “whys” will need clear understanding of postulates, axioms,
definitions, and theorems. To differentiate these, we need to understand the mathematical
reasoning called the axiomatic method. In an axiomatic method, the proof of a certain result
begins from a statement that is known to be true, followed by a series of statements each of
which must follow logically from previous ones. This type of mathematical reasoning consists
of undefined terms, definitions, axioms and postulates, theorems, and propositions.

A mathematical system consists of the following: (1) defined terms, (2) undefined
terms, (3) postulates, and (4) theorems.

1. UNDEFINED TERMS: Geometry depends on a common understanding of terms such as

point, line, and plane. Because these terms cannot be mathematically defined using other
known words, they are called undefined terms.

Undefined
Description Example
Terms
A POINT has no dimension (no length, 𝐴
Point width, or thickness); occupies no space. It is It is read as point 𝐴.
represented by a small dot.
A LINE has one dimension. It extends 𝐴 𝐵
Line without end in two directions. It is
represented by a line with two arrowheads. ⃡ is read as line 𝐴𝐵.
𝐴𝐵
A PLANE has two dimensions. It is 𝑚
represented by a shape that looks like a Plane 𝑥
floor or wall. You have to imagine that it 𝑥
Plane
extends without end. A plane is uniquely 𝑛 𝑜
determined by at least three non-collinear
points (points not on a single line). ∆𝑛𝑚𝑜 is read as triangle 𝑛𝑚𝑜

2. DEFINED TERMS: In geometry, defined terms are terms that have a formal definition and
can be defined using other geometrical terms. Some examples of defined terms are as
follows:

Defined
Definition Example
Terms
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
Collinear Points that lie on the same
points line.
𝑥, 𝑦, and 𝑧 are collinear points

Coplanar Points that lie on the same

points plane.

𝑀, 𝑁, 𝑂, 𝑄, and 𝑅 are coplanar points

It is a part of a line that is 𝐴 𝐵
Line
bounded by two distinct end
segment 𝐴𝐵, read as line segment 𝐴𝐵
points.
𝑚 𝑛
It is a portion of a line having
Ray
one endpoint.
𝑚𝑛, read as ray 𝑚𝑛

5
3. POSTULATES (axioms) are statements that are accepted/assumed to be true even
without proof. Some examples of postulates are as follows:
a. Line Postulate: For any two points, there is exactly one line that contains both points.

b. Number of Points Postulate: A plane contains at least three non-collinear points. A

space contains at least four non-collinear points.

c. Plane Postulate: Any three points lie in at least one plane and any three non-collinear
points lie in exactly one plane.

d. Plane Intersection Postulate: If two planes intersect, then their intersection is a line.

e. Flat Plane Postulate: If two points of a line lie on a plane, the entire line lies on the
plane.

f. Distance Postulate: For every pair of different points there corresponds a unique
positive number.

4. THEOREMS are statements which have been proven before the acceptance of their truth
or validity. Some examples of theorems are as follows:

a. Midpoint Theorem: Every segment has exactly one midpoint.

b. Line Intersection Theorem: If two lines intersect, then their intersection is exactly one
point.
c. Line - Plane Intersection Theorem: Given a plane and a line not on the plane, their
intersection is one and only one point.
d. Line - Point Theorem: Given a line and a point not on the line, there is exactly one,
plane that contains them.
e. Line - Plane Theorem: Given two intersecting lines, there is exactly one plane that
contains the two lines.

What’s More
In this part of the module, you can check your answer every after the activity before
proceeding to the assessment. If your answer is wrong, then try it again. Find out your error
by going back to the given discussion or you can ask help from your teacher before
proceeding. If your answer is correct then congratulations you may proceed.

Activity 1
Direction: This activity is an application of the defined and undefined terms. Study the
illustration below then answer what is asked.

⃡ .
1. Name three line segments on 𝐴𝐸

2. Name three collinear points.

3. Name two pairs of intersecting lines.

6
 Activity 2
Direction: Write True if the statement is correct and False if the statement is not correct.
Write your answer on the space provided before each number.

In the figure at the right, 𝐴, 𝑃, and 𝐵 are collinear points. 𝐴, 𝑃, 𝐵, and 𝑇 lie on the same
plane 𝑀. Applying the given postulates or theorems, determine each statement whether it’s
true or false.

_____1. Points 𝑃 and 𝑇 are collinear.

_____2. Points 𝑅, 𝑃, and 𝑇 are not coplanar.
_____3. If 𝑃 is the midpoint of 𝐴𝐵, then 𝐴𝑃 = 𝑃𝐵.
_____4. Since 𝑃 and 𝑅 are collinear, then they are coplanar.
_____5. 𝐵 and 𝑅 are collinear.

What I Have Learned

Direction: Read and understand the questions to fill out the missing words. This will test
you on what you have learned in the lesson.

1. The undefined terms in Geometry are __________, _________, and __________.

2. Collinear points are points that lie on the __________ while coplanar points are points
that line in the __________.

3. __________ are statements which have been proven before the acceptance of their
truth and validity while _______________ are statements which have been accepted to
be true even without proofs.

What I Can Do
Direction: Identify whether each of the following suggests a point, a line, or a plane.

__________1. top of a box

__________2. spaghetti noodles
__________3. a corner of a room
__________4. star in the sky
__________5. a taut clothesline

7
 Post Assessment
Direction: Read each item carefully then select the letter of the best answer. Write the
letter of your answer on the space provided before each number.

_____1. Which of the following statements is true?

A. A postulate is a proven fact using theorems, definitions, and undefined terms.
B. A theorem is a proven fact using postulates, definitions, and undefined terms.
C. Some defined geometric terms are line, plane, and point.
D. Some undefined geometry terms are angle, ray, and line segment.

_____2. Which of the following is an undefined term in geometry?

A. line B. line segment C. ray D. chord

_____3. It is represented by a dot.

A. line B. line segment C. plane D. point

_____4. The intersection of two intersecting planes is a _____.

B. line B. line segment C. plane D. point

_____5. The statement, “For any two points, there is exactly one line that contains both
points” is true without proof. What mathematical system is the given statement?
A. defined term B. postulate C. theorem D. undefined term

_____6. A portion of a line having one endpoint.

A. point B. line C. plane D. ray

_____7. If MN + NO = MO, which point is between the other two when M, N, and O are
collinear points?
A. M B. N C. O D. cannot be determined

_____8. _____ two points are collinear.

A. Any B. Sometimes C. No D. Never

_____9. Three points are _________ coplanar.

A. Always B. sometimes C. Never D. None of the above

_____10. Which of the following theorem states that “Given a line and a point not on the
line, there is exactly one, plane that contains them.”
A. Line - Plane Intersection Theorem B. Line Intersection Theorem
C. Point Plotting Theorem D. Line - Point Theorem

Additional Activities
Performance Task.
Draw / illustrate two different possible ways where a line intersects a plane.

8
 Answer Key

What I Know What’s In

1) D 3) A 5) D 7) C 9) C M A T H E M A T I C A L
2) B 4) C 6) A 8) D 10) C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

What’s New What’s More (Activity 1) What’s More (Activity 2)

1. UNDEFINED TERMS Possible answers 1. False
2. DEFINED TERMS 1. 𝐴𝐵, 𝐵𝐷, 𝐷𝐸, 𝐵𝐷, 𝐴𝐷, 𝐵𝐸 2. True
3. POSTULATES 3. True
2. A, B, D, E
4. THEOREMS 4. False
3. ⃡𝐶𝐵 & ⃡𝐶𝐷 , ⃡𝐴𝐸 & ⃡𝐶𝐵, ⃡𝐴𝐸 & ⃡𝐶𝐷
5. False

What I Have Learned What I Can Do

1. point, line, and plane 1. plane 4. point
2. same line, same plane 2. line 5. line
3. Theorem, Postulate 3. line

Post – Assessment
1) B 3) D 5) B 7) B 9) B
2) A 4) B 6) D 8) A 10) D

Additional Activities (possible answers)

Reference Sheet

https://reviewgamezone.com/mc/candidate/test/?test_id=6893
https://www.mapleschools.com/userfiles/2714/Classes/17616/1.%20Points%20Lines%20and%20Plan
es%20Exercises.pdf
LRMDS.deped.gov.ph.Published on November 5, 2019

9
For inquiries or feedback, please write of call:
Department of Education-Schools Division of Benguet
(Office Address, Wangal, La Trinidad, Benguet)
Telefax: (074) – 422 - 65 70
Email Address: [email protected]

10