PROGRAMMING REVIEWER

ROBOTICS
- the field of engineering and technology focused on the design,
construction, operation, and use of robots.
- Robots are machines that can carry out tasks automatically or semi-
autonomously, often replicating or enhancing human abilities.

ADVANTAGES OF ROBOTICS
1. Efficiency and Productivity
2. Precision and Quality
3. Cost Savings
4. Safety
5. Versatility
6. 24/7 Operations

DISADVANTAGES OF ROBOTICS
1. High Initial Costs
2. Job Displacement
3. Limited Adaptability
4. Maintenance and Repair Costs
5. Ethical Concerns
6. Dependence on Technology

IMPORTANCE OF ROBOTICS
- Drives innovation across various industries
- Improves efficiency, safety, and productivity
- Performs dangerous, repetitive, or precision-requiring tasks
- Valuable in sectors such as: Manufacturing, Healthcare, Agriculture
- Opens new opportunities for technological advancements
- Can transform entire industries
- Offers solutions to global challenges

INPUT DEVICES
- Components that provide data to the system, allowing the robot to
sense, respond, or make decisions based on external stimuli.
- These devices enable robots to interact with the environment, just like
how humans use their senses.

IMPORTANCE OF INPUT DEVICES

- They serve as the robot's "sensory organs", collecting information such
as button presses, movements, distances, and light levels, and then
sending this data to the controller for action.

EXAMPLES OF INPUT DEVICES

1. Sensors
- Sensors are devices that help robots detect and understand their
surroundings by collecting information like light, sound, movement, or
distance.
- This information helps the robot make decisions and perform tasks.

2. Switches
- Simple binary input devices (ON/OFF).
- A momentary push button switch is one of the most straightforward
input devices.

3. Potentiometers
- Variable resistors that provide adjustable input.
- Three terminal devices that controls the output voltage.
- Takes in Analog values.
A MICROCONTROLLER OR MICROCONTROLLER UNIT
- A small computer on a single integrated circuit.
- Used in control systems, remote controls, appliances, etc.
- A compact integrated circuit designed to govern a specific operation in
an embedded system.

ARDUINO
- Open-source programmable circuit board used in both simple and
complex projects.
- Since the board is open-source, it is released under a Creative
Commons license which allows anyone to produce their own board.
- Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is an interface
used to write and upload codes to the Arduino board.

ARDUINO CABLE
- A to B Male/Male type peripheral USB cable (Can be used by Arduino
Uno and MEGA)
- A to micro-b Male/Male type peripheral USB cable (Can be used by
Arduino Uno and Nano)

USB CONNECTOR
- The USB port is used to load a program from the Arduino IDE onto the
Arduino board. The board can also be powered through this port.

POWER PORT
- The Arduino board can be powered through an AC-to-DC adapter or a
battery.
- The power source can be connected by plugging in a 2.1mm center-
positive plug into the power jack of the board.

MICROCONTROLLER
- It is the most prominent black rectangular chip with 28 pins.
- Think of it as the brains of your Arduino. The microcontroller used on
the UNO board is Atmega328P by Atmel (a major microcontroller
manufacturer).

ANALOG INPUT PINS

- The Arduino UNO board has 6 analog input pins, labeled “Analog 0 to
5.”
- These pins can read the signal from an analog sensor like a
temperature sensor and convert it into a digital value so that the
system understands.
- These pins just measure voltage and not the current because they
have very high internal resistance. Hence, only a small amount of
current flows through these pins.

DIGITAL PINS
- You can find these pins labeled “Digital 0 to 13.”
- These pins can be used as either input or output pins. When used as
output, these pins act as a power supply source for the components
connected to them.
- When used as input pins, they read the signals from the component
connected to them.
- When digital pins are used as output pins, they supply 40 milliamps of
current at 5 volts, which is more than enough to light an LED.

RESET SWITCH
 - When this switch is clicked, it sends a logical pulse to the reset pin of
the Microcontroller and now runs the program again from the start.
- This can be very useful if your code doesn’t repeat, but you want to
test it multiple times.

CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR
- This is a quartz crystal oscillator which ticks 16 million times a second.
On each tick, the microcontroller performs one operation, for example,
addition, subtraction, etc.

USB INTERFACE CHIP

- Think of this as a signal translator.
- It converts signals in the USB level to a level that an Arduino UNO
board understands.

TX – RX LEDS
- TX stands for transmit
- RX for receive.
- These are indicator LEDs which blink whenever the UNO board is
transmitting or receiving data.

DIGITAL VS ANALOG
DIGITAL SIGNAL
- has only two possible states: High (1) or Low (0). This means it can
either be ON or OFF, with no intermediate values.
- Also supports two states (HIGH or LOW).

ANALOG SIGNALS
- can take on a continuous range of values.
- These values can be any number between a minimum and maximum,
and they change gradually over time.
- Can rapid switching a pin between HIGH and LOW to create a "dimmer"
effect for things like LED brightness.

BREADBOARD
- a tool used for prototyping electronic circuits without soldering.
- It allows you to quickly build and test circuits by inserting components
like resistors, LEDs, and microcontrollers into the board's grid of holes.

POSITIVE RAIL (+)

- The positive rail is typically marked with a red line or labeled as "VCC"
or "+".
- Components that require a positive voltage, such as LEDs,
microcontrollers, and sensors, are connected to the positive rail.

NEGATIVE RAIL (+)

- The negative rail is typically marked with a blue line or labeled as
"GND" (Ground) or "-"
- The negative rail completes the circuit by providing the return path for
the current to flow back to the power source.
- The holes in the center of the breadboard serve as places to insert and
connect various components.
- They are grouped into rows and columns, and the rows are connected
by metal strips underneath the surface, allowing for easy electrical
connections between components.
- Limits current and divides voltage in a circuit

LEDS
- LEDs consume the electricity and converts it to light.
RESISTORS
- Dupont male to make wires are used for connecting
- components on breadboards or other prototyping setups without the
need for soldering.