Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
REGION VIII - EASTERN VISAYAS
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF NORTHERN SAMAR
CATARMAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
BRGY. DALAKIT, CATARMAN, NORTHERN SAMAR
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Subject: Statistics
Topic: Identifying the Rejection Region in Hypothesis Testing
Grade Level: Senior High School

Learning Competency
The learner identifies the appropriate rejection region for a given level of significance
when:
1. The population variance is known.

2. The population variance is unknown.

3. The Central Limit Theorem (CLT) is used.

Learning Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
 Identify the correct test statistic to use (Z or t).
 Determine the rejection region for hypothesis testing.
 Apply these concepts to solve real-world problems.

Review: Key Concepts in Hypothesis Testing

1. Null Hypothesis (H₀): The assumption that there is no effect or no difference.
2. Alternative Hypothesis (Hₐ): The statement we want to test.
3. Level of Significance (α): The probability of rejecting H₀ when it is actually true.
4. Rejection Region: The range of values where we reject H₀ based on α.
5. Test Statistics:
o Z-test (when population variance is known or CLT applies)
o t-test (when population variance is unknown)

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Address: Brgy. Dalakit, Catarman, Northern, Samar
Telephone No.: (055) 500-9410
Email Address: [email protected]
 Department of Education Schools Division of Northern Samar, Catarman National High School

Concept Development: Identifying the Rejection Region

Case 1: Population Variance is Known (Z-test)

Use the Z-distribution when the population standard deviation (σ) is known.
Formula:

x−μ
z=
σ
√n
Rejection Region:

 One-tailed test: Reject H₀ if Z > Zα (right-tailed) or Z < -Zα (left-tailed)

 Two-tailed test: Reject H₀ if |Z| > Zα/2

Case 2: Population Variance is Unknown (t-test)

Use the t-distribution when σ is unknown and use the sample standard deviation (s).
Formula:

x−μ
t=
s
√n
Rejection Region:

 One-tailed test: Reject H₀ if t > tα, df or t < -tα, df

 Two-tailed test: Reject H₀ if |t| > tα/2, df

Case 3: Applying the Central Limit Theorem (CLT)

If the population is not normal but the sample size is large (n ≥ 30), we use the Z-
test instead of the t-test.
The rejection region follows the same rules as Case 1.

Examples

Problem 1: A factory claims that the average weight of a product is 500 grams. A sample of
40 products has an average weight of 495 grams. The population standard deviation is 10
grams. Test the claim at α = 0.05.
Solution:

1. Identify the test type: Since σ is known, use the Z-test.

2. Hypotheses:
H₀: μ = 500 Hₐ: μ ≠ 500 (two-tailed test)

3. Compute the test statistic:

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Address: Brgy. Dalakit, Catarman, Northern, Samar
Telephone No.: (055) 500-9410
Email Address: [email protected]
 Department of Education Schools Division of Northern Samar, Catarman National High School

495−500 −5
z= = =−3.16
10 1.58
√ 40
4. Find the critical value: For α = 0.05 (two-tailed), Zα/2 = ±1.96.

5. Compare Z with the rejection region: Since -3.16 < -1.96, reject H₀.
6. Conclusion: There is sufficient evidence to reject the claim that the average weight is
500 grams.

Example 2: A university claims that the average IQ of its students is 115. A researcher
collects a sample of 36 students and finds an average IQ of 112, with a known population
standard deviation of 10. At α = 0.01, test whether the university’s claim is valid.
Solution:
1. Use the Z-test because σ is known.
2. Hypotheses:
o H₀: μ = 115
o Hₐ: μ ≠ 115 (two-tailed test)
3. Compute the test statistic:

112−115 −3
z= = =−1.80
10 1.67
√ 36
4. Find the critical value: For α = 0.01 (two-tailed), Zα/2 = ±2.58.

5. Compare Z with the rejection region: Since -1.80 > -2.58, do not reject H₀.
6. Conclusion: There is not enough evidence to reject the university’s claim.

Example 3: A company wants to test if a new battery lasts longer than 50 hours. A sample of
16 batteries has an average life of 52 hours with a sample standard deviation of 3 hours. At α
= 0.05, test if the new battery is significantly better.
Solution:
1. Use the t-test because σ is unknown and n is small.
2. Hypotheses:
o H₀: μ = 50
o Hₐ: μ > 50 (one-tailed test)
3. Compute the test statistic:

52−50 2
t= = =2.67
3 0.75
√16
4. Find the critical value: For α = 0.05 and df = 15, tα,15 = 1.753.
5. Compare t with the rejection region: Since 2.67 > 1.753, reject H₀.
6. Conclusion: The new battery lasts significantly longer than 50 hours.

Page 3 of 4
Address: Brgy. Dalakit, Catarman, Northern, Samar
Telephone No.: (055) 500-9410
Email Address: [email protected]
 Department of Education Schools Division of Northern Samar, Catarman National High School

Practice Exercises

Solve the following problems and identify the correct rejection region.
Part 1: Identify the Correct Test (Z or t?)

1. A sample of 25 students has an average test score of 80. The population standard
deviation is 15.
2. A sample of 10 employees has an average monthly income of $5,000. The population
standard deviation is unknown.
3. A company tests the lifespan of light bulbs with a sample of 50. The population
variance is given.
Part 2: Find the Rejection Region
4. A researcher wants to test if the mean IQ score differs from 100 using a sample of 36
people and σ = 12. Use α = 0.01.
5. A new medication is tested to see if it lowers blood pressure. A sample of 20 patients
is taken, and the standard deviation is unknown. Use α = 0.05.

Reflection Questions
 Why is it important to determine whether to use Z or t?
 How does sample size affect our choice of test statistic?
Summary
 Use Z-tests when population variance is known or when n ≥ 30 (CLT applies).
 Use t-tests when population variance is unknown and sample size is small.
 The rejection region depends on the level of significance and whether the test is one-
tailed or two-tailed.
End of Activity Sheet

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Address: Brgy. Dalakit, Catarman, Northern, Samar
Telephone No.: (055) 500-9410
Email Address: [email protected]