BS 7th

BIT-405 Introduction to Biotechnology 3(2-1)

*Optional Paper (In lieu of Research students can select any two courses, one in 7th and one in 8th semester,
Research which will be awarded to only those student having marks percentage > 85%)

BIT-405 Introduction to Biotechnology 3(2-1)

Objective: To acquaint students with the basic concepts and significance of biotechnology
as it stands today. Describing the concepts and terminology and scope of biotechnology
Course Outline
Theory
Biotechnology- definition and history; branches and/or applications of biotechnology in medicine, agriculture
(food, livestock, fisheries, algae, fungi, etc.), safety in biotechnology, public perception of biotechnology, basics
of biotechnology (Nutrient requirement for growth media, Biotechnological importance of enzymes, Primary and
secondary metabolites, Single-Cell Protein production, Protein engineering, tissue culture)
Practicals
1. Introduction to Biotechnology Lab
2. Basic Tools in the Biotechnology Laboratory
3. Using a Micropipette
4. Calibrating Lab Instruments
5. Preparing Solutions
6. Media preparation and sterilization
7. Preservation and maintenance of microorganisms (Slant and plate preparations)
8. Development and maintenance of pure cultures (Streaking plate methods)
9. Inoculum preparation
Recommended Books
Latest editions of following books
Daugherty E, 2012. Biotechnology: Science for the New Millennium. 1st
Edition, Revised; Paradigm Publication.
2. Nicholl TSD, 2012. An Introduction to Genetic Engineering. 3rd Edition;
Cambridge University Press, UK.
3. Purohit SS, 2018. Biotechnology Fundamentals & Application. 4th
Edition; Agro Bios, India.
4. Ratlegde C and Kristiansen B, 2017. Basic Biotechnology. 3rd Edition;
Cambridge University Press, UK.
5. Evens R. P. 2020. Biotechnology-the Science, the Product, the Government, the Business. CRC Press.
6. Khan, F. A. 2020. Biotechnology Fundamentals. 3rd Ed. Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
7. Principals of Biotechnology. 2018. Edited by Crawford, C.A. Salem Press
8. Thieman, W. J. and M. A. Palladino. 2009. Introduction to Biotechnology. 3rd Ed. Pearson Education, Inc

Title: ZOL- 601. Evolution and Principles of Systematic 3(2-1)

Course Objectives: The objective of the course are

1. To show how natural selection ultimately underpins all biological processes and how evolution has
generated biological diversity.

2. To understand relationship between evolution and systematics concepts.

3. To investigate the theoretical basis and methods of modern biological systematics and classification.
Learning Outcomes
The students will be able to understand classification, philosophy of nomenclature, species concepts, phylogenetic
inference and evolutionary perspectives of biodiversity.
Syllabus in Brief
Theory: Contribution of systematic to Biology; History of Taxonomy (Downward classification, upward
classification, impact of origin of species and their delimitation, population systematics, current trends);
Micrortaxonomy, phenon, Taxon; Taxonomic categories; species category, infra species category, higher
categories; species concepts (Typological concept; nominalistic concept, Biological concept, evolutionary
concept). Species mate recognition concept; non-dimensional species concept; Multidimensional species concept;
Cohesion species concept; Difficulties in the application of biological species; ploytypic species, subspecies,
superspecies, sibling species; study of major type of variation within a single population, Macrotaxonomy;
different kinds of Synonym, Homonym, Keys; Evolution of the theory of Nomenclature; interpretation and
application of the code (stability, priority, first revisor principle) range of authority of code; concept of
 availability, type method formation of specific names, cladistics, Taxonomic characters and their kinds and
weightage, Importance and application of biosystematics in biological studies. The nature and origin to life,
Evidences of evolution.
Theories to explain the diversity to life – Lamarckism, Darwinism and Special Creation. The present status of
these theories, Modern synthetic theory. Factors initiating elementary evolutionary changes (micro-evolution) by
changing gene frequencies, mutation pressure, selection pressure and immigration, genetic drift. Role of isolation
in evolution.
Factors of large evolutionary changes, (macro-evolution) Heterochrony, allometry, orthogenesis, adaptive
radiation Modern concept of Natural Selection; Level of selection, selection patterns, laboratory and field
examples regarding action of Natural Selection. Action of Natural Selection leading to convergence, radiation,
regression and extinction, Batesian mimicry, Mullerian mimicry, Sexual selection; Darwin’s concept, Fisher’s
view, Zahavi’s handicap theory. Trend and rates in evolution.
Practical
1. Study of preserved invertebrate species and their classification up to class level.
2. Collection, Preservation and identification of common species with the help of keys.
3. Methods of statistical analysis of samples from populations.
4. Preparation of keys for the identification of specimens.
Books Recommended
1. Mayr, E. and Ashlock, P.D., (Latest edition). Principles of Systematic Zoology, McGraw-Hill Inc. New York.
2. Ridley, M. 2004. Evolution, 3rd edition. Blackwell Science.
Mayr, E. Pouplations. Species and Evolution, Harvard University Press.

Title: ZOL-603. Fisheries 3(2-1)

Aims and objectives:

Introduction to fisheries and aquaculture, national and international trends. Aims and evolution of Fish Culture,
Requisite conditions for fish suitable for Fish Culture; Types of ponds, planning construction and pond
preparation; maintenance and improvement of pond. Pond fertilization, dosage and methods of application;
natural food and growth of cultivated fishes; Techniques and methods of fish cultivation, Breeding and cultivation
of cyprinids, biological means of increasing production;; Artificial feeding of fish; Enemies and diseases of fish;
Harvesting the fish.
Learning Outcomes.
Upon successful completion of the course, the student will be able to
1. Acquire basic knowledge of history and aims of fish culture
2. Selection of fish species on the basis of their characteristics.
3. Demonstrate site selection and components of fish ponds.
4. Compute dosage and formulation of feed and fertilizers in fish ponds.
5. Evaluate fish health and product quality Course Contents:
a. History of fish culture
b. Aims of fish culture.
c. Pond fish culture: Planning and construction of fish pond
d. Water quality criteria
e. Culturable fishes of Pakistan.
f. Pond preparation: Fertilization of fish pond: Organic and inorganic fertilizers, fish seed stocking.
g. Artificial feeding in fish culture: Fish feeding methods, different components of fish feed, composition
of commonly available feed ingredients, preparation and feed storage methods.
h. Integrated fish farming: Concepts and practices.
i. Fish enemies. Fish diseases and remedial measures.
j. Fish hatchery management.
k. Fishing gears, pre- and post-harvesting care of fish,
l. Fish handling and transportation,
m. Fish storage and marketing.
n. Principles of fish processing and preservation technology.
Practical
1. Morphological characters of a typical fish
2. Identification of commercially important fish species, meristic counts, fin formula, scale formula etc.
3. Dissection of common fish to study its various systems.
4. Practical demonstration of induced fish breeding.
5. Introduction to artificial feed ingredients
6. Study of various aquatic culture systems (fish farm, hatcheries and nurseries).
7. Weight length and condition factor in relation to different environment in fish spp.
8. Fish diseases, symptoms and treatment.
Books Recommended
1. Joesph, E. 2016. Fishing Gears and Fishing Methods (Review Paper).Academia Publisher.
2. Stickney R.R. 2016. Aquaculture an introductory text, CABI.
3. Vin T. Sparano. 2015. Complete Guide to Fresh and Saltwater Fishing: Conventional Tackle. Fly Fishing.
Spinning. Ice Fishing. Lures. Flies. Natural
4. William R. Persons, David L. Ward, and Luke A. 2015. Standardized Methods for Grand Canyon Fisheries
Research, By Avery U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia/ First Release: 2013 Revised: January 2015 (ver.
1.1).
5. Dunham, R.A., 2011. Aquaculture and Fisheries Biotechnology: Genetic approaches. CABI, UK.

Title: Zol-605. Biodiversity 3(2-1)

Course Objectives

The objective of this course is

1. To enable the student to understand and investigate the diversity of living world,

2. To understand the effect of human activities on species, communities and ecosystems; and

3. To develop a practical interdisciplinary approach to protect and restore biological diversity.

Course Learning Outcomes

Upon successful completion of this course, the student will be able to:

1. ACQUIRE theoretical knowledge about the phenomena that affect the maintenance, loss, and restoration of
biological diversity.

2. UNDERSTAND the ecological and evolutionary principles of biological diversity which influence the
conservation of wildlife at spatial and temporal scales in Pakistan as well as abroad.

3. SOLVE the conservation issue by applying the scientific principles and modern technologies.

4. ANALYSE, interpreting and synthesize data and other information about the determinants of the conservation
problems.

5. EVALUATE the conservation actions taken by the biologists for solving the conservation problems across
biological scales (genes to landscapes) and geographical scales (local to global).

6. DEMONSTRATE sound research skills based on ecological and evolutionary principles in investigating
problems in conservation biology.
Course Contents
Introduction to Biodiversity:
a. Definition,
b. History and
c. Scope.
d. Types of Biodiversity
2. Biodiversity:
a. Species Diversity; Genetic Diversity; Ecosystem Diversity;
b. Measurement of Biological Diversity;
c. AnOverview of World’s Biodiversity;
d. The Value of Biodiversity
• Ecological aspects of Biodiversity
• Impacts on Biodiversity
3. Threats to Biodiversity:
a. Human Population Growth;
b. Habitat Destruction; Habitat Fragmentation;
c. Environmental Degradation and Pollution;
d. Global Climate Change;
e. Overexploitation;
f. Invasive Species
4. Extinctions:
a. Extinction and Mass Extinctions;
b. Rates of Extinction; Island Biogeography;
c. Vulnerability to Extinction;
d. Problems of Small Populations; Minimum Viable Population (MVP);
e. Loss of Genetic Diversity; Effective Population Size;
f. Demographic and Environmental Stochasticity
5. Conserving Populations and Species:
a. Applied Population Biology; Monitoring populations; Population viability analysis; Meta populations,
b. International agreements for conservation of fauna and flora; Role of national and International Laws in
Protection of Species;
c. Ex Situ Conservation Strategies; Zoos; Aquariums; Botanical gardens; Seed banks.
d. Protected Areas and their Establishment and categories;
e. Managing Protected Areas; Challenges to Protected Areas Management.
f. Unprotected Public and Private Lands
g. Ecosystem Management
h. Integration of Local Community in Conservation
i. Restoring Damaged Ecosystems
6. Sustainable Development:
a. Challenges Involve in Conservation and Sustainable Development at the Local Level
b. International Approaches to Sustainable Development
c. Funding for Conservation by the World Bank and international NGOs;
d. Conservation Education and the Role of Conservation Biologists

Practicals:
1. Conservation issues in protected areas of Pakistan.
2. Study of the role of local community in protected areas of Pakistan.
3. Challenges to sustainable development and their solution in Pakistan.
4. Procedures for studying species richness, Simpson Index, Shannon and Weiner Function.
5. Sampling Techniques of biodiversity
6 Population of some local subterranean animals and report writing
Books Recommended
1. Richard B. Primack, 2012. A Primer of Conservation Biology; 5th Edition: Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers
Sunderland, MA U.S.A.
2. Groom, M.J., G.K. Meffe and C.R. Carroll, 2006, Principles of Conservation Biology, 3rd edition, Sinauer
Associates, Sunderland, MA.
3. Malcolm L. Hunter, Jr. 2001. Fundamentals of Conservation Biology, 2nd Edition. Blackwell Science Inc.
4. Mills, L.S. 2007. Conservation of Wildlife Populations: Demography, Genetics and Management. Blackwell
Publishing, USA.
5. Richard B. Primack. 2002. Essentials of Conservation Biology. 3rd Edition. Sinauer Associates Inc. Publishers,
Sunderland, Massachusetts, U.S.A

Title: ZOL-607. Aquatic Toxicology 3(2-1)

The major objective of this course is to introduce the students to the effects of toxicants/contaminants on the
aquatic life.

Learning Outcomes
After studying this course, student would be able to:
• Understand the basic concept of aquatic ecotoxicology, including bioaccumulation, trophic transport of
contaminants, biomarkers, specific challenges, and in vitro toxicology.
• be aware of the behavior of fish in response to toxicants
• know the factors affecting chronic environmental toxicity
Syllabus in Brief:
Introduction and background of aquatic toxicology, Definitions, sources of contamination: water pollution,
General concepts in toxicology. Transport of pollutants, Factor affecting distribution and fate, bioavailability and
bioaccumulation, biotransformation, metabolism and de-toxication, Heavy metals, organics. Behavioral
responses of fish to toxicants. Toxicity assessments and environmental regulations. Factors affecting the chronic
environmental toxicity, Ecotoxicity.

Practicals
➢ Determination of physico-chemical parameters in relation to metal’s toxicity.
➢ Determination of acute (LC50 and lethal concentrations) toxicity of metals by using Probit Curve
➢ Effects of chronic metals toxicity on fish growth
Books Recommended
1. Rand, G.M., 2001. Fundamentals of Aquatic Toxicology, 2nd ed. Taylor and Francis Publisher, USA. E-
book published August 2020
2. Walker, C.H., Sibly, R.M., Hopkin, S.P. and Peakall, D.B., 2012. Principles of ecotoxicology, 4 th ed.
CRC Press, USA.
3. Adel, D., 2007. Water Pollution Biology. CRC Press, USA.
4. Schwarzenbach, R.P., Gschwend, P.M. and Imboden, D.M., 2005. Environmental Organic chemistry. 3rd
ed. Wiley and Sons, USA.
5. Blaise, C. and Ferard, J.F., 2005. Small Scale Freshwater Toxicity Investigation: Toxicity Test Methods.
Springer, USA.
6. Mason, C.F., 2002. Biology of Freshwater Pollution. Prentice Hall, USA.
7. Klaasen, C.D., 2001. Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology The basic science of poisons. McGraw-Hill
Company, USA.
8. An introduction to Aquatic Toxicology, by Mikko Nikinmma (2014). Elsevier
9. Karen E. Stine and Thomas M. Brown (2015). Principles of Toxicology, CRC Press
1. ZOL-613 Basic Immunology3(2-1)
Course Objectives
The objectives of the course are:-
1. To be able to clearly state the role of the immune system and a foundation in immunological processes
2. To provide students with knowledge on how the immune system works building on their previous knowledge
from biochemistry, genetics, cell biology and microbiology
Course Learning Outcomes:
Upon successful completion of the course, the student will be able to:
1. Explore the basic knowledge of immune system
2. Describe the concepts of how the immune system works.
3. Interpret the problems using immunological techniques for diagnosis of immune disorders.
4. Identify the problems using immunological diagnostic tools.
5. Detect the problems using the same techniques for other disorders.
Course Contents
1. Overview and Elements of the Immune System
a. Medical Importance of the Immune System
b. How the Immune System Works: Cells and Organs of the Immune System
2. Components of Immunity
a. Antigen and Antibody structure and types
b. Antigen-Antibody Interactions
c. Innate and Acquired immune responses.
d. Infection and Immunity
e. Hyper sensitivity and its types
f. Complement system
g. Macrophages phagocytosis and process of antigen presentation in Association with MHC Class II proteins
Practical
1. Isolation of DNA
2. Counting of WBCs by Haemocytometer
3. Counting of RBCs by Haemocytometer
4. Gel Techniques
5. SDS PAGE
Books Recommended
1. Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter. Molecular Biology
of the Cell (5th ed. 2008, Garland)
2. Thomas J Kindt, Richard A Goldsby, Barbara A Osborne, Janis Kuby: Immunology (2003, Freeman).
3. Peter J. Delves, Seamus J. Martin, Dennis R. Burton, Ivan M. Roitt Roitt: Roitt’s Essential Immunology (12th
ed. 2012, Blackwell)
4. Abul Abbas , Andrew H. Lichtman, Shiv Pillai. Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 9th edition, 2017.
Elsevier Pub Co.
5. Gerd R. Burmester, Antonio Pezzutto Color Atlas of Immunology, 2006. Thieme Stuttgart, New York.
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