PROJECT

ON

“ 𝗦𝗢𝗜𝗟 𝗣𝗢𝗟𝗟𝗨𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 ”
BY
Ashitosh Rajkumar Cherekar

LATE T.D. PATHARE

ART,COMMERS,SCIENCE COLLEGE
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

2022-2023
 𝐀𝐂𝐊𝐍𝐎𝐖𝐋𝐄𝐃𝐆𝐄𝐌𝐄𝐍𝐓

We are very glad to represent project of SOIL POLLUTION (S.P). I

humbly express my thanks to Principal Dr. Jagdale C. B. for
extending his support and for providing us with an environment to
complete our project work successfully

We extent our heart full gratitude to our Prof. Chitalkar D.K.(Project

Guide) for his much needed untiring efforts and cooperation to Us
guided us from time to time and provide us with his valuable
suggestion which helped us developing a good system. He was
always willing to solve our difficulties and saw that the minute
details were considered.

We are also indebted to our Faculty of Computer Science, and entire

staff of Computer Science Dept. for their timely guidance, support,
encouragement and Co-operation. Our final thanks and greatest
appreciation, however, is to our friends and companions, who have
helped us in the completion of project.

-Ashitosh Rajkumar Cherekar

𝐈𝐍𝐃𝐄𝐗
 𝗜𝗡𝗧𝗥𝗢𝗗𝗨𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡

Soil is one of the essential natural resources. It is the basis of food

production, and it support a wide variety of plant and animal life. Soil
pollution is the contamination of soils with substances that would not
usually be naturally found in a place. Soil pollution can be caused by many
factors, such as fertilisers and pesticides from farms, construction sites
that discard dirt, and the improper disposal of household chemicals. BYJU'S
essay on soil pollution teaches us the causes, effects and ways to prevent
soil pollution.

Soil pollution is the contamination of soils with chemicals, metals, or other

harmful substances. These substances can come from various sources such
as industrial wastes, sewage disposal, and pesticides. These substances can
cause humans and other organisms in the soil to die. They also contaminate
water sources. Moreover, soil pollution causes groundwater contamination,
making it dangerous for people to drink without boiling first because it
could contain bacteria. An important factor in soil pollution is that it can
lead to air pollution. The presence of toxic chemicals (pollutants or
contaminants) in soil in high enough concentration to pose a risk to human
health.
𝗗𝗲𝗳𝗶𝗻𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻:-

"As the presence of toxic chemicals (pollutants or contaminants) in soil, in high

enough concentrations to pose a risk to human health and / or the ecosystem. In
the case of contaminants which occur naturally in soil even when their levels are
not high enough to pose a risk, soil pollution is still said to occur if the levels of the
contaminants in soil exceed the levels that should naturally be present..."

Soil contamination, soil pollution, or land pollution as a part of land

degradation is caused by the presence of xenobiotic human-made chemicals
or other alteration in the natural soil environment. It is typically caused by
industrial activity, agricultural chemicals or improper disposal of waste. The
most common chemical involved are petroleum hydrocarbons, pesticides,
lend, and other heavy metals. Contamination is correlated with the degree
of industrialization and intensity of chemical substance. The concern over
soil contamination stems primarily from health risks, form direct contact
with the contaminated soil, vapour form the contaminants, or form
secondary contamination of waste supplies within and underlying the soil.
Mapping of contaminated soil sites and the resulting clean ups are
time-consuming and expensive tasks, and require expertise in geology,
hydrology, chemistry, computer mode ling, and GIS in Environmen tal
Contamination, as well an appreciation of the history of industrial
chemistry. In North America and Western Europe the extent of
contaminated land is best known, with many of countries in these areas
having a legal framework to identify and deal with this environmental
problem. Developing countries tend to be less tightly regulated despite some
of them having undergone significant industrialization. In the European
Union, the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive allows sewage sludge to
be sprayed onto land. The volume is expected to double to 185,000 tons of
dry solids in 2005. This has good agricultural properties due to the high
nitrogen and phosphate content. In 1990/1991, 13% Wet weight s sprayed
onto 0.13% of the land; however, this expected to rise 15 fold was by 2005.
Advocates say there is a need to control this so that pathogenic
microorganisms do not get into water courses and to ensure that is no
accumulation of heavy metals in the top soil.
 𝗢𝗕𝗝𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗩𝗘𝗦

• To reduce all forms of soil erosion from Agriculture Land by Soil

Moisture Conservation works.

• To increase agricultural productivity in sustained manner without

deteriorating the soil health.

• To harvest surface runoff with water harvesting structures such as farm

ponds, Check Dams, Nalla Bunds, and percolation Tanks etc.

•To facilitate crop land with minor irrigation through brick/RCC Channels.

• To make difficult terrain like Hill slope fit for Agriculture Land with
Bench Terracing.

•To restore ecological balance by augmenting, conserving & harnessing

natural resources.

• To minimize flood hazards in the valley bottom areas and farm lands by
way of preventing silt deposition in the riverbed.

•To protect Agricultural Land from throwing of sand by the rivers during
flood seasons.
 IMPORTANCE OF SOIL

Healthy soils are essential for healthy plant nutrition, and water
filtration. Healthy soil supports a landscape that is more resilient to the
impacts of drought, flood, or fire. Soil helps to regulate the Earth's
climate and stores more carbon than all of the world's forests combined.
Healthy soils are fundamental to our survival. Soil is our life support
system. Soils are home to myriad micro-organisms that fix nitrogen and
decompose organic matter, and armies of microscopic animals as well
as earthworms and termits.
We build on soil as well as with it and in it soil plays a vital role in the
Earth's ecosystem. Without soil human life would be very difficult.
Soil provides plants to grow; it filters the rainwater and regulates the
discharge of excess rainwater, preventing flooding; it is capable of
storing large amounts of organic carbon; it buffers against pollutants,
thus protecting groundwater quality; it provides Man with some
essential construction and manufacturing materials, we build our
houses with bricks made form clay, we drink coffee from a cup that is
essential backed soil (clay); it also presents a record of past
environmental conditions. Soil functions are general capabilities of
soils that are important for various Soil, also commonly referred to as
dirt or earth, is our life support system. It is a mixture of organic
matter, minerals, gases, living organisms and water that are vital for
healthy plant growth, human nutrition, and regulation of the Earth's
climates. As one of the most significant components of the earth's
ecosystem, human life without soil would be very difficult.
Productive and healthy soil is a key to environmental sustainability
and help in the creation of a healthier world. Therefore, considering
the rapidly deteriorating condition of soil around the world,
rebuilding soil health is critical.
 CAUSES OF SOIL POLLUTION

Soil pollution is a complex phenomenon, and it can be triggered by a

variety of things and activities, from the littering of cigarette butts to
excess use of chemical fertilizers. Every cause is linked with another. It
is quite difficult to pinpoint one particular causes

𝗜𝗻𝗱𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝗮𝗰𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗶𝘁𝘆

Industrial activity has been the biggest contributor to the problem in

the last century, especially since the amount of mining and
manufacturing has increased. Most industries are dependent on
extracting minerals from the earth. Whether it is iron ore or coal, the
by-products are contaminated, and they are not disposed of in a
manner that can be considered safe. As a result, the industrial waste
lingers on the soil surface for a long time and makes it unsuitable for
use.
𝗔𝗴𝗿𝗶𝗰𝘂𝗹𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗔𝗰𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗲𝘀

The utilization of chemicals has gone up tremendously since technology

has provided us with modern pesticides and fertilizers. They are full of
chemicals that are not produced in nature and cannot be broken down by
it. As a result, they seep into the ground after they mix with water and
slowly reduce the fertility of the soil. Other chemicals damage the
composition of the soil and make it more erodible by water and air, Plants
absorb many of these pesticides, and when they decompose, they cause
soil pollution.

𝗪𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗲 𝗗𝗶𝘀𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗮𝗹

Finally, a growing cause for concern is how we dispose of our waste. While
industrial waste is sure to cause contamination, there is another way in which we
are adding to the pollution Every person excretes a certain amount of personal
waste in the form of urine and feces. While much of it moves into the sewer system,
there is also a large amount that is dumped directly into landfills in the form of
diapers, Even sewer system ends at the landfill, where the biological waste pollutes.
 𝗔𝗰𝗶𝗱 𝗥𝗮𝗶𝗻

Acid rain is caused when pollutant present in the air mix up with the
rain and fall back on the ground. The polluted water could dissolve
away some of the essential nutrients found in the soil and change.

𝗔𝗰𝗰𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗹 𝗢𝗶𝗹 𝗦𝗽𝗶𝗹𝗹𝘀

Oil leaks can happen during the storage and transport of chemicals. This
can be seen at most of the fuel stations. The chemicals present in the fuel
deteriorate the quality of soil and make it unsuitable for cultivation. These
chemicals can enter into the groundwater.
 𝐓𝐲𝐩𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐒𝐨𝐢𝐥 𝐏𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

𝗕𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗴𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗮𝗴𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘀:-

Biological agents are chemicals or organisms that increase the rate at

which natural bio-degradation occurs. Bio-degradation is a process by
which microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and yeast break down
compounds into simpler products.

𝗔𝗴𝗿𝗶𝗰𝘂𝗹𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗽𝗿𝗮𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗰𝗲𝘀:-

Soil pollution can be a result of poor agricultural practices.

Unsustainable agricultural practices reduce soil organic pollutants.
This increases the risk of the pollutants being released into the
environment.

𝗥𝗮𝗱𝗶𝗼𝗮𝗰𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗽𝗼𝗹𝗹𝘂𝘁𝗮𝗻𝘁𝘀:-
Accidental releases, nuclear weapons testing, and inadequate practices
of radioactive waste disposal are the principal human activities
responsible for radioactive contamination as a new and global form of
soil.

𝗨𝗥𝗕𝗔𝗡 𝗪𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗦:-

Solid wastes and refuse, particularly in urban area contribute to soil

pollution. This refuse contains garbage and rubbish materials like
plastics, glasses, metallic cans, fibers, rabbles, trash from the streets,
fuel residues, leaves containers, abandoned vehicles and other
discarded manufactured products.

𝗜𝗡𝗗𝗨𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗜𝗔𝗟 𝗪𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘:-

Industrial waste have different

amount of toxic contents and
hazardous chemicals such that
when deposited in soil, they affect
the soil layer strength in the top
soil. thus reducing the soil
fertility and biological activity of
the soil
 𝐄𝐅𝐅𝐄𝐂𝐓𝐒 𝐎𝐅 𝐒𝐎𝐈𝐋 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐋𝐔𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍

𝗗𝗮𝗺𝗮𝗴𝗲𝘀 𝘁𝗼 𝗵𝗲𝗮𝗹𝘁𝗵:-

Dermal exposure to soil contaminants can cause skin diseases, such as

dermatitis caused by irritation or allergies, hives, acne or even cancer.
But systemic effects can also be observed if the skin barrier is bypassed,
such as when contaminants enter and spread through the circulatory
system.
𝗣𝗼𝗼𝗿𝗲𝗿 𝗵𝗮𝗿𝘃𝗲𝘀𝘁𝘀:-

Soil pollution can be a result of poor agricultural practices.

Unsustainable agricultural practices reduce soil organic matter,
compromising soil's capacity to degrade organic pollutants. This
increases the risk of the pollutants being released into the environment.
 𝗖𝗟𝗜𝗠𝗔𝗧𝗘 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗚𝗘:-

The pollution of soil affects its capacity for carbon absorption and
causes climate change through changing temperature, precipitation
patterns, etc. Therefore, environmental pollution and climate change
influence each other through complex interactions on Earth.

𝗪𝗔𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗔𝗜𝗥 𝗣𝗢𝗟𝗟𝗨𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡:-

Pollution is the introduction of harmful materials into the environment.

These harmful materials are called pollutants can be natural, such as
volcanic ash. They can also be created by human activity, such as trash
or runoff produced by factories. Pollutants damage the quality.
𝗚𝗥𝗢𝗪𝗧𝗛 𝗢𝗙 𝗣𝗟𝗔𝗡𝗧𝗦:-

The ecological balance of any system is affected due to the widespread

contamination of the soil. Most plants are unable to adapt when the
chemistry of the soil changes so radically in a short period of time. Fungi
and bacteria found in the soil that bind it together begin to decline,
which creates an additional problem of soil erosion.

𝗧𝗢𝗫𝗜𝗖 𝗗𝗨𝗦𝗧:-

The emission of toxic and foul gases from landfills pollutes the
environmental and causes serious effects on the health of some people.
Besides, the unpleasant smell causes inconvenience to other people.
 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗚𝗘 𝗦𝗢𝗜𝗟 𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗨𝗖𝗧𝗨𝗥𝗘:-

The death of many soil organisms (e. g., earthworms) in the soil can
lead to alteration in soil structure. Apart from that, it could also force
other predators to move to other places in search of food. A number of
ways have been suggested to curb the current rate of pollution. Such
attempts at cleaning up the environment require plenty of time and
resources to be pitched in. Industries have been given regulations for
the disposal of hazardous waste, which aim at minimizing the area that
becomes polluted.

𝗣𝗼𝗶𝘀𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗨𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗿𝗴𝗿𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗱 𝗪𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗧𝗮𝗯𝗹𝗲:-

Soil pollution also leads to the poisoning of the underground water
table. Since this water is stored beneath the layers of the soil, the toxins
in the soil could easily percolate slowly and steadily into the water
table. We must also remember that this is the water that is available for
consummation and usage through wells and tube wells. When such to
toxic water is consumed or used over a period of time, it causes a lot of
ill effects on our health. Diseases like arsenic poisoning, and others are
caused by the prolonged consummation of this toxic underground
water. These diseases could also prove to be quite fatal.
 𝗛𝗢𝗪 𝗧𝗢 𝗔𝗩𝗢𝗜𝗗 𝗦𝗢𝗜𝗟 𝗣𝗢𝗟𝗟𝗨𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡

Soil pollution is a complex problem that ought to be solved. It is

essential that we all also to solve the problem of soil pollution. It is a
complex problem, and thus, it requires everyone, from an individual
to the government, to work in complete unison. Listed below are a
few things that could help in reducing soil pollution.

𝗥𝗲𝗱𝘂𝗰𝗲 𝗨𝘀𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗳𝗲𝗿𝘁𝗶𝗹𝗶𝘇𝗲𝗿𝘀:-

Chemical fertilizers do more harm than good. While proper amounts

could enhance the fertility of the soil, an excess of it actually poisons
the soil. The excess of chemicals fertilizers could pollute the soil in
several ways. It could mess with the pH levels of the soil. It could also
destroy the good microorganisms in the soil. Not only that, but the
runoff from such soils also causes water pollution as well. Thus, using
chemical.

𝗥𝗲𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 & 𝗔𝗳𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗦𝗵𝗼𝘂𝗹𝗱 𝗯𝗲 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗺𝗼𝘁𝗲𝗱:-

One of the major causes of soil pollution is soil erosion, which is caused
due to deforestation. It is natural that, with an ever-growing population,
humankind needs more and more space to expand their civilization. Often,
it is achieved at the cost of the health of the soil. To prevent this from
happening, reforestation of a deforested area should be promoted. Also,
afforestation should be promoted and encouraged in the barren lands. The
roots of the plants bird the soil particles together and even capture good
microorganisms in the soil. It also ensures the maintenance of the
underground water table.
𝗥𝗲𝗰𝘆𝗰𝗹𝗲 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗥𝗲𝘂𝘀𝗲 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝘀:

These steps not only reduce waste generation but also ensure that soil
pollution is reduced. At present, plastic forms a significant portion of the
generated waste. More Often than not, this wastes is buried in landfills.
In these landfills, these plastics and other materials decompose slowly
and release toxic materials into the soil. These toxic substances are very
harmful to the health of the soil and are a major source of soil pollution.
By reusing and recycling things, we would ensure-that lesser wastes are
dumped in these landfills, and this, in turn, would reduce soil pollution.

𝗚𝗲𝘁 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗼𝗰𝗮𝗹𝘀 𝗜𝗻𝘃𝗼𝗹𝘃𝗲𝗱:-

In order to ensure that a problem like soil pollution is solved, it is

essential that every individual must get involved. It is with their
involvement that things can work out better. Awareness programs could
be designed so that people understand soil pollution better if people are
aware, they will help, even subconsciously.
𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗺𝗼𝘁𝗲 𝗨𝘀𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗡𝗮𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗠𝗮𝗻𝘂𝗿𝗲:-

Natural manure is one of the best sources of nutrients for the soil. It is
harmless and completely organic. It adds essential nutrients to the soil
and restores the health of soil. It has no harmful by-products that could
harm the soil or the environment in any way organic fertilizers largely
are produced on-farm by the farmers. When on-farm organic inputs are
used, cost of production per unit area is less than 13% under organic
agriculture than inorganic management. However, if organic inputs
from outside the farm are purchased and utilized, the cost of production
increases by about 15-20% depending on the nature of inputs used.
Integrated Organic Farming System (IOFS) models being developed
under National Project on Organic farming (NPOF) promises to meet
70-80% of organic inputs within the farm thus reducing the market
input cost considerably.
𝗚𝗿𝗮𝗽𝗵 𝗼𝗳 𝗦𝗼𝗶𝗹 𝗣𝗼𝗹𝗹𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗶𝗻 𝗜𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗮:-
𝐁𝐈𝐁𝐋𝐈𝐎𝐆𝐑𝐀𝐏𝐇𝐘
𝐋𝐢𝐧𝐤𝐬:-

• https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/soil_pollution/fE6ZDgAAQBAJ?hi=en&gbpv=0

• https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Elements of Land_soil pollution/Q

nsEEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=name+of+the+book+soil+pollution&prientsec=fr
ontcover

• https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/soil pollution a hidden_reality/Lxp

eDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpy-1&dq=name+of+the+book+soilpollution&printsec=frontcover

• https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Environmental Risk Assessment o f Soil

Co/EBCODwAAQBAJ/hl?en&gbv=1&dq=name of the book+
soilpollution&printsec=frontcover