PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION

1. There are 5 air flights and 15 buses per day to travel from Bhairahawa to
Kathmandu. In how manyways can a man travel from Bhairahawa to
Kathmandu per day?
Solution:
Total no. of air flights (n1) = 5
Total no. of buses (n2) = 15
As from the addition rule
The no. of ways to travel from Bhairahawa to Kathmandu = 5 + 15 = 20
Hence, there are 20 ways to travel.
2. There are 5 routes from station A to station B and 4 routes from station B to C.
Answer the questions
a. How many different routes are possible from station A to station C?
b. In how many ways can a person travel from A to C and come back from C
to A?
c. In how many ways can a person travel from A to C and return back to A
by using different routes?
Solution:
If there are 5 routes from station A to station B and 4 routes from station B to C
then, the no. of possible routes from A to B is 5 and from B to C is 4.
a. Here,
 The no. of possible routes from A to C is 5×4 = 20 routes.
b. Here,
The no. of possible routes from A to C is 20 and so as to return from C to A
there is also 20 routes (i.e. 4×5).
Hence, the no. of required ways = 20×20 = 400 ways
c. Here, the no. of routes to travel from A to C is 20. If the same route is not
used more than once, the–n the no. of ways to travel and return back is
20×12 = 240 ways
3. How many numbers of three different digits can be made by using the digits 1,
2, 3, 4,5,6? How many of them are even?
Solution:
The no. of digits = 6
So, hundred place can be arranged in 6 ways
Tens place can be arranged in 5 ways
Units place can be arranged in 4 ways
 Required numbers = 6×5×4 = 120
Next, If these numbers formed must be even, the digit in the units place can be
arranged in 3 ways
Ten's place can be arranged in 5 ways
Hundred place can be arranged in 4 ways
 Required number's place = 354 = 60 ways
4. How many 4 digit numbers are possible by using the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5? If (a)
the repetition of the digits is not allowed? (b) the repetition of the digits is
allowed?
Solution:
The no. of digits = 6
a. As we know, thousands place can never be filled by zero, so thousands place
can be filled by 5 ways
Hundreds place can be filled by 5 ways
Tens place can be filled by 4 ways
Unit place can be filled by 3 ways
 The required no.s of 4 digit when repetition is not allowed
= 5543 = 300 ways
b. If the repetition is allowed, the thousands place can be arranged/filled by 5
ways and then after all remaining places can be filled by 6 ways.
 The required no.s of 4 digit when repetition is allow = 5666=1080 ways
5. How many positive numbers less than 100 are possible by using the digits 0, 1,
2, 3? If the repetition of the digits is not allowed, how many such numbers are
possible?
Solution:
The given digits are 0, 1, 2, 3
If the digits may repeat: then
For the units place, number of way = 4
For the ten's place, number of ways = 3
 Number of ways = 4  3 = 12
For 1 digit: The number of ways = 3
So, total number of ways = 12 + 3 = 15 ways
If the digits may not repeat:
For 1 digit: Number of ways = 3
For two digits = Number of ways in tens place = 3
Number of ways in ones place = 3
 Number of ways = 33 = 9
So, total number of ways = 3 + 9 = 12 ways
6. How many even numbers are possible between 2000 and 3000 by using the
digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, only once?
Solution:
The no. of digits = 5
The number must lies between 2000 and 3000 and so each no. should be
started with 2. As the formed no. should be even each no. must be ended with
0,or 4 but here digits can be used only once.
So, thousands place can be filled by 1 ways
Tens place can be filled by 3 ways
Hundreds place can be filled by 2 ways
Unit place can be filled by 2 ways
 Required no. of digits = 1 3  2  2 = 12 ways
7. How many numbers of three digits can be formed from the integres 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
if repetition of digits is allowed? How many of them will be divisible by 5?
Solution:
Here, the number of given digits = 5
And, the number of digits to be select = 3
The repetition of digits is allowed so the each of hundreds, tens and units place
digit can be select in 5 ways.
 By basic principle of counting, the total no. of ways = 5 ×5 ×5 = 125 ways
Again, for the numbers divisible by 5, we fix the digit 5 in the units place. So,
there is only one choice for filling up the unit place. There are 5 ways of filling
up the tens and hundreds place. So, the number of digits that are divisible by 5
= 5×5 ×1 = 25 ways.
8. How many even numbers of at most 2 digits can be formed by using the digits
1, 2, 3, 4, 5 only once?
Solution:
The digits given in the question are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
For one digit: No. of ways for even = 2
For two digits: No. of ways for ones place = 2
Number of ways for ten's place = 4
 Total no. of ways 2 + 24 = 10

(n + 1)!
1. a. Solve for n, if (n – 1)! = 12 where, n is whole number.
Solution
(n + 1)!
We have, (n – 1)! = 12
(n + 1) n (n – 1)!
or, (n – 1)! = 12
or, n( n + 1) = 12
or, n2 + n – 12 = 0
or, n2 + 4n – 3n – 12 = 0
or, (n + 4) (n – 3) = 0
either n = –4
or, n = 3
Since, n  –4, so n = 3
b. If P(5, r) = 5 find the value of r.
Solution:
We have, P(5, r) = 5
r = 1 [ if P(n, r) = n, then r = 1)
c. Show that: (2n)! = {1 ∙3 ∙ 5 ∙ … ∙ (2n – 1)} 2n n!
Solution:
By the definition of factorial
(2n)! = 1 ∙ 2 ∙ 3 ∙ 4 ∙ 5 ∙ 6 ∙ … ∙ (2n – 1) ∙ 2n
 = {1 ∙ 3 ∙ 5 ∙ … ∙ (2n – 1)}{2 ∙ 4 ∙ 6 ∙ … ∙ 2n}
[∵ separating the odd and even numbers]
= {1 ∙ 3 ∙ 5 ∙ … ∙ (2n – 1)} 2n{1∙2∙ 3 ∙ … ∙ n}
= {1 ∙ 3 ∙ 5 ∙ … ∙ (2n – 1)} 2n n!
2. In how many ways can 4 boys and 3 girls be seated in a row containing 7 seats
if they sit anywhere? If they seat alternately how many such arrangements are
possible?
Solution:
There are 4 boys and 3 girls be seated in a row containing 7 seats.
7! 7!
 Required arrangement is P(7, 7) = (7 – 7)! = 0! = 5040
Again,
If they seat alternatively, then 4 boys can set in 4! ways and 3 girls can seat in 3!
ways.
 Required arrangement is = 4! 3!= 246 = 144 ways
3. How many 6 digits numbers can be formed by using the digits 0 to 9 only
once? How many such arrangements are divisible by 10?
Solution:
The total no. of digits = 10
The first digit can be chosen from only 1 to 9 so there is only 9 choices for first
digit. The remaining 5 digits can be chosen from remaining 9 digits in P(9, 5)
ways
9!
i.e. (9 – 5)! = 15120 ways
 The total numbers of 6 digits is 915120 ways = 136080 ways
Next: For the divisible by 10. Last digit must be zero, so the last digit can be
chosen from 0, so there is 1 choice for last digit. The remaining 5 digits can be
chosen from 9 digits in P(9, 5) way
9!
i.e. (9–5)! = 15120 ways

4. How many numbers lying between 100 and 1000 can be formed with the digits
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 if the repetition of the digits is not allowed?
Solution:
The no. lying between 100 and 1000 is of 3 digit. In which at unit place can be
chosen only from 5 digit and hundred place can only be chosen from 5 digit
where as remaining tens place can be chosen from remaining 4 digit.
5! 4! 5!
 The no. formed between 100 and 1000 = (5 – 1)! (4 – 1)! (5 – 1)!
54! 43! 54!
= 4!  3!  4!
= 545
= 100 ways
5. How many arrangements are possible using the letters of the word
‘EQUATION’ only once? If all vowels come together how many arrangements
are possible?
Solution:
In 'EQUATION'
The no. of total letters (n) = 8
 The total no. of arrangement = 8! = 40320
Next, The no. of vowels = 5
When we take all vowels as one then there will be total letters left = 4. Also the
vowel letters be arranged themselves in 5 ways.
 The required no. of arrangement = 4!  5! = 2880
6. In how many ways can the letters of the word "SUNDAY" be arranged? How
many of these arrangements donot begin with S? How many begin with S and
donot end with Y?
Solution:
Total number of letters in the word 'SUNDAY' = 6.
Since each of the letters is distinct, they can be arranged in 6! ways. i.e. 720
ways.
If the arrangements do not begin with S, the beginning letter can be chosen in
5 ways.
The remaining successive letters can be arranged in 5! ways.
So, the total number of ways = 5 × 5! = 600.
If it is to be begun with S the first letter can be chosen in 1 ways. If it doesn’t
end with Y, the last letter can be chosen in 4 ways and the remaining middle 4
letters can be chosen in 4! ways.
So, total number of ways = 1 × 4! × 4 = 96 ways.
7. In how many ways can the ltters of the word 'HOLIDAY' be arranged? Also,
find the number of arrangements so that:
a. all vowels come together
b. no two vowels are together
c. the vowels may occupy only odd places
d. the relative positions of vowels and consonants do not change.
Solution:
The total number of different letters in the word HOLIDAY is 7. So, the total
number of arrangements is 7! = 5040.
a. Let all the vowels O, I and A be one letter. Then the resulting number of
letter is 5. So, they can be arranged in 5! = 120 ways.
Again, these 3 vowels can be arranged among themselves in 3! = 6 ways.
 Required number of ways = 120  6 = 720
b. Let us first arrange the 4 consants in a row and this can be perform in 4!
ways. Now, to make the vowels seperate we have to put vowels either at
first or at last or in between two consonants. So, there are 5 places
available for 3 vowels and the arrangement can be done in P(5, 3) ways.
 required number of ways = 4! × P(5, 3) = 24 × 60 = 1440
c. Here,
Vowels may occupy only odd places i.e. 1st, 3rd, 5th, and 7th places. So,
there are 4 places available for 3 vowels. So, they can be arragned in
4!
P(4,3) = (4 – 3)! = 24 ways.
 Again, in remaining 4 places 4 consonants can be arranged in P(4,4) = 4! =
24 ways.
 Required number of ways = 24  24 = 576
d. Here,
Given number of vowels is 3. So, these 3 vowels in their 3 places can be
arrangd in P(3,3) = 3! = 6 ways
Again, 4 consonants in their 4 places can be arranged in P(4,4) = 4! = 24
ways.
 Required number of ways = 6  24 = 144.
8. In how many ways can 10 boys be arranged in a row having 4 seats if
a. one particular boy is always included?
b. one particular boy is always excluded?
Solution:
Total number of boys = 10
Number of boys to select = 4
a. If one particular boy is always selected, that selected boy can sit in any one
of 4 places. Now, in remaining 3 places 9 boys can be arranged in P(9, 3)
ways
 total number of ways = 4 × P(9, 3) = 2016 ways
b. If one particular boy is always excluded then 4 seats can be filled by
remaining 9 boys in P(9, 4) = 3024 ways
9. In how many ways can letters of following words be arranged without any
restriction?
a. PERMUTATION b. INTERMEDIATE
c. EXAMINATION
Solution:
a. Here,
PERMUTATION
Total no. of letters (n) = 11
No. of letter 'T' (p) = 2
n! 11!
 Total number of way of arrangement = p! = 2!
b. INTERMEDIATE
Here, the total number of letters (n) = 12
No. of letter 'I' (p) = 2
No. of letter 'T' (q) = 2
No. of letter 'E' (r) = 3
n! 12!
 The total no. of arrangement = p! q! r! = 2! 2! 3!
c. EXAMINATION
Here, the total number of letter (n) = 11
No. of letters 'A' (p) = 2
No. of letters 'I' (q) = 2
No. of letters 'N' (r) = 2
n! 11!
 Total no. of arrangement = p! q! r! = 2! 2! 2!
10. How many six digit numbers can be formed by using the digits 0, 2, 2, 2, 5, 5?
Solution:
Given digits are 0, 2, 2, 2, 5, 5.
For a number to be of six digits it's beginning place digit cannot be 0. So, there
are only 5 choices for the beginning place. After then, remaining 5 digits can
be arranged in remaining 5 palaces in 5! = 120 ways. But, the digit 2 is
repeated 3 times and 5 is repeated 2 times.
5 5! 5  120
 Required number of six digits numbers = 2! . 3!= = 50.
26
11. In how many ways can the letters of the word ‘UNIVERSITY’ be arranged?
How many such arrangements begin with ‘U’? How many of these begin with
U but do not end with Y?
Solution:
In UNIVERSITY'
The no. of letters (n) = 10
No. of letter 'I' (p) = 2
n! 10!
 Total no. of arrangement = p! = 2! = 1814400 ways
Since the arrangement begin with U there is only. Nine letters to arrange. So,
n! 9!
the nine letters can be arranged in = p! = 2! = 181440
 Required no. of arrangement = 1181440 = 181440 ways
Next: The total no. of ways in which the arrangement begin with U but do not end
with
8!
'Y' = 4 P(8, 8) = 4 0! = 161280 ways

12. In how many ways can the letters of the word ‘ARRANGE’ be arranged? How
many such arrangements are having two R’s together? How many of them are
not having two R’s together?
Solution:
In 'ARRANGE'
Total no. of letters (n) = 7
No. of letter 'A' (p) = 2
No. off letter 'R' (q) = 2
n! 7!
 Total no. of ways of arrangement = p! q! = 2! 2! = 1260 ways
If we suppose (RR) as one letter, then the no. of letters will be 6
n! 6!
 The no. of ways of arrangement when R comes together = p! = 2! = 360 ways
Thus, the required no. of ways of arrangement when two R not comes
together = 1260 – 360 = 900 ways
13. In how many ways can the letters of the word ELEMENT be arranged? How
many of these arrangements are having all vowels together? Also, find the
number of arrangements having no vowels together.
Solution:
The given word is ELEMENT.
Here, total number of letters (n) = 7, the letter E occurs 3 times i.e. p = 3 and
rest of the letters are distinct. So,
n! 7!
Total number of arrangements = p! = 3! = 840
Now, let all three vowels (E, E, E) be one letter and then the total number of
letters look like 7 – 3 + 1 = 5 and they can be arranged in 5! ways. Also, these
3!
three vowels can be arranged internally among themselves in 3! = 1 way
 number of ways in which all vowels are together = 5! × 1 = 120 ways
Again, to make no two vowels together, let us first arrange 4 consonants are
this can be perform in 4! ways. Now, let us fill the vowels in either beginning or
ending or in between two consonants . So, there are 5 possible places for 3
vowels and their arrangement can be made in P(5,3) ways.
But, note that in the word the letter E occurs 3 times.
4! × P(5, 3)
Hence, required number of arrangements = 3!
24 × 60
= 6 = 240 ways.

14. In how many ways can the letters of the word INTERNET be arranged so that
each arrangement must begin and end with the sasme letter?
Solution:
Given word is INTERNET. For the arrangement to begin and end with the
same letter, the arrangement must begin with letter either N or T or E. So,
there are three choices for the beginning place. According to the question, if
we fix the letter for beginning place, the same letter must be placed on ending
6!
place. So, remaining six letters can be arranged in 2! × 2! .
6!
 total number of ways = 3 × 2! × 2! = 3 × 180 = 540.

15. In how many ways can a man post 5 post cards if 4 post boxes are available?
Solution:
Each post cards can be posted in 4 ways
Hence, required number of ways = nr = 45 = 1024
16. In how many ways can 9 different colour beads be set in a bracelet?
Solution:
In a bracelet, beads are arrangement in circular form and the anticlockwise
and clockwise arrangements are not different.
Here the total number of beds n = 9
(n – 1)! 1
They can be arranged in 2 ways = 2  8! ways = 20160 ways.

17. If 8 secretary level representatives of SAARC countries sit in round table

conference, how many arrangements are possible? If Nepali and Indian
secretary level sit always together, how many such arrangements will be
there?
Solution:
Total no. of countries (n) = 8
If they sit in round table then they form a circle, so its arrangement is = (n – 1)!
= 7!
= 5040 ways
If Nepali and Indian always sit together, then we take it as one. Then the total
no. will be 6 and they can be arranged in (7–2+1)! = 6! = 720
If they sit together, then they also can interchange there seat between
themselves in 2 ways.
Hence, the required no. of arrangement = 21720 = 1440 ways
18. In how many ways can 4 boys and 4 girls sit alternatively on a round table?
Solution:
Let us first arrange 4 boys on a round table and this can be done in (4 – 1)! =
3! = 6 ways. Now, for boys and girls to be in an alternate order we have to
place each girl in between two boys. So, there are 4 places available for 4 girls
and they can be arranged in P(4, 4) = 4! = 24 ways.
 Total number of ways = 6  24 = 144 ways.

1. a. If C(n, 10) = C(n, 12) find ’n’ and hence C(n, 6)

b. If C(n, 8) = C(n, 6), find C(n, 2).
c. If C(n, 30) = C(n, 4) find the value of C(n, 30) + C(n, 4)
d. If C(9, 2r) = C(9, 3r – 1), find the value of r.
e. Prove that: nCr + 2 nCr – 1+ nCr – 2 = n + 2Cr
Solution:
a. Here, C(n, 10) = C(n, 12)
n! n!
 (n – 10)! 10! = (n – 12)! 2!
(n – 12)! 12! n!
 (n – 10)! 10! = n!

(n – 12)! 121110!
 (n – 10) (n – 11) (n – 12)! 10! = 1
12  11
 (n – 10) (n – 11) = 1
 132 = n2 – 11n – 10n + 110
 n2 – 21n – 22 = 0
 n2 – 22n + n – 22 = 0
 n(n – 22) 11(n – 22) = 0
 (n – 22) (n + 1) = 0
either n = 22
or, n = –1 (This is not possible, so rejected)
 n = 22
22! 22!
Next C(n, 6) = C(22, 6) = (22 – 6)! 6! = 16! 6!
b. Here, C(n, 8) = C(n, 6)
 Then, n = 8 + 6 = 14
14!
Now, C(14, 2) = 12! 2! = 91 ways
c. Given, C(n, 30) = C(n, 4)
 C(n, r) = C(n, r1)
 r + r1 = n
Then, 30 + 4 = n
 n = 34
34! 34!
Now, C(n, 30) + C(n, 4) = (34 – 30)! 30! + (34 – 4)! 4!
34! 34!
C(n, 30) + C(n, 4) = 4!30! + 30! 4! = 46376 + 46376= 92752 ways
d. Given, C(9, 2r) = C(9, 3r – 1)
 2r + 3r – 1 = 9 [ C(n, r) = C(n, r1) r+r1 = n]
 5r = 10
 r = 2 or, 2r = 3r – 1
 r=1
 r = 1 or 2
e. L.H.S.= nCr + 2 nCr – 1+ nCr – 2
=nCr + nCr – 1+nCr – 1+ nCr – 2
=n+1Cr + n+1Cr–1
= n+2Cr
2. In an advertisement of 3 workers in a factory, if 10 applicants apply, how
many ways can the selection be made?
Solution:
The no. of workers required are 3 where total applicantsare 10
10! n!
 The selection be made as C(10, 3) = 7! 3! [
C(n‚ r) = (n–r)! r! ]
= 120 Ans.
3. In a class of 25 girls and 20 boys, a boy and a girl are to be chosen for debate
competition. In how many ways can the selection be made?
Solution:
The no. of girls and boys are 25 and 20 respectively. If a boy and a girl are to
be chosen for debate competition, then
The no. of ways of selection would be C(25,1) × C(20,1) = 25  20 = 500 ways.
4. A person has 12 friends of whom 8 are relatives. In how many ways can he
invite 7 guests such that 5 of themmay be relatives?
Solution:
To invite 7 guests out of 12 friends
Relatives (8) Non–relative (4) Selection
5 2 C(8, 5) C(4, 2)
8! 4!
The required selection is C(8, 5) C(4, 2) = 3! 5! 2! 2!

= 56  6= 336 Ans.
5. There are 10 questions in group A of which 6 are to be solved. In group B there
are only 6 questions of which 4 are to be solved. In how many ways
an examinee can make up his choices?
Solution:
Here,
Group A (10) Group B(6) Selection
6 4 C(10, 6) C(6, 4)
10! 6!
 The required selection is C(10, 6) C(6, 4) = 4! 6! 2! 4! = 210  15 = 3150

6. A bag contains 5 red balls. In how many ways can be selected at most 3 balls ?
Solution:
Total number of balls = 5 and maximum number of balls to select = 3.
Thus, we can select in C(5, 0) + C(5, 1) + C(5, 2) + C(5, 3) = 1 + 5 + 10 + 10 = 26 ways.
7. There are 6 questions in a question paper. In how many ways can an examinee
solve one or more questions?
Solution:
From the 6 question, a examinee can pass/solve one or more questions in
following ways.
A examinee can solve 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or all
Thus, total no. of ways to solve = C(6,1) + (6,2) + C(6,3) + C(6,4) + C(6,5) + C(6,6)
6! 6! 6! 6! 6! 6!
= 5! 1! + 4! 2! + 3! 3! + 2! 4! + 1! 5! + 0! 6! = 6 + 15 + 20 + 15 + 6 + 1 = 63 Ans.

8. A candidate has to pass each of the five subjects to get through. In how many
ways can the candidate fail?
Solution:
A candidate fails in an examination if he cannot pass either in 1 or 2 or 3 or 4
or 5 subjects
Total no. of ways by which he falls
= C(5, 1)+ C(5, 2)+C(5, 3)+C(5, 4) + C(5, 5)
5! 5! 5! 5! 5!
= 4! 1! + 3! 2! + 2! 3! + 1! 4! + 0! 5! = 5 + 10 + 10 + 5 + 1 = 31 ways

9. Bidur has 4 coins of 1 rupee, 2 rupees, 5 rupees and 10 rupees each. How many
different sums can be made by using these coins?
Solution:
From the 4 coins, the sum can be made in the following ways:
4! 4! 4! 4!
C(4, 1) + C(4, 2) + C(4, 3) + C(4, 4) =3! 1! + 2! 2! + 1! 3! + 0! 4!
= 4 + 6 + 4 + 1= 15
10. There are 15 cricket players in a club. In how many ways can a team of 11 be
made? Also find the number of ways if
a. Two particular players are always included
b. Two particular players are always excluded.
c. One particular player is included and one particualr is excluded.
Solution:
The no. of player in class = 15
 The no. of players taken in team (r) = 11
15!
 Required no. of ways of selection = C(15, 11) = 4! 11! = 1365
a. Here, if 2 particular persons are always included then there will be 13
players in class and 9 players required to be selected.
13!
 Required selection is C(13, 9) = 4! 9! = 715
b. Here, If 2 persons are always excluded then there will be 13 players in
class and 11 players to be selected.
13!
 Required selection = C(13, 11) = 2! 11! = 78
c. When one particular person is included and one particular is excluded, it
remains to select 11 – 1 = 10 players from 15 – 2 = 13 players and this can
be done in 13C10 = 286 ways.
Hence, the required number of ways = 286.
11. In a paper of 2 groups of 5 questions each, in how many ways can 6 questions
be answered if at least 2 questions from each group are to be attempted?
Solution:
Group A(5) Group B(5) Selection
2 4 C(5, 2) C(5, 4)
3 3 C(5, 3) C(5, 3)
4 2 C(5, 4) C(5, 2)
 The required selection = C(5, 2)C(5,4) + C(5, 3)C(5, 3) + C(5, 4)C(5, 2)
5! 5! 5! 5! 5! 5!
= 3! 2! 1! 4! + 2! 3! 2! 3! +1! 4! 3! 2!
= 10  5 + 10  10 + 5  10= 50 + 100 + 50 = 200.
12. Out of 5 members belonging to party A and 6 members belonging to party B,
in how many ways can a committee of 8 members be formed so that party B
has always majority in the committee?
Solution:
Party A(5) Party B(6) Selection
3 5 C (5, 3)  C(6, 5)
2 6 C(5, 2)  C(6, 6)
 Required selection =C(5, 3)  C(6, 5) + C(5, 2)  C(6, 6)
5! 6! 5! 6!
= 2! 3! 1! 5! +3! 2! 0! 6! = 106 + 101= 70 Ans.

13. Out of 6 ladies and 8 gentlemen a committee of 11 is to be formed. In how

many ways can this be done if the committee contains (a) exactly 4 ladies? (b)
at least 4 ladies? (c) at most 4 ladies?
Solution:
a.
Ladies (6) Gentle (8) Selection
4 7 C(6, 4)  C(8, 7)
6! 8!
 required selection is C(6, 4)  C(8, 7) = 2! 4! 1! 7! = 15  8 = 120
 b.
Ladies (6) Gentle (8) Selection
4 7 C(6, 4)  C(8, 7)
5 6 C(6, 5)  C(8, 6)
6 5 C(6, 6)  C(8, 5)
 required selection = C(6, 4)  C(8, 7) + C(6, 5)  C(8, 6) + C(6, 6)  C(8, 5)
6! 8! 6! 8! 6! 8!
= 2! 4! 1! 7! + 1! 5! 2! 6! + 0! 6! 3! 5!

= 15  8 + 6  28 + 1  56 = 120 + 168 + 56 = 344

c.
Ladies (6) Gentle (8) Selection
4 7 C(6, 4)  C(8, 7)
3 8 C(6, 3)  C(8, 8)
 required selection = C(6, 4)  C(8, 7) + C(6, 3)  C(8, 8)
6! 8! 6! 8!
= 2! 4! 1! 7! + 3! 3! 0! 8!

= 15  8 + 201 = 120 + 20 = 140

14. In how many ways can 2 letters be selected from the following words:
a. MONSOON b. CALCULUS
c. DETERRENT
Solution:
a. Given word is "MONSOON".
To select 2 letters from the given word, we have two cases, i.e. the selected 2
letters are either distinct or same.
Here, we have 4 distinct letters M, O, N, S. So, 2 distinct letters from 4 can be
select in 4C2 = 6 ways.
Again, both the same letters can be select in 2 ways i.e. OO or NN.
Hence, total number of ways = 6 + 2 = 8.
b. Given word is "CALCULUS".
To select 2 letters from the given word, we have two cases, i.e. the selected 2
letters are either distinct or same.
Here, we have 5 distinct letters C, A, L, U, S. So, 2 distinct letters from 5 can
be select in 5C2 = 10 ways.
Again, both the same letters can be select in 3 ways i.e. CC or LL or UU.
Hence, total number of ways = 10 + 3 = 13.
c. Given word is "DETERRENT".
To select 2 letters from the given word, we have two cases, i.e. the selected 2
letters are either distinct or same.
Here, we have 5 distinct letters D, E, T, R, N. So, 2 distinct letters from 5 can
be select in 5C2 = 10 ways.
Again, both the same letters can be select in 3 ways i.e. EE or TT or RR.
Hence, total number of ways = 10 + 3 = 13.


 BINOMIAL THEOREM

1. Write the total number of terms and use binomial theorem to expand the
followings:

a. (3x+2y)5 b. (2x–3y)6 c. ( ) 1
x+x
6

d. ( ) 1
x–x
7
e. ( 2x 3
3 – 2x )
6
f. (4x2 – 12xy + 9y2)2

Solution:
a. We know that,
The total number of terms in the expansion is 5 + 1 = 6.
Again,
(a + x)n = C(n, 0) an + C(n, 1) an–1 x + C(n, 2) an–2 x2 +.. + C(n, r) an–r xr +... +
C(n, n) xn.
 (3x + 2y) = C(5, 0) (3x)5 + C(5, 1) (3x)4 (2y) + C(5, 2) (3x)3 (2y)2 + C(5, 3)
5

(3x)2 (2y)3 + C(5, 4) (3x)1 (2y)4 + C(5, 5) (2y)5

= 243x5 + 810x4y + 1080x3y2 + 720x2y3 + 240xy4 + 32y5
b. The total number of terms in the expansion is 6 + 1 = 7.
Again,
(2x – 3y)6 = 6C0(2x)6 + 6C1(2x)5 (–3y) + 6C2(2x)4(–3y)2 + 6C3(2x)3(–3y)3 +
6
C4(2x)2(–3y)4+ 6C5(2x) (–3y)5 + 6C6(–3y)6
= 64x6–576x5y+2160x4y2 – 4320x3y3 + 4860x2y4 – 2916xy5 + 729y6.
c. The total number of terms in the expansion is 6 + 1 = 7.
Again,
1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1
( )
x+x = 6C0 x6 + 6C1 x5x + 6C2 x4. x2 + 6C3 x3x3 + 6C4 x2x4 + 6C5 x x5 + 6C6x6

15 6 1
= x6 + 6x4 + 15x2 + 20 + x2 + x4 + x6
d. The total number of terms in the expansion is 7 + 1 = 8.
Again,
1 7 1 1 2 7
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) + C x (– 1x)
1 3 4
` x–x = x7 + 7C1 x6 – x + 7C2 x5 – x + C3 x4 – x 7
4
3

1 1 1
+ C x (– x ) + C x(– x ) + (– x)
5 6 7
7 2 7
5 6

1 1 1 1
= x7 – 7x5 + 21x3 – 35x + 35. x – 21. x3 + 7.x5 – x7
e. The total number of terms in the expansion is 6 + 1 = 7.
Again,
2x 3 6 2x 6 6 2x 5 –3 2x 4 –3
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) + C (2x3)
2 3

3 – 2x = 3 + C1 3 . 2x + 6C2 3 . 2x 6
3 .
 (–32x) + C (2x3) . (–32x) + C (2x3). (–32x) + (–32x)
3 2 4 5 6
6 6
4 5

64x6 96 20 135 1 243 1 729 1

= 729 – 81 x4 + 3 x2 – 20 + 4 . x2 – 8 . x4 + 64 . x6
f. Here, (4x2 – 12xy + 9y2)2 = (2x – 3y)4
So, the total number of terms in the expansion is 5 + 1 = 6.
Again,
(2x – 3y)4 = 4C0(2x)4 + 4C1(2x)3 (–3y) + 4C2(2x)2 (–3y)2 + 4C3 (2x)1 (–3y)3 + 4C4 (–3y)4
= 16x4 – 96x3y + 216x2y2 – 216 xy3 + 81y4
2. Find

a. the 7th term in the expansion of ( )

2x 3
3 + 2x
6

b. the 10th term in the expansion of ( )

x 2y
y – x2
6

c. the fifth term in the expansion of ( ) 1

2x2 + x
8

d. the 6th term in the expansion of ( )

1
x–x
7

Solution:
a. We know that the general term tr+1 of expansion of (a + x)n is given by
tr+1 = nCr an–r xr
Here,
2x 3 6
(
(a + x)n= 3 + 2x )
2x 3
 a = 3 , x =2x and n = 6
For 7th term, put r = 6
2x 6–6 3 6
6
( ) ( )
t6+1 = C6 3 2x
729 729
 t7 = 1. 1. 64x6 = 64x6
6
b. The total number of terms in the expansion of (xy – 2yx) is 7.
2

So, there is no 10th term.

c. Given,
1 8
(
2x2 + x )
1
Which is in the form of (a + b)n; where a = 2x2, b = x , n = 8
We know that, tr+1 = nCr an–rbr
4
1
( ) = 1120x
t5 = t4+1 = 8C4 (2x2)4 x 4
 7
d. (x – 1x)
Given,
5
7
( ) = 21x (– x1 ) = – 21x
1
t6 = t5+1 = C5 x7–5 – x 2
5 3

3. Find the general term in the expansion of

a. (x²–y)6 b. ( ) 1
x2 – x
12
c. ( ) x b
b–x
10

Solution:
a. (x2 – y)6
Here, n = 6
6 6
The general term (tr+1) = Cr (x2)6–r (–y)r= (–1)r Cr x12–2r yr
12
1
(
b. Given, x2 – x )
Here, n = 12
1 r
The general term (tr+1) = 12Cr (x2)12 – r – x ( ) = (–1) r12
Cr x
24–3r

c. Here, n = 10
10–r r 10–2r
x
The general term (tr+1) = 10Cr b ( ) (–bx) = (–1) C (bx) r10
r

4. Find the coefficient and binomial coefficient of

a. x7 in the expansion of ( ) 1
x2 + x
11

b. x6 in the expansion of ( ) 1
3x2 – 3x
9

c. x12 in the expansion of (ax4 – bx)9

1
d. x–6 i.e. x6 in the expansion of ( 1
2x – 3x2 ) 9

Solution:
1 r
a. The general term (tr+1) = 11Cr(x2)11–r x ( )= 11
Cr x
22–3r

To find the coefficent of x7 put, 22 – 3r = 7

15 = 3r
 r=5
 the coeff. of x7 is 11Cr i.e. 11C5 = 462 and the binomial coefficient is also
11
C5 = 462
b. We have,
–1 r
( )
tr+1 = 9Cr (3x2)9–r 3x = 9Cr . 39–2r . x18–2r–r. (–1)r = (–1)r 39–2r . 9Cr x18–3r

To find the coefficent of x6 put, 18 – 3r = 6

 r=4
  The coeff. of x6 is (–1)4 39–8 . 9C4 = 3 ×9C4= 378 and the binomial coefficient
is 9C4 = 126.
c. The general term (tr+1) = 9Cr (ax4)9–r (–bx)r= 9Cr a9–r (–b)r x36–3r ]
To find the coefficent of x12 put, 36 – 3r = 12
 r=8
The required coeff. of x12 is 9C8 a9–8 (–b)8= 9ab8 and the binomial coefficient is
9
C8 = 9.
d. We have,
1 r 29–r
( )
tr+1 = 9Cr (2x)9–r – 3x2 = (–1)r9Cr 3r x9– 3r

To find the coefficent of x–6 put, 9–3r = –6

or, 9 + 6 = 3r
 r=5
29–5 2016 224
Coeff. of x–6 = (–1)59C5 35 = – 243 = – 27
and the binomial coefficient is 9C5 = 126
5. Find the term free (independent) of x in the expansion of

a. ( 1
)
2x – 3x2
8
b. ( ) 1
x+x
10
c. ( 1
x2 – x3 ) 15

d. ( 1
)
x2 – x2
14

Solution:
r r
1
a. The general term (tr+1) = 8Cr (2x)8–r – 3x2 ( ) = C (– 31) 2
8
r
8–r
x8–3r

To find the term independent of x

Put, 8 – 3r = 0
8
 r = 3 (not possible)
 There is no term which is free from x.
1 10
b. ( )
x+x
r
1
Here, tr+1 = 10Cr x10–r x ( )= 10
Cr x10–2r

To find the termindependent of x

Put, 10–2r = 0
 r=5
 tr+1 = t5+1= 10C5 x10 – 10 = 252 is the required term.
1 r
( )
c. tr+1 = 15Cr (x2)15–r – x3 =15Cr (–1)r x30– 5r

To find the term independent of x

Put, 30 – 5r = 0
 r=6
 tr+1 = t6 + 1 = 15C6 (–1)6 x0 = 5005 is the required term.
 r
1
d. The general term (tr+1) = 14Cr (x2)14–r – x2 ( ) = (–1) r14
Cr x28 –4r

To find the term independent of x

Put, 28 – 4r = 0
or, r = 7
 tr+1 = t7 + 1 = 14C7 (–1)7 x0 = –3432 is the required term.
6. Find the middle term in the expansion of

a. (3+x)6 b. ( ) 1
x – 2y
10

c. ( 1
2x2 + x ) 8
d. ( ) 1
ax – ax
2n

Solution:
a. (3 + x)6
Here n = 6, there is a single middle term.
 Middle term is
tn = t3+1 = t4
2+1

Using tr+1 = nCr an–r nr

t3+1 = 6C3 36–3 x3 = 6C3 33 x3 = 540x3
10
b. (x – 2y1 )
Since n = 10 (even), there is a single middle term
 Middle term is
1 5 1 51 63 x 5
63 x5
2 + 1 ( )
tn = t5+1 = 10C5 (x)10–5 – 2y = 10C5 x5 –2 y5 = – 8 ( ) ()y = – 8 . y5

c. Since n = 8, there is a single middle term

1 4
()
tn = t4+1 = 8C4 (2x2)4 x = 8C4 24 . x4 = 1120x4
2+1
d. Since 2n is even, there is single middle term
t2n i.e. tn+1
2 +1
n
1 n(2n) !
= 2nCn (ax)n – ax ( )= 2n n
Cn (–1) = (–1) n! n!
1.2.3.... (2n–2) (2n – 1). 2n
= (–1)n n! n!
(–1)n 2n(1.2.3.... n) (1.3.5.... (2n–1)) (–2)n {1.3.5.... (2n–1)}
= n! n! = n!
7. Find the middle terms in the following expansion

a. (x²+a²)5 b. ( ) 1
x4 – x3
11

c. ( 1
2x + x ) 17
d. ( ) 1
x+x
2n+1
Solution:
a. Here, n = 5 (odd), there are two middle terms.
i.e. tn–1 and tn+1
2 +1 2 +1

i.e. t2+1 and t3+1

t2+1 = 5C2 (x2)3 (a2)2 = 10x6a4
t3+1 = 5C3 (x2)2 (a2)3 = 10x4a6
b. Here, n = 11 (odd), there are two middle terms.
i.e. tn–1 and tn+1
2 +1 2 +1

i.e t5+1 and t6+1

5
1
Now, t5+1 = 11C5 (x4)11–5 –x3 ( ) = (–1) C x = –462x 511
5
9 9

6
t6+1 = 11C6 (x4)11–6 (– x1 ) = C x = 462x
3
11
6
2 2

17
c. Given, (2x + 1x)
Since n = 17, there are two middle terms.
tn–1 and tn+1
2 +1 2 +1

i.e. t8+1 and t9+1

8
1
( ) = 2 .C(17,8)x = 144446720x
t8+1 = 17C8 (2x)9 x 9

9
1 1 6223360
t = C (2x) (x ) = 2 .C(17, 9) . x =
9+1
17
9
8
x
8

2n+1
1
d. Here, (x + x)

Since (2n+1) is odd, there are two middle terms.

t2n+1–1 and t2n+1+1
2 +1 +1
2

i.e. tn+1 and t(n+1)+1

n
1
Now, tn+1 = 2n+1Cn (x)2n+1–n x ( )= 2n+1
Cn . x
n+1
t(n+1)+1 = 2n+1Cn+1 x2n+1–n–1 (1x) = 2n+1
Cn+1 . x
–1

1.3.5 ... (2n – 1)

8. a. Prove that the middle term in the expansion of (1 + x)2n is n!
2n. xn.
Solution:
The number of terms in the expansion of (1 + x) 2n is (2n + 1) which is odd. So,
there is only one mid–term, given by t 2n + 1 i.e. t(n+1)is the middle term.
(2 )
2n!
Now, tn+1 = 2nCn . (x)2n–n= n! n! . xn
1.2.3.4.5.6. .. (2n – 1) . 2n n [2.4.6 … 2n] [1.3.5… [2n – 1] n
= n! n! x= n! n! .x
 n! . 2n. [1.3.5 – (2 n – 1)]xn [1.3.5.. (2n – 1)] 2n.xn
= n! n! = n!
b. Prove that the coefficient of the middle term of the expansion of (1+x) 2n is
equal to the sum of the coefficients of the two middle terms of the expansion of
(1+x)2n–1.
Solution:
Since the number of terms in the expansion of (1+x) 2n is 2n+1, odd number. So
there is only one middle term given by t 2n i.e. tn+1.
( )
2 +1
Now, coefficient of (n+1)th term = 2nCn
Again, the number of terms in the expansion of (1+x) 2n–1 is 2n–1+1 = 2n, even
number. So, there are two middle terms given by t(2n–1)–1
2 +1
and t(2n–1)+1
2 +1
i.e. tn and tn+1
Now, the coefficients of two middle terms are 2n–1Cn–1 and 2n–1Cn
(2n–1)! (2n–1)!
2n–1Cn–1 + 2n–1Cn = (n–1)! n! + n!(n–1)!
2(2n–1)! 2n(2n – 1)!
= n!(n–1)! = n! n(n–1)!
(2n)!
= n!n! = 2nCn Hence proved

9. a. In the expansion of (1+x)n, the three successive (consecutive) coefficients

are 462, 330 and 165, respectively. Find the value of n.
Solution:
Let nCr–1, nCr and nCr+1 be the three consecutive coefficients in the expansion of
(1+x)n.
Then,
n
Cr–1 = 165 ... (i)
n
Cr = 330 ... (ii)
n
Cr+1 462 ... (iii)
Dividing (i) by (ii), we get,
n
Cr–1 165
n = 330
Cr
n! (n–r)! r! 1
(n–r+1)! (r–1)! × n! =2
(n – r)! r! 1
or, (r–1)! (n–r+1)! = 2
(n – r)! r.(r–1)! 1
or, (r–1)! (n–r+1) (n–r)! = 2
r 1
 n–r+1 = 2
or, 2r = n–r+1
3r = n+1 .... (iv)
Again, dividing (ii) by (iii) we get
n
Cr 330 n! (n–r–1)! (r+1)! 5
n =  × =7
Cr+1 462 (n–r)! r! n!
 (n – r – 1)! (r + 1)! 5
or, (n–r)! r! =7
(n–r–1)! (r+1) . r! 5
or, (n–r) (n–r–1)! r! = 7
r+1 5
or, n–r = 7
or, 7r + 7 = 5n – 5r
12r = 5n – 7 ........... (v)
From (iv) and (v), we get
4(n+1) = 5n – 7
or, 4n + 4 = 5n – 7
 n = 11
b. The coefficients of three successive terms in the expansion of (1+x)n are in the
ratio 1:7:42. Find the value of n.
Solution:
Let nCr–1, nCr and nCr+1 be three consecutive coefficients in the expansion of
(1+n)n.
Accr to question ncr–1 : nCr : nCr+1 = 1 : 7 : 42
Let nCr–1= k ... (i) nCr = 7k ... (ii) and nCr+1 = 42k ... (iii)
n
Cr 7k
Dividing (ii) by (i), n =
Cr–1 k
n! (n–r+1) ! (r–1)!
(n–r)! r! × n! =7
(n – r + 1)! (r – 1)!
or, (n – r)! r! =7
(n – r + 1) . (n – r)! (r – 1)!
or, (n – r)! . r. (r – 1)! =7
or, n–r+1 = 7r
n+1 = 8r .......... (iv)
Again, dividing (iii) by (ii)
n
Cr+1 42k
n = 7k
Cr
n! (n–r)! r!
(n–r–1)! (r+1)! × n! =6
(n–r) (n–r–1)! r!
or, (r+1) r! (n–r–1)! = 6
or, n–r = 6r + 6
n = 7r+6 ... (v)
From (iv) and (v)
7r + 6 + 1 = 8r
7=r
 r=7
 n = 55
c. In the expansion of (1+x)2n+1, the coefficient of xr and xr+1 are equal. Find the
value of r.
Solution:
Let us suppose that xr and xr+1 occurs in the (r+1)th and (r+2)th terms in the
expansion of (1+x)2n+1
 Then, tr+1 = 2n+1Cr 12n+1–r xr and tr+2 = 2n+1Cr+1 (1)2n+1–r–1 xr+1
 tr+1 = 2n+1Cr xr and tr+2 = 2n+1Cr+1 xr+1 ........ (i)
Now, by question, coefficient xr = coefficient of xr+1
 2n+1nCr = 2n+1Cr+1
(2n+1)! (2n+1)!
or, r! (2n+1–r)! = (r+1)! (2n+1–r–1)!
or, r!(2n–r+1)! = (r+1)! (2n–r)!
or, r! (2n–r)! (2n–r+1) = r!(r+1) (2n–r)!
or, 2n–r+1 = r+1
2n = 2r
 r=n
10. a.
i. Write down the first four terms of the expansion, in ascending powers of x,
of (a – x)6.

ii. Given that the coefficient of x2 in the expansion of ( )

2
1 + ax (a – x)6is –20.

Find the possble values of costant a.

Solution:
i. Here, expansion of (a – x)6 up to 4–terms is,
(a – x)6 = C (6, 0) . a6 (– x)0 + 6 (6, 1) . a5 (– x)1 + C (6, 2) a4 (– x)2 + C (6, 3) a3 (– x)3
= a6 – 6a5x + 15a4x2 – 20a3x3
2
ii. (
Now, the terms of x2 in the expansion of 1 + ax (a – x)6 are,)
2 2
( 1 + ax ) (a – x) = (
6
) (a – 6a x + 15a x – 20a x )
1 + ax 6 5 4 2 3 3

2
= 15a x + (ax) (– 20a x )
4 2 3 3

= 15a4x2 –40a2x2
= (15a4 – 40a2) x2
By question, coefficient of x2 is – 20,
So, (15a4 – 40a2) = – 20
or, 3a4 – 8a2 + 4 = 0
or, 3a4 – 6a2 – 2a2 + 4 = 0
or, 3a2 (a2 – 2) – 2 (a2 – 2) = 0
or, (a2 – 2) (3a2 – 2) = 0
Either, (a2 – 2) = 0 or, (3a2 – 2) = 0
2
 a2 = 2 or, a2 = 3

2
a= 2 or, a =  3
10 b. The coefficient of x2 in the expansion of (1 +ax)4 is 30 times the coefficient

( ax
)
3
of x in the expansion of 1+ 3 . Find the value of a.

Solution:
Here, (1 + ax)4
We get coefficient of x2 in term
So, t2+1 = C (4, 2) (1)2 . (ax)2 = 6a2x2
  Coefficient of x2 in the expansion of (1 + ax)4 is 6a2.
3
ax
(
Again, 1 + 3 )
We get coefficient of x in 2nd term
1
ax
( )
So, t1+1 = C (3, 1) (1)2 3
ax
=3. 3
= ax
3
ax
 Coefficient of x in the expansion of 1 + 3 is a. ( )
Now, By question, 6a2 = 30 × a
or, 6a2 – 30a = 0
or, 6a (a – 5) = 0
a = 0 does not exist,
So, (a – 5) = 0
a=5

( )
10 1
3
10 c. The coefficient of x in the expansion of 4x + x is p. The coefficient of x

( k
)
5
in the expansion of 2x + x2 is q. Given that p = 6q. Find the possible

values of k.
Solution:
3
. Here, to find the coefficient of x is the expansion of (4x + 10x) ,
We have, tr+1 = C (n, r) an – r . xr
r
= C (3, r) (4x)3 – r (10x)
= C (3, r) (4)3 – r . (10)r . x3 – 2r
Now, to find coefficient of x, put 3 – 2x = 1
or, 2r = 2
r=1
So, coefficient of x is = C (3, r) (4)3 – r (10)r
= C (3, 1) 42 . 10
= 480
 p = 480
5
1
Similarly, to find the coefficient of x is the expansion of (2x + xk ) 2

We have, tr+1 = C (n, r) . an – r . xr

r
k
= C (5, r) (2x)5 – r x2()
= C (5, r) (2)5 – r . (k)r . x5 – 3r
1
Now, to find the coefficient of x , i.e. x–1
put 5 – 3r = – 1
3r = 6
r=2
 1
So, coefficient of x is = C (5, r) 2 5 – r (k)r
= C (5, 2) 23 (k)2
 q = 80k 2

By question,
p = 6q
or, 480 = 6 × 80 k2
or, k2 = 1
k=1
11. If (1+x)n = C0 + C1x + C2x² + C3x3 + ... + Crxr + ... + Cnxn, prove that
a. C1 – 2C2 + 3C3– ... + n(–1)n–1 . Cn = 0
b. C1 + 2C2 + 3C3+ ... + nCn = n.2n–1
c. C0 + 2C1 + 3C2 + ... + (n+1)Cn = (n+2)2n–1
(2n)!
d. C0Cn + C1Cn–1 + C2Cn–2 + ... + CnC0 = n!.n! .
(2n)!
e. C02 + C12 + C22 + ... + Cn = n!.n!
2

(2n)!
f. C0C1 + C1C2 + ... + Cn–2Cn–1 + Cn–1Cn = (n-1)! . (n+1)!
(2n)!
g. C0C2 + C1C3 + C2C4 + ... + Cn–2Cn = (n-2)! . (n+2)!
(2n)!
h. C0Cr + C1Cr+1 + ... + Cn–r Cn = (n-r)! . (n+r)!
Solution:
Since (1+x)n = nC0 + nC1 x + nC2 x2 + ... + nCn xn
Using x = 1 and –1, we get
(1+1)n = nC0 + nC1 + nC2 + ... + nCn...... (1)
(1–1)n = nC0 – nC1 + nC2 – ... + nCn......(2)
Again, (1+x)n–1 = n–1C0 + n–1C1 x1 + n–1C2 x2 + ... + n–1Cn–1 xn–1
Using x=1 and –1, we get
(1+1)n–1 = n–1C0 + n–1C1 + n–1C2 + ...... + n–1Cn–1...... (3)
(1–1)n–1 = n–1C0 – n–1C1 + n–1C2 + ... ... + (–1)n–1n–1Cn–1...... (4)
a. C1 – 2.C2 + 3.C3 – ... + n(–1)n–1 Cn
n(n–1) n(n–1) (n–2)
= n – 2 2! + 3. 3! – ... + n. (–1)n–1. 1
(n–1) (n–1) (n–2)
[
=n 1 – 1! + 2! – ... + (–1)n–1 ]
= n[n–1c0 – n–1c1 + n–1c2 – ... + (–1)n–1n–1cn–1]
= n(1–1)n–1 (By using formula (4) above)
= n×0 = 0 Hence, proved
b. C1 + 2.C2 + 3.C3 + ... + n. Cn
n(n–1) n(n–1) (n–2)
= n + 2. 2! + 3. 3! + ...+n.1
n–1 n–1 n–1 n–1
= n[ C0 + C1 + C2 + ... + Cn–1]
= n(1+1)n–1 (Using formula (3) above)
= n.2n–1 Hence proved
c. C0 + 2.C1 + 3.C2 + ... + (n+1) . Cn
= (C0 + C1 + C2 + ... + Cn) + (C1 + 2C2 + 3C3 + ... + n. Cn)
 n(n–1) n(n–1) (n–2)
[
= (1+1)n + n + 1! + 2! ]
+ ... + n

(n–1) (n–1)(n–2)
[
=2n + n 1 + 1! + 2! ]
+ ... + 1
= 2 + n[ C0 + C1 + C2 + .... + n–1Cn–1]
n n–1 n–1 n–1

= 2n + n. (1+1)n–1 (By using formula (3) above)

= 2n + n . 2n–1= 2n–1. 2 + n.2n–1 = (n+2)2n–1 Hence proved
d. Since (1+x)n = C0 + C1 x + C2 x2 + ... + Cn xn
 (1+x)2n = (C0 + C1x + C2x2 + ... Cnxn) (C0 + C1x + C2x2 + ... + Cnxn)
 2nC0 + 2nC1 x + 2nC2 x2 + ... + 2nCn xn + ... + 2nC2n x2n = (C0 + C1x + C2x2 + ...
Cnxn) (C0 + C1x + C2x2 + ... + Cnxn)
Equating the coefficient of xn in both sides.
(2n)!
Coefficient of xn in LHS = 2nCn = n! n! ...... (i)
Coefficient of xn in RHS = C0Cn + C1Cn–1 + C2Cn–2 + ... + ... + CnC0...... (ii)
Equating (i) and (ii), we get
(2n)!
C0Cn + C1Cn–1 + ... + CnC0 = n! n! Hence proved
e. Since (1+x)n = C0 + C1x + C2x2 + ... + Cnxn...... (i)
(x+1)n = C0xn + C1xn–1 + C2xn–2 + ... + Cn...... (ii)
Multiplying (i) and (ii), we get
(1+x)2n = (C0 + C1x + C2x2 + ... + Cnxn) (C0xn + C1xn–1 + ... + Cn)
Equating the coefficient of xn both sides, we get
(2n)!
Coefficient of xn in LHS = 2nCn = n! n! ... ... (iii)
Coefficient of xn in RHS = C2 + C12 + C22 + ... + Cn2... ... (iv)
Equating (iii) and (iv), we get,
(2n)!
C02 + C12 + C22 + ...+ Cn2 = n! n! Hence proved
f. Since (1+x)n = C0 + C1x + C2x2 + ...+ Cnxn...... (i)
(x+1)n = C0xn+ C1xn–1 + C2xn–2 + ... + Cn ...... (ii)
Multiplying (i) and (ii), we get
(1+x)2n = (C0 + C1x + C2x2 + ... + Cnxn) (C0xn + C1xn–1 + ... + Cn)
Equating the coefficient of xn–1 both sides,
(2n)! (2n)!
Coeff. of xn–1 in LHS = 2nCn–1 = (2n–n+1)! (n–1)! = (n+1)! (n–1)! ... ... (iii)
Coefficient of xn–1 in RHS = C0C1 + C1C2 + .... + Cn–2 Cn–1 + Cn–1 Cn...... (iv)
Equating (iii) and (iv), we get
(2n)!
C0C1 + C1C2 + ... + Cn–2 Cn–1 + Cn–1 Cn = (n+1)! (n–1)! Proved.
g. Since, (1+x)n = C0 + C1x + C2x2 + ... + Cnxn...... (i)
(x+1)n = C0xn + C1xn–1 + C2xn–2 + ... + Cn...... (ii)
Multiplying (i) and (ii)
(1+x)2n = (C0+C1x + C2x2 + ... + Cnxn) (C0xn + C1xn–1 + C2xn–2 + ... + Cn)
This is identity, so coeff. of any power of x in LHS and coeff. of same power of
x in RHS must be equal.
 (2n)!
Coeff. of xn–2 in LHS = 2nCn–2 = (n+2)! (n–2)! ...... (iii)
Coeff. of xn–2 in RHS = C0C2 + C1C3 + ... + Cn–2 Cn...... (iv)
Equating (iii) and (iv) we get
(2n)!
C0C2 + C1C3 + ... + Cn–2 Cn = (n–2)! (n+2)! Hence proved

h. Equating the coeff. of xn–r in both sides as in above question g.

(2n)!
Coeff. of xn–r in LHS = 2nCn–r = (n+r)! (n–r)! ...... (iii)
Coeff. of xn–r in RHS = C0Cr + C1Cr+1 + ... + Cn–r Cn... (iv)
Equating (iii) and (iv), we get
(2n)!
C0Cr + C1Cr+1 + ... + Cn–r Cn = (n–r)! (n+r)! Proved.

1. State the condition of validity of expansion and expand the following up to

four terms.
5
2 1 1
a. (2 – 3x)–3 b. (2 + 3x) c. d. 2
5 + 4x
(3 – 2x2)3
Solution:
3 –3

(
a. (2 – 3x)–3= 2–3 1 – 2x )
3 2
| |
The expansion is valid when 2 x < 1 i.e. |x| <3

3 –3
Now, (2 – 3x) = 2 ( –3
)–3
1 – 2x

1  3
=2 1 + (–3) (–2 x) +
(–3) (–3–1)
(–32x) + (–3) (–3–1) (–2x) + ... to 
(–3–2) 3 2 3
3
 2! 3!
1 9 27 135
=2 [1 + 2x + 2 x + 4 x + ... to ]
3
2 3

1 9x 27 135
=8 (1 + 2 + 2 x + 4 x + ... to )
2 3

b. Here (2 + 3x)5/2
3
( )
5/2
= 25/2 1 + 2 x

The expansion is valid when |3x2| < 1 i.e. |x| <23

3
( )
5/2
Now, 25/2 1 + 2 x

 5
(52 – 1) 5
(52 –1) (52 – 2) 
1 + 5 3 2 3x 2 3
+ ...
( )( ) ( ) ( )
2 3
5/2
=2
 2 2x + 2! 2 + 3! 2x 
 15 135x2 135x3
[
= 25/2 1 + 4 x + 64 + 128 + ... to  ]
c. (5 + 4x)–1/2
4 –1/2
[
= 5–1/2 1 + 5 x ]
This expansion is valid when |4x5|< 1 i.e. |x| <54
4 –1/2
[
Now, 5–1/2 1 + 5 x ]
 1 1 1 1 –1

1 + (–12) 54 x + ( 2) (2! 2 ) (4x5) (
– – –1 – ) (– – 1) ( – 2)
(4x5) + ...
–1/2 2 2 2 2 3
=5
 +
3!
1 2x 6x2 4x3
=
5 [
1 – 5 + 25 – 25 + ... to  ]
d. (3 – 2x2)–2/3
2 –2/3
(
3–2/3 1 – 3 x2 ) 2
The expansion is valid when |2x3 | < 1 i.e. |x | <23 2

2
[
Now, 3–2/3 1 – 3x2 ] –2/3

 ( 2 2
–3) (–3 – 1) 
–2/3
+ ... to 
–2 2 –2 2
( )( ) ( )
2
–3x2
=3
1 + 3 + 2! 3x 
4x2 20x4
= 3–2/3 [ 1 + 9 + 81 + ... to  ]
2. Expand the following up to four terms.
1 4 1
a. 1+x b. c. 1+x d.
1 + x2 3
1 – x2
Solution:
a. (1+x)1/2
1 1 1 1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) x + ... to 
2

1 2 2–1 x 2 2–1 2–2 3

=1+2x+ 2! + 3!
x x2 1 3
= 1 + 2 – 8 + 16 x – ... to 
b. (1 + x2)–1/2
–1
–1 2 2 ( )(1
–2 – 1
1
–2 ) ( ) (–12 – 1) (–12 – 2) (x ) + ... to 
=1+ 2 x +
2
( ) 4 6
2!
2 2
(x ) + 3!
2 3

x 3x 5x
= 1 – 2 + 8 – 16 + ... to 
c. (1 + x)1/4
1 1 1 1 1
1 (4) (4 – 1) ( 4) (4 – 1) (4 – 2)
=1+ ()
4 x+ 2! x + 2
x + ... to 
3!
3

x 3x2 7x3
= 1 + 4 – 32 + 128 – ... to 
d. (1 – x2)–1/3
1 1
1
–3 ( )( )
–3 – 1
1
–3 ( ) (–13 – 1) (– 31 – 2) (–x ) + ... to 
()
= 1+ –3 (–x2) + 2! (–x2)2 + 3!
23

1 2x4 14x6
= 1 + 3 x2 + 9 + 81 + ... to 

3. Calculate each of the following correct to three places of decimal places.

3 3 96
a. (1.03)–5 b. (28) c. 17 d. 101
Solution:
a. (1.03)–5
(1 + 0.03)–5
(–5) (–5 – 1) (0.03)2 (–5) (–5 – 1) (–5 – 2)
= 1 + (–5) (0.03) + 2! + 3! (0.03)3 + ...
= 0.863
b. (28)1/3
 1 1
–1 ( ) 
1 1/3
 1 1 3 3 1
+ ... = 3.037
( ) ( ) 
2
1/3
(27 + 1) = 3 1 + 27

= 3 1 + 3 . 27 + 2! 27


( ) 1 + ... = 4.123
1 1
–1
1 1/2  1 1 2 2
17 = (16 + 1) = 4( ) (16) 
2
1/2
c. 1 + 16

= 4 1 + 2 16 + 2!
1 1
96 5 1 –5 3 (3 – 1) –5
(101) = (1 – 101) = 1 + 3 (101) + 2! (101) + ... = 0.983
1/3 1/3 2
d.

4. Prove that
1.2 1.3 1.3.5
a. 1 + 2.3 + 3.6 + 3.6.9 + ... to  = 3

1 1.3 1.3.5 3
b. 1 –6 +6.12 –6.12.18 + ... to  = 2
2
1 1.4 1.4.7
c. 1 + 4 + 4.8 + 4.8.12 + ... to  = (2)3

1 1 1 1.1.3 1.1.3.5 3
d. 1 + 4 –4 .8 + 4.8.12 –4.8.12.16 + ... to  = 2
Solution:
1.2 1.3 1.3.5
a. Let (1+x)n be equal to 1 + 2.3 + 3.6 + 3.6.9 + ... to 
 n(n – 1) 2 1.2 1.3 1.3.5
i.e. 1 + nx + 2! x + ... to  = 1 + 2.3 + 3.6 + 3.6.9 + ... to 
Equating corresponding term, we get
1.2 1 n(n – 1) 2 1.3
nx = 2.3  x = 3n ... ... ... (i) and 2 x = 3.6
n(n – 1) 1 1
2 n2 = 6
n – 1 = 3n
1
–2n = 1 n = – 2
1 2
from (i) x = =–3
–1
3 2 ( )
2 –1/2 1 –1/2
( )
 (1 + x)n = 1 – 3 = 3 () = 31/2 = 3
1 1.3 1.3.5
b. Let 1 – 6 + 6.12 + 6.12.18 + ... to  = (1 + x)n
1 1.3 1.3.5
1 – 6 + 6.12 + 6.12.18 + ... to  = (1 + x)n
Equating corresponding term
1 1
nx = – 6 x = – 6n ... ... ... (i)
n(n – 1) 2 1.3
2 x = 6.12
n(n – 1) –1 2 1
or, 2 ( )
6n = 24
n(n – 1) 1 1
2 36.n2 = 24
1
or, n – 1 = 3n, n = – 2
1 1
from (i) x = – =3
1
( )
6 –2

1 4 3 3
(1 + x) = (1 + 3) = (3) = (4)
–1/2 –1/2 1/2
 n
= 2
1 1.4
c. Let 1 + 4 + 4.8 + ... to  = (1 + x)n
1 1.4 n(n – 1) 2
1 + 4 + 4.8 + ... to  = 1 + nx + 2 x + ...
1 n(n – 1) 2 1.4
 nx = 4 and 2 x = 4.8
1 n(n – 1) 1 1
x = 4n ... ... ... (i) or, 2 . 16n2 = 8
3
x=–4 or, n – 1 = 4n
1
3n = –1n = –3
–1/3 –1/3
 (1 + x)n = (1 – 34) = (14) = 41/3 = 22/3 proved.
1 1.1 1.1.3 n(n – 1) 2
d. Let 1 + 4 – 4.8 + 4.8.12 – ... = 1 + nx + 2 x + ...
 1 n(n – 1) 2 1
Equating, nx = 4 2 x = – 32
1 n(n – 1) 1 1
 x = 4n ... ... ... (i) 2 . 16n2 = – 32
1
 x=2 n – 1 = –n
1
2 n = 1 n = 2

 (1 + n)n = (1 + 12) = (23)

1/2 1/2
=
3
2
1 1.1 1.1.3 1.1.3.5 3
Hence, 1 + 4 – 4.8 + 4.8.12 – 4.8.12.16 + ... = 2
5.
Solution:
The general term in the expansion of (1 –x)–4, |x| < 1 is
n(n + 1) (n + 2) .... (n + r – 1) r
tr + 1 = r! .x

4(4 + 1) (4 + 2) .... (4 + r – 1) r
= r! .x

4  5  6 .... (3 + r) r
= r! .x

1  2  3  4  5  6 ....  r (r + 1) (r + 2) (r + 3) r
= .x
1  2  3  r!
r! (r + 1)(r + 2) (r + 3) r
= .x
1  2  3  r!
(r + 1)(r + 2) (r + 3) r
= .x
123

1. Express the following in series form:

1 1
a. e + e b. e – e
Solution:
a. We know
x x2 x3 x4 x5 x6
ex = 1 + 1! + 2! + 3! + 4! + 5! + 6! .......
Putting x = 1, we get,
1 1 1 1 1 1
e = 1 + 1! + 2! + 3! + 4! + 5! + 6! ....... (i)
Again, putting x = –1, we get,
1 1 1 1 1 1
e–1 = 1 – 1! + 2! – 3! + 4! – 5! + 6! – ......(ii)
Adding (i) and (ii) we get,
 1 2 2
e + e = 2 + 2! + 4! + ..........

1 1 1
[
 e + e = 2 1 + 2! + 4! ...... ]
1
b. To evaluate e – e , Subtracting (ii) from (i)

1 2 2 1 1
[
e – e = 2 + 3! + 5! + ......... = 2 1 + 3! + 5! + ...... ]
2. Expand in ascending powers of x

a. ( e5x + ex
e3x ) b.
e7x + ex
2e4x
Solution:
e5x + ex 2x –2x
a. e3x = e + e
x x2 x3
We know that, ex = 1 + 1! + 2! + 3! + ... to 
2x (2x)2 (3x)3 2x (2x)2 (2x)3
( )(
e2x + e–2x = 1 + 1! + 2! + 3! + ... to  + 1 – 1! + 2! – 3! + ... to  )
(2x)2 (2x)4
= 2 + 2 2! + 2 4! + ... to 
(2x)2 (2x)4 22.x2 24.x4 26.x6
( ) (
=2 1 + 2! + 4! + ... to  = 2 1 + 2! + 4! + 6! ... + to  )
e7x + ex 1
b. 2 e4x = 2 [e3x + e–3x]

= 2  1 + 1! + 2! + 3! + ...to  + 1 – 1! + 2! – 3! + ...to  
1 3x (3x)2 (3x)3 3x (3x)2 (3x)3
 ( )( )

1 2(3x)2 2(3x)4
[
= 2 2 + 2! + 4! + ... to  ]
(3x)2 (3x)4 32.x2 34.x4 36 x6
= 1 + 2! + 4! = 1 + 2! + 4! + 6! + ... 

3. Approximate the followings using exponential series upto first four terms.
1
a. e b.
e
Solution:
a. e = e1/2
x x2 x3 x4
We know that ex = 1 + 1! + 2! + 3! + 4! + ...
1
Put x = 2

1 2 1 3
1
2 2 () ()
2 1 1 1
e1/2 = 1 + 1! + 2! + 3! + ... = 1 + 2 + 8 + 48 + ...
= 1 + 0.5 + 0.125 + 0.0208 + ... = 1.6458
 1 2 1 3

b.
1 –1/2
1
2 2() () 2 1 1 1
= e = 1 – 1! + 2! – 3! + ... = 1 – 2 + 8 – 48 + ...
e
= 1 – 0.5 + 0.125 – 0.0208 + ... = 0.6042

4. Find the coefficient of:

a. x3 in the expansion of eax +2.
b. x5 in the expansion of e–3x + 4.
Solution:
a. Here, eax + 2 = eax ∙ e2
(ax)r
We have, the general term in the expansion of eax is tr+1 = r!
(ax)3
So, the term having x3 in the expansion of eax is 3! and so in the expansion
(ax)3 a3
of eax+b the term having x3 is e2 ∙ 3! = e2 ∙ 3! x3
a3
∴ Coefficient of x3in the expansion of eax + 2 is 3! e2.
b. Here, e–3x + 4 = e–3x ∙ e4
(–3x)r
We have, the general term in the expansion of e–3x is tr+1 = r!
(–3x)5
So, the term having x5 in the expansion of e–3x is 5! and so in the
5 5
(–3x) (–3) 81
expansion of e–3x+4 the term having x5 is e4 ∙ 5! = e4 ∙ 5! x5 = – 40 e4 x5
81
∴ Coefficient of x5 in the expansion of e–3x+4 is – 40 e4.

5. Show that

a. ( 1 1 1
1 + 1! + 2! + 3! + … to )( 1 1 1
)
1 – 1! + 2! – 3! + … to  =1

2 4 6 1 2 3
b. 1! + 3! + 5! + ... to  = e c. 2! + 3! + 4! + ... to  = 1
1 1 1
1 + 2! + 4! + 6! + … to 
2 4 6 1 e2 + 1
d. 3! + 5! + 7! + ... to  = e e. 1 1 1 = e2 – 1
1 + 3! + 5! + 7! + … to 

1 1 1
2! + 4! + 6! + ...to  e – 1 1 1.3 1.3.5
f. 1 1 1 =e+1 g. 1 + 2! + 4! + 6! + … to  = e
+
1! 3! 5!+ + ...to 

Solution:

a. LHS = (1 + 1!1 + 2!1 + 3!1 + … to ) (1 – 1!1 + 2!1 – 3!1 + … to )

= (e1) . (e–1)
= e0 = 1 proved.
 2 4 6
b. LHS = 1! + 3! + 5! + ... to 
(1 + 1) 3+1 (5 + 1)
= 1! + ( ) 3! + 5! + ... to 
1 1 1 1 1
= 1 + 1! + 2! + 3! + 4! + 5! + ... to = e
1 2 3
c. LHS = 2! + 3! + 4! + ... to 
2 – 1 3–1 4 – 1
= 2! + 3! + 4! + ...to 
1 1 1 1 1
= 1 – 2! + 2! – 3! + 3! – 4! + ...to  = 1 proved.
2 4 6
d. LHS = 3! + 5! + 7! + ... to 
3–1 5–1 7–1
= 3! + 5! + 7! + ...to 
1 1 1 1 1 1
= 2! – 3! + 4! – 5! + 6! – 7! + ...to 
1 1 1 1 1
= 1 – 1! + 2! – 3! + 4! – 5! + ... to = e–1 proved.
x x2 x3
e. We know, 1 + 1! + 2! + 3! + ... to  = ex
Putting x = 1 and x = –1, we get
1 1 1
1 + 1! + 2! + 3! + ...to  = e ... ... ... (i)
1 1 1
and 1 – 1! + 2! – 3! + ... to = e–1 ... ... ... (ii)
Adding (i) and (ii), we get
2 2
2 + 2! + 4! + ... to = e + e–1
1 1
( )
or, 2 1 + 2! + 4! + ...to  = e + e–1
1 1 e + e–1
or, 1 + 2! + 4! + ... to = 2
1 1 e2 + 1
 1 + 2! + 4! + ...to  = 2e ... ... ... (iii)
Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get
2 2 2
2 + 3! + 5! + 7! + ... to = e–e–1
1 1 1 e2 – 1
1 + 3! + 5! + 7! + ... to = 2e ... ... ... (iv)
Dividing (iii) by (iv), we get,
1 1
1 + 2! + 4! + ...to 
e2 + 1
1 1 = e2 – 1 Hence proved.
1 + 3! + 5! + ...to 
f. We know,
1 1 1 1 1 e2 + 1 – 2e
+ +
2! 4! 6! + ... to = 2 (e + e ) – 1 = 2e
1 1 1 1 1 e2 – 1
and 1 + 3! + 5! + 7! + ...to  = 2 (e – e ) = 2e
1 1 1
2! + 4! + 6! + ... to 
Now, LHS = 1 1 1
1 + 3! + 5! + 7! + ... to 

e2 + 1 – 2e (e – 1)2 e–1
= 2
e –1 = (e + 1)(e – 1) = e + 1 proved.
1 1.3 1.3.5
g. LHS = 1 + 2! + 4! + 6! + ... to 
1 1.3 1.3.5
= 1 + 2 + 1.2.3.4 + 1.2.3.4.5.6 + ...to 
1 1 1
= 1 + 2 + 8 + 48 + ... to 
1 1 2 1 3
2 () () ()
2 2
= 1 + 1! + 2! + 3! + ... to = e1/2 = e

6. Find the sum to infinity of the series whose general terms are given by
1 1 n(n+1)
a. tn = (n+1)! b. tn = (n+2)! c. tn = n!
n² n3
d. tn = (n+1)! e. tn = n!
Solution:
1
a. tn = (n+1)!
  1
 tn =  (n+1)!
n=1 n=1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(
= 2! + 3! + 4! + ... to = 1 + 1! + 2! + 3! + 4! + ... to  ) – 2 = e –2
1
b. tn = (n+2)!
  1 1 1 1
 tn =  (n+2)! = 3! + 4! + 5! + ... to 
n=1 n=1
1 1 1 1 1 5 5
( )
= 1 + 1! + 2! + 3! + 4! + 5! + ... to  – 2 = e – 2
n(n + 1) n + 1 n–1 2 1 2
c. tn = n! = (n+1)! = (n – 1)! + (n–1)! = (n–2)! + (n–1)!
  1  2
 tn =  (n – 2)! +  (n–1)! = e + 2e = 3e
n=1 n=1 n=1

n2 n2 – 1 + 1 (n2 – 1) 1 (n–1) 1
d. tn = (n+1)! = (n + 1)! = (n + 1)! + (n+1)! = n! + (n+1)!
 n 1 1 1 1 1
= n! – n! + (n+1)! = (n–1)! – n! + (n+1)!
  1  1  1
 tn =  (n–1)! –  n! +  (n+1)!
n=1 n=1 n=1 n=1
= (1 + 1!1 + 2!1 + 3!1 + ... to )–(1!1 + 2!1 + 3!1 + ... to )+ (2!1 + 3!1 + 4!1 + ... to )
= e – (e–1) + (e–2) = e – e + 1 + e – 2 = e – 1
n3 n2 n2– 1 + 1 n2– 1 1 (n – 1) (n + 1) 1
e. tn = n! = (n – 1)! = (n – 1)! = (n – 1)! + (n – 1)! = (n – 1)! + (n–1)!
n+1 1 (n – 2) 3 1 1 3 1
= (n–2)! + (n–1)! = (n – 2)! + (n – 2)! + (n – 1)! = (n – 3)! + (n – 2)! + (n – 1)!
  1  1  1
 tn =  (n–3)! + 3  (n–2)! +  (n–1)!
n=1 n=1 n=1 n=1
1 1 1 1 1 1
(
= (–2)! + (–1)! + 0! + 1! + 2! +3! + ... to  )
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+3((–1)! + 0! + 1! +2! +3! + ... to ) + (0! + 1! + 2! + 3! +... to )
= e + 3e + e = 5e
7. Show that
1 + 2 1 + 2 + 2 2 1 + 2 + 2 2 + 23
a. 1 + 2! + 3! + 4! + …to  = e2 – e
1.2 2.3 3.4
b. 1! + 2! + 3! + … to  = 3e
1² 2² 3²
c. 1! + 2! + 3! + ... to  = 2e
1+2 1+2+3 7e
d. 1 + 1! + 2! + ... to  = 2
5 7 9
e. 3 + 1! + 2! + 3! + ... to  = 5e
Solution:
a. Let nth term of above series be tn
1 + 2 + 22 + ... + 2n–1 1 1(2n – 1) 2n – 1
Then tn =
n
n! [
=n! 2 – 1 = n! ]
2 1
tn = n! – n!

Let S be the required sum of the series.

Then,
n
  2 1
S =  tn =  n! – n!
n=1 n=1 ( )
2n  1
 2 22 23
(
=  n! –  n! = 1! + 2! + 3! + ... to  –
n=1 n=1 ) (1!1 + 2!1 + 3!1 +.. to )
= (e2 – 1) – (e–1)= e2 – e
b. Let tn be the nth term of the given series
n(n + 1) n+1 (n – 1) + 2
Then tn = n! = (n – 1)! = (n – 1)!
 n –1 2 1 2
= (n – 1)! +(n – 1)! = (n–2)! + (n – 1)!
Let S be the required sum of the series.
  1  2
Then, S =  tn =  (n–2)! +  (n–1)!
n=1 n=1 n=1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= ((–1)! + 0! + 1! + 2! + ... to ) + 2 (0! + 1! + 2! + ... to )

but (–1)! =  and 0! = 1

 1 1 1 1 1
( ) ( )
 S =  tn= 1 + 1! + 2! + 3! + ... + 2 1 + 1! + 2! + ... = e + 2e = 3e
n=1
c. Let tn be the nth term of given series
n2 n n–1+1 1 1
tn = n! = (n–1)! = (n – 1)! = (n – 2)! + (n–1)!
Let S be the required sum of the series.
  1  1
Then S=  tn =  (n – 2)! +  (n – 1)! = e+e = 2e
n=1 n=1 n=1
n
(n + 1)
th 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n 2
d. n term of given series (tn) = (n – 1)! = (n – 1)!
n(n + 1)
= 2(n – 1)!
n2 + n
= 2(n – 1)!
1 (n2 – 1) + (n – 1)
=2 [ (n – 1)! ]
1 (n2 – 1) (n – 1)
[
= 2 (n – 1)! + (n – 1)! ]
1 n+1 1
[
= 2 (n – 2)! + (n – 2)! ]
1 n–2+3 1
[
= 2 (n – 2)! + (n – 2)! ]
1 n–2 3 1
[
= 2 (n – 2)! + (n – 2)! + (n – 2)! ]
1 1 3 1
[
= 2 (n – 3)! + (n – 2)! + (n – 2)! ]
Let S be the required sum of the series.
 1 1 3 1
[
Then, S =  tn = 2  (n – 3)! + (n – 2)! + (n – 2)!
n=1 n=1 ]
1  1  4
[
= 2  (n – 3)! +  (n – 2)!
n=1 n=1 ]
1
=2 [( 1
+
1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + + ... to 
(–2)! (–1)! 0! 1! 2! 3!
1
)+3((–1)! 1 1 1 1
+ + + + + ... to )
0! 1! 2! 3! ]
5 7 9
e. 3 + 1! + 2! + 3! + ... to 
Let tn be the nth term of above series.
3 + (n – 1)d 3 + (n – 1) . 2 2n + 1
Then, tn = (n – 1)! = (n – 1)! = (n – 1)!
 2(n – 1) + 3 2 3
tn = (n – 1)! = (n – 2)! + (n – 1)!
Let S be the required sum of the series.
  1  1
S =  tn = 2  (n – 2)! + 3  (n – 1)!
n=1 n=1 n=1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
=2 ((–1)! + 0! + ! + 2! + ....) + 3(0! + 1! + 2! + ...) = 2e + 3e = 5e

8. Prove the following

1 1 1
a. 1.2 + 3.4 + 5.6 + … to  = ln2
1 1 1
b. 1.3 + 2.5 + 3.7 + … to  = 2 – 2ln2
5 7 9
c. 1.2.3 + 3.4.5 + 5.6.7 + … to  = – 1 + 3 ln 2
1 1 1 1 1
d. 3 + 3.33 + 5.35 + 7.37 + … to  = 2 ln2
1 1 1
e. 1 + 3.22 + 5.24 + 7.26 + … to  = ln3

f. ( ) (
1 1
3–2
1
+2.
1 1
32 + 22) ( 1
+3.
1 1
33 – 23) + …. to  = 0

Solution:
x2 x3 x4
a. We know that ln (1+x) = x – 2 + 3 – 4 + ... to 
Putting x = 1, we get,
1 1 1 1 1
 In (1 + 1) = 1 – 2 + 3 – 4 + 5 – 6 + ...to 
1 1 1 1 1
( ) ( ) ( )
 ln 2 = 1 – 2 + 3 – 4 + 5 – 6 + ...to 

2–1 (4 – 3) 6–5 1 1 1
= ( 1.2 ) + 3.4 + ( 5.6 ) + ...to = 1.2 + 3.4 + 5.6 + ...to 
1 1 1
b. 1.3 + 2.5 + 3.7 + ... to  = 2 – 2ln2
We have,
x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7
ln (1 + x) = x – 2 + 3 – 4 + 5 – 6 + 7 – ... to 
Putting x = 1, we get,
1 1 1 1 1 1
ln (1 + 1) = 1 – 2 + 3 – 4 + 5 – 6 + 7 – ... to 
1 1 1 1 1 1
( ) ( ) ( )
 ln2 = 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 – ...to 

1 1 1 1 1 1
( ) ( ) ( )
 2 – 3 + 4 – 5 + 6 – 7 + ...to  = 1 – ln2
3–2 5–4 7–6
 ( ) ( ) ( )
2.3 + 4.5 + 6.7 + ... to = 1 – ln2
1 1 1
 2.3 + 4.5 + 6.7 + ... to = 1 – ln2
 Multiplying by 2 on both sides, we get
1 1 1
1.3 + 2.5 + 3.7 + ... to = 2(1 – ln2)
1 1 1
Hence, 1.3 + 2.5 + 3.7 + ...to  = 2 – 2ln2
c. We have,
x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7
loge (1 + x) = x – 2 + 3 – 4 + 5 – 6 + 7 – ...
Putting x = 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
loge 2 = 1 – 2 + 3 – 4 + 5 – 6 + 7 – ...
Multiplying by 3 on both sides,
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 loge 2 = 3 – 2 + 3 – 4 + 5 – 6 + 7 – ...
3 3 3 3 3 3
or, 3 loge 2 = 3 – 2 + 3 – 4 + 5 – 6 + 7 – ...
3 1+2 3 1+2 3 1+2
or, 3 loge 2 = 1 + 2 – 2 + 3 – 4 + 5 – 6 + 7 – ...
3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1
or, –1 + 3 loge 2 = 2 – 2 + 3 + 3 – 4 + 5 + 5 – 6 + 7 + ...
3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1
( ) ( ) (
or, –1 + 3 loge 2 = 2 – 2 + 3 + 3 – 4 + 5 + 5 – 6 + 7 + ... )
12 − 9 + 2 40 − 45 + 12 84 − 105 + 30
or, – 1 + 3 loge 2 = 1 . 2 . 3 + 3 . 4 . 5 + 5.6.7 + ...
5 7 9
 1·2·3 + 3·4·5 + 5·6·7 + … = – 1 + 3 loge 2 proved.
d. We know that,
x2 x3 x4 x5
ln (1 + x) = x – 2 + 3 – 4 + 5 – ... to  ... (i)
2 3 4 5
x x x x
ln (1 – x) = –x – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – ... to  ... (ii)
Subtracting (ii) from (i)
x3 x5 x7
ln (1 + x) – ln (1 – x) = 2x + 2 3 + 2 5 + 2 7 + ...to 
1+x x3 x5 x7
( ) (
or, ln 1 – x = 2 x + 3 + 5 + 7 + ...to  )
1 1+x x3 x5 x7
( )
2 ln 1 – x = x + 3 + 5 + 7 + ... to 
1
Put x = 3 , we get
1 3 1 5 1 7
1 
1 + 13 1 3 () () ()
 3 3
2 ln 1 = 3 + 3 + 5 + 7 + ...to 
1 – 3
 
 4
1 3 1
 1 1 1
2 ln2 = 3 + 33.3 + 35.5 + 37.7 + ...to 
3
1 1 1 1 1
2 ln (2) = 3 + 33.3 + 5.35 + 7.37 + ...to 
e. We know,
x2 x3 x4 x5
ln(1+x) = x – 2 + 3 – 4 + 5 – ...to 
x2 x3 x4 x5
ln (1 – x) = –x – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – ...to 
x3 x5 x7
(
 ln (1 + x) –ln (1–x) = 2 x + 3 + 5 + 7 + ...to  )
1+x x3 x5 x7
( ) (
ln 1 – x = 2 x + 3 + 5 + 7 + ...to  )
1
Put x = 2 , we get

23
ln1 = 2 2 + 3.23 + 5.25 + 7.27 + ...to 
1 1 1 1
 ( )
2
1 1 1
ln 3 = 1 + 3.22 + 5.24 + 7.26 + ... to 
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
f. ( ) ( ) ( )
LHS = 3 – 2 + 2 32 + 22 + 3 33 – 23 + ...to 

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= (3 + 2 . 3 + 3 3 + ...to ) – (2 – 2 . 2 + 3 . 2 – ...to )
2 3 2 3

 ( 1 1   (1) (1) 
3) (3)
2 3 2 3

 1 1 2
= – –(3) – 2 – 3 – ...to  – 2 – 2 + 3 – ...to 
2 
 
1 1 2 3 2 3
= – ln(1 – 3) – ln(1 + 2) = –ln3 – ln2 = –[ln 3 + ln 2 ]

2 3
= – ln(3 . 2) = –ln1 = 0 Hence proved.

9. Find the sum to infinity the following series

1 1 1 1 1 1
a. 2.3 + 4.5 + 6.7 + ... to . b. 3.4 + 5.6 + 7.8 + ... to .
Solution:
a. Here, sum to infinity
1 1 1
S = 2.3 + 4.5 + 6.7 + ... to 

( ) ( ) ( ) + ... to  = 12 – 13 + 14 – 51 + 61 – 71 + ... to 
1 1 1 1
= 2–3 + 4–5 + 6–7
1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1
= 1 – (1 – 2 + 3 – 4 + 5 – 6 + 7 + ...to ) = 1 – ln (1+1) = 1–ln2
b. We know that,
x2 x3 x4 x5
ln (1 + x) = x – 2 + 3 – 4 + 5 – ... to 
Putting x = 1 on both sides, we get
1 1 1 1 1
ln (1 + 1) = 1 – 2 + 3 – 4 + 5 – 6 + ...to 
1 1 1 1 1
( ) ( ) ( )
or,ln2 = 1 – 2 + 3 – 4 + 5 – 6 +...to 
 or, ln2= (2 –2 1) + (43.4– 3)+ (65.6– 5) + ... to 
1 1 1
or, ln2 = 2 + 3.4 + 5.6 + ... to 
1 1 1
or, ln2 – 2 = 3.4 + 5.6 + ...to 
1 1 1
or, ln2 – 2 = 3.4 + 5.6 + ...to 
1 1 1
 3.4 + 5.6 + ... to  = ln2 – 2

x² x3 x4 y² y3
10. If y = x – 2 + 3 – 4 + ... to , |x|< 1, prove that x = y + 2! + 3! + ... to .
Solution:
x2 x3 x4
Here, y = x – 2 + 3 – 4 + ... to 
or, y = lne (1 + x)
or, ey = 1 + x
y y2 y3
or, 1 + x = 1 + 1! + 2! + 3! + ... to 
y2 y3
 x = y + 2! + 3! + ... to 

x² x3 x4 y² y3 y4
11. If y = x + 2 + 3 + 4 + ... to , |x|< 1, prove that x = y – 2! + 3! – 4! + ... to 
Solution:
x2 x3 x4
Here, y = x + 2 + 3 + 4 + ... to 
x2 x3 x4
[
or, y = – – x – 2 – 3 – 4 – ... to  ]
or, y = –[ln (1 – x)]
or, –y = ln (1 – x)
or, 1 – x = e–y
y y2 y3 y4
or, 1 – x = 1 – 1! + 2! – 3! + 4! – ...to 
y2 y3 y4
 x = y – 2! + 3! – 4! + ... to 

x x² x3 y2 y3 y4
12. If y= 1! + 2! + 3! + ... to , |y|< 1, prove that x = y – 2 + 3 – 4 + … to 
Solution:
x x2 x3
Here, y = 1! + 2! + 3! + ... to 
x x2 x3
or, 1 + y = 1 + 1! + 2! + 3! + ... to 
or, 1 + y = ex
Taking 'ln' on both sides
ln (1 + y) = x
or, x = ln (1 + y)
y2 y3 y4
x = y – 2 + 3 – 4 + ... to 

 COMPLEX NUMBER

1. Find cube roots of

a. –1 b. 8
Solution:
a. Let, z be the cube roots of –1
z3 = –1
or, z3 + 1 = 0
or, (z)3 + (1)3 = 0
or, (z + 1) (z2 – z + 1) = 0
Either,
z = –1 or, z2 – z + 1 = 0 ... ... ... (i)
Comparing equation (i) with az2 + bz + c = 0
We get a = 1, b = –1, c = 1
Now,
–b b2 – 4ac 1  1 – 4  1  1 1  –3 1  3i
z= = = =
2a 21 2 2
Taking positive Taking negative
1 + 3i 1 – 3i
z= 2 z= 2
1 + 3i 1 – 3i
Hence, the cube roots of unity are –1, 2 and 2
b. Here,
Let, z be the cube roots of 8
So, z3 = 8
or, (z)3– (2)3 = 0
or, (z – 2) (z2 + 2z + 4) = 0
Either, z = 2 or, z2 + 2z + 4 = 0 ... (i)
Comparing equation (i) with az2 + bz + c = 0
So, a = 1, b = 2, c = 4
Now,
–b b2 – 4ac –2  4 – 4  1  4 –2  4 – 16
z= = =
2a 21 2
– 2  –12 –2  2 3i
= 2 = 2 = –1  3 i
Taking positive, Taking negative
z = –1 + 3 i z = –1 – 3 i
Hence, The required cube roots of 8 are 2, –1 + 3i and –1 – 3i
2. Solve:
a. z4 = 1 b. z6 = 1
Solution:
a. Here, z4 = 1
or, (z)4 – (1)4 = 0
 or, (z2)2 – (1)2 = 0
or, (z2 – 1) (z2 + 1) = 0
or, (z – 1) (z + 1) (z2 + 1) = 0
Either,z = 1 or,z = –1or,z2 + 1 = 0 ... (i)
Comparing equation (i) with az2 + bz + c = 0
 a = 1, b = 0, c = 1
–b b2 – 4ac 0  0 – 411 0  –4 0  2i
Now, z = 2a = = 2 = 2 =i
21
Taking positive Taking negative
z=i z = –i
Hence,The required values of z are1 and i.
b. Here, z6 = 1
or, z6– 16 = 0
or, (z2)3 – (1)3 = 0
or, (z2 – 1) (z4 + z2 + 1) = 0
Either z = 1 or, z4 + z2 + 1 = 0
or,z4 + 2z2 + 1 – z2 = 0
or, (z2 + 1)2 – (z)2 = 0
or, (z2 + 1 – z) (z2 + 1 + z) = 0
2
Either, z + z + 1 = 0... (i) or, z2 – z + 1 = 0 ... (ii)
Comparing equation (i) with az2 + bz + c = 0
 a = 1, b = 1, c = 1
–b b2 – 4ac –1  1 – 411 –1  3i
Now, z = 2a = = 2
21
Taking positive Taking negative
–1 + 3i –1 – 3i
z= 2 z= 2
Again, comparing equation (ii) with az2 + bz + c = 0
 a = 1, b = –1, c = 1
– b  b2 – 4ac 1  12 – 411 1  1 – 4 1  3i
Now, z = 2a = = 2 = 2
21
Taking positive Taking negative
1 3i 1 3i
z=2+ 2 z=2– 2

 z =  1, 
1 + 3i 1 – 3i
 2  ,  2 
3. If w be complex cube roots of unity, show that
a. (1 + 2)3 – (1 + )3 = 0 b. (2 + ) (2 + 2) (2 – 2) (2 – 4) = 21
c. (1 –  +  ) (1 +  –  ) = 256
2 4 2 4 d. (1 –  + 2)6 + (1 +  – 2)6 = 128
a + b + c2
e. (1 – ) (1 – 2) (1 – 4) (1 – 5) = 9 f. =
b + c + a2
a⍵ + b⍵2 + c a + b⍵ + c⍵2
g. a + b⍵ + c⍵2 + a⍵ + b⍵2 + c = – 1
h. (a – b) (a – b⍵2) (a – b⍵) = a3 – b3
1 1 1
i. + – = 0.
1 + 2 2 +  1 + 
Solution:
a. LHS = (1 + 2)3 – (1 + )3
= (–)3 – (–2)3= –3 – (–6)
= –1 – (–1)= –1 + 1= 0 = RHS
b. LHS = (2 + ) (2 + 2) (2 – 2) (2 – 4)
= (2 + ) (2 +2) (2 – 2) (2 –)
= [(2 + ) (2 –)][(2 +2) (2 – 2)]
= (4 – 2)(4 – 4)
= (4 – 2)(4 – )
= 16 – 4 – 42 + 3
= 16 – 4 ( + 2)+ 1
= 17 – 4 (– 1)
= 21 = RHS
c. LHS = (1 –  + 2)4 . (1 +  – 2)4
= (–  + 1 + 2)4. (– 2– 2)4
= (–2)4 . (–22)4
= 163.  . 163 . 3 . 2
= 16.  162
= 256 3
= 256  1= 256 = RHS
d. LHS = (1 –  + 2)6 + (1 +  – 2)6
= (– +1 + 2)6+ (– 2– 2)6
= (–2)6 + (–22)6
2 4
= 64 (3) + 64 (3)
= 64 + 64 = 128 = RHS
e. LHS = (1 – ) (1 – 2) (1 – 4) (1 – 5)= (1 – ) (1– 2) (1 – 3. ) (1 – 3 . 2)
= (1 – ) (1 – 2) (1 – ) (1 – 2)= (1 – 2)2 (1 – )2
= [(1 – 2)(1 – )]2= [1– – 2+3]2 = [1– – 2+1]2
= [2 – – 2]2
= 32= 9 = RHS
a + b + c2
f. LHS =
b + c + a2
(a + b + c2)
=
(b + c + a2)
(a + b + c2)
=
b + c2 + a3
(a + b + c2)
=
(b + c2 + a)
=  = RHS
a⍵ + b⍵2 + c a + b⍵ + c⍵2
g. L.H.S. = +
a + b⍵ + c⍵2 a⍵ + b⍵2 + c
a⍵ + b⍵2 + c 1 ⍵(a + b⍵ + c⍵2)
=⍵× 2 + ×
⍵(a + b⍵ + c⍵ ) ⍵ a⍵ + b⍵2 + c
 a⍵ + b⍵2 + c 1 a⍵ + b⍵2 + c⍵3
=⍵× + ×
a⍵ + b⍵2 + c⍵3 ⍵ a⍵ + b⍵2 + c
a⍵ + b⍵ + c 1 a⍵ + b⍵2 + c⍵3
2
=⍵× + ×
a⍵ + b⍵2 + c ⍵ a⍵ + b⍵2 + c
1
=⍵+
⍵
= ⍵ + ⍵2
= 0 = R.H.S.
h. L.H.S. = (a – b) (a – b⍵2) (a – b⍵)
= (a – b) (a2 – ab⍵ – ab⍵2 + b2⍵3)
= (a – b) [a2 – ab (⍵ + ⍵2) + b2]
= (a – b) (a2 – ab ∙ –1 + b2)
= (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2)
= a3 – b3 = R.H.S
1 1 1
i. LHS = + –
1 + 2 2 +  1 + 
1 1 1
= + –
1++ 1+1+ 1+
1 1 1
= + –
– 2 +  – 2 + 1 1 + 
1 1 1 1 1 1
= + – = + –
(1 – ) (1 – 2) 1 +  (1 – ) (1 – ) (1 + ) (1 + )
1 +  +  –  + 2 1 +  + 2
= = = 0 = RHS [ 1 +  + 2 = 0]
. (1 + ) (1 – )  (1 – 2)
4. If  and  are complex cube roots of unity show that
a. 4 + 4 + –1–1 = 0 b. 4 + 22 + 4 = 0
Solution:
a. If  = ,  = 2
1
LHS = 4 + 4 +

1
= 4+ (2)4 +
.2
=  + (3)2 . 2 + 1 [3 = 1]
=  + 2 + 1= 0 = RHS [ 1 +  + 2 = 0]
b. Here,
LHS = 4 + 22 + 4
= 4 + 2.(2)2 + (2)4
=  + 2 . 4 + 8
=  + 1 + 2[3 = 1]
= 0 = RHS [ 1 +  + 2 = 0]
5. If x = a + b, y = a + b2 and z = a2 + b, show that
a. xyz = a3 + b3 b. x + y + z = 0
c. x3 + y3 + z3 = 3(a3 + b3) d. x2 + y2 + z2 = 6ab
Solution:
Given,
x=a+b y = a + b2 z = a2 + b
a. LHS = xyz
= (a + b)(a + b2) (a2 + b)
= (a + b) (a23 + ab2 + ab4 + b23)
= (a + b) {a2.1 + ab(2 + 4) + b2.1}
= (a + b) {a2 + ab( + 2) + b2} [4 = 3.  = 1 .  = ]
= (a + b) {a2 – ab + b2} = a3 + b3= RHS [2 +  = –1)
b. LHS = x + y + z
= (a + b) + (a + b2) + (a2 + b)= a + b + a + b2 + a2 + b
= a(1 +  + 2) + b(1 + 2 + )= a × 0 + b × 0 = 0 = RHS
c. LHS = x3 + y3 + z3
= x3+y3+z3 – 3xyz + 3xyz
= (x + y + z) (x2 + y2 + z2 – xy – yz – zx) + 3xyz
= 0 + 3(a3 + b3) [ from (a) & (b)]
= 3(a3 + b3) = RHS
d. LHS = x2 + y2 + z2
= (x + y + z)2 – 2xy – 2yz – 2xz
= 0 – 2(xy + yz + xz)
= –2{(a + b)(a + b2) + (a + b2). (a2 + b) + (a + b). (a2 + b)}
= –2{a2 + ab2 + ab + b22 + a23 + ab2 + ab + b2 + a22 + ab + ab2 + b2}
= –2{a2 + a22 + a23 + 3ab2 + 3ab+ b22 + b2 + b2}
= –2{a2( + 2 + 1) + 3(–1)ab + b2(2 +  + 1)}
= –2{a2( + 2 + 1) + 3(–1)ab + b2(2 +  + 1)}
= –2{0 – 3ab + 0}= 6ab = RHS
6. Prove that,

a. ( –1 + –3 6
2 ) (
+ 2 )
–1 – –3 12
= 2 b. ( 2 ) (
–1 + –3 8
+
–1 – –3 8
2 )= –1

(
c. 1 +
–1 + –3 n
2 ) (
+ 2 ) {
–1 – –3 n 3 if n is a multiple of 3
= 0 if n is an integer which is not a multiple of 3

Solution:
a. We know,
–1 + 3i
= 2
–1 – 3i
2 = 2
6 12

Now, LHS = 
–1 + –3 –1 – –3
 2  + 2 
= 6 + (2)12= (3)2 + 24
= 12 + (3)8= 1 + 18 = 2 = RHS
8 8

b. LHS = 
–1 + –3 –1 – –3
 2  + 2 
= 8 + (2)8= (3)2.2 + (3)5. 
= 2 +  = –1 = RHS
–1 + –3 –1 – –3
c. Let,  = 2 2 = 2
Case–I: If n is multiple of 3 i.e. n = 3k, k is an integer.
 n n

Now, 1 + 
–1 + –3 –1 – –3
 2  + 2 
= 1 + 3k + (2)3k
= 1 + (3)k + (3)2k
= 1 + 1k + 12k
= 1 + 1 + 1 = 2 + 1 = 3 proved.
Case II: n is not a multiple of 3 i.e. n = 3k + 1 and n = 3k + 2
If n = 3k + 1
n n

Then, 1 + 
–1 + –3 –1 – –3 3k+1 2 3k+1
 2  +  2  = 1 + () + ( )
= 1 + ()3k.  + 6k.2
= 1 + (3)k . + (3)2k. 2
= 1 +  + 2 = 0 proved.
If n = 3k + 2
n n

Then, 1 + 
–1 + –3 –1 – –3 3k+2 2 3k+2
 2   2  = 1 + () + ( )
+
= 1 + ()3k.2 + 6k.4
= 1 + (3)k .2 + (3)2k. 
= 1 +  + 2 = 0 proved.

1. Express the following complex numbers in polar form

a. 2 + 2i b. – 2+i 2 c. –1 d. 3i
e. –5i f. i– 3 g. –3 – 3i h. 1 – 3i
1 1+i
i. (2, 2 3) j. 1–i k. 1–i
Solution:
a. Let, Z = 2 + 2i = x + yi b. Let, Z = – 2 + 2i = x + yi
Here, x = 2, y = 2
Here, x = – 2 y= 2
r = 22 + 22 = 4 + 4 = 8 = 2 2
y 2 r = (– 2)2 + ( 2)2
Tan = x = 2 = 1 = 2+2= 4=2
  = 45o y 2
Tan = x = = –1
Now, in polar form – 2
Z = 2 2 (cos45o + isin45o)   = 135 o

Now, In polar form Z = 2(cos135o + isin 135o)

c. Let, Z = –1 + 0i = x + yi d. Let, Z = 0 + 3i = x + yi
Here, x = –1, y = 0 Here, x = 0, y = 3
r = (–1)2 + 0 = 1 = 1 y
Tan = x , and r= (0)2 + (3)2
y 0
Tan = x = –1 = 0 3
= 0 = = 9 = 3
 = 180o
Now, In polar formZ = 1(cos180o + isin180o)  = 90o
= cos180o + isin180o Now, In polar form Z = 3(cos90o + isin90o)
e. Let Z = 0 – 5i = x + yi f. Let, Z = – 3 + i = x + yi
 Here, x = 0,y = –5 Here, x = – 3 , y=1
r = x2 + y2 = 0 + 25 = 25 = 5 r= 2 2
(– 3) + (1) = 4 = 2
y –5
Tan = x = 0 =  Tan = x
y

 = 270o 1
Now, In polar form or, Tan =
– 3
Z = 5(cos270o + isin270o)
or, Tan = Tan 150o
  = 150o
Now,In polar form
Z= 2(cos150o + isin150o)
g. Let, Z = –3 – 3i = x + yi h. Let, Z = 1 – 3i = x + yi
Here, x = –3, y=– 3 Here, x = 1, y = – 3
r= (–3)2+(– 3)2 = 9+3 = 12 = 3 r= (1)2 + (– 3)2 = 1+3= 4=2
y – 3 1 y
Tan = x = –3 = Tan = x
3
 = 210o – 3
or, Tan = 1
Now, In polar form,
–3– 3i = 2 3 (cos210o + i sin210o) or, Tan = – 3
or, Tan = Tan300o
 = 300o
Now, In polar form,
Z = 2(cos300o + isin300o)
i. Let, Z = 2 + 2 3 i = x + yi 1 1 1+i 1+i
j. Let, z = 1 – i = 1 – i 1 + i = 1 + 1
Here, x = 2, y = 2 3
1 1
r= 4 + 43 = 16 = 4  z = 2 + 2 i = x + yi
y 2 3 1 1
Tan = x = 2 = 3 Here, x = 2 , y = 2
 = 60o 1
Now, In polar form, y 2
Z = 4(cos60o + isin60o) Now, Tan = x = 1 = 1
2
 = 45o
2 2
r= (12) + (12)
1 1 2 1
= 4+4= 4= 2

Now, In polar form,

1
Z= (cos45o + i sin45o)
2
1+i 1+i 1+i 1+i 1 1
k. Let, z = 1–i= 1 – i1 + i = 2  z = 2 + 2 i = x + yi
1 1
Here, x = ,y=
2 2
 1 + 
2 1 2 1 1
r= = 2+2=1
 2  2
1
y 2
Now, Tan = x = 1 = 1  = 45o
2
Now, in polar form, Z = cos 45o + isin 45o
2. Express the following complex numbers in the cartesian (rectangular) form i.e.,
x + iy
a. 2(cos 30° + i sin 30°) b. 3 (cos 150° + i sin 150°)
c. 4 (cos 240° + i sin 240°) d. 2 2 (cos 270° + i sin 270°)
Solution:
a. Here, b. Here, Let, 3(cos150o+i sin 150o) = x + iy
Let, 2(cos30o + i sin30o) = x + iy Equating real and imaginary parts;
Equating real and imaginary parts; x = 3 cos150o and y = 3sin150o
x = 2 cos30o and y = 2sin30o
= 3  2 
– 3 1
= 3 2
=2 2
3 1
= 2 2
 
–3 3 3
= 2 =2
= 3 =1
 2(cos30o + isin30o) = 3 + i. –3 3 3
 3(cos 150o + isin150o) = 2 +2i
c. Here, Let, 4(cos240o + isin240o) = x + iy
Equating real is imaginary parts;
x = 4 cos240o, and y = 4 sin 240o

=4  2  =–2 3
–1 – 3
( )
= 4  2 = –2
 
 4(cos240o + i sin240o) = –2 – 2 3i
d. Here, Let, 2 2 (cos 270o + i sin270o) = x + iy
Equating real and imaginary parts;
x = 2 2 cos270o= 2 2  0 = 0 and y = 2 2 sin270o= –2 2
 2 2 (cos270 + i sin270 ) = –2 2i
o o

3. Simplify
a. 2(cos 53° + i sin 53°) . 3(cos 7° +i sin 7°)
b. (cos 5+i sin 5). (cos 3 + i sin 3)
c. (cos 72° + i sin 72°) (cos 12° – i sin 12°)
cos 50° + i sin 50°
d. cos 20° + i sin 20°
(cos 4 + i sin 4 ). (cos 3 – i sin 3)
e.
cos 3 + i sin 3
cos 5 + i sin 5
f.
(cos 2  + i sin 2)2
(cos 3 + i sin 3)5
g.
(cos  + i sin )7
Solution:
a. Here,
2(cos 53o+ i sin53o).3(cos7o + i sin7o)
= 23 {cos(53o + 7) + i sin (53o + 7o)}

= 6{cos60o + i sin60o}= 6 2 + i  2  = 3 + 3 3i
1 3
 
b. (cos5 + i sin5) (cos3 + i sin3)
= cos(5 + 3) + i sin(5 + 3) = cos8 + i sin8
c. (cos72o + i sin72o) (cos12 – i sin12o)
= (cos72o + i sin72o) {cos(–12) + i sin(–12)}
1 3
= cos(72 – 12) + i sin (72 – 12) = cos60o + i sin60o= 2 + 2 i

cos50o + isin50o 3 1
d. cos20o + isin20o = cos(50 – 20) + i sin (50 – 20)= cos30o + i sin30o= 2 + 2 i
(cos4 + isin4) (cos3 – isin3)
e.
cos3 + isin3
(cos4 + isin4) (cos(–3) + isin(–3))
=
cos3 + isin3
cos(4 – 3) + isin(4 – 3) cos + isin
= =
cos3 + isin3 cos3 + isin3
= cos( – 3) + i sin( – 3)= cos2 – i sin2
cos5 + isin5 cos5 + isin5
f. =
(cos2 + isin2)2 (cos4 + isin4)
= cos(5 – 4) + i sin (5 – 4) = cos+ i sin
(cos3 + isin3)5 (cos15 + isin15)
g. = = cos(15 – 7) + i sin (15 – 7)
(cos + isin)7 (cos7 + isin7)
= cos8 + i sin8
4. Using De Moivre's theorem, simplify
3
( )

16
 
a. cos 4 + i sin 4 b. [2(cos 50° + i sin 50°)]3
 
c. [4 (cos 6° + i sin 6°)]30 d. (cos 70° + i sin 70°)6
e. (1 + i)15 f. (1 – i)10

g. (2i)4 h. 1 + i 3 7
2 2
Solution:

a. Here, 3 (cos 4 + isin 4) = 316cos (16  4) + i sin (16  4)
16

 
= 316 [cos4 + i sin 4] = 316 [1 + 0] = 316
b. Here, [2(cos50o + i sin50o)]3 = 23 [cos150o + i sin150o)

= 8 2 + 2i = – 4 3 + 4i
– 3 1
 
c. [4(cos6o + i sin6o)]30= 430 [cos(630) + i sin (630)] = 430 [–1+i.0] = –430
d. (cos70o + i sin70o)6
1 3
= cos (706) + i sin(706) = cos420o + i sin420o = 2 + 2 i
e. (1 + i)15 f. (1 – i)10
Let Z = 1 + i Let, z = 1 – i
Here, x = 1, y = 1 Here, x = 1, y = –1
Then, r = 12 + 12 = 2 Then, r = (1)2 + (–1)2
y y
And Tan = x And Tan = x = 1 + 1 = 2
1 –1
or, Tan = 1 or, Tan = 1
or, Tan = 1 or, Tan = –1
  = 45o or,  = 315o
In polar form, In polar form,
(1 + i) = 2 (cos45o + i sin45o) (1 – i) = 2 (cos315o + i sin 315o)
Now, (1 – i)10
10
Now, = 210{ 2 (cos315o + isin315o)}
15 o o 15
(1 + i) = { 2 (cos45 + i sin45 )} 5 o
= 2 (cos3150 + isin3150 ) o

= 128 2 {cos(4515)+i sin (4515)} = 25{cos (8360+270) + i sin (8  360+270)}

= 128 2 (cos675o + i sin 675o) = 25(cos 270 + i sin 270)
= 32 (0 + i(–1))
= 128 2 i = 128 (1 – i)
1 1
– = –32i
 2 2
g. (2i)4 h. Here,
Let, Z = 0 + 2i = x + yi 1 3
Here, Let, Z = 2 + 2 i = x + yi
x = 0, y = 2
1 3
Then, r= 0 + 22 = 4 = 2 Here, x = 2 , y = 2
y 2
And, Tan = x = 0 =  1 2  32
  = 90 o
Then, r = ()
2 + 2 
In polar form, 1 3 4
= 4+4= 4=1
2i = 2(cos90o + i sin90o)
Now, 3
= {2(cos90o + i sin90o)}4 y 2
4 o o And, Tan = x = 1 = 3
= 2 (cos360 + i sin360 )
= 16 (1 + 0) = 16 2
  = 60o
1 3
In polar form, 2 + 2 i
=cos60o + i sin60o
Now, (cos60o + i sin60o)7
1 3
= cos420o + i sin720o = 2 + 2 i

5. Using De Moivre's theorem, find square roots of

a. 4i b. –i
c. 4 + 4 3i d. 4 – 4 3i
Solution:
a. Let, Z = 0 + 4i = x + yi
Here, x = 0, y = 4
 y 4
Then, Tan = x = 0 = 
 = 90o
Andr = 0 + (4)2 = 16 = 4
Now, In polar form, z = 4 (cos90o + i sin90o)
In general polar form
z = 4{cos(90 + 360.k) + i sin(90 + 360k)} where, k = 0, 1
 90 + 360.k 90 + 360k 
 z = 4 cos
 ( 2 ) (
+ isin 2) 

 90 + 360k 90 + 360k 
= 2cos
 ( 2 ) (
+ isin 2 ) 

when k = 0
z = 2{cos45o + i sin45o}
= 2 i = 2 + 2 i
1 1
+
 2 2
when k = 1

z = 2{cos225o + i sin 225o} = 2 2 – 2 i = – 2 – 2 i = –( 2 + 2 i)

– 2 2
 
 4i =  2 (1 + i)
b. Let, z = –i = x + yi
Here, x = 0, y = –1
y –1
Then, Tan = x = 0 = –
  = 270o
And, r = 0 + (–1)2 = 1 = 1
Now, In polar form;
z = (cos270o + i sin 270o)
In general polar form;
z = cos(270 + 360.k) + i sin (270 + 360.k) where, k = 0 and 1
270 + 360.k 270 + 360.k
 z = cos ( 2 ) (
+ i sin 2 )
when k = 0
–1 1 –1
z = cos 135o + i sin135o = + i= (1 – i)
2 2 2
when k = 1
1 1 1
z = cos 315o + i sin315o = – i= (1 – i)
2 2 2
1
 –i =  (1 – i)
2

c. Let, Z = 4 + 4 3i = x + yi
Here, x = 4, y = 4 3
y 4 3
Then, Tan = x = 4 = 3
  = 60o
And, r = (4)2 + (4 3)2 = 16 + 48 = 64 = 8
Now, In polar form, 4 + 4 3 i = 8(cos60o + i sin60o)
In general polar form
z = 8{cos(60 + 360.k) + i sin(60 + 360.k)}where, k = 0 and 1
 1

 z =[8{cos(60 + 360.k) + i sin(60 + 360.k)}] 2

 60 + 360k 60 + 360k 
z = 2 2cos
 ( 2 )
+ isin ( 2 
)
when k = 0

z = 2 2 (cos30o + i sin30o)= 2 2 2 + 2 i = 6 +
3 1
  2i
when k = 1

z = 2 2 {cos210o + i sin210o} = 2 2 2 – 2 i
– 3 1
 
= – 6 – 2i = –( 6 + 2i)
 4 + 4 3 i =  ( 6 + 2i)
d. Let, Z = 4 – 4 3 i = x + yi
Here, x = 4, y = –4 3
y –4 3
Then, Tan = x = 4 = – 3

And r = (4)2 + (–4 3)2 = 16 + 48 = 8

  = 300o
Now, In polar form,
Z = 8(cos300o + i sin300o)
In general form;
Z = 8{cos(300 + 360.k) + i sin (300 + 360.k)} where, k = 0 and 1
 300 + 360k 300 + 360.k 
 z = 2 2 cos
 ( 2 )
+ isin ( 2 
 )
when, k = 0
z = 2 2 (cos150o + i sin150o)

= 2 2  2 + 2i = – 6 + 2 i = – ( 6 – 2 i)
– 3 1
 
when, k = 1

z = 2 2 (cos330o + i sin330o)= 2 2  2 – 2 i = 6 – 2 i
3 1
 
 4 – 4 3i = ( 6 – 2 i)
6. Using De Moivre's theorem, find
a. Cube roots of –1 b. Cube roots of –i
1 3
c. fourth roots of unity d. fourth roots of – 2 + 2 i
Solution:
a. Let, z = –1 + 0i = x + yi
Here, x = –1, y = 0
y 0
Then, Tan = x = –1 = 0

And r = (–1)2 + 0 = 1 = 1
 = 180o
Now, In polar form, z = cos180o + i sin180o
In general polar form;
z = cos(180o + 360.k) + i sin(180o + 360.k) where, k = 0, 1, 2
 z1/3 = cos (180 +3360.k) + i sin(180 +3360.k)
when, k = 0
1 3
z1/3 = cos60o + i sin60o= 2 + 2 i
when, k = 1,
z1/3 = cos180o + i sin180o= –1 + 0 = –1
when, k = 2
1 3
z1/3 = cos300o + i sin300o= 2 – 2 i
Hence, the required cube roots of –1 are
1 3 1 3
–1, 2 + 2 i and2 – 2 i,
b. Let, z = 0 – i = x + yi
Here, x = 0, y = –1
y –1
Then, Tan = x = 0 = 
 = 270o
And r = 0 + (–1)2 = 1 = 1
Now, In polar form, z = cos270o + i sin270o
In general polar form;
z = cos(270 + 360.k) + i sin(270 + 360.k)
270 + 360.k 270 + 360.k
z1/3 = cos ( 3 ) + i sin( 3 )
where, k = 0, 1 and 2
when, k = 0
z1/3 = cos 90o + i sin90o= 0 + 1i = i
when k = 1,
– 3 1 – 3 – 1i
z1/3 = cos210o + i sin210= 2 – 2 i = 2
when k = 2
3 i 3–i
z1/3 = cos 330o + i sin330o= 2 – 2 = 2

– 3–i 3–i
Hence, the required cube roots of i are i, 2 and 2
c. Let, z = 1 + 0i = x + yi
Here, x = 1, y = 0
y 0
Then, Tan = x = 1 = 0
 = 0o
And r = 1 + 0 = 1 = 1
Now, In polar form,z = cos0 + i sin0
In general polar form, z = cos(0 + 360.k) + i sin (0 + 360k) where,k = 0,1,2 and 3

z1/4 = cos (0 + 360.k

4 ) + i sin(0 + 360.k
4 )
when k = 0, z1/4 = cos0o + i sin0o= 1 + 0= 1
when k = 1, z1/4 = cos90o + i sin90o= 0 + 1i= i
when k = 2, z1/4 = cos180o + i sin180o= –1 + 0= –1
 when k = 3, z1/4 = cos270o + i sin270o= 0 –1i = –i
Hence, the required forth roots of unity are 1 and i
–1 3
d. Let, z = 2 + 2 i = x + yi

–1 3
Here, x = 2 , y = 2
3
y 2 3 2
Then, Tan = x = –1 = 2 –1 = – 3
2
 = 120o

(–12) + ( 23) =
2 2
1 3 4
And r = 4+4= 4=1
 = 120o
Now, In polar form,z = cos120o + i sin120o
In general polar form;z = cos(120 + 360.k) + i sin(120o + 360.k)
120 + 360.k 120 + 360.k
z1/4 = cos ( 4 )
+ i sin ( 4 )where, k = 0, 1, 2, 3

3 1
when k = 0 z1/4 = cos30o + i sin30o= 2 + 2 i

–1 –1 + 3i 1 – 3i
when k = 1
3
z1/4 = cos120o + i sin120o= 2 + 2 i = 2 =– ( 2 )
– 3 1 – 3 – 1i
when k = 2 z1/4 = cos210o + i sin210o= 2 – 2 i = 2 =– ( 3 + 1i
2 )
1 3i 1 – 3i
when k = 3 z1/4 = cos300o + i sin300o= 2 – 2 = 2

Hence, the required fourth roots of unity are  2 + 2 i and 2 – 2 i

3 1 1 3
   
7. Using De Moivre's theorem, solve
a. z3 + 8i = 0 b. z4 = –1 c. z6 = 1
Solution:
a. Here, z3 + 8i = 0
Let, z3 = –8i
z3 = 0 – 8i = x + yi
Here, x = 0, y = –8
y –8 –8
Then, Tan = x = 0 = 0 = 
 = 270o
And r = x2 + y2 = 0 + (–8)2= 64 = 8
Now, In polar form, z3 = 8(cos270o + i sin 270o)
In general polar form, z3 = 8{cos(270 + 360.k) + i sin(270 + 360.k)}
 270 + 360.k 270 + 360.k 
z = 2cos
 ( 3 ) + isin
o
( o
3 )  where, k = 0, 1, 2

when k = 0 z = {cos 90 + i sin90 } = 2(0 + 1i) = 2i
 z = 2(cos 210o + i sin210o) = 2 2 – 2 i = – 3 – i
– 3 1
when k = 1
 
z = 2(cos330o + i sin330o) = 2 2 – 2 i =
3 1
when k = 2
  3–i

Hence, the required cube roots of –8i are 2i, 3 – i and –( 3 + i)

b. Let, z4 = –1= –1 + 0i = x + yi
Here, x = –1, y = 0
y 0
Then, Tan = x = –1 = 0
 = 180o
And r = (–1)2 + 0 = 1 = 1
Now, In polar form;
z4 = cos180o + i sin180o
In general polar form;
z4 = cos(180 + 360.k) + i sin(180 + 360.k) where k = 0,1,2 and 3
180 + 360.k 180 + 360.k
z = cos ( 4 )
+ i sin ( 4 )
1 1
when k = 0 z = cos45 + i sin 45o=
o
+ i
2 2
–1
i=– i
1 1 1
when k = 1 z = cos135o + i sin135o= + –
2 2  2 2
–1
i=– i
1 1 1
when k = 2 z= cos225o + i sin225o= – +
2 2  2 2
1 1
when k = 3 z = cos315o + i sin315o= – i
2 2
Hence, the required fourth roots of –1 are  i  and  i
1 1 1 1
+ –
 2 2  2 2
6
c. z = 1
We have, z6 = 1 = 1 + i(0) = cos0o + i sin0o
 z6 = cos2n + i sin2n
 z = [cos2n + i sin2n]1/6
n n
By De–moivre's theorem, z = cos 3 + i sin 3 where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
When n = 0, z = cos0 + i sin0 = 1 + 0 = 1
  1 3 1+i 3
When n = 1, z = cos3 + i sin3 = 2 + i 2 = 2

=– 2 
2 2 1 3 –1 + i 3 1–i 3
When n = 2, z = cos 3 + i sin 3 = – 2 + i 2 = 2  
When n = 3, z = cos + i sin = –1 + i.0 = –1

=– 2 
4 4 1 3 –1–i 3 1+i 3
When n = 4, z = cos 3 + i sin 3 = – 2 – i 2 = 2  
5 5 1 3 1–i 3
When n = 5, z = cos 3 + i sin 3 = 2 – i 2 = 2

Hence, the required six roots of 1 are 1, 

1 + i 3 1 – i 3
 2  ,  2 
8. If z = cos  + i sin , show that
1 1
a. zn + zn = 2 cos n b. zn – zn = 2 i sin n
Solution:
a. Here, z = cos + i sin
zn = cosn + i sinn z–n = cosn – i sinn
1
LHS = zn + zn
= cosn + i sinn + cosn – i sinn= 2cosn= RHS proved
b. Here, z = cos + i sin
zn = (cos + i sin)n= cosn + i sinn
z–n = (cos + i sin)–n= cosn – i sinn
1
LHS= zn – zn = zn – z–n
= cosn + i sin n – cosn + i sinn= 2i sinn= RHS proved
9. If z1 and z2 are two complex number, prove that

a. arg(z1z2) = arg(z1) + arg(z2) b. arg ()z1

z2 = arg(z1) – arg(z2)

—
( )
c. arg z1 = 2 – arg(z1)
Solution:
a. Let, z1 and z2 be r1(cos1 + i sin1) and r2(cos2 + i sin2) respectively.
Then,z1 z2= r1(cos1 + i sin1). r2(cos2 + i sin2)
= r1r2[cos (1 + 2) + i sin (1 + 2)]
 arg(z1 z2) = 1 + 2 = arg (z1) + arg (z2) proved.
b. Let z1 and z2 be r1(cos1 + i sin1) and r2(cos2 + i sin 2) respectively with
arg (z1) = 1 and arg (z2) = 2.
z1 r1(cos1 + i sin 2) r1
Now, z = = [cos(1 – 2) + i sin (1 – 2)]
2 r2(cos2 + i sin 2) r2
z1
So, arg z() 2
= 1 – 2 = arg (z1) – arg (z2) proved
c. Let, z = r(cos + i sin) where, Arg (z) = 
Then, –z = r(cos – i sin)
–
z = r{cos(2 – ) + i sin (2 – )}
 Arg (–z) = 2 – = 2 – Arg (z)
10. Express the following in the cartesian (rectangular) form i.e., x + iy
i –i –i
a. e 2 b. e 6 c. –5e 3
Solution:
 
a. ei/2 = cos2 + i sin2 = 0 + i(1) = i

  3 1
b. e–i/6 = cos6 – i sin6 = 2 – i2

c. –5e–i/3 = –5[cos3 – i sin3 ] = –52 – i 2 = – 2 + i 2

  1 3 5 5 3
 
11. Express the following in the Eular's form i.e., rei
a. 3 + 4i b. 3i c. –2 –2i d. 1 + i 3
Solution:
a. To express the complex numbers into rei form firstly, we need to find r and 
Let 3 + 4i = x + yi
Here x = 3, y = 3
Then, r = 32 + 42 = 25 = 5
4 4
And, tan = 3 ()
 = tan–1 3 = 0.927
So, the complex number in exponential form is reii.e. 5e0.927i
b. 3i
Let 0 + 3i = x + yi
Here x = 0 and y = 3
Then, r = 02 + 32 = 9 = 3
r = 3
3 
And, tan = 0 =  = tan 2

 = 2
So, the complex number in exponential form is rei i.e. 3ei/2
c. –2 – 2i
Let –2 – 2i = x + yi
Here, x = –2 and y = –2
Then, r = (–2)2 + (–2)2 = 8 = 2 2
r = 2 2
–2 5
And, tan = –2 = 1 = tan 4
5
 = 4
So, the complex number is exponential form is, rei i.e. 2 2 ei5/4
d. 1 + i 3
Let 1 + i 3 = x + yi
Here x = 1 and y = 3
Then, r = 12 + ( 3)2 = 2
r = 2

And, tan = 3 = tan3

 = 3
So, the complex number in exponential form is re i i.e. 2ei/3
 SEQUENCE AND SERIES

1. Find the nth term and sum to n terms of the following series.
a. 1.3 + 2.4 + 3.5 + … b. 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 + …
c. 1.3 + 3.5 + 5.7 + … d. 1.2.3 + 2.3.4 + 3.4.5 + …
e. 1 + (1 + 2) + (1 + 2 + 3) + …
Solution:
a. Here,
nth term of given series
tn = (nth term of 1, 2, 3, ... )  (nth term of 3, 4, 5, ...)
= [1 + (n –1). 1]  [3 + (n–1).1] = n  (n + 2)
 tn = n(n + 2)
Again, the sum of first n terms of the given series
n(n + 1) (2n + 1) 2n(n + 1)
Sn = tn = n(n + 2) = (n2 + 2n) = n2 + 2n = 6 + 2
n(n + 1) (2n + 1 + 6) n(n + 1) (2n + 7)
= 6 = 6
b. Here, 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 + ... = 12 + 22 + 32 + 42 + ...
nth term of given series
tn = [a + (n–1)d]2 = [1 + (n – 1).1]2 = n2
Again, the sum of first n terms of the given series
n(n + 1) (2n + 1)
Sn = tn = n2 = 6
c. Here, nth term of given series
tn = (nth term of 1, 3, 5, ..... )  (nth term of 3, 5, 7, ...)
= [1 + (n – 1).2]  [3 + (n – 1).2] = (2n – 1) (2n + 1) = 4n2 – 1
 tn = 4n2 – 1
Again, the sum of first n terms of the given series
Sn = tn = (n2 – 1) = 4n2 – 1
4n(n + 1) (2n + 1) 2(n + 1) (2n + 1) – 3 n
= 6 –n=n [ 3 ] = 3 [4n2 + 6n – 1]
d. Here, nth term of given series
tn = (nth term of 1, 2, 3, 4, ...)(nth term of 2, 3, 4, 5, ...)(nth term of 3, 4, 5, ...)
= [1 + (n – 1).1]  [2 + (n–1).1]  [3 + (n–1).1]
= n(n + 1) (n + 2) = n(n2 + 2n + n + 2) = n3 + 3n2 + 2n
Again, the sum of first n terms of the given series
Sn = tn
= (n3 + 3n2 + 2n) = n3 + 3n2 + 2n
2 2 2
= (n(n+1)
2 ) +
3n(n + 1) (2n + 1) 2n(n + 1) n (n + 1) n(n + 1) (2n + 1)
6 + 2 = 4 + 2 +n(n + 1)

= n(n + 1) [n (n4+ 1) +(2n2+ 1) + 1]

 2
= n(n + 1) [n + n + 4n4 + 2 + 4]
2
n + 5n + 6
= n(n + 1) [ 4 ]
2
n + 3n + 2n + 6
= n(n + 1) [ 4 ]
n(n + 3) + 2(n + 3)
= n(n + 1) [ 4 ]
n(n + 1) (n + 2) (n+ 3)
= 4
e. Here, 1 + (1 + 2) + (1 + 2 + 3) + ... to n terms
n(n + 1) 1 2
The nth term is tn = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... to n terms = 2 = 2 (n + n)
Again, the sum of first n terms of the given series
1 1 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) n(n + 1)
Sn = 2 (n2 + n) = 2 { 6 + 2 }
1 2n + 1 1
= 2 n(n + 1) [ 6 +2 ]
1 2n + 4
= 2 n(n + 1) [ 6 ]
n(n + 1)(n + 2)
= 6
2. Sum to n terms of the following series
a. (x + a) + (x2 + 2a) + (x3 + 3a) + … b. 5 + 55 + 555 + …
c. 0.3 + 0.33 + 0.333 + … d. 1 + 3 + 6 + 10 +…
e. 3 + 6 + 11 + 18 + …
Solution:
a. Here, (x + a) + (x2 + 2a) + (x3 + 3a) + ...
Let, Sn be the sum of first n terms
Then , Sn = (x + a) + (x2 + 2a) + (x3 + 3a) + ... to n term
= (x + x2 + x3 + ... + xn) + (a + 2a + 3a + ... + na)
x(xn – 1)
= x – 1 + a(1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n)
x(xn – 1) a.n(n + 1)
= x–1 + 2
b. Here, 5 + 55 + 555 + ...
Let, Sn be the sum of first n terms
Then, Sn = 5 + 55 + 555 + ...
5
= 5(1 + 11 + 111 + ... to n terms) = 9 (9 + 99 + 999 + ... to n terms)
5
= 9 [(10 – 1) + (100 – 1) + (1000 – 1) + ... to n terms]
5
= 9 [(10 + 100 + 1000 + ... to n terms) – (1 + 1 + 1 ... to n terms)]
5 10(10n – 1)
=9 [
10 – 1 – n ]
 5 10
[
= 9 9 (10n – 1) – n ]
c. Here, 0.3 + 0.33 + 0.333 + ..... to n terms
Let, Sn be the sum of first n terms
Then, Sn = 0.3 + 0.33 + 0.333 + ..... to n terms
3 33 333 1 11 111
(
= 10 + 100 + 1000 + ... to n) = 3 10 + 100 + 1000 + ... to n )
3 9 99 999
[
= 9 10 + 100 + 1000 + ... to n ]
1 (10 – 1) (100 – 1) (1000 – 1)
=3 [10 + 100 + 1000 + ... to n ]
= 3 (1 + 1 + 1 ... n) – (10 + 100 + 1000 + ... n)
1 1 1 1
 
 10 (1 – 10 )
1 1
1 
n

= 3 n– 1
1 – 10 
 
1

1
=3 n–9
th
(1 – 101 ) = n3 – 271 (1 – 101 )
n n

d. Let tn be the n term and Sn be the sum of the first n terms of 1 + 3 + 6 + 10 +

... .
Then, Sn = 1 + 3 + 6 + 10 + ... ... ... + tn–1 + tn
Also, Sn = 1 + 3 + 6 + ... ... ...+ tn–2 + tn–1 + tn
– – – – – – – –
Subtraction yields, 0 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ... ... ...+ (tn – tn–1) – tn
n(n + 1) 1 2
or, tn = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ... ... ... to n terms = 2 = 2 (n + n)
1
Hence, Sn = 2 (n2 + n)
1 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) n(n + 1)
=2 [ 6 + 2 ]
1 (2n + 1) 1 (2n + 1 + 3)
= 4 n(n + 1)[ 3 ]
+ 1 = 4 n(n + 1) 3
n(n + 1) (n + 2)
= 6
e. We have,
3 + 6 + 11 + 18 + ...
= (22 – 1) + (32 – 3) + (42 – 5) + (52 – 7) + ...
= (22 + 32 + 42 + 52 + ... to n terms) – (1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + ... to n terms)
= (n + 1)2 – (2n – 1)
= n2 + 2n + 1 – 2n + 1
 tn = n2 + 2
Let, Sn be the sum of first n terms
Now, Sn =  tn = n2 + 2
n(n + 1) (2n + 1)
Sn = 6 + 2n
 =n[(n + 1)6 +(2n2 + 1)]
2
2n + n + 2n + 1 + 12
=n[ 6 ]
n(2n2 + 3n + 13)
= 6
3. Find the general term and sum to n terms of the series 1× n + 2 × (n – 1) + 3 ×
(n – 2) + … .
Solution:
Here, rth term of 1, 2, 3, ... = r
and rth term of n, n – 1, n – 2, ...
= n – (r – 1) = n – r + 1
So, the rth term of the series is r(n – r + 1)
 tr = nr – r2 + r
Let, Sn be the sum of first n terms
n n n n
Then, Sn =  tr = n  r –  r2 +  r
r=1 r=1 r=1 r=1

n.n(n + 1) n(n + 1)(2n + 1) n(n + 1)

= 2 – 6 + 2
n(n + 1) 2n + 1
= (
2 . n– 3 +1 )
n(n + 1) 3n – 2n – 1 + 3
= 2 ( 3 )= n(n + 1)6 (n + 2)
.

1. a. If P(n) is the statement "n3 + n is divisible by 2", prove that P(1), P(2), P(3)
and P(4) are true.
b. If P(n) is the statement "n2 + n is even", Prove that P(1), P(2), P(3) and P(4) are
true.
c. If P(n) is the statement "n3  2n" show that P(1) is false and P(2), P(3) are
true.
n(n + 1)
d. Let P(n) denote the statement " 6 is a natural number". Show that
P(2) and P(3) are true but P(4) is not true.
Solution:
a. Here, P(n): (n3 + n) is divisible by 2...(i) b. Here, P(n) : 'n2 + n' is even
Putting n =1, 2, 3 and 4 in (i) we get, Put n = 1, 2, 3 and 4
P(1) = 13 + 1 = 2 P(1) = 12 + 1 = 2
P(2) = 23 + 2 = 10 P(2) = 22 + 2 = 6
P(3) = 33 + 3 = 30 P(3) = 32 + 3 = 12
P(4) = 43 + 4 = 68 P(4) = 42 + 4 = 20
From above, P(1), P(2), P(3) and From above, P(1), P(2), P(3) and
P(4) are divisible by 2. P(4) are even.
c. Here, P(n): n3  2n d. Here,
Put n = 1, P(1): 13  21 = 1  2 which
 is false. n(n + 1)
P(n) : 6 is natural number
Put n = 2 and 3
P(2): 23  22 = 8  4 Put n = 2, 3, 4
P(3):33  23 = 27  8 2(2 + 1) 23
Then, P(2): 6 = 6 = 1 true
Hence, from above P(1) is false and
P(2), P(3) are true. 3(3 + 1) 34
P(3): 6 = 6 = 2 true
4(4 + 1) 45 10
P(4): 6 = 6 = 3 is false.
Hence, from above, P(2) , P(3) are true
and P(4) is false.
2. Prove by the method of induction that
n(3n + 1)
a. 2 + 5 + 8 + … + (3n – 1) = 2
n(2n – 1) (2n + 1)
b. 12+32+52+…+(2n–1)2 = 3
c. 4 + 8 + 12 + … + 4n = 2n (n + 1)
n(3n – 1)
d. 1 + 4 + 7 + … to n terms = 2
n(n + 1) (n + 2)
e. 1.2 + 2.3 + 3.4 + … to n terms = 3
Solution:
a. Suppose P(n) denotes the given statement.
n(3n + 1)
Then; P(n): 2 + 5 + 8 + ... + (3n – 1) = 2
When n = 1 then LHS = P(2) = 2
1(31+1)
RHS = 2 =2
 LHS = RSH i.e. P(1) is true.
Suppose that P(n) is true for some n = kN
k(3k + 1)
Then P(k): 2 + 5 + 8 + ... + (3k – 1) = 2 ... (i)
Here, we shall prove that P(k + 1) is true whenever P(k) is true.
For this, adding 3(k + 1) – 1 = 3k + 2 on both sides of (i), we get
k(3k + 1) 3k2 + k + 6k + 4
P (k + 1): 2 + 5 + 8 + ... + (3k – 1) + (3k + 2) = 2 + 3k + 2 = 2
3k2 + 7k + 4 3k2 + 3k + 4k + 4
= 2 = 2
(3k + 4) (k + 1) (k + 1) [3(k + 1) + 1]
= 2 = 2
This shows that P(k+1) is true whenever P(k) is true. Hence by the principle of
mathematical inclusion, P(n) is true for all nN.
b. Suppose P(n) denotes the given statement.
n(2n – 1) (2n + 1)
Then, P(n): 12 + 32 + 52 + ... + (2n – 1)2 = 3
When, n = 1, then LHS = P(1) = 1
1(21 – 1) (21 + 1) 3
RHS = 3 =3=1
Hence, LHS = RHS. This shows that P(n) is true for n = 1.
 Suppose P(n) is true for n = kN.
k(2k – 1) (2k + 1)
Then, P(k) = 12 + 32 + 52 + ... + (2k – 1)2 = 3 ... ... (i)
Here, we shall prove that the statement P(k+1) is true whenever P(k) is true.
For this, adding [2(k + 1) – 1]2 = (2k+1)2 on both sides of (i), we get
k(2k – 1) (2k + 1)
P(k + 1): 12 + 32 + 52 + ... + (2k–1)2 + (2k+1)2 = 3 + (2k + 1)2
(2k + 1) (2k2 + 5k + 3) (2k + 1) (2k + 3) (k + 1)
= 3 = 3
(k + 1) (2k + 1) (2k + 3)
= 3
(k + 1) [2(k + 1) – 1] [2(k + 1) + 1]
= 3
This shows that P(k + 1) is true whenever P(k) is true. Hence by the principle
of mathematical induction, P(n) is true for all nN.
c. Suppose P(n) denotes the given statement
Then, P(n): 4 + 8 + 12 + ... + 4n = 2n(n + 1)
When n = 1 LHS = P(1) = 4 and RHS = P(1) = 21(1 + 1) = 4
This shows that P(n) is true for n = 1
Suppose P(n) is true for some integer n = kN, then
P(k): 4 + 8 + 12 + ... + 4k = 2k(k + 1) ... ... ... (i)
Here, we shall show that P(k+1) is true whenever P(k) is true.
For this adding 4(k + 1) on both sides of (i), we get,
P(k + 1): 4 + 8 + 12 + ... + 4k + 4k(k + 1) = 2k(k + 1) + 4(k + 1)
= 2(k + 1) [k + 2]
= 2(k + 1) [(k + 1) + 1]
This shows that P(k + 1) is true whenever P(k) is true. Hence by the principle
of mathematical induction, P(n) is true for all nN.
d. Here nth term of given series is tn = a + (n – 1)d = 1 + (n – 1)3 = 3n – 2
Suppose P(n) denotes the given statement.
n(3n – 1)
Then, P(n): 1 + 4 + 7 + ... + (3n – 2) = 2
When n=1, LHS : P(1) = 31–2 = 1
1(31 – 1)
RHS: P(1) = 2 =1
LHS = RHS. This shows that P(n) is true for n = 1
Suppose P(n) is true for some integer n = kN, then
k(3k – 1)
P(k): 1 + 4 + 7 + .... + (3k – 2) = 2 ... ... ... (i)
Here, we shall show that P(k + 1) is true whenever P(k) is true. For this adding
3(k + 1) – 2 = 3k + 1 on both sides of (i). we get
k(3k – 1)
P(k + 1): 1 + 4 + 7 + ... + (3k – 2) + (3k + 1) = 2 + (3k + 1)
3k2 – k + 6k + 2 3k2 + 5k + 2
= 2 = 2
2
3k + 3k + 2k + 2 (3k + 2) (k + 1)
= 2 = 2
(k + 1) [3(k + 1) – 1]
= 2
This shows that P(k+1) is true whenever P(k) is true. Hence, by the principle of
 mathematical induction, P(n) is true for all nN.
e. Here, Here nth term of given series is tn = n(n + 1)
Suppose P(n) denotes the given statement
n(n + 1) (n + 2)
Then, P(n): 1.2 + 2.3 + 3.4 + ... + n(n+1) = 3
When n = 1, then LHS = P(1) = 1(1 + 1) = 2
1(1 + 1) (1 + 2)
RHS = P(1) = 3 =2
 LHS = RHS, this shows that P(n) is true for n = 1.
Suppose P(n) is true for some integer n = kN. then,
k(k + 1) (k + 2)
Then, P(k) = 1.2 + 2.3 + 3.4 + ... + k(k + 1) = 3 ... ... ... (i)
Here, we shall show that P(k + 1) is true whenever P(k) is true for kN for this
purpose, adding, (k+1) (k+2) on both sides (i) we get
k(k+1) (k+2)
P(k + 1): 1.2 + 2.3 + 3.4 + ... + k(k+1) + (k + 1) (k + 2) = 3 + (k+1) (k+2)

k
= (k + 1) (k + 2) 3 + 1 [ ]
(k + 1) (k + 2) (k + 3)
= 3
This shows that P(k + 1) is true whenever P(k) is true. Hence, by the principle
of mathematical induction P(n) is true for all nN.
3. Prove by the method of induction that
1 1 1 n
a. 1.3 + 3.5 + … + (2n – 1) (2n + 1) = 2n + 1
1 1 1 1 1
b. 2 + 4 + 8 + … + 2n = 1 – 2n c. 2 + 22 + … + 2n = 2 (2n – 1)
3(3n – 1)
d. 3 + 32 + … + 3n = 2
1 1 1 1
e. 5 + 52 + 53 + … to n terms = 4 ( ) 1
1 – 5n

Solution:
a. Suppose P(n) denotes the given statement.
1 1 1 n
Then, P(n): 1.3 + 3.5 +... + (2n – 1) (2n + 1) = 2n + 1
1 1
When n = 1, then LHS = P(1) = =
(21 – 1) (21 + 1) 3
1
RHS = P(1) =  LHS = RHS
21+1
This show that P(n) is true for n=1
Suppose P(n) is true for some integer n = kN.
1 1 1 k
Then, P(k): 1.3 + 3.5 + ... + (2k – 1) (2k + 1) = 2k + 1 ... (i)
Here, we shall show that P(k + 1) is true whenever P(k) is true.
1 1
For this adding = on both sides of (i), we get
[2(k + 1) – 1] [2(k + 1) + 1] (2k + 1) (2k + 3)
1 1 1 1 k 1
P(k + 1): + + ... + + = +
1.3 3.5 (2k – 1)(2k + 1) (2k + 1) (2k + 3) 2k + 1 (2k + 1) (2k + 3)
 k(2k + 3) + 1
=
(2k + 1) (2k + 3)
2
2k + 3k + 1
=
(2k + 1) (2k + 3)
2
2k + 2k + k + 1
=
(2k + 1) (2k + 3)
(2k + 1) (k + 1) k+1
= =
(2k + 1) [2(k + 1)+1] 2(k + 1) + 1
This shows that P(k + 1) is true whenever P(k) is true. Hence by the principle
of mathematical induction, P(n) is true for all nN.
b. Suppose P(n) denotes the given statement.
1 1 1 1 1
Then, P(n): 2 + 4 + 8 + ... + 2n = 1 – 2n
1 1
When n = 1, then LHS = P(1) = 2' = 2
1 1
RHS = 1 – 2' = 2  LHS = RHS
This shows that P(n) is true for n = 1
Suppose P(n) is true for some integer n = kN.
1 1 1 1 1
Then, P(k): 2 + 4 + 8 + ... + 2k = 1 – 2k ... ... ... (i)
Here, we shall show that P(k + 1) is true whenever P(k) is true. For this adding
1
2(k+1) on both side of (i), we get
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
P(k + 1): 2 + 4 + 8 + ... + 2k + 2k+1 = 1 – 2k + 2k+1
1 1
( )
= 1 – 2k 1 – 2
1 1
= 1 – 2k : 2
1
= 1 – 2k+1
This show that P(k+1) is true whenever P(k) is true. Hence by the principle of
mathematical induction P(n) is true for all nN.
c. Suppose P(n) denotes the given statement.
Then P(n): 2 + 22 + 23 + ... + 2n = 2(2n – 1)
When, n = 1, then LHS = P(1) = 2 and RHS = 2 (21 – 1) = 2
 LHS = RHS. This shows that P(n) is true for n = 1. So suppose P(n) is true
for some integer n = kN.
Then, P(k): 2 + 22 + 23 + ... + 2k = 2(2k – 1) ... ... ... (i)
Here, we shall prove that P(k + 1) is true whenever P(k) is true.
For this, adding 2k+1 on both sides of (i), we get
P(k + 1): 2 + 22 + 23 + ... + 2k + 2k+1 = 2(2k–1) + 2k+1
= 2k.2 – 2 + 2k.2
= 2.2k+1 – 2
= 2(2k+1 – 1)
This shows that P(k + 1) is true whenever P(k) is true for all kN. Hence by the
principle of mathematical induction P(n) is true for all nN.
d. Suppose P(n) denotes the given statement.
3(3n – 1)
Then P(n): 3 + 32 + ... 3n = 2
 3(31 – 1)
When, n = 1, LHS = 3 and RHS = 2 =3
 LHS = RHS. This shows that P(n) is true for n = 1.
Suppose P(n) is true for some integer n = kN.
3(3k – 1)
Then, P(k): 3 + 32 + ... + 3k = 2 ... ... ... (i)
Here, we shall prove that P(k+1) is also true whenever P(k) is true.
For this adding 3k+1 on both side of (i)
3(3k – 1)
P(k + 1): 3+32 + ... 3k + 3k+1 = 2 + 3k+1
3.3 – 3 + 2.3k.3
k
= 2
3.3k+1 – 3
= 2
3(3k+1 – 1)
= 2
This shows that P(k + 1) is true whenever P(k) is true for all kN. Hence by the
principle of mathematical induction P(n) is true for all nN.
1 1 n–1 1
e. We have m term of given series tn = arn–1 = 5 5 () = 5n
Suppose P(n) denotes the given statement.
1 1 1 1 1 1
(
Then, P(n): 5 + 52 + 53 + ... + 5n = 4 1 – 5n )
1 1
When, n = 1, LHS = 5 RHS = 4 (1 – 5'1 ) = 41 . 45 = 15
 LHS = RHS this show that P(n) is true for n = 1.
Suppose P(n) is true for some integer n = kN.
1 1 1 1 1 1
( )
Then, P(k): 5 + 52 + 53 + ... + 5k = 4 1 – 5k ... ... (i)
Here, we shall prove that P(k+1) is true whenever P(k) is true. For this adding
1
5k+1 on both sides of (i)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
( )
P(k + 1): 5 + 52 + 53 + ... + 5k + 5k+1 = 4 1 – 5k + 5k+1
1 1 1
= 4 – 4.5k + 5.5k
1 1 1
= 4 + 5.5k – 4.5k
1 4–5
= 4 + 4.5.5k
1 –1
= 4 + 4.5k+1
1 1
[
= 4 1 – 5k+1 ]
This shows that P(k+1) is also true whenever P(k) is true for all kN. Hence by
the principle of mathematical induction P(n) is true for all nN.
4. Prove by the method of induction that
a. 4n – 1 is divisible by 3. b. 32n – 1 is divisible by 8.
c. 102n–1 + 1 is divisible by 11. d. xn – yn is divisible by x – y.
e. n(n + 1) (n + 2) is a multiple of 6.
Solution:
a. Here, suppose P(n) denotes the given statement.
Then P(n): 4n – 1 is divisible by 3
When n = 1, P(1) = 41 – 1 = 3 which is divisible by 3. So P(1) is true
Let P(k) be true for kN. That is
P(k) : 4k – 1 is divisible by 3 ... ... ... (i)
Now we shall show that P(k+1) is true when P(k) is true.
P(k+1): 4k+1 – 1 = 4k. 4 – 1 = 4k . 4 – 4 + 3 = (4k – 1) + 3 is divisible by 3. Since,
first term is divisible by 3 from (i) and second term is divisible by 3 which is
obvious.
Therefore P(k+1) is true whenever P(k) is true. Hence by induction method, P(n)
is true for all nN.= 1k . 4 – 4 + 3 = 4(4k – 1) + 3
b. Here, Suppose P(n) be the given statement.
Then, P(n): 32n – 1 is divisible by 8.
When, n = 1, P(1): 32 – 1 = 8 which is divisible by 8.
So, the statement P(n) is true for n = 1
Let P(k) be true for kN, that is
P(k): 32k – 1 is divisible by 8 ... ... ... (i)
Now, we shall show that P(k+1) is true when P(k) is true
i.e. P(k+1): 32(k+1) – 1
= 32k+2 – 1 = 32k . 32 – 1
= 9.32k – 1 = 9.32k – 9+8 = 9(32k – 1) + 8 which is divisible by 8.
Since, first term is divisible by 8 from (i) and second term is divisible by 8 which
is obvious.
Thus, P(k + 1) is true whenever P(k) is true. Hence by induction method, P(n)
is true for all nN.
c. Here, Let P(n) be given statement.
Then P(n): 102n–1 + 1 is divisible by 11
When n = 1, P(1): 102–1 + 1 = 11 which is divisible by 11. So P(1) is true.
Let, P(k) be true for kN. That is
P(k): 102k–1 + 1 ... ... ... (i)
We shall show that P(k+1) is true when P(k) is true
i.e. P(k+1): 102(k+1) – 1 + 1
= 102k+1 + 1
= 100 . 102k – 1 + 100 – 99
= 100 (102k + 1) – 99 which is divisible by 11.
Since, first term is divisible by 11 from (i) and second term is divisible by 11
which is obvious.
d. Here, let P(n) be given statement.
i.e. P(n): xn – yn is divisible by x–y
When n = 1 P(1): x – y is divisible by x – y. So P(1) is true.
Let P(k) be true for kN.
i.e. P(k) : xk – yk is divisible by x–y ... ... ... (i)
Now, we shall show that P(k+1) is true when P(k) is true
i.e. P(k+1): xk+1 – yk+1
 = xk . x – yk . y
= xk . x – yk . x + yk . x – yk . y
= x(xk – yk ) + yk ( x – y) is divisible by (x – y)
Since, first term is divisible by (x – y) from (i) and second term is divisible by
(x – y) which is obvious.
Therefore, P(k+1) is true whenever P(k) is true. Hence by induction method,
P(n) is true for all nN.
e. Here, Let P(n) be given statement.
Then P(n): n(n+1) (n+2) is multiple of 6.
When n=1, P(1): 1(1+1) (1+2) = 6 is multiple of 6. So P(1) is true
Let, P(k) is true for kN.
i.e. P(k): k(k+1) (k+2) is multiple of 6 ... ... ... (i)
Now, we shall show that P(k+1) is true when P(k) is true
i.e. P(k+1) : (k+1) (k+2) (k+3)
= k(k + 1) (k + 2) + 3[k(k + 1) + 2(k + 1)]
= k(k + 1) (k + 2) + 3k(k + 1) + 6(k + 1) is multiple of 6.
Since, first term is multiple of 6 from (i), 3k(k + 1) is multiple of 6 whereas k(k +
1) is an even number and 6(k + 1) is also multiple of 6 which is obvious.
Therefore, P(k+1) is true whenever P(k) is true. Hence by induction method,
P(n) is true for all nN.
5. Using mathematical induction prove that for any positive interger n,
(n + 3)2 > 2n + 7.
Solution:
Given statement is (n + 3)2 > 2n + 7
For n = 1,
(1 + 3)2 > 2 1 + 7
i.e., 16 > 9 which is true
So, the given statement is true for n = 1
Now, suppose the given statement is true for n = k, where k  .
i.e., (k + 3)2 > 2k + 7 … (1)
For n = k + 1
[(k + 1) + 3]2 = [(k + 3) + 1]2
= (k + 3)2 + 2(k + 3)  1 + 12
> 2k + 7 + 2k + 6 + 1 [using (i)]
> 2k + 9
= 2k + 2 + 7
= 2 (k + 1) + 7
i.e. [(k + 1) + 3]2 > 2 (k + 1) + 7
This shows that given statement is true for n = k + 1, whenever it is true for
n = k . So, from the principle of mathematical induction, given statement
is true for all n  .


MATRIX BASED SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS

1. By drawing graph or otherwise, classify each of the following system of the

equations.
a. 4x – 3y = –6 b. 2x – y = 3,
–4x +2y = 16 –4x + 2y = 6
c. –6x + 4y =10 d. 7x +2y =15,
3x – 2y = –5 x +y = 5
Solution:
a. Here,
Given equations are 4x – 3y = –6 ... (i) and –4x + 2y = 16 ... (ii)
Adding equation (i) and (ii), we get
4x – 3y = –6
–4x + 2y = 16
–y = 10
 y = –10
Putting in equation (i),
4x – 3x – 10 = –6
or, 4x = –6 – 30
 x = –9
Hence, (–9, –10) is the solution of the system. This kind of system where we
get only one solution is known as consistent and independent.
b. Here,
Given equation of system are,
2x – y = 3 ... ... ... (i)
–4x + 2y = 6 ... ... ... (ii)
Multiplying by 2 in equation (i) and adding with (ii), we get
4x – 2y = 6
–4x + 2y = 6
0 = 12
This is impossible result. In other word, the system has no solution. This is an
inconsistent and independent.
c. Here,
Given, –6x + 4y = 10 ... ... ... (i)
3x – 2y = –5 ... ... ... (ii)
Multiplying by 2 in equation (ii)and adding with (i), we get
6x + 4y = 10
6x – 4y = –10
0=0
So, we do not get particular value of x and y. However, the result 0 = 0 is true.
In this situation, whatever be the solution of one equation satisfies the other
equation as well. This kind of system, where we get infinitely many solution is
known as consistent and dependent.
d. Here,
Given, 7x + 2y = 15 ... ... ... (i)
 x + y = 5 .. ... ... (ii)
Multiplying with 7 in equation (ii) and subtracting (i) from (ii),
7x + 2y = 15
(–) (–) (–)
5y = 20
 y=4
Putting y = 4 in equation (ii), we get
x+4=5
 x=1
Hence, (1, 4) is the solution of the system. This kind of system of solution
where only one solution we get is known consistent and independent.
2. Solve the equations, by both Cramer's rule and inverse matrix method.
a. x + y = 4 b. 2x – y = 5
3x – 2y = 17 x – 2y = 1
c. 3x + 4y = –2 2
d. 3 x + y = 16
15x + 20y = 24
y
x + 4 = 14

4 f. 3x = 4y– 11
e. 3x + y = 10
5y = –2x + 31
3
–2x + y = –1

Solution:
a. x + y = 4
3x – 2y = 17
Coeff. of x Coeff. of y Constant
1 1 4
3 –2 17
Now,

D=  D1 =   = –8 – 17 = –25
1 1 4 1
 3 –2  = –2 – 3 = –5  17 –2 

D2 =  
1 4
 3 17  = 17 – 12 = 5
D1 –25 D2 5
The solution is x = D = –5 = 5 y = D = –5 = –1
b. Let,
Coeff. of x Coeff. of y Constant
2 –1 5
1 –2 1
Now,
2 –1 5 –1
D=  D1 =   = –10 + 1 = –9
 1 –2  = –4 + 1 = –3 1 –2 
D2 =  
2 5
 1 1  = 2 – 5 = –3
D1 –9 D2 –3
The solution is, x = D = –3 = 3 y = D = –3 = 1
c. Let,
Coeff. of x Coeff. of y Constant
3 4 –2
15 20 24
Now,

D= 
3 4
 15 20  = 60 – 60 = 0
 D = 0, so the unique solution does not exist.
d. Let,
Coeff. of x Coeff. of y Constant
2
3 1 16
1
1 4 14

 32 1  1  16 1 
Now, D =   = – 1 = –5 D 1 =  1  = 4 – 14 = –10
1 1 6 6
 14 4

 4
 16  28
2
–20
D2 =  3  = 3 – 16 = 3
 1 14 
20
–3
D1 –10 D2
The solution is x = D = 5 = 12, y = D = 5 = 8
–6 –6
e. Let,
Coeff. of x Coeff. of y Constant
3 4 10
–2 3 –1

D=  = 9 + 8 = 17 D1 =  
3 4 10 4
 –2 3   –1 3  = 30 + 4 = 34
D2 =  
3 10
 –2 –1  = –3 + 20 = 17
D1 34
The solution is x = D = 17 = 2
1 D2 1
y= D =1=1
1
or, y = 1  y = 1
f. Let,
Coeff. of x Coeff. of y Constant
3 –4 –11
2 5 31
3 –4 –11 –4
D=  D1 =  
 2 5  = 15 + 8 = 23  31 5  = –55 + 124 = 69
3 –11
D2 =  
 2 31  = 93 + 22 = 115
 D1 69 D2 115
The solution is x = D = 23 = 3 y = D = 23 = 5

3. Solve the following system of simultaneous linear equations by matrix

inversion method.
a. x – y + z = 4 b. 2x–3y– z = 4
x+y+z=2 x – 2y –z = 1
2x + y – 3z = 0 x – y + 2z = 9
c. 3x + 5y = 2 d. x – 3y –7z = 6
2x –3z = –7 2x + 3y + z = 9
4y + 2z = 2 4x + y = 7
e. x + 2y + z = 7
2x – y + z = 3
3x + y +2z = 8
Solution:
a. The matrix equation of given system is Ax = B
1 –1 1
  x
   
4
Where A =
1 1 1 ,x=y,B=2
     
2 1 –3  z 0
Now,
1 –1
 1

1 1 1  = 1 1 1
 –1 1 1
 +1 1 1

  1 –3   2 –3   2 1
2 1 –3 
= 1(–3 –1) + 1(–3 – 2) + 1(1 – 2) = –4 – 5 – 1 = –10
 |A|  0, so A–1 exist

A11 A12 A13

Let cofactor of A =
 A21 A22 A23 
 
 A31 A32 A33 

A11 =   A12 = –  
1 1 1 1
 1 –3  = –3 – 1 = –4  2 –3  = –(–3 – 2) = 5
–1 1
A13 =   A21 = –  
1 1
 2 1  = 1 – 2 = –1  1 –3  = –(3 – 1) = –2
1 –1
A22 =   A23 =  
1 1
 2 –3  = –3 – 2 = –5  2 1  = –(1 + 2) = –3
–1 1
A31 =   A32 = –  
1 1
 1 1  = (–1 – 1) = –2  1 1  = –(1 – 1) = 0
1 –1
A33 =  
 1 1 =1+1=2
 –4 5 –1 

Co. factor of A = –2 –5 –3

 
 –2 0 2 
  –4 5 –1
  –4 –2 –2


Adj. of A = –2 –5 –3  =  5 –5 0 
   
 –2 0 2   –1
–3 2 
The solution given by,

1 
 –4 –2 –2   4  1  –20   2
–1
x = A B = –10 5 –5 0
2=  10  =  –1 
    –10    
 –1 –3 2   0   –10   1
 x = 2, y = –1, z = 1
b. The matrix equation of system is AX = B
2 –3 –1
  x
 
4
 
Where A =
 1 –2 –1  , x =  y  , B =  1 
     
 1 –1 2  z 9
Now,
–3 –1
 2

 1 –2 –1  – 2 
–2 –1
 + 3 1 –1
 –1  1 –2

|A| =
   –1 2  1 2  1 –1 
1 –1 2 
= 2(–4 –1) +3 (2 + 1) –1 (–1 + 2) = 2x – 5 + 3  3 – 11 = –2
 |A|  0, A–1 exist
 A11 A12 A13

Cofactor of A =
 A21 A22 A23 
 
 A31 A32 A33 
–2 –1 –1
A11 =   A12 = –   = –(2 + 1) = –3
1
 –1 2  = –4 – 1 = –5  1 2
1 –2 –3 –1
A13 =   A21 =  
 1 –1  = –1 + 2 = 1  –1 2  = –(–6 – 1) = 7
–1 2 2 –3
A22 =   A23 = – 
 2 –1  = (4  1) = 5  1 –1  = –(–2 + 3) = –1
–3 –1 2 –1
A31 =   A32 = –  
 –2 –1  = (3 – 2) = 1  1 –1  = –(–2 + 1) = 1
2 –3
A33 =  
 1 –2  = –4 + 3 = –1
 –5 –3 1 

Now, Co factor of A = 7 5 –1

 
 1 1 –1 
 –5 –3 1   –5 7 1
  
Adj of A = 7 5 –1 T = –3 5
1
   
 1 1 –1   1 –1 –1 
The solution given by,

1 
 –5 7 1   4  1  –4   2 
–1
x = A B = –2 –3 5 1
  1  =  2  =  –1 
    –2    
 1 –1 –1  9  –6   3 
  x = 2, y = –1, z = 3
c. The matrix equation of given system is Ax = B

3 5 0 x
  
2
 
where A =
2 0 –3  , x =  y  , B =  –7 
     
0 4 2  z 2 
Now,
3 5 0


|A| = 2 0 –3  = 3
0 –3
 –5 2 –3
 + 0 2 0

  4 2  0 2  0 4
0 4 2 
= 3(12) – 5(4  0) + 0 = 16
 |A|  0, A–1 exist

A11 A12 A13

Let cofactor of A =
 A21 A22 A23 
 
 A31 A32 A33 
0 –3 2 –3
A11 =   = 12 A12 = –   = –(4 – 0) = –4
4 2  0 2 
A13 =  =8 A21 =   = –(10) = –10
2 0 5 0
0 4 4 2

A22 =  =6 A23 =   = –12

3 0 3 5
0 2 0 4

A31 =   = –15 A32 =   = –(9) = 9

5 0 3 0
0 –3  2 –3 
A33 =   = 0 – 10 = –10
3 5
2 0
 12 –4 8 

 Cofactor of A = –10 6 –12

 
 –15 9 10 
 12 –4 8  T  12 –10 –15


Adj of A = –10 6 –12
 =  –4 6 9 
   
 –15 9 10   8 –12 10 
The solution given by,

1 
 12 –10 –15   2  1  64   4 
–1
X = A B = 10 –4 6 9   –7  =  –32  =  –2 
    16    
 8 –12 10   2   120   5 
 x = 4, y = –2, z = 5
d. The matrix equation of given system is AX = B
1 –3 –7
 x
   6
 
where A =
2 3 1 ,x=y,B=9
     
4 1 0  z 7
Now,
 –3 –7
1 

|A| = 2 3 1  = 1 3 1
 + 3 2 1
 –7 2 3

  1 0 4 0 4 1
4 1 0 
= –1 + 3–4 –7(2 – 12) = 57
 |A|  0, A–1 exist

A11 A12 A13

Let cofactor of A =
 A21 A22 A23 
 
 A31 A32 A33 

A11 =   A12 = –  =4

3 1 2 1
 1 0  = –1 4 0
–3 –7
A13 =   A21 =  
2 3
 4 1  = 2 – 12 = –10  1 0  = –(7) = –7
1 –7 1 –3
A22 =   A23 =  
 4 0 = 28  4 1 = –(1 + 12) – 13
–3 –7 1 –7
A31 =   A32 = –  
 3 1 = –3 + 21 = 18  2 1 = –(1 + 14) = –15
1 –3
A33 =  
 2 3 = 3 + 6 = 9
 –1 4 –10 

 Cofactor of A = –7 28 –13

 
 18 –15 9 
 –1 4 –10  T  –1 –7 18


Adj of A = –7 28 –13
 = 4 28 –15 
   
 18 –15 9   –10 –13 9 
Now, the solution is given by,
x = A–1 B

1 
 –1 –7 18   6 
= 57 4 28 –15   9 
  
 –10 –13 9   7 
1 
 57   1 
= 57 171 = 3
  
   
 –114   –2 
 x = 1, y = 3, z = –2
e. The matrix equation of system is AX = B.
1 2 1
 x
 
7
 
where, A =
2 –1 1  , x =  y  , B =  3 
     
3 1 2 z 8
Now,
1 2 1


|A| = 2 –1 1  = 1
–1 1
–2 2 1
+ 1 2 –1

   1 2 3 2 3 1 
3 1 2
= (–2 – 1) –2(4 – 3) +1(2 + 3) = –3 – 2 + 5 = 0
 |A| = 0, A–1 does not exist.
4. Solve the following system of equations by using Cramer's rule
a. 2x – 3y – z = 4 b. x + y + z = –1
x – 2y – z = 1 3x + y + z = 1
x – y + 2z = 9 4x – 2y + 2z = 0
c. 6y +6z = –1 d. x + 4y + z = 18
8x + 6z = –1 3x + 3y – 2z = 2
4x + 9y = 8 – 4y + z = –7
Solution:
a. Coeff. of x Coeff. of y Coeff. of z Constant
2 –3 –1 4
1 –2 –1 1
1 –1 2 9
2 –3 –1
 

D= 1 –2 –1  = 2 –2 –1
+ 3 1 –1
–1 1 –2

   –1 2  1 2   1 –1 
1 –1 2 
= 2(–4 – 1) +3(2 +1) –1(–1 + 2) = 2x – 5 + 33 –1  1 = –2
 4 –3 –1 

D1 = 1 –2 –1 = 4
 –2 –1
+ 3 1 –1 –1 1 –2 
   –1 2   9 2   9 –1 
 9 –1 2 
= 4(–4 – 1) + 3(2 + 9) –1(–1 + 18) = –4
 2 4 –1 

D2 = 1 1 –1 = 2 
 1 –1
–4 1 –1 –1 1 1 
  9 2   1 2   1 9
1 9 2 
= 2(2 + 9) –4(2 + 1) –1(9 – 1) = 2
 2 –3 4 

D3 = 1 –2 1 = 2
 –2 1
+ 3 1 1 +4 1 –2 
   –1 9   1 9   1 –1 
 1 –1 9 
= 2(–18+1) + 3(9 – 1) + 4(–1 + 2) = –34 + 24 + 4 =– 6
D1 –4 D1 2 D3 –6
The solution is x = D = –2 = 2 y = D = –2 = –1 z = D = –2 = 3
b. Let,
Coeff. of x Coeff. of y Coeff. of z Constant
1 1 1 –1
3 1 1 1
4 –2 2 0
 1 1 1

D= 3
 1 1  = 1
1 1
–1 3 1 + 1 3 1 
   –2 2   4 2   4 –2 
 4 –2 2 
= (2 + 2) –1 (6 – 4) + (–6 – 4) = –8
 –1 1 1 
 1 1 1  = –1 1 1 –1 1 1 + 1 1 1 
D1 =
   –2 2   0 2   0 –2 
 0 –2 2 
= –1(2 + 2) –1(2 – 0) + 1(–2 – 0) = –4 – 2 – 2 = –8
 –1
 1 1

 3 1 1 =11 1
+ 1 3 1
+ 1 3 1

 0 2 4 2 4 0
D2 =

 4 0 2 
= 2 + (6 – 4) + (–4) = 2 + 2 – 4 = 0
 1 1 –1 
D3 = 3
 1 1  = 1
1 1
–1 3 1 –1 3 1 
   –2 0   4 0   4 –2 
 4 –2 0 
= (0 + 2) –1(–4) –1(–6 – 4) = 2 + 4 + 10 = 16
D1 –8 D2 0 D3 16
The solution is x = x = D = –8 = 1 y = D = –8 = 0 z = D = –8 = –2
c. Let,
Coeff. of x Coeff. of y Coeff. of z Constant
0 6 6 –1
8 0 6 –1
4 9 0 8
 0 6 6


D = 8 0 6 = –6 
 8 6
 8 0
   4 0 + 6 4 9 = –6(–24) + 672 = 144 + 432 = 576
4 9 0
 –1 6 6 

D1 = –1 0 6 = –1 
 0 6
  –1 6   –1 0 
   9 0 –6 8 0 + 6 8 9 
 8 9 0
= –1(–54) –6(–48) + 6(–9) = 288
 0 –1 6 

D2 = 8 –1 6 = + 1
 8 6
+ 6 8 –1 = –24 + 6(64 + 4) = 384
  4 0 4 8 
4 8 0
 0 6 –1 

D3 = 8 0 –1 = –6
 8 –1
–1 8 0 = –6(64 + 4) –1(72 – 0) = –480
  4 8  4 9
4 9 8 
D1 288 1 D2 288 2 D3 –480 –5
The solution is x = D = 576 = 2 y = D = 576 = 3 z = D = 570 = 6
d. Let,
Coeff. of x Coeff. of y Coeff. of z Constant
1 4 1 18
3 3 –2 2
0 –4 1 –7
 1 4 1

 3 3 –2  = 1 3 –2 –4  3 –2 + 1 3 3 
  –4 1   0 1   0 –4 
Now, D =

 0 –4 1 
= (3 – 8) –4(3) + (–12) = –29
 18 4 1

 2 3 –2  = 18
3 –2
–4 32 –2 + 1 2 3 
D1 =
   –4 1   –7 1   –7 –4 
 –7 –4 1 
= 18(3 –8) –4(2 – 14) + 1(–8 + 21) = –29
  1 18 1

 3 2 –2  = 1 2 –2
–18 3 –2
+ 1 3 2

  –7  0  0 –7 
D2 =
 1 1
 0 –7 1 
= (2 – 14) –18(3) + 1(–21) = –87
 1 4 –18 

D3 = 3 3 2  = 1
3 2
–4 3 2 + 28 3 3 
   –4 –7   0 –7   0 –4 
 0 –4 –7 
= (–21 + 8) – 4(–21) + 18(–12) = –145
D1 –29 D2 –87 D3 –145
The solution is x = D = –29 = 1 y = D = –29 = 3 z = D = –29 = 5

5. Rinav sells 7 shares of A and buys 9 shares of B, thus increasing his cash by Rs.
70, Arnav sells 9 shares of A and buys 14 shares f B, thus increasing his cash by
Rs 80.
a. Formulate the simultaneous linear system.
b. Using Cramer's rule, find the price per share of A and B.
Solution:
Let Rs. x and Rs. y be the price per share of A and B respectively. Then, by
question,
7x – 9y = 70
9x – 14y = –80
Coefficient of x Coefficient of y Constants
7 –9 70
9 –14 –80
7 –9
| |
Now, D = 9 –14 = – 98 + 81 = – 17

70 –9
|
D1 = –80 |
–14 = – 980 – 720 = – 1700
7 70
D = |9
2 |
–80 = – 560 – 630 = – 1190
D1 –1700 D2 –1190
x = D = –17 = 100, y = D = –17 = 70
Hence, the price per share of A and B are Rs. 100 and Rs. 70 respectively.
6. A transport company has three types of trucks A, B and C which are
designated to carry three different sizes of boxes, P, Q and R per load as shown
below:
Types of trucks
Boxes A B C
P 2 5 2
Q 3 2 5
R 1 9 0
Each type of boxes should be used to carry exactly 18 boxes of size P, 18 boxes
of size Q and 21 boxes of size R
a. Formulate the simultaneous linear system.
b. Using determinant method, solve the linear system and find the number of
truck.
Solution:
We have,
Trucks of types
Boxes A B C Total
P 2 5 2 18
Q 3 2 5 18
R 1 9 0 21
Let x, y and z be the total number of trucks of types A, B and C used
respectively. Then by question,
2x + 5y + 2z = 18
3x + 2y + 5z = 18
x + 9y + 0z = 21
Coefficient of x Coefficient of y Coefficient of z Constants
2 5 2 18
3 2 5 18
1 9 0 21

2 5 2  2 5 3 5 3 2
|
Now, D = 3 2 5 = 2 9 0 – 5 1 0 + 2 1 9
1 9 0  | | | | |
= 2 (0 – 45) – 5 (0 – 5) + 2 (27 – 2) = – 90 + 25 + 50 = – 15
18 5 2  2 5 18 5 18 2
| | |
D1 = 18 2 5 = 18 9 0 – 5 21 0 + 2 21 9
21 9 0  | | |
= 18 (0 – 45) – 5 (0 – 105) + 2 (162 – 42) = –810 + 525 + 240 = – 45
2 18 2  18 2 2 2
|
D2 = 3 18 5 = 1 18 5 – 21 3 5
1 21 0  | | |
= 1 (90 – 36) – 21 (10 – 6) = 54 – 84 = –30
2 5 18  2 18 3 18 3 2
| | |
D3 = 3 2 18 = 2 9 21 – 5 1 21 + 18 1 9
1 9 21  | | |
= 2 (42 – 162) – 5 (63– 18) + 18 (27 – 2) = – 240 – 225 + 450 = – 15
 Using Cramer's rule, we get
D1 –45 D2 –30 D3 –15
x = D = –15 = 3, y = D = –15 = 2, z = D = –15 = 1
Hence, required number of trucks A, B and C used are 3, 2 and 1 respectively.
7. The price of commodities X, Y , and Z are respectively x, y and z rupees per
unit Mr. A purchases 4 units of Z and ells 3 units of X and 5 units of Y. Mr. B
purchases 3 units of Y and sells 2 units of X and 1 unit of Z. Mr. C purchases 1
unit of X and sells 4 units of Y and 6 units of Z. In the process, A, B and C earn
zero profit. Rs. 5000 and Rs. 13000 profits respectively.
a. Formulate the simultaneous linear system.
b. Using determinant method, find the prices per unit of the three commodities.
Solution:
Here the prices of commodities X, Y and Z are Rs. x, Rs. y and Rs. z per unit
respectively. Then, by question,
3x + 5y – 4z = 0
2x – 3y + z = 5000
–x + 4y + 6z = 13000
 Coefficient of x Coefficient of y Coefficient of z Constants
3 5 –4 0
2 –3 1 5000
–1 4 6 13000
–4
 3 –3 5
 –3 1 – 5 2 1 – 4 2 –3
Now, D =  2
–1 4 6  |
1 = 3
4 6| | –1 6 | | –1 4 |
= 3 (–18 – 4) – 5 (12 + 1) – 4(8 – 3) = –66 – 65 – 20 = – 151
–4
 0 5
 5000 1 5000 –3
D1 =  5000
13000 4 6 
–3 1 = – 5 | | |
13000 6 – 4 13000 4 |
= – 5 (30000– 13000) – 4 (20000 + 39000) = –85000 – 236000 = – 321000
–4
 3 5000 0
 5000 1 2 5000
D2 =  2
–1 13000 6 
1 = 3| 13000 6 | |
– 4 –1 13000 |
= 3 (30000 – 13000) – 4 (26000 + 5000) = 51000 – 214000 = – 73000
 3 –3 5 0
 –3 5000 – 5 2 5000
D3 =  2
–1 4 13000 
5000 = 3 | 4 13000 | | –1 13000 |
= 3 (–39000– 20000) – 5( 26000 + 5000) = –1747000 – 155000= – 332000
Using Cranner's rule, we get
D1 –321000 D2 –73000
x = D = –151 = 2125.83, y = D = –151 = 483.44,
D3 –332000
z = D = –151 = 2198.68
Hence, required the prices of commodities X, Y and Z are Rs. 2125.83m Rs,
483.44 and Rs. 2198.68 respectively.

1. Solve the following systems by using row – equivalent matrix method

a. x +y =5 b. 2x +12y =16
2x +3y = 12 3x +10y = 8
c. x – 3y = –1 d. 8x–3y = –31
4x –y = 7 2x +6y = 26
e. 5x –3y = –2 f. 2/x + 3/y = 2
4x +2y = 5 4/x –5/y = 7
Solution:
a. Here, b. Here, Augmented matrix is
x+y=5
2 12 : 16

2x + 3y = 12  3 10 : 8 
The augmented matrix is
  Applying R1  R2
3 10 :
8
 1 1 : 5
  2 12 : 16 
2 3 : 12  Applying R1  R1 – R2
Multiplying by 2 in R1 and subtracting 1 –2 : –8
 
from R2.
 2 12 : 16 
  
1 1 : 5
Applying R2  R2 – 2R1
0 1 : 2
 Applying R2  R1 – R2 1 –2 : –8
 
0 16 : 32 
 
1 0 : 3
0 1 : 2 –2 : –8
   Applying R2
1 1
 16
Hence the solution is x = 3 and y = 2 0 1 : 2 
R2
1 0 : –4
   Applying R1R1+
0 1 : 2 
2R2
Hence, the required solution is x = –4
and y = 2
c. Here, Augmented matrix is d. Here, The augmented matrix is
1 –3 : –1 8 –3 : –31
   
4 –1 : 7  2 6 : 26 
Applying R2  R2 – 4R1
  
2 6 : 26
Applying R1 
1 –3 : –1  8 –3 : –31 
 
 0 11 : 11  R2
1
Applying R2  11 R2  1 3 : 13
 Applying R1  1
8 –3 : –31  2
1 –3 : –1
  R1
0 1 : 1  Applying R2  R2 – 8R1
Applying R1  R1 + 3R2
 
1 3 : 13
1 0 : 2
  0 –27 : –13 
0 1 : 1 1
Applying R2  –27 R2
Hence, the required solution is
 
x = 2 and y = 1 1 3 : 13
0 1 : 5 
Applying R1R1 – 3R2
1 0 : –2
 
0 1 : 5 
Hence, the required solution is x = –2
and y = 5
e. Here, f. Here, The augmented matrix is
The augmented matrix is
 2 3 : 2

5 –3 : –2
 4 –5 : 7 
4 2 : 5  1
Applying R1  2 R1
1
Applying R1  5 R1
 
1 3/2 : 1


1 –3/5 : –2/5
  4 –5 : 7 
4 2 : 5  Applying R2  R2 – 4R1
Applying R2  R2 – 4R1
 
1 3/2 : 1
1 –3/5 : –2/5
  0 –11 : 3 
0 22/5 : 33/5  1
Applying R2  – 11 R2
5
Applying R2  22 R2
 
1 3/2 : 1


1 –3/5 : –2/5
  0 1 : –3/11 
 0 1 : 3/2 
 3 3
Applying R1  R1 + 5 R2 Applying R1  R1 – 2 R1

   
1 0 : 1/2 1 0 : 31/22
0 1 : 3/2  0 1 : –3/11 
Hence the required solution is Hence, the required solution is
1 3 1 31 22
x = 2 and y = 2 x = 22  x = 31
1 –3 –11
and y = 11  y = 3

2. Use the row– equivalent matrix method to solve the system of equations:
a. x + y + z = 1 b. x + 4y + z =18
x + 2y + 3z = – 1 3x + 3y – 2z = 2
2x – y + 2z = – 4 – 4y + z = – 7
c. 9y – 5x = 3 d. x – y + 2z =0
x+z=1 x– 2y + 3z =– 1
z + 2y = 2 2x – 2y + z = – 3
e. 2x – y + 4z = – 3 f. x + 2y – 3z = 9
x – 4z = 5 2x – y + 2z = – 8
6x – y +2z =10 3x – y – 4z = 3
Solution:

1 1 1 : 1

a. Here, The augmented matrix is  1 2 3 : –1 
 2 –1 2 : –4 
Applying R2  R2 – R1 and R3  R3 – 2R1
1 1 1 : 1

  0 1 2 : –2 
 0 –3 0 : –6 
Applying R3  R3 + 3R2 and R1  R1 – R2
1 0 –1 : 3
 
0 1 2 : –2 
0 0 6 : –12 
1
Applying R3  6 R3
0 –1 : 3
1 
  0 1 2 : –2 
 0 0 1 : –2 
Applying R1  R1 + R3 and R2  R2 – 2R3
 1 0 0 : 1

0 1 0 : 2 
 0 0 1 : –2 
Hence, the required solution is x = 1, y = 2 and z = –2
b. Here,
The augmented matrix is
 1 4 1 : 18

3 3 –2 : 2 
0 –4 1 : –7 
Applying R2  R2 – 3R1

1 4 1 : 18

  0 –9 –5 : –52 
 0 –4 1 : –7 

1 4 1 : 18

  0 1 5/9 : 52/9 
 0 –4 1 : –7 
Applying R3  4 R2 + R3, we get

1 4 1 : 18

  0 1 5/9 : 52/9 
 0 0 29/9 : 145/9 
9
Applying R3  29  R3 we get


1 4 1 : 18

  0 1 5/9 : 52/9 
0 0 1 : 5 
5
Applying R2  R2 – 9 R3 we get,


1 4 1 : 18

0 1 0 : 3 
0 0 1 : 5 
Applying R1  R1 – R3 we get

1 4 0 : 13

0 1 0 : 3 
0 0 1 : 5 
Applying R1  R1 – 4R2 we get

1 0 0 : 1

 0 1 0 : 3
 0 0 1 : 5
Hence, x = 1, y = 3, z = 5
c. The augmented matrix is d. The augmented matrix is
–6 9 0 : 3 1 –1 2 : 0
   
 1 0 1 : 1 1 –2 3 : –1 
 0 2 1 : 2 2 –2 1 : –3 
Applying R1  R2 Applying R12  R2 – R1 and R3  R3
– 2R1

1 0 1 : 1
 1 –1 2 : 0
  –5 9 0 : 3   
 0 2 1 : 2   0 –1 1 : –1 
Applying R2  R2 + 5R1  0 0 –3 : –3 
Applying R2  –1R2
 –1
1 0 1 : 1
 1 2 : 0

 0 9 5 : 8   0 1 –1 : 1 
 0 2 1 : 2  0 0 –3 : –3 
Applying R2  R2 – 4R3 Applying R1  R1 + R2
1 0 –1 : –1
 1 0 1 : 1
  
 0 1 1 : 0 0 1 –1 : 1 
 0 2 1 : 2 0 0 –3 : –3 
Applying R3  R3 – 2R2 1
Applying R3  – 3 R3
 1 0 1 : 1
 1 0 –1 : –1
0 1 1 : 0  
 0 0 –1 : 2    0 1 –1 : 1 
Applying R3  –1R3 0 0 1 : 1 
Applying R1R1+ R3 and R2R2+ R3
 1 0 1 : 1

0 1 1 : 0   1 0 0 : 0

 0 0 1 : –2   0 1 0 : 2
Applying R1R1–R3 and R2R1 – R3  0 0 1 : 1
 1 0 0 : 3
 Hence, the required solution is
0 1 0 : 2 
x = 0, y = 2, and z = 1
 0 0 1 : –2 
Hence the solution is x = 3, y = 2 and
z = –2
2 –1 4 : –3
 
e. The augmented matrix is  1 0 –4 : 5 
 6 –1 2 : 10 
1 0 –4 : 5
 
  2 –1 4 : –3  Applying R1  R2
 6 –1 2 : 10 
1 0 –4 : 5
 
  0 –1 12 : –13  Applying R2  R2 – 2R1 and R3  R3 – 6R3
 0 –1 26 : –20 
1 0 –4 : 5
 
  0 1 –12 : 13  Applying R2  1R2
 0 –1 26 : –20 
1 0 –4 : 5
 
  0 1 –12 : 13  Applying R3  R2 + R3
 0 0 14 : –7 
 1 0 –4 : 5  1
  0 1 –12 : 13  Applying R3  14 R3
 0 0 1 : –1/2 
 1 0 0 : 3

0 1 0 : 7  Applying R2  R2 + 12R3 and R1  R1 + 4R3
 0 0 1 : –1/2 
1
Hence, x = 3, y = 7, z = – 2
 –3 : 9
1 2

f. The augmented matrix is  2 –1 2 : –8 
 3 –1 –4 : 3 
1 2 –3 : 9
 
  0 –5 8: –26  Applying R2  R2 – 2R1 and R3  R3 – 3R1
 0 –7 5 : –24 
–3 :
 1 2 9
 1
 0 1 –8/5 : 26/5  Applying R2  R2
5
 0 –7 5 : –24 
1 0 1/5 : –7/5
 
0 1 –8/5 : 26/5  Applying R3  R3 + 7R2 and R1  R1 – 2R2
0 0 –31/5 : 62/5 
0 1/5 : –7/5
1  5
0 1 –8/5 : 26/5  Applying R3  –
31 R3
0 0 1 : –2 
0 0 : –1
1  1 1
0 1 0 : 2  Applying R1  R1 – R3 and R2  R2 + R3
5 8
0 0 1 : –2 
Hence, the required solution is x = –1, y = 2 and z = –2
3. To control a certain crop disease, it is necessary to use 7 units of chemical A, 10
units of chemical B and 6 units of chemical C. One barrel of spray P contains 1,
4, 2 units of chemicals, one third barrel of spray Q contains 3, 2, 2 units and one
barrel of spray R contains 4, 3, 2 units of these chemicals respectively.
a. Formulate the simultaneous linear system.
b. Write the linear system in matrix forms as
i. Coefficient matrix
ii. Variable matrix
iii. Constant matrix
c. Express the matrix in augmented matrix form.
d. Solve the systems by row equivalent matrix method and find the quantity
of each type of spray should be used to control the disease.
Solution:
Let us tabulate the data as follows:
Spray
Chemical P Q R Requirement of chemicals (Units )
A 1 9 4 7
B 4 6 3 10
C 2 6 2 6
Let x barrels spray P, y barrels of Q and Z barrels of R be used to control the
disease. Then, by questions
x + 9y + 4z = 7
4x + 6y + 3z = 10
2x + 6y + 2z = 6
The above equations can be written in matrix form AX = B as
41 9 4
 x  7 
 6 3  y = 10
2 6 2  z  6 
1 9 4  x 7
AX = B where, A= 4 6 3 , X = y and B = 10
2 6 2  z 6
Now, the augmented matrix is,
1 9 4 : 7 
[A : B] = 4 6 3 : 10 
2 6 2 : 6 
Applying R2  R2 – 4R1 and R3  R3 – 2R1 we get,
1 – 930 –13
 0
4 : 7
: –18 

0 – 12 –6 : –8 
R2
Applying R2  –30 we get,

1 9 13 4
:
7

 0
 1 :
3 
0 – 12 30 : 5 
 –6 –8 
Applying R1  R1 – 9R2 and R3  R3 + 12R2 we get,

 
1 8
1 0 10 : 5


0 13
1 30 :
3 

 5

0 4
0 –5 : –5 
4

5
Applying R3  – 4 R3

1 
1 8
0 10 : 5


 13 3 
0 1 30 : 5 
0 0 1 : 1 
1 13
Applying R1  R1 – 10  R3 and R2  R2 – 30  R3 we get,

 
1 0 0 : 3
2
 0 1 0 : 1

0 0 1 :
6
1 
3 1
 x= 2, y = 6, z = 1
3 1
Hence, 2 barrel of spray P, 6 barrel of spray Q and 1 barrel of spray R are
used to control the disease.

 PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLE

24
1. In ABC, if a = 3, b = 4 and c = 5 prove that sin 2A = 25.
Solution:
We know, Sin2A = 2sinA.cosA
b2 + c2 – a2
or, cosA = 2bc
16 + 25 – 9
or, cosA = 2 × 4 × 5
32
or, cosA = 40
4
or, cosA = 5
𝟒 𝟐 3
 sinA = 1 – cos2A = 𝟏 − =5
𝟓
3 4 24
 sin2A = 2sinA.cosA = 2 × 5 × 5 = 25

A A A
2. In any triangle, if a = 13, b = 14 and c = 15 then find , s, sin 2 , cos 2 , tan 2 .
Solution:
a+b+c
or, s = 2
13 + 14 + 15
or, s = 2
 s = 21
or,  = s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c)
or,  = 21 × (21 – 13)(21 – 14)(21 – 15)
or,  = 21 × 8 × 7 × 6
or,  = 84
Also,
A 𝐬 − 𝐛 𝐬− 𝐜 𝟐𝟏 − 𝟏𝟒 𝟐𝟏 − 𝟏𝟓 1
sin 2 = = =
𝐛𝐜 𝟏𝟒 ×𝟏𝟓 5
A 𝐬 𝐬− 𝐚 𝟐𝟏× 𝟐𝟏 − 𝟏𝟑 2
Also, cos 2 = = =
𝐛𝐜 𝟏𝟒 ×𝟏𝟓 5
A 𝐬− 𝐛 𝒔− 𝒄
tan 2 =
𝐬 𝐬− 𝐚

(𝟐𝟏 − 𝟏𝟒)(𝟐𝟏 − 𝟏𝟓) 1

= =2
𝟐𝟏 ×(𝟐𝟏−𝟏𝟑)

3. In any  ABC, prove that

a. (b + c) cos A + (c + a) cos B + (a + b) cos C = a + b + c
b. ac cos B – bc cos A = a2 – b2
 c – b cos A cos B
c. b – c cos A = cos C
b2 + c2 – a2
d. 4 cot A = 
cos A a cos B b cos C c
e. a + bc = b + ca = c + ab
Solution:
a. (b + c)cosA + (c + a)cosB + (a + b)cosC = a + b + c
L.H.S. = (b + c)cosA + (c + a)cosB + (a + b)cosC
= b cosA + c cosA + c cosB + a cosB + a cosC + b cosC = a + b + c
[using projection law]
a2 + c2 – b2 b2 + c2 – a2
b. L.H.S. = ac cosB – bc cosA = ac 2ac – bc 2bc
a2 + c2 – b2 b2 + c2 – a2 a2 + c2 – b2 – b2 – c2 + a2 2(a2 – b2)
= 2 – 2 = 2 = 2 = a2 – b2
c – bcosA cosB
c. b – c cosA = cosC
c – bcosA a cosB + b cosA – b cosA a cosB cosB
L.H.S. = b – c cosA = a cosC + c cosA – c cosA = a cosC = cosC
b2 + c2 – a2
d. 4 cotA = 
b2 + c2 – a2 2bc (b2 + c2 – a2)
L.H.S. = 4 cotA = 2bc × 4 cot A
2bc cosA b2 + c2 – a2
= 4cosA × sinA [ cosA = 2bc ]
bc sinA
= 2 =
cosA a cosB b cosC c
e. a + bc = b + ca = c + ab
cosA a b2 + c2 – a2 a b2 + c2 – a2 + 2a2 a2 + b2 + c2
L.H.S. = a + bc = 2abc + bc = 2abc = 2abc
cosB b a2 + c2 – b2 b a2 + c2 – b2 + 2b2 a2 + b2 + c2
Now, M.H.S. = b + ca = 2abc + ca = 2abc = 2abc
cosC c a2 + b2 – c2 c a2 + b2 – c2 + 2c2 a2 + b2 + c2
Again, R.H.S. = c + ab = 2abc + ab = 2abc = 2abc
Hence, L.H.S. = M.H.S. = R.H.S.
4. In any  ABC, prove the followings.
b–c A B–C
a. a cos 2 = sin 2
a sin (B – C) b sin (C – A) c sin (A – B)
b. b2 – c2 = c2 – a2 = a2 – b2
B C A
c. 2a sin 2 . Sin 2 = (b + c – a) sin 2
sin (B – C) b2 – c2
d. sin (B + C) = a2
e. sin (A + B) : sin (A – B) = c2 : (a2 – b2)
f. a cos A + b cos B + c cos C = 4R sin A sin B sin C
g. a sin (B – C) + b sin(C – A) + c sin (A – B) = 0
 a2 sin (B – C) b2 sin (C – A) c2 sin (A – B)
h. sin A + sin B + sin C =0
b2 – c2 c2 – a2 a2 – b2
i. a2 sin 2A + b2 sin 2B + c2 sin 2C = 0
Solution:
b–c A B–C
a. a .cos 2 = sin 2 ( )
b–c A 2R sinB – 2R sinC A sinB – sinC A
L.H.S. = a .cos 2 = 2R sinA .cos 2 = sinA .cos 2

2 cos
(B +2 C) (B 2– C) × cos A =
.sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛
A
2 .sin (B 2– C) = sin B – C
=
A A
2𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 A ( 2 )
2 .cos 2 sin
2
a sin(B – C) b sin(C – A) c sin(A – B)
b. b2 – c2 = c2 – a2 = a2 – b2
a sin(B – C) 2R sinA.sin(B – C) 2R sin(B + C).sin(B – C)
L.H.S. = b2 – c2 = b2 – c2 = b2 – c2

2R(sin2B – sin2C) 2R sin2B – 2R sin2C b sinB – c sinC

= b2 – c2 = b2 – c2 = b2 – c2
b c
b 2R – c 2R
1 b2 – c2 1
= b2 – c2 = 2R × b2 – c2 = 2R
b sin(C – A) 2R sinB.sin(C – A) 2R sin(C + A).sin(C – A)
Now, M.H.S. = c2 – a2 = c2 – a2 = c2 – a2
2 2 2 2
2R(sin C – sin A) 2R sin C – 2Rsin A c sinC – a sinA
= c2 – a2 = c2 – a2 = c2 – a2
c a
c 2R – a 2R
1
= c2 – a2 = 2R
c sin(A – B) 2R sinC.sin(A – B) 2R sin(A + B).sin(A – B)
Again, R.H.S.= a2 – b2 = a2 – b2 = a2 – b2
2 2 2 2
2R(sin A – sin B) 2R sin A – 2R sin B a sinA – b sinB
= a2 – b2 = a2 – b2 = a2 – b2
a b
a 2R – b 2R
1
= a2 – b2 = 2R
Hence, L.H.S. = M.H.S. = R.H.S.
A A
c. R.H.S. = (b + c – a) sin 2 = (2R sinB + 2R sinC – 2R sinA)sin 2
A
= 2R sin 2 [sinB + sinC – sinA]
A 𝐵+ 𝐶 𝐵− 𝐶 A A
= 2R sin 2 2 sin . cos – 2 sin 2 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2
2 2

A A 𝐵− 𝐶 A A
= 2R sin 2 2 cos 2 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠2
2
 A A 𝐵− 𝐶 A
= 4R sin 2 .cos 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2
2

𝐵− 𝐶 𝐵+ 𝐶 B C B C
= 2R × sinA 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = a 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2. sin2 = 2asin 2 . sin 2
2 2

sin(B – C) b2 – c2
d. sin(B + C) = a2
b2 c2
sin(B – C) sin(B – C) sin(B + C) sin2B – sin2C − b2 – c2
4R 2 4R 2
L.H.S. = sin(B + C) = sin(B + C) × sin(B + C) = sin2A = a2
= a2
4R 2
e. sin(A + B) : sin(A – B) = c2: (a2 – b2)
sin(A + B)
L.H.S. = sin(A + B) : sin(A – B) = sin(A – B)
sinC sin(A + B) sinC × sinC
= sin(A – B) × sin(A + B) = sin2A –sin2B
c2
sin2C 4R 2 c2
= sin2A –sin2B = a2 b2
= a2 – b2 = c2: (a2 – b2)
−
4R 2 4R 2
f. a cosA + b cosB + c cosC = 4R sinA.sinB.sinC
L.H.S. = a cosA + b cosB + c cosC
= 2RsinA.cosA + 2RsinB.cosB + 2RsinC.cosC
= R[sin2A + sin2B + sin2C]
= R[2sin(A + B).cos(A – B) + 2sinC.cosC]
= R[2sinC.cos(A – B) + 2sinC.cosC]
= 2sinC.R[cos(A – B) – cos(A +B)] = 4R sinA.sinB.sinC
g. a sin(B – C) + b sin(C – A) + c sin(A – B) = 0
L.H.S.
= a sin(B – C) + b sin(C – A) + c sin(A – B)
= 2R sinA.sin(B – C) + 2R sinB. Sin(C – A) + 2R sinC.sin(A – B)
= 2R [sin(B + C).sin(B – C) + sin(C +A).sin(C – A) + sin(A +B).sin(A – B)]
= 2R[sin2B – sin2C + sin2C – sin2A + sin2A – sin2B] = 2R × 0 = 0
a2 sin(B – C) b2 sin(C – A) c2 sin(A – B)
h. sinA + sinB + sinC =0
a2 sin(B – C) b2 sin(C – A) c2 sin(A – B)
L.H.S.= sinA + sinB + sinC
4R2 sin2A sin (B – C) 4R2 sin2B sin (C – A) 4R2 sin2C sin (A – B)
= sin A + sin B + sin C
= 4R2 [sinA.sin(B – C) + sinB.sin(C – A) + sinC.sin(A – B)]
= 4R2[sin(B + C).sin(B – C) + sin(C + A).sin(C – A) + sin(A + B).sin(A – B)]
= 4R2[sin2B – sin2C + sin2C – sin2A + sin2A – sin2B] = 4R2 × 0 = 0
b2 – c2 c2 – a2 a2 – b2
i. a 2 .sin2A + b2 .sin2B + c2 .sin2C = 0
2 2 2 2
b –c c –a a2 – b2
L.H.S. = a2 .sin2A + b2 .sin2B + c2 .sin2C
b2 – c2 c2 – a2 a2 – b2
= a2 .2sinA.cosA + b2 .2sinB.cosB + c2 .2sinC.cosC
b2 – c2 a b2 + c2 – a2 c2 – a2 b a2 + c2 – b2 a2 – b2 c a2 + b2 – c2
= 2. a2 .2R. 2bc + b2 .2.2R. 2ac + c2 .2.2R. 2ab
(b – c )(b + c – a ) (c – a )(a + c – b ) (a – b2)(a2 + b2 – c2)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= 2abcR + 2abcR + 2abcR
 (b2 – c2)(b2 + c2 – a2) + (c2 – a2)(a2 + c2 – b2) + (a2 – b2)(a2 + b2 – c2)
= 2abcR
0
= 2abcR = 0

5. In any ABC, prove that:

B A
a. a cos2 2 + b cos2 2 = s
C A
b. 2 ( a sin2 2 + c sin2 2 ) = c + a – b
C B 1
c. b cos2 2 + c cos2 2 = 2 (a + b + c)
A B 2c
d. 1 – tan 2 . tan 2 = a + b + c
a+b–c A B
e. a + b + c = tan 2 . tan 2

f.
A B C
tan2 2 . tan2 2 . tan2 2 = ( )( )( )
s–a
s
s–b
s
s–c
s
1 1 1 1 4R
g. s – a + s – b + s – c – s =


h. (b + c – a) [ B C
cot 2 + cot 2 ] A
= 2a cot 2

Solution:
B A
a. acos2 2 + bcos2 2 = s
s(s – b) s(s – a)
= a. ca + b. bc
s(s – b) s(s – a)
= c + c
s2 – sb + s2 – sa
= c
2s2 – s(a + b)
= c
2s2 – s(2s – c) a+b+c
= c [ s = 2  2s – c = a + b ]
2s2 – 2s2 + sc sc
= c = c =s

C A
(
b. 2 a sin2 2 + c sin2 2)=c+a–b
C A (s – a)(s – b) (s – b)(s – c)
L.H.S. = 2(a sin 2 + c sin 2 ) = 2 [a.
2 2
ab + c. bc ]
(s – a)(s – b) (s – b)(s – c)
=2[ b + b ] = 2b (s – b) [s – a + s – c]
2(s – b) 2(s – b) 2(s – b)
= b [2s – a – c] = b × [a + b + c – a – c] = b ×b
= 2s – 2b = a + b + c – 2b = a – b + c
 C B 1
c. b cos2 2 + c cos2 2 = 2 (a + b + c)
C B s(s – c) s(s – b) s(s – c) s(s – b)
L.H.S.= b cos2 2 + c cos2 2 = b. ab + c. ca = a + a =
2 2
s – sc + s – sb
a
2s2 – s(b + c) 2s2 – s(2s – a) 2s2 – 2s2 + sa sa 1
= a = a = a = a = s = 2(a + b + c)
A B 2c
d. 1 – tan 2 .tan 2 = a + b + c
A B s −b s − c s− c s− a
L.H.S. = 1 – tan 2 .tan 2 = 1 – ×
s s− a s s− b
(s − a)(s −b)(s − c)2 s–c s–s+c 𝑐 2c
=1– =1– s = s = 𝑎 +𝑏 +𝑐 = a + b + c
s 2 (s − a)(s − b)
2
a+b–c A B
e. a + b + c = tan 2 .tan 2
A B s −b s − c s− c s− a (s − a)(s −b)(s − c)2
R.H.S. = tan 2 .tan 2 = × =
s s− a s s− b s2 s − a s − b
𝑎+ 𝑏+ 𝑐
s–c 2
− 𝑐 a+b–c
= s = 𝑎+ 𝑏+ 𝑐 =a+b+c
2
A B C s–a s–b s–c
f. tan2 2 . tan2 2 . tan2 2 = ( )( )( )
s s s
A B C
L.H.S. = tan2 2 . tan2 2 .tan2 2
A (s −b)(s − c)
Now, tan 2 =
s(s − a)
B (s −c)(s − a)
Then, tan 2 =
s(s − b)
C (s −a)(s − b)
Again, tan 2 =
s(s − c)
(s – b)(s – c) (s – c)(s – a) (s – a)(s – b)
So, L.H.S. = s(s – a) × s(s – b) × s(s – c)
(s – a)(s – b)(s – c) s–a s–b s–c
= s3 = ( )( )( )
s s c
1 1 1 1 4R
g. s – a + s – b + s – c – s =

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
L.H.S. = s – a + s – b + s – c – s = s – a – s + s – b + s – c
s–s+a s–c+s–b
= s(s – a) + (s – b)(s – c)
a a+b+c–c–b
= s(s – a) + (s – b)(s – c)
1 1
[
= a s (s – a) + (s – b) (s – c) ]
a
= bc [s (sbc– a) + (s – b)bc(s – c)]
 = bc  
a 1 1
+
cos2 A sin2 2 
A
 2 
4a 1 4 × 2R sin A 8R 8R 4R
= bc 2 = bc sin2A = bc sin A = 2 = 
A A
( 2 sin 2 cos 2)
B C A
h. (b + c – a) [cot 2 + cot 2 ] = 2a cot 2

B C
L.H.S. = (b + c – a) [cot 2 + cot 2 ]
s s− b s s− c
= (a + b + c – 2a) +
s− c s− a s− a s− b
s− b s+ s− c s s
= (2s – 2a) = 2(s – a) . [(s – b) + (s
s− a s− b s− c s −a s − b (s − c)
– c)]
s s− a A A
=2 .(a + b + c – b – c) = 2 cot 2 .a = 2a cot 2
s − b s −c

6. In ABC, if (a + b + c) (a – b – c) + 3bc = 1 1 3
0, find A. 7. In ABC, if a + c + b + c = a + b + c ,
Solution: then prove that C = 60°.
Given, Solution:
(a + b + c)[a – (b + c)] + 3bc = 0 1 1 3
or, a2 – (b + c)2 + 3bc = 0 Given, a + c + b + c = a + b + c
or, a2 – b2 – 2bc – c2 + 3bc = 0 b+c+a+c 3
or, bc = b2 + c2 – a2 or, (a +c)(b + c) = a + b + c
2bc or, (a + b + 2c) (a + b + c) = 3(a +
or, 2 = b2 + c2 – a2
c)(b + c)
b2 + c2 – a2 1 or, a2+ ab + ac + ab + b2 + bc + 2ac
or, =2
2bc + 2bc + 2c2 = 3[ab + ac + bc + c2]
1 or, a2 + b2 + 2c2 + 2ab + 3ac + 3bc =
or, cos A = 2 = cos 60° 3ab + 3ac + 3bc + 3c2
 A = 60. or, a2 + b2 – c2 – ab = 0
or, a2 + b2 – c2 = ab
a2 + b2 – c2
or, 2ab ×2=1
1
or, cosC = 2 = cos 60
 C = 60°.
8. If A = 2B, then prove that either b = c 9. If a4 + b4 + c4 – 2c2(a2 + b2) + a2b2 = 0
or a2 = b(c + b). show that C = 60 or 120.
Solution: Solution:
a b Given,
We know, sinA = sinB
a4+b4+c4 – 2c2(a2 + b2) + a2b2 = 0
a b or, a2b2 = 2c2a2 + 2b2c2 – a4 – b4 – c4
or, sin2B = sinB
or, a2b2 + 2a2b2 = 2a2b2 + 2c2a2 +
a b
or, 2sinB.cosB = sinB 2b2c2 – a4 – b4 – c4
or, 3a2b2 = 162
a a2 + c2 – b2 1
or, 2b = 2ac [  = 4 𝟐𝐚𝟐 𝐛 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐜𝟐 𝐚𝟐 + 𝟐𝐛 𝟐 𝐜𝟐 – 𝐚𝟒 – 𝐛 𝟒 – 𝐜𝟒 ]
 or, a2c = a2b + bc2 – b3 1
2

or, a2(c – b) – b(c2 – b2) = 0

or, (c – b)[a2 – b(c+ b)] = 0
(
or, 3a2b2 = 16. 2 ab sin C )
Either, c – b = 0 1
or, 3a2b2 = 16 × 4 × a2b2 sin2 C
c=b
or, a2 – b(c+ b) = 0 3
or, 4 = sin2 C
 a2 = b(c + b)
3
or, sin C = ± 2
 sin C = sin 60, sin120
 C = 60 or 120.
sinA sin(A – B)
10. In ABC if sinC = sin(B – C) , prove that a2, b2, c2 are in AP.
Solution:
sinA sin(A – B)
Given, sinC = sin(B – C)
or, sinA.sin(B – C) = sinC.sin(A – B)
or, sin(B + C).sin(B – C) = sin(A + B).sin(A – B)
or, sin2B – sin2C = sin2A – sin2B
or, 2sin2B = sin2A + sin2C
b2 a2 c2
or, 2.4R2 = 4R2 + 4R2
or, 2b2 = a2 + c2
a2 + c2
or, b2 = 2
Hence, a2, b2 and c2 are in AP.
sin(A – B) a2 – b2
11. If sin(A + B) = a2 + b2 , then prove that 12. If the cosine of two angles of a triangle
are proportional to the opposite sides,
the ABC is either isosceles or right prove that the triangle is isosceles.
angled triangle. Solution:
Solution:
cosA cosB
sin(A – B) a2 – b2 Given,
Given, sin(A + B) = a2 + b2 a = b
sin(A – B) sin(A + B) a2 – b2 or, b cosA = a cosB
or, sin(A + B) × sin(A + B) = a2 + b2 or, 2R sinB.cosA = 2R sinA.cosB
sin2A – sin2B a2 – b2 or, 2R[sinA.cosB – cosA.sinB] = 0
or, sin2C = a2 + b2 or, sin(A – B) = 0
2 2 or, A–B=0
a b

4R2 – 4R2 a2 – b2
A=B
or, = a2 + b2 It signifies that the triangle is an isosceles
c2 triangle.
2
4R
2 2 2 2
a –b a –b 13. In ABC, if a cosA = b cosB show that
or, c2 = a2 + b2
the triangle is either isosceles or right
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
or, (a – b )(a + b ) – (a – b )c = 0 angled.
2 2 2 2 2
or, (a – b )(a + b – c ) = 0 Solution:
Either, a2 = b2 a = b Given, a cosA = b cosB
This implies the triangle is an or, 2R sin A cos A = 2R sin B cos B
isosceles triangle. or, sin 2A = sin 2B
Or, a2 + b2 – c2 = 0  a2 + b2 = c2 or, sin 2A – sin 2B = 0
Which is the Pythagoras theorem or, 2 cos (A + B) sin (A – B) = 0
with right angled at C. Either, cos (A + B) = 0 or sin (A – B) = 0
This implies that the triangle is a right  A + B = 90° or, A – B = 0°
 angled triangle.  C = 90° (rt. angle) or A = B (isosceles)
This proves that the triangle is a right
angled or isosceles triangle.
14. If b – a = mc, prove that

cot ( )
B–A
2 =
1 + m cos B
m sin B
Solution:
b–a
Given, b – a = mc  m = c
R.H.S.
𝐛− 𝐚
1 + m cos B 𝟏 + .𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐁
= m sin B = 𝐛 − 𝐚𝐜
.𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐁
𝐜
c + b cos B – a cos B
= (b – a) sin B
a cos B + b cos A + b cos B – a cos B
=
(b – a).sin B
b [cos A + cos B]
= (b – a).sin B
2R sin B [cos A + cos B]
= 2R (sin B – sin A) sin B
cos A + cos B
= sin B – sin A
𝐀+ 𝐁 𝐀 − 𝐁 𝐁 − 𝐀
𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 .𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐬
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
= 𝐁 + 𝐀 𝐁 − 𝐀 = 𝐁 − 𝐀
𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬 .𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐬𝐢𝐧
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

15. In ABC, if (cos A + 2 cos C) : (cos A + 2 cos B) = sin B : sin C, prove that the
triangle is either isosceles or right angle.
Solution:
Here,
(cos A + 2 cos C) : (cos A + 2 cos B) = sin B : sin C
cos A + 2 cos C sin B
or, cos A + 2 cos B = sin C
or, cos A sin C + 2 sin C cos C = cos A sin B + 2 sin B cos B
or, cos A sin C + sin 2C = cos A sin B + sin 2B
or, cos A sin C – cos A sin B + sin 2C – sin 2B = 0
2C + 2B 2C– 2B
or, cos A (sin C – sin B) + 2 cos 2 sin 2 =0

or, cos A (2 cos C 2+ B sin C 2– B) + 2 cos (B + C) sin (C – B) = 0

C+B C–B C–B C–B
or, 2 cos A cos 2 sin 2 + 4 cos A sin 2 cos 2 = 0

C–B
or, 2 cos A cos 2 (cos B +2 C – 2 cos C 2– B) = 0
C+B C–B
As the value of cos 2 sin 2  0 , we have
either, cos A = 0 ⇒ A = 90ᵒ ⇒ ΔABC is right angled.
 C–B C–B
or, sin 2 =0⇒ 2 = 0 ⇒ C = B ⇒ ΔABC is isosceles.
This proves that the ΔABC is either isosceles or right angled.
sinA + cosA
16. In any ABC if cosB = 2,
show that C = 135.
Solution:
sinA + cosA
Given, cosB = 2
or, sinA + cosA = 2 cosB
squaring both sides, we get
or, (sinA + cosA)2 = ( 2 cosB)2
or, 1 + 2sinA.cosA = 2cos2B
or, sin2A = 2cos2B – 1
or, sin2A = cos2B
or, sin2A = sin(90 – 2B)
or, 2A + 2B = 90
 A + B = 45
In any triangle,
A + B + C = 180
or, C = 180 – (A + B)
or, C = 180 – 45
 C = 135


 SOLUTION OF TRIANGLE

A
1. In ABC, if a = 3, b = 5 and c = 6. Find (i)  (ii) R (iii) tan 2
Solution:
i. = s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c) abc
ii. We know,  = 4R
3+5+6
or, s = 2 =7 abc
or, R =
or,  = 7 × 4 × 2 × 1 4
𝟑 ×𝟓 ×𝟔
or,  = 56 or, R =
𝟒 ×𝟐 𝟏𝟒
𝟒𝟓
  = 2 14  R=
𝟒 𝟏𝟒
A 𝐬− 𝐛 𝒔− 𝒄 𝟕− 𝟓 𝟕− 𝟔 𝟐 ×𝟏 𝟏
iii. tan 2 = = = =
𝐬 𝐬− 𝐚 𝟕 ×𝟒 𝟐𝟖 𝟏𝟒

2. Solve the triangle: A = 60, B = 45, 3. In ABC, B = 60, b  c = 3: 2.

c=6 2 Show that A = 75.
Solution: Solution:
C = 180 – (60 + 45) = 75 From sine law,
a b c a b c
sinA = sinB = sinC
sinA = sinB = sinC
a b 6 2 b sinB
or, = = or, c = sinC
sin60 sin45 sin75°
from (i) and (iii) ratios, we get 3 sin60
or, = sinC
3 2
6 2× 2 ×4
3 2
or, a = or, sinC = 2 ×
6+ 2 3
𝟏𝟐 𝟔 1
or, a = or, sinC = = 45
𝟔 + 𝟐
𝟏𝟐 𝟔 2
or, a = We know,
𝟐 𝟑+ 𝟏
𝟏𝟐 𝟑 A + B + C = 180
or, a = or, A + 60 + 45 = 180 = 75
𝟑+ 𝟏
𝟏𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 − 𝟏
or, a = ×
𝟑+ 𝟏 𝟑 − 𝟏
𝟏𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 − 𝟏
or, a =
𝟑−𝟏
 a = 6 3( 3 – 1) = 6 (3 – 3 )
Again, from (ii) and (iii) ratios, we get
b 𝟔 𝟐
or, = 𝟔+ 𝟐
sin45
𝟒
𝟔 × 𝟒
or, b =
𝟔 + 𝟐
𝟐𝟒 𝟐𝟒 𝟑 −𝟏
or, b = =
𝟐 𝟑+ 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑− 𝟏
 24
or, b = ×( 3 – 1)
2 2
or, b = 6 2( 3 – 1) = 6 ( 6 – 2)
 C = 75°, a = 6 (3 – 3 ),
b = 6 ( 6 – 2)
4 3 5. Solve ABC, if a = 3 + 1 and
4. If cosA = 5, cosB = 5 find a:b:c.
b= 3 – 1, C = 60
Solution: Solution:
4 a2 + b2 – c2
Given, cosA = 5 We know, cos C = 2ab
 sinA = 1 – cos2A 𝟑+ 𝟏 +
𝟐 𝟐
𝟑 −𝟏 − 𝒄𝟐
or, cos 60 =
16 3 𝟐 𝟑+𝟏 𝟑 −𝟏
= 1 – 25 = 5 1 𝟑 + 𝟐 𝟑 + 𝟏 + 𝟑− 𝟐 𝟑+ 𝟏 − 𝒄𝟐
or, 2 =
3 𝟐 × 𝟐
and cos B = 5 or, 2 = 6 + 2 – c2
9 4 or, c2 = 6
 sinB = 1 – cos2B = 1 – 25 = 5  c= 6
Now, cos(A + B) = cosA.cosB – a b c
sinA.sinB sinA = sinB = sinC
4 3 3 4 c sinB
or, cos(A + B) = 5 . 5 – 5 × 5 or, b = sinC
or, cos(A + B) = 0 𝟔 × 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐁
or, 3 – 1= 𝟑
or, cos(A + B) = cos90 𝟐
 A + B = 90 or,
𝟑− 𝟏
= sinB
So, C = 180° – (A + B) 𝟐 𝟐
or, C = 180° – 90°  B = 15
 C = 90 a sinC
or, sinA = c
From sine law,
𝟑
a b c 𝟑 + 𝟏 × 𝟐
or, sinA = sinB = sinC or, sinA =
𝟔
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄 𝟑+ 𝟏
or, 𝟑 = 𝟒 = or, sinA =
𝟐 𝟐
𝟓 𝟓 𝟏
a b c  A = 105 or 75°
or, 3 = 4 = 5 but sum of the angles of triangle is
180° so, A must be 105°.
 a:b:c = 3:4:5

6. If a = 2, b = 3 + 1, C = 60, Solve the 7. Find the ambiguous solution of:

triangle. a = 2, b = 3 + 1, A = 45°
Solution: Solution:
b2+ a2 – c2 a = 2, b = 3 + 1, A = 45.
or, cosC = 2ab We know, by sine law
( 3 + 1)2 + 4 – c2 a b c
or, cos60 = or, sinA = sinB = sinC
2 × 2( 3 + 1)
2 3+1
1 3 + 2 3 + 1 + 4 – c2 or, = sinB
or, sin45
2= 4( 3 + 1) 3+1
or, 2( 3 + 1) = 8 + 2 3 – c2 or, sinB =  B = 75 or 105
2 2
or, 2 3 + 2 = 8 + 2 3 – c2
 c= 6 When B = 75, C = 60
From sine law, When B = 105, C = 30
a b c When B = 75, c is given by
sinA = sinB = sinC a c
sinA = sinC
2 3+1 6 2 c
or, sinA = sinB = or, =
sin60 sin45 sin60
2 sin60
or, sinA = 3
6 or, c = 2 2 × 2

or, sinA =
2 3
× 2 =
1
 A = 45  c= 6
6 2 When B = 105, value of c is given by
We know, A + B + C = 180 a c
or, 45 + B + 60 = 180  B = 75 sinA = sinC
𝟐 𝒄
or, 𝟏 = 𝟏
𝟐 𝟐
or, c = 2
the solution are
B = 75, C = 60, c = 6
B = 105, C = 30, c = 2
8. If a = 2, b = 6 and c = 3 – 1. 9. If a = 2, b = 6 and c = 3 + 1. Find
Solve the triangle. the greatest and least angle of
Solution: triangle ABC.
b2 + c2 – a2 Solution:
or, cosA = 2bc Greater angle corresponds to
𝟐
or, cosA =
𝟔+ 𝟑− 𝟏 − 𝟒 greatest side and least angle
𝟐× 𝟔 𝟑− 𝟏 corresponds smallest sides.
or, cosA =
𝟐 + 𝟑 −𝟐 𝟑 + 𝟏 Since, c is the largest side, so, ‘C’
𝟐 𝟔 𝟑− 𝟏
will be larger angle and ‘A’ will be
𝟔− 𝟐 𝟑
or, cosA = smallest angle.
𝟐 𝟔 𝟑 −𝟏 2

or, cosA=
𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 −𝟏 4 + 6 – ( 3 + 1)
𝟐 𝟔 𝟑 −𝟏 or, cosC =
1 2×2× 6
or, cosA= 10 – 3 – 2 3 – 1
2 or, cosC =
 A = 45 4 6
a2 + c2 – b2 6–2 3
or, cosB = 2ac or, cosC =
4 6
𝟒+ 𝟑− 𝟐 𝟑+ 𝟏− 𝟔
or, cosB =
𝟐.𝟐 𝟑 − 𝟏
2 3( 3 – 1) 3–1
or, cosC = =
or, cosB =
𝟐 – 𝟐 𝟑 2.2 6 2 2
𝟒 𝟑− 𝟏 or, cosC = cos75  C = 75
−𝟐 𝟑 − 𝟏
or, cosB = b2+ c2 – a2
𝟒 𝟑− 𝟏 or, cosA = 2bc
–1
or, CosB = 2 6 + ( 3 + 1)2 – 4
or, cosA =
or, cosB = cos120 2 × 6 × ( 3 + 1)
 B = 120 2+3+2 3+1
Now, A + B + C = 180  C = 15 or, cosA =
2 6( 3 + 1)
2 3( 3 + 1) 1
or, cosA = =
2 6( 3 + 1) 2
 A = 45
10. If three angles of a triangle are in the 11. a:b:c=4:5:6 in ABC, prove that C= 2A.
ratio of 2:3:7 find a:b:c Solution:
Solution: Given, a:b:c = 4:5:6
Given, A:B:C = 2:3:7 a b c
or, 4 = 5 = 6 = k (suppose)
A B C
So, 2 = 3 = 7 = k (suppose) or, a = 4k, b = 5k , c = 6k
A = 2k, B = 3k, C = 7k (5k)2 + (6k)2 – (4k)2
or, cosA = 2.5k.6k
We know, A + B + C = 180 2
or, 2k + 3k + 7k = 180 45k
or, cosA = 60k2
or, 12k = 180
 k = 15 3
or, cosA = 4
Hence, A = 30, B = 45 and C =
105 So, cos2A = 2cos2A – 1
We know, from sine law 9
= 2 × 16 – 1
a b c
or, sinA = sinB = sinC 2 1
= 16 = 8 …..(i)
a b c
or, = =
sin30 sin45 sin105 a2 + b2 – c2
Again, cosC = 2ab
a b c
or, 1 = 1 = 16k2 + 25k2 – 36k2
3+1 or, cosC = 2 × 5k × 4k
2 2 2 2 5k2
a b c or, cosC = 40k2
or, =2=
2 3+1 1
or, cosC = 8 ……………..(ii)
 a:b:c = 2:2: 3 + 1
from (i) and (ii), we get
or, cos2A = cosC
i.e. C = 2A
12. Solve the triangle:
a. a = 2, b = 2,c= 3+1 b. A = 75°, B = 60°, C = 45°
Solution:
a. a = 2, b = 2, c = 3 + 1 b. A = 75, B = 60, C = 45
b2 + c2 – a2 We know that when three angles of a
or, cosA = 2bc triangle are given then no unique
𝟐
𝟐+ 𝟑 +𝟏 − 𝟒 solution is possible. Only ratio of
or, cosA = sides can be found not the actual
𝟐 × 𝟐 𝟑+ 𝟏
𝟑 + 𝟐 𝟑+𝟏 − 𝟐 length of sides.
or, cosA =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟑+ 𝟏 a b c
𝟐 𝟑 + 𝟏 or, sinA = sinB = sinC
or, cosA =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟑+ 𝟏
a b c
1 or, = =
or, cosA = sin75 sin60 sin45
2 𝒂 𝒃 𝒄
 A = 45
or, 𝟑+ 𝟏
= 𝟑
= 𝟏
𝟐 𝟐
a2 + c2 – b2 𝟐 𝟐
a b c
Again, cosB = 2ac or, = =
𝟒 + 𝟑 +𝟐 𝟑 + 𝟏 − 𝟐 3+1 6 2
or, cosB =
𝟐.𝟐. 𝟑 + 𝟏  a:b:c = ( 3 + 1): 6:2
𝟔 +𝟐 𝟑
or, cosB =
𝟒 𝟑+ 𝟏
 𝟐 𝟑 𝟑+ 𝟏
or, cosB =
𝟒 𝟑+ 𝟏
3
or, cosB = 2
 B = 30
We know, A + B + C = 180
or, 45 + 30 + C = 180
 C = 105
13. In a ABC, if a = 57 , A = 60° and ∆ = 2 3 , then find the measures of sides
AB and AC.
Solution:
Here, a = 57 , A = 60° and ∆ = 2 3
We have,
1
 = 2 bc sinA
1 3
or, 2 3 = 2 × bc × 2
or, bc = 8 ……………..(i)
b2 + c2 – a2
or, cosA = 2bc
b2 + c2 – 57
or, cos60 = 2×8
or, 8 = b2 + c2 – 57
or, b2 + c2 = 65 ……………(ii)
8
Putting the value of c = b in (ii), we get
(8)2
or, b2 + b2 = 65
or, b4 + 64 = 65b2
or, b4 – 65b2 + 64 = 0
Which is quadratic in b2, so
65 ± (65)2 – 4.1.64
or, b2 = 2×1
65 ± 63
= 2
Taking +ve sign, we get
65 + 63
or, b2 = 2
or, b2 = 64  b = 8
Again, taking –ve sign, we get
or, b2 = 1  b = 1
Putting the values of b in (i) , we get
c = 1 and 8
Hence, required sides are AB = 1, AC = 8 or AB = 8, AC = 1.


 THE CIRCLE

1. For the circle x2 + y2 – 6x – 8y + 15 = 0 and the line 2x – y – 7 = 0
a. Find the point of intersection of the line and the circle.
b. What is the intercepted portion of the line called? Find its length.
Solution:
a. Given equation of the circle x2 + y2 – 6x – 8y + 15 = 0 ... (i)
And equation of the line is 2x – y – 7 = 0 ... (ii)
or, y = 2x – 7
Now, x2 + (2x – 7)2 – 6x – 8(2x – 7) + 15 = 0
or, x2 + 4x2 – 2.2x.7 + 49 – 6x – 16x + 56 + 15 = 0
or, 5x2 – 50x + 120 = 0
or, 5(x2 – 10x + 24) = 0
or, x2 – 6x – 4x + 24 = 0
or, x(x – 6) – 4(x – 6) = 0
or, (x – 6)(x – 4) = 0
 x = 6, 4
Putting the value of x in equation (ii)
When x = 6, then y = 2  6 – 7 = 5
When x = 4, then y = 2  4 – 7 = 1
 the points of intersections are (6, 5) and (4, 1)
b. Chord or secant length = (6 – 4)2 + (5 – 1)2 = 2 5 units
2. Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the circle
a. x2 + y2 = 8 at (2, 2) b. x2 + y2 – 6x – 8y + 15 = 0 at (6, 5)
Solution:
a. Equation of the tangent at (2, 2) b. Here,
is xx1 + yy1 = r2 x2 + y2 – 6x – 8y + 15 = 0 at (6, 5)
or, 2x+2y = 8 Comparing given equation with
x+y=4 x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
Hence, the slope of the tangent = –1 We get, g = – 3, f = – 4 and c = 15
Slope of the normal = 1 Now, Equation of tangent is
Equation of the normal at (2, 2) is x.x1 + y.y1 + g(x + x1) + f(y + y1) + c = 0
(y – y1) = m(x – x1) or, x.6+y.5–3(x+6)–4(y+5)+15=0
or, (y – 2) = 1(x – 2) or, 6x + 5y – 3x – 18 – 4y – 20 + 15 = 0
or, y – 2 = x – 2 or, 3x + y – 23 = 0
x–y=0  3x + y = 23
Now, Slope of tangent = – 3
1
Slope of normal = 3
So, equation of normal at (6, 5) is
1
y – 5 = 3 (x – 6)
x – 3y + 9 = 0
3. Find the equation of the tangents to the circle
a. x2 + y2 = 9 parallel to the line 3x + 4y = 0
b. x2 + y2 = 5 perpendicular to the line x + 2y = 0
c. x2 + y2 = 16 which are inclined at an angle of 450 with x–axis
Solution:
a. Here, equation of circle is x2 + y2 = 9
The centre of the circle is at (0, 0) and it's radius is 3.
Equation of any line parallel to 3x + 4y = 0 is 3x + 4y + k = 0.
If this line be a tangent to the given circle.
3.0 + 4.0 + k
Then,  =3
32 + 42
k
or,  5 = 3
 k = 15
Putting the value of k = –15 in equation 3x + 4y + k = 0
 3x + 4y – 15 = 0 which is required equation.
Again, putting the value of k = 15 in equation 3x + 4y + k = 0
 3x + 4y + 15 = 0 which is required equation.
b. Here, equation of circle is x2 + y2 = 5 ... (i)
Where, centre (0, 0) and radius is 5
Equation of any line prependicular to x + 2y = 0 is
2x – y + k = 0 ... (ii)
2. 0 – 0 + k
Now,  = 5
22 + (– 1)2
k= 5× 5
 k = 5
Putting the value of k = 5 in equation (ii)
2x – y + k = 0
 2x – y  5 = 0 are the required equation of tangents.
c. x2 + y2 = 16 which are inclined at an angle of 45° with x–axis.
Given, equation is x2 + y2 = 16.
The centre at (0, 0) and radius (r) = 4
Slope of tangent (m) = tan45° = 1
Now, the required equation of tangents are
or, y = mx  r 1 + m2
or, y = x  4 1 + 1
 y = x  4 2 are the required equation of tangents.
4. a. For what value of k will the line 3x + 4y + k = 0 touch the circle x 2 + y2 – 4x
– 6y – 12 = 0?
b. For what value of k will the line 4x + 3y + 5 = 0 be a tangent to the circle
2x2 + 2y2 = 5x?
Solution:
a. Given, equation of the line and the circle are:
3x + 4y + k = 0 ... (i)
x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y – 12 = 0 ... (ii)
Comparing equation (ii) with x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
We get, g = – 2, and f = – 3 and c = –12
 center (– g, – f) = (2, 3)
And, radius (r) = g2 + f2 – c = 4 + 9 + 12 = 5 units
3.2 + 4.3 + k
Now,  =5
9 + 16
or,  (6 + 12 + k) = 25
or,  (18 + k) = 25
Taking positive, k = 25 – 18,
Taking negative, k = – 25 – 18
 k = 7, – 43
b. Similar to (a)
5. a. Prove that the condition for the line lx + my = n to touch the circle x 2 + y2 =
r2 is n2 = r2 (l2 + m2).
b. Under what condition will the line px + qy + r = 0 may be a normal to the
circle
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0?
Solution:
a. Given equation of circle is x2 + y2 = r2
Center = (0, 0) (0,0)
Since, the line lx + my – n = 0 touch the circle.
0 × l + 0 × m−n
Then, radius, r = ± r
l 2 +m 2
Squaring both side, we get
n2 lx + my – n = 0
or, r2 =
l 2 +m 2
 r (l + m ) = n
2 2 2 2

b. Given equation of circle is x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0

center = (– g, – f)
radius, r = g 2 + f 2 − c
We know that normal to a circle passes through the center of circle.
So, the line px + qy + r = 0 will pass through center (– g, – f)
i.e. – pg – fq + r = 0
 pg + qf = r.
6. Prove that the circles x2 + y2 – 6x – 2y + 1 = 0 and x2 + y2 + 2x – 8y + 13 = 0
touch each other externally. Also find the equation of the common tangent to
the two circles at their point of contact.
Solution:
For 1st circle,
x2 + y2 – 6x – 2y + 1 = 0  S1 = 0
Center, C1 = (3, 1)
radius, r1 = 9 + 1 − 1 = 3
For 2nd circle,
x2 + y2 + 2x – 8y + 13 = 0  S2 = 0
Center, C2 = (–1, 4)
radius, r2 = −1 2 + 42 − 13 = 1 + 16 − 13 = 4 =2
When two circle touch each other externally ,
If C1C2 = r1 + r2
or, (−1 − 3)2 + (4 − 1)2 = 3 + 2
or, (42 + 32 = 5
or, 5 = 5
 L.H.S. = R.H.S.
Hence, they touch each other externally.
We know,
For common tangent at point of contact of two circles S 1 = 0 and S2 = 0, is
S1 – S2 = 0
or, x2 + y2 – 6x – 2y + 1 – [x2 + y2 + 2x – 8y + 13] = 0
or, – 6x – 2y + 1 – 2x + 8y – 13 = 0
or, –8x + 6y – 12 = 0
or, –2(4x – 3y + 6) = 0
4x – 3y + 6 = 0
7. Prove that the tangent at the point (1, –2) to the circle x2 + y2 = 5 also touches
the circle x2 + y2 – 8x + 6y + 20 = 0. Also find the point of contact.
Solution:
We know that the tangent to the circle at (1, –2) is
x.1 + y.(–2) = 5
or, x – 2y = 5
 x = 5 + 2y ... (i)
Also, x2 + y2 – 8x + 6y + 20 = 0
Putting the value of x from (i)
(5 + 2y)2 + y2 – 8(5 + 2y) + 6y + 20 = 0
or, 25 + 20y + 4y2 + y2 – 40 – 16y + 6y + 20 = 0
or, 5 + 10y + 5y2 = 0
or, 5(y2 + 2y + 1) = 0
or, y2 + 2y + 1 = 0
or, (y + 1)2 = 0  y = –1
Putting y = –1 in (i), we get
or, x = 5 + 2  (–1)
or, x = 5 – 2 x = 3
Since there is only one point where the tangent to the circle x 2 + y2 = 5 meet
the circle x2 + y2 – 8x + 6y + 20 = 0.
Hence, the tangent x – 2y = 5 is also the tangent to the circle x2 + y2 – 8x + 6y + 20 = 0
Also, the point of contact is (3, –1)
8. Find the equation of the tangents to the circle
a. x2 + y2 = 25 through (7, 1)
b. x2 + y2 + 20x + 20y + 20 = 0 drawn from the origin.
Solution:
a. We know that, the equation of pair of tangent from external point (x1, y1) to
circle x2 + y2 = a2 is SS1 = T2,
Where, S = x2 + y2 = a2, S1 = x12 + y12 – a2 and T = xx1 + yy1 – a2
Here, S = x2 + y2 – 25
S1 = x12 + y12 – a2 = (7)2 + (1)2 – 25 = 25
T = xx1 + yy1, – a2 = x.7 + y.1 – 25 = 7x + y – 25
 the equation of pair of tangent drawn from external point are SS1 = T2
or, (x2 + y2 – 25)25 = (7x + y – 25)2
or, 25x2 + 25y2 – 625 = 49x2 + y2 + 625 + 14xy – 50y – 350x
or, 24x2 – 24y2 + 1250 + 14xy – 350x – 50y = 0
or, (3x + 4y – 25)(4x – 3y – 25) = 0
 3x + 4y – 25 = 0 and 4x – 3y – 25 = 0
b. We know that, the equation of a pair of tangent from origin to circle x 2 + y2 +
20x + 20y + 20 = 0 is
SS1 = T2, where,
S = x2 + y2 + 20x + 20y + 20
 S1 = x12 + y12 + 20x1 + 20y1 + 20
= 02 + 02 + 20 × 0 + 20 × 0 + 20 = 20
T = xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1) + f(y + y1) + c = 0 + 0 + 10x + 10y + 20 = 10x + 10y + 20
So, SS1 = T2
or, (x2 + y2 + 20x + 20y + 20)20 = (10x + 10y + 20)2
or, 20x2 + 20y2 + 400x + 400y + 400 = 100x2 + 100y2 + 400 + 200xy + 400x + 400y
or, 80x2 + 80y2 + 200xy = 0
or, 2x2 + 2y2 + 5xy = 0
or, (x + 2y)(2x + y) = 0
 x + 2y = 0 and 2x + y = 0
9. Find the length of tangent to the circle
a. 2x2 + 2y2 = 3 from the point (–2, 3)
b. 3x2 + 3y2 – 7x – 6y = 12 drawn from (6, –7)
Solution:
a. The length of tangent from (–2, 3) to circle 2x2 + 2y2 = 3
3
or, x2 + y2 = 2 is

3 3 23
= (–2)2 + 32 – 2 = 4+9–2 = 2 units
b. The length of the tangent from (6, –7) to the circle 3x2 + 3y2 – 7x – 6y = 12
7
or, x2 + y2 – 2 x – 2y – 4 = 0 is

7
= 62 + (–7)2 – 3  (6) – 2 × ( –7) – 4

= 36 + 49 – 14 + 14 – 4 = 81 = 9 units.
10. If the length of tangents drawn from the point (1, 2) to the cirlce 3x 2 + 3y2 – x –
y + k = 0 be 5 units. Find the value of constant k.
Solution:
Here, the length of tangents from (1, 2) to given cirlce is 5 units.
Now, 3x2 + 3y2 – x – y + k = 0
x y k
or, x2 + y2 – 3 – 3 + 3 = 0 ... (i)
So, the length of tangent from (1, 2) to the cirlce (i) is
1 2 k
5= 12 + 22 – 3 – 3 + 3
1 2 k
or, 25 = 5 – 3 – 3 + 3
k 1 2
or, 3 = 20 + 3 + 3
 k = 63
11. A straight line intersects a circle x2 + y2 – 6x – 4y + c = 0
at origin O and A as shown in figure, where the point P
is the centre of circle. Find:
a. coordinates of the point A.
b. equation of tangent to the circle at A.
c. equation of a circle with AP as a diameter.
Solution:
Here, the given equation of circle is x2 + y2 – 6x – 4y + c = 0 … (i)
The circle passes through the origin O(0,0). So, from equation (i), we get c = 0 and
then the equation becomes x2 + y2 – 6x – 4y = 0 … (ii)
Comparing the equation (ii) with x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, we get
g = –3, f = –2 and c = 0
So, the coordinate of centre P = (–g, –f) = (3, 2)
a. Let the coordinates of A be (p, q). Here, P is the mid-point of OA. So, using mid-
point formula, we get
0+p 0+q
(3, 2) = ( 2 ‚ 2 )
p q
⇒ 3=2 ,2=2
⇒ p = 6, q = 4
∴ The coordinates of point A are (6, 4).
b. The equation of circle at point A(6,4)= (x1, y1) is given by
x x1 + y y1 + g(x + x1) + f(y + y1) + c = 0
or, 6x + 4y – 3(x + 6) – 2(y + 4) + 0 = 0
or, 6x + 4y – 3x – 18 – 2y – 8 = 0
∴ 3x + 2y – 26 = 0 is the required equation of circle at A.
c. The equation of circle with A(6, 4) = (x1, y1) and P(3, 2) = (x2, y2) as a diameter is
(x – x1) (x – x2) + (y – y1) (y – y2) = 0
or, (x – 6) (x – 3) + (y – 4) (y – 2) = 0
or, x2 – 9x + 18 + y2 – 6y + 8 = 0
∴ x2 + y2 – 9x – 6y + 26 = 0 is the required equation of circle with AP as a diameter.
12. In the adjoining figure PS is a diameter to a circle x 2 + y2
– 6x – 4y + c = 0 with center at R. The circle touches x –
axis at a point S. Find:
a. the value of c.
b. equation of the tangent to the circle at P.
c. equation of a circle with RS as a diameter.
Solution:
Here, the given equation of circle is x2 + y2 – 6x – 4y + c = 0 … (i)
Comparing the equation (i) with x2 + y2 +2gx + 2fy + c = 0, we get
g = –3, f = –2, c = c
The coordinate of center = (–g, –f) = (3, 2)
The radius of circle = g2 + f2 – c = 9 + 4 – c = 13 – c
a. The circle touches x – axis, so,
radius of circle = y – component of centre
or, 13 – c = 2
Squaring on both sides, we get 13 – c = 4
∴ c=9
b. The x – coordinate of point P is same as the x – coordinate of center R.
Also, PS = 2 × RS = 2 × 2 = 4
Therefore, the coordinate of point P are (3, 4).
The tangent to the circle at P is horizontal so it's equation is y = 4.
c. The equation of circle with R(3, 2) = (x1, y1) and S(3, 0) = (x2, y2) as a diameter is
(x – x1) (x – x2) + (y – y1) (y – y2) = 0
or, (x – 3) (x – 3) + (y – 2) (y – 0) = 0
or, x2 – 6x + 9 + y2 – 2y = 0
∴ x2 + y2 – 6x – 2y + 9 = 0 is the required equation of circle with RS as a diameter.

 CONIC SECTION (PARABOLA, ELLIPSE AND
HYPERBOLA)

1. For each the parabola, find the vertex, the co–ordinates of the focus, the
equation of the directrix & the length of the latus rectum.
a. y2 = 8x b. x2 = –12y
c. y2 + 4x + 4y – 4 = 0 d. x2 – 3y – 4x + 1 = 0
Solution:
a. Given y2 = 8x b. Given, x2 = –12y
or, y = 4  2x ... (i)
2
or, x2 = 4  (– 3)y ... (i)
Comparing (i) with x2 = 4ay  a = –3
2
Compare (i) with y = 4ax, a = 2 > 0
 vertex (h, k) = (0, 0)  Vertex (h, k) = (0, 0)
Focus (a, o) = (2, 0) Focus (0, a) = (0, – 3)
equation of the directix is x = – a equation of directix is y = a
x=–2 y=3
Length of latus rectum is Length of latus rectum is
4a = 4  2 = 8 4a = 4 (– 3) = 12
c. Given, y2 + 4x + 4y – 4 = 0 d. Given, x2 – 3y – 4x + 1 = 0
or, y2 + 4y + 4 = – 4x + 8 or, x2 – 4x + 4 = 3y + 4 – 1
or, (y + 2)2 = – 4 (x – 2) ... (i) or, (x – 2)2 = 3y + 3
Comparing (i) with 3
(y – k)2 = 4a (x – h) or, (x – 2)2 = 4. 4 (y + 1) ... (i)
we get, h = 2, a = – 1 < 0, k = – 2. Comparing (i) with
The parabola is open downward. (x – h)2 = 4a (y – k),
vertex (h, k) = (2, – 2). 3
Focus of parabola is we get h = 2, k = – 1, a = 4 > 0.
(h + a, k) = (2 – 1, – 2) = (1, – 2) The parabola is open upward.
equation of directrix is x = h – a vertex (h, k) = (2, – 1)
or, x = 2 + 1 = 3. 3
length of latus recturm is Focus = (h, k + a) = (2, – 1 + 4 )
4a = 4 |–1| = 4 –1
= (2, 4 )
equation of directrix is y = k – a
3 –7
=–1– 4 = 4
length of latus rectum is
3
4a = 4  4 = 3

2. Find the equation of the parabola in the following cases:

a. The vertex at (0, 0) and focus at (4, 0)
b. The vertex at (0, 0) and focus at (–3, 0)
c. The vertex at (0, 4) and focus at (0, 8)
d. The vertex at origin, passing through (3, 2), symmetrical about x–axis.
e. The vertex at (0, 4) and directrix is y = 0
 f. The vertex at (–2, 2) and focus at (–2, –6)
g. The focus at (–1, 2) and the directrix is 2x+y–14=0
h. The focus at (5, 0) and the directrix is x=–5
i. Focal width 16, axis parallel to x–axis and passing through the points (1, 2)
and (1, –3).
Solution:
a. Here, vertex = (0, 0), focus = (4, 0). b. Here, vertex (h, k) = (0, 0)
i.e., (h, k) = (0, 0) and a = 4 Focus (a, 0) = (–3, 0) So, a = –3
The equation of parabola is The equation of parabola is
(y – k)2 = 4a (x – h) (y – k)2 = 4a (x – h)
or, (y – 0)2 = 4  4 (x – 0) or, (y – 0)2 = 4  – 3 (x – 0)
 y2 = 16x  y2 = – 12x
c. Here, vertex (h, k) = (0, 4), d. Here, vertex (h, k) = (0, 0) passing
focus (h, k + a) = (0, 8) through (3, 2) & Symmetrical about
k+a=8 x–axis.
4+a=8 Since, it is symmetrical about x– axis
a=4 The equation of parabola is
The equation of parabola is (y – k)2 = 4a (x – h)
(x – h)2 = 4a (y – k) or, (y – 0)2 = 4a (x – 0)
or, (x – 0)2 = 4  4 (y – 4) or, y2 = 4ax which passes through (3, 2).
 x2 = 16 (y – 4) so, 22 = 4a  3
4 1
or, a = 12 = 3
Hence, the equation of parabola is
2 1
y = 4. 3 .x
4
 y2 = 3 x
e. Here, vertex (h, k) = (0, 4) and f. Here, vertex (h, k) = (–2, 2)
directrix is y = 0 and focus = (–2, –6)
Here, equation of directrix is Since, x–coordinate of vertex and
y = k – a ( parabola is open upward) focus are same, then the axis is
So, k – a = 0 parallel to y–axis.
or, 4 – a = 0 So focus is (h, k + a) = (–2, –6)
So, a = 4 or, k + a = –6
Now, the equation of parabola is or, 2 + a = – 6
(x – h)2 = 4a (y – k) a=–8
or, (x – 0) = 4  4 (y – 4)
2
now, equation of parabola is
 x2 = 16 (y – 4) (x – h)2 = 4a (y – k)
or, (x + 2)2 = 4x (– 8) (y – 2)
(x + 2)2 = – 32 (y – 2)
g. Here, the focus at (–1, 2) & the h. Here, the focus at (5, 0) & the
directrix is 2x + y – 14 = 0. directrix is x = –5.
Let p (x, y) be any point on the locus Since focus = (a, 0) = (5, 0), a = 5
of parabola. Then the required and directrix is x = – a
equation of prabola is So, a = 5
2 2 2x + y – 14 Also since focus = (5, 0) is in x–axis
(x + 1) + (y – 2) = 2 2 and directix is x = – 5, vertex (h, k) =
2 +1
(0, 0).
So, equation of parabola is (y – k)2 =
 2x + y – 14 4a (x – h)
or, (x + 1)2 + (y – 2)2 =
5  y2 = 20 x.
or, 5[(x + 1)2 + (y – 2)2] = (2x + y – 14)2.
i. Here, axis of parabola is parallel to x – axis and passes through (1, 2), (1, – 3).
Focal width, 4a = 16
a = 4
The required parabola is (y – k)2 = 4a (x – h) ... (i)
The parabola (i) passes through (1, 2) and (1, –3), so
(2 – k)2 = 16(1 – h) ... (ii)
(–3 – k)2 = 16 (1 – h) .... (iii)
From equation (ii) and (iii) we have
(2 – k)2 = (–3 – k)2
or, 4 – 4 k + k2 = 9 + 6k + k2
or, –10k = 5
1
 k = –2
and from (ii),
1 2
( )
2 + 2 = 16 – 16h
25
or, 4 = 16 – 16h
39
 h = 64
So the equation of parabola from (i) is
39
(2y + 1)2 = 64(x – 64 )
 (2y + 1)2 = 64x – 39
3. A football player is running on a stadium such that he is always equidistant
from a straight wall and centre point of the stadium. If the distance between
the wall and centre of stadium is 60m, then find the standard equation of path
followed by the player.
Solution
As the distance from a fixed wall (directrix) and centre point (focus) of a player
is equal. So, the path followed by the player is parabolic.
Given, distance between wall and centre = 60 m
i.e. 2a = 60
i.e. a = 30
Hence, the standard equation of the path followed by the player is
y2 = 4ax
or, y2 = 4×30 x
 y2 = 120x
4. In the adjoining figure, O is the vertex of parabola
x2 = 4ay and a chord PQ of length 8a is
perpendicular to the axis of symmetry.
i. Find the coordinates of P and Q in terms of a.
ii. Prove that ∠POQ = 90ᵒ.
iii. Show that the area of ΔPOQ is 16a2 sq. units.
Solution:
Here, the given equation of parabola is x2 = 4ay … (i)
8a
i. The chord PQ is divided by the point R. So, the length of RQ = RP = 2 = 4a.
So, x – coordinate of point Q = 4a.
From equation (i),
(4a)2 = 4ay
or, 16a2 = 4ay
or, y = 4a
Again, x – coordinate of point P = – 4a
From equation (i),
(– 4a)2 = 4ay
or, 16a2 = 4ay
or, y = 4a
 The coordinates of point P are (– 4a, 4a) and Q are (4a, 4a).
4a – 0
ii. Slope of OP (m1) = – 4a – 0 = – 1
4a – 0
Slope of OQ (m2) = 4a – 0 = 1
Here, m1∙ m2 = – 1, this means OP is perpendicular to OQ. So, ∠POQ = 90ᵒ.
iii. In ΔPOQ, OR ⊥ PQ and OR = y-coordinate of point P = 4a.
1
So, area of ΔPOQ = 2 × OR × PQ
1
= 2 × 4a × 8a
= 16 a2 sq. units.
5. Prove that the locus at the middle points of all Y
chords of the parabola y2 = 4ax which are drawn A
through the vertex is again a parabola y2 = 2ax.
Solution: P
Here, y2 = 4ax ... (i) O X
vertex = 0 (0, 0). Let OA be any chord through
the vertex 0.
Also, suppose the equation of chord be
y = mx ... (ii)
where m is slope of line
Let P(h, k) be the middle point of OA.
Solving equations (i) & ( ii),
4a 4a
We get x = 0, x = m2 then y = 0, y = m

( 4am 4am)
i.e., the chord (ii) cuts the parabola (i) at 0 (0, 0) and A 2

4a
0 + m2
2a
Now, h = 2 = m2
2a
 m2 = h ... (iii)
 4a
0+ m
2a 2a
and, k = 2 = m  m = k
putting the value of m in (iii), then
4a2 2a 2
k2 = h or, k = 2ah
 the required locus to the middle point P(h, k) is y2 = 2ax which is a parabola.
6. Prove that the triangle formed by joining the ends of the latus rectum to the
point of intersection of the directrix & axis of the parabola y 2 = 4ax is a right
angled triangle.
Solution: Y
P
Here, equation of parabola is y2 = 4ax
The co–ordinates of ends P and Q of the latus
rectum are (a, 2a) and (a, –2a) respectively.
The equation of directrix is x = – a and the X
R O F
equation of axis is y = 0.
So, the intersection point of the axis and the
directrix is (–a, 0).
2a Q
Now, slope of RP (m1) = = 2a = 1
–2a – 0 –2a
And, slope of QR (m2) = a – (–a) = 2a = – 1
Now, m1  m2 = 1  – 1 = – 1
  PRQ = 90 proved.
7. Find the parametric form of the following parabola:
a. y2 = 12x b. (x – 2)2 = 8(y – 3)
Solution:
a. The equation of the parabola is y 2 = 12x b. The equation of the parabola is
Comparing it with y2 = 4ax we get a = 3 (x – 2)2 = 8(y – 3)
Then the equation in parametric form Comparing it with (x – h)2 = 4a(y – k)
is given as: y = 2at = 23t = 6t We get h = 2, k = 3, a = 2
and x = at2 = 3t2 The equation in parametric form is
i.e. x = 3t2 and y = 6t given as
x = h + 2at = 2 + 22 t = 2 + 4t
and y = k + at2 = 3 + 2t2
i.e. x = 2 + 4t and y = 3 + 2t2

1. Obtain the equations to the tangent and the normal's in each of the following
cases.
a. y2 = 8x at (2, –4)
b. y2 = 16ax at the point whose ordinate is –5a.
c. y2 = 12x at each end of the latus rectum.
d. x2 = 2y at the ends of latus rectum
Solution:
a. y2 = 8x at (2, –4)
Here, equation of parabola is y2 = 8x ... (i)
Compare (i) with (y – k)2 = 4a (x – h), we get h = 0, k = 0, a = 2
and a point of contact is (x, y) = (2, 4)
 The equation of target is y – y1 = 2a (x + x1)
or, y (– 4) = 2.2 (x + 2)
or, – 4y = 4x + 8
x+y+2=0
– y1
and equation of normal is y – y1 = 2a (x – x1)
4
or, y + 4 = 2.2 (x – 2)
or, y + 4 = x – 2
x–y=6
b. y2 = 16ax at the point whose ordinate is – 5a.
y2 = 16ax is a parabola.
when, y = – 5a
(–5a)2 = 16ax
or, 25a2 = 16 ax
25a
 x = 16
25a 25a
( )
 The equation of tanget at 16 – 5a is y (– 5a) = 2a (x + 16 )
a
or, – 5ay = 8 (16 x + 25a)
or, – 40y = 16x + 25a
 16x + 40y = 25 a.
5a 25 a
and equation of normal is y + 5a = 2a (x – 16 )
125a
or, 2y + 10a = 5x – 16
285a
or, 5x – 2y = 16
 80x – 32y = 285 a.
c. y2 = 12x at each end of the latus rectum.
Here, y2 = 12 x ... (i)
Compare (i) with y2 = 4ax, then a = 3
So, the co–ordinates of the end of latus rectum are (3, 6) and (3, – 6).
Now, at (3, 6):
equation of tangent is y.6 = 2.3 (x + 3)
or, 6y = 6(x + 3)
or, x – y + 3 = 0
Equation of normal is
y1
y – y1 = – 2a (x – x1)
6
or, y – 6 = – (x – 3)
23
or, y – 6 = – x + 3
 x+y =9
at (3, – 6)
equation of tangent is y(–6) = 2.3 (x + 3)
or, –6y = 6(x + 3)
or, x + y + 3 = 0
 Equation of normal is
y1
y – y1 = – 2a (x – x1)
–6
or, y + 6 = – (x – 3)
23
or, y + 6 = x – 3
 x–y =9
d. x2 = 2y at the ends of latus rectum
Here, the given equation of parabola is x2 = 2y … (1)
Comparing with x2 = 4ay, we get
1
4a = 2 ⇒a=2
We have the ends of latus of parabola (1) are
1 1
( )
(–2a,a) = –1‚ 2 and (2a, a) = 1‚ 2( )
The equation of tangent to the parabola at (–1‚ 21) is
x x1 = 2a (y + y1)
1
or, –x=1 y+2( )
2y+1
or, –x= 2
or, – 2x = 2y +1
 2x + 2y + 1 = 0

The equation of normal to parabola at (–1‚ 12) is

2a
y – y1 = – x (x – x1)
1
1 1
or, y – 2 = –– 1 (x + 1)
2y – 1
or, 2 =x+1
or, 2y – 1 = 2x + 2
 2x – 2y + 3= 0

The equation of tangent to the parabola at (1‚ 12) is

x x1 = 2a (y + y1)
1
or, ( )
x=1 y+2
2y+1
or, x= 2
or, 2x = 2y +1
 2x – 2y – 1 = 0

The equation of normal to parabola at (1‚ 21) is

2a
y – y1 = – x (x – x1)
1
 1 1
or, y – 2 = – 1 (x – 1)
2y – 1
or, 2 =–x+1
or, 2y – 1 = – 2x + 2
 2x + 2y – 3 = 0
2. Find the equation of the tangent to the following parabola.
a. y2 = 12x parallel to the line y = 3x.
b. y2 = 5x perpendicular to the straight line x + 2y – 7 = 0
Solution:
a. y2 = 12x parallel to the line y = 3x.
y2 = 12x  a = 3
The equation of tangent to y2 = 12 x is
a
y = mx + m
3
or, y = mx + m ... (i)
Here, slope of tangent is m and slope of y = 3x is 3.
Since, equation (i) is parallel to y = 3x, we have m = 3.
So, required equation of tangent is y = 3x + 1
3x – y + 1 = 0.
b. y2 = 5x perpendicular to the straight line x + 2y – 7 = 0
5
Here, y2 = 5x  a = 4
a
The equation of tangent is y = mx + m
5
or, y = mx + 4m ... (i)
–1
Slope of tangent = m and slope of x + 2y – 7 = 0 is 2
Since, the tangent is perpendicular to x + 2y – 7 = 0,
So, slope of tangent (m) = 2
5
Now, from (i), equation of tangent is y = 2x + 8
 16x – 8y + 5 = 0
3. Find the equation of normal to the following parabola.
a. y2 = 12x parallel to the line y = 3x.
b. y2 = 5x perpendicular to the straight line x + 2y – 7 = 0
Solution:
a. y2 = 12x parallel to the line y = 3x.
y2 = 12x  a = 3
The equation of normal is y = mx – 2am – am3
or, y = mx – 6m – 3m3, where m is the slope of normal and slope of y = 3x is 3
so, m = 3.
 y = 3x – 18 – 3  33
or, y = 3x – 99
 3x – y = 99
b. y2 = 5x perpendicular to the straight line x + 2y – 7 = 0
 5
Here, y2 = 5x  a = 4
The equation of normal is y = mx – 2am – am3
5 5
or, y = mx – 2.4 m – 4 m3 ... (i)
–1
Here, slope of normal is m and slope of x + 2y – 7 = 0 is 2 .
Since, the normal is prependicular to x + 2y – 7 = 0.
So, slope of normal (m) = 2
5 5
 from (i), equation of normal is y = 2x – 2. 4 .2 – 4.23
or, y = 2x – 5 – 10
 2x – y = 15
4. Find the value of a so that the straight line y = 3x + 6 touch the parabola
y2 = 4ax.
Solution:
The line y = 3x + 6 touches y2 = 4ax
where slope of line is m = 3 and y – intercept (c) = 6
a
The line is tangent to parabola if C = m
a
or, 6 = 3  a = 18

5. Prove that the straight line y = mx + c touches the parabola y2 = 4a (x+a) if

a
c = am + m
Solution:
Here, the parabola is y2 = 4a (x + a) ... (i) and a line is y = mx + c ... (ii)
Solving (i) & ( ii), we get
(mx + c)2 = 4ax + 4a2
or, m2x2 + 2mcx + c2 = 4ax + 4a2
or, m2x2 + 2 (mc – 2a) x + c2 – 4a2 = 0
if the line (ii) is tangent to (i), then
B2 – 4AC = 0 (comparing to Ax2 + Bx + C = 0)
or, 4 (mc – 2a)2 – 4 m2. (c2 – 4a2) = 0
or, m2c2 – 4mca + 4a2 – m2c2 + 4a2m2 = 0
or, 4mca = 4a2 (1 + m2)
4a2 a
or, c = 4am (1 + m2) = m (1 + m2)
a a
or, c = m + am c = am + m Proved.

6. Show that the tangent to the parabola y2 = 4x and x2 = 4y at (1,2) and (–2,1)
respectively are at right angles.
Solution:
Here, y2 = 4x
The equation of tangent to y2 = 4x at (1, 2) is y.2 = 2 (x + 1)
or, y = x + 1
So, slope of the tangent m1 = 1
 The equation of tangent to x2 = 4y at (–2, 1) is
x (–2) = 2 (y + 1)
or, – x = y + 1
 y = –x – 1
So, slope of tangent m2 = –1
Since, m1  m2 = 1  –1 = – 1
 the angle between two tangents is 90.
7. Show that the normal to the parabola y2 = 8x at (2,4) meets the parabola again
in (18, – 12) .
Solution:
Here, y2 = 8x ... (i)
Comparing (i) with y2 = 4ax, we get a = 2.
So, the equation of tangent to (i) at (2, 4) is y. 4 = 4 (x + 2)
or, y = x + 2  slope = 1
i.e., slope of normal is –1
now, the equation of normal at (2, 4) is
y – 4 = –1 (x – 2)
or, y – 4 = – x + 2
 x+y=6 ... (ii)
Solving (i) & (ii), we get
2
y = 8 (6 – y)
or, y2 = 48 – 8y
or, y2 + 8y – 48 = 0
or, y = 4, – 12
When y = 4, x = 6 – 4 = 2
and when y = –12, x = 6 – (– 12) = 18
i.e., The two point of intersection of normal and parabola are (2, 4) and (18, –12).
Hence, the normal meets the parabola again at (18, –12).
8. Find the equation of common tangent of x2 + y2 = 4ax and y2 = 4ax.
Solution:
Here, x2 + y2 = 4ax ... (i)
y2 = 4ax ... (ii)
a
The equation of the tangent to (ii) is y = mx + m ... (iii)
if this tangent is for equation (i) too, then it will be common tangent.
For this, we solve the equations (i) & (iii).
a
x2 + (mx + m)2 = 4ax
a a2
or, x2 + x2m2 + 2mx × m + m2 – 4ax = 0
a2
or, (1 + m2) x2 – 2ax + m2 = 0
a2
or, (– 2a)2 – 4 (1 + m2) m2 = 0 [ B2 – 4AC = 0)
4a2
or, 4a2 – m2 – 4a2 = 0
4a2
or, m2 = 0
4a2 0
or, m2 = 1
1
or, m = 0
from equation (iii), x = 0 is the required equation of common tangent.
9. Find the equation of tangent to the parabola y2 = 12x drawn through the point
(–1,2). Also find the points of contact.
Solution:
Here, y2 = 12x ... ( i)
comparing (i) with y2 = 4ax, a = 3.
The equation of the line tangent to (i) is
3
y = mx + m ... (ii)
3
This tangent passes through (–1, 2), so 2 = – m + m
or, 2m = – m2 + 3
or, m2 + 2m – 3 = 0
 m = –3, 1
when m = –3, y = – 3x – 1 [from (ii)],
or, 3x + y + 1 = 0 is the equation of tangent.
When m = 1, y = x + 3 [from (ii)], is the equation of tangent.
Now, solving y2 = 12x and 3x + y + 1 = 0,
put y = – 3x – 1 in y2 = 12 x
or, (– 3x – 1)2 = 12 x
or, 9x2 + 6x + 1 – 12x = 0
or, 9x2 – 6x + 1 = 0
or, (3x – 1)2 = 0
1 1
or, x = 3 .  y = – 3. 3 –1 = – 2
1
So, point of contact = ( 3, – 2).
Again, solving y2 = 12x and y = x + 3,
(x + 3)2 = 12 x
or, x2 + 6x + 9 – 12x = 0
or, x2 – 6x + 9 = 0
or, (x – 3)2 = 0  x = 3
and y = 3 + 3 = 6
so, the point of contact is (3, 6)

10. An equation of parabola is given y2 = 16x

i. write the co-ordinates of ends of the
latus rectum of parabola.
ii. write the equation of tangents at the
ends of latus rectum.
iii. find the co-ordinates of point of
intersection of directrix and axis of
parabola.
iv. prove that tangents at end of latus
rectum are intersect at the point at
which directrix and axis intersects.
v. show that the tangents drawn are perpendicular to each other.
vi. find the area of triangle formed by latus rectum and the tangents at its
extrimities.
Solution:
Given equation of parabola is y2 = 16x
Comparing with y2 = 4ax, we get a = 4
i. The co-ordinates of latus rectum are L(a, 2a) = (4, 8) and L'(a, –2a)=(4,–8).
ii. The equation of tangent at L(4, 8) is
yy1 = 2a (x + x1)
or, 8y = 8(x + 4)
or, y = x + 4
or, x–y+4=0 ... (i)
Again, the equation of tangent at L'(4, –8) is
yy1 = 2a (x + x1)
or, – 8y = 8(x + 4)
or, – y = x + 4
or, x+y+4=0 ... (ii)
iii. The directrix of parabola is
x = –a
or, x = –4
and the equation of axis is y = 0
 The point of intersection of directrix and axis of parabola is (–4, 0).
iv. Adding equations (i) and (ii), we get
2x + 8 = 0  x = –4
from equation (ii)
–4 + y + 4 = 0  y = 0
 The point of intersection of tangents at the ends of latus rectum is (–4, 0),
which is same as the point of intersection of directrix and axis of parabola.
v. Slope of tangent at L (m1) = 1
Slope of tangent at L' (m2) = –1
Here,
m1m2 = –1
So, the tangent at the ends of latus rectum are perpendicular to each other.
1
vi. Area of  = 2  length of latus rectum  distance from directrix to focus
1
= 2  4a  2a = 4a2 = 4  42 = 64 sq. units.

11. Study the curve of the parabola y2 = 4ax given alongside and answer the
following questions
i. write the coordinates of A and B in the
parametric form.
ii. obtain the condition if OA and OB are
perpendicular to each other.
iii. find the equation and slope of normal at A.
iv. obtain the slope of chord AB.
v. find the condition that if slope of chord AB is
equal to the slope of normal at A.
vi. if AB is the normal chord, then show that it is
inclined at an angle of tan–1 2 with x-axis.
Solution
Given equation of parabola is y2 = 4ax.
 i. The coordinate of point A and B in parametric form are (at 12, 2at1) and
(at22, 2at2) respectively.
2at1 2
ii. Slope of OA(m1) = at 2 = t
1 1
2at2 2
Slope of OB(m2) = at 2 = t
2 2
The chords OA and OB are perpendicular to each other if
m1∙m2 = – 1
2 2
or, t × t = – 1
1 2

 t1t2 = –4 … (i)
Which is the required condition.
iii. The equation of normal at A(at12, 2at1) is
y1
y – y1 = – 2a (x – x1)
2at1
or, y – at12 = – 2a (x – at12)
or, y – at12 = –t1(x – at12)
Which gives the equation of normal at point A and its slope is –t1.
2at2 – 2at1 2
iv. Slope of chord AB = at 2 – at 2 = t + t
2 1 2 1

v. According to question,
slope of chord AB = slope of normal at A
2
or, t + t = –t1
2 1
or, 2 = –t12 – t1t2
or, 2 = –t12 + 4 [∵ using (i)]
or, t12 = 2
 t1 = ± 2
vi. Slope of chord AB = slope of normal at A = –t1 = ± 2
⇒ tan  = ± 2
⇒  = tan–1 2 [Taking positive sign]

1. Find the eccentricity, co–ordinates of the vertices and foci, the length of the
latus rectum, major axis and minor axis of the following ellipses.
x2 y2 x2 y2
a. 16 + 4 = 1 b. 9 + 25 = 1
c. 3x2 + 4y2 = 36 d. 5x2 + 9y2 = 45
e. 5x2 + 4y2 = 1
Solution:
x2 y2
a. 16 + 4 = 1 … (1)
x2 y2
Comparing (1) with a2 + b2 = 1, we get
a2 = 16, b2 = 4
 a = 4, b = 2
Here, a > b > 0
 b2 4 3
Now, eccentricity (e) = 1 – a2 = 1 – 16 = 2
Co–ordinate of vertices = ( a, 0) = ( 4, 0)

Co–ordinate of foci ( ae, 0) =  4 . 2 ‚ 0 = ( 2 3 , 0)

3
 
2b2 2 × 4
Length of latus rectum = a = 4 = 2
Major axis = 2a = 2×4 = 8
Minor axis = 2b = 2×2 = 4
x2 y2
b. 9 + 25 = 1 … (1)
x2 y2
Compare (1) with a2 + b2 = 1, we get
a2 = 9, b2 = 25
 a = 3, b = 5
Here, b > a > 0
a2 9 4
Now, eccentricity (e) = 1 – b2 = 1 – 25 = 5
Co–ordinate of vertices = (0,  b) = (0,  5)
4
( )
Co–ordinate of foci = (0,  be) = 0‚  5 × 5 = (0,  4)
2a2 2×9 18
Length of latus rectum = b = 5 = 5
Major axis = 2b = 2×5 = 10
Minor axis = 2a = 2×3 = 6
c. 3x2 + 4y2 = 36
3x2 4y2
or, 36 + 36 = 1
x2 y2
or, 12 + 9 = 1 … (1)
2
x y2
Comparing (1) with a2 + b2 = 1, we get
a2 = 12, b2 = 9
 a = 2 3, b = 3
Here, a > b > 0
b2 9 3 1
Now, eccentricity (e) = 1 – a2 = 1 – 12 = =
12 2
Co–ordinate of vertices = ( a, 0) = ( 2 3, 0)
1
Co–ordinate of foci = ( ae, 0) = ( 2 3 2, 0) = ( 3, 0)
2b2 2 × 9
Length of latus rectum = a = =3 3
2 3
Major axis = 2a = 2×2 3 = 4 3
Minor axis = 2b = 2×3 = 6
d. 5x2 + 9y2 = 45
x2 y2
or, 9 + 5 = 1 ... (i)
 x2 y2
Comparing equation (i) with a2 + b2= 1
We get, a2 = 9, b2 = 5
 a = 3, b = 5
Here, a > b > 0
2
Now, eccentricity (e) = 1 – b2/a2 = 1 – 5/9 = 3
Vertices ( a, 0) = ( 3, 0)
2
Foci ( ae, 0) = ( 3 × 3 , 0) = ( 2, 0)
2b2 2×5 10
Latus rectum = a = = 3
3
Major axis = 2a = 2×3 = 6
Minor axis = 2b = 2× 5 = 2 5
e. We have,
5x2 + 4y2 = 1
x2 y2
or, (1/5) + (1/4) = 1 ... (i)
x2 y2
Comparing equation (i) with a2 + b2 = 1,
1 1 1 1
We get, a2 = 5 and b2 = 4  a = ,b=2
5
Here, b > a > 0
Now, eccentricity (e) = 1 – a2/b2
(1/5)
= 1 – (1/4)
4 1
= 1–5=
5
1
(
Vertices (0,  b) = 0‚  2 )
1 1 1
Foci (0,  be) = (0,  2 × ) = (0,  )
5 2 5
1
2×5
2a2 4
Latus rectum = b = 1 = 5
2
1 2
Minor axis = 2a = 2 × =
5 5
1
Major axis = 2b = 2 × 2 = 1

2. Find the eccentricity, the co–ordinates of the centre and the foci of the
following ellipse.
(x +2)2 (y –5)2 (x –3)2 (y – 5)2
a. 16 + 9 =1 b. 9 + 25 =1

c. x2 + 4y2 – 4x + 24y + 24 = 0 d. 9x2 + 5y2 – 30y = 0

e. 9x2 + 4y2 + 40y + 18x + 73 = 0
Solution:
(x +2)2 (y –5)2
a. Here, 16 + 9 =1 ... (i)
2
(x – h) (y – k)2
Comparing (i) with a2 + b2 = 1
We get, h = –2, k = 5, a2 = 16, b2 = 9
 a = 4, b = 3
Here a > b > 0
b2 9 7
Now, e = 1 – a2 = 1 – 16 = 4
The co–ordinate of vertices = (h  a, k) = (–2  4, 5) = (–6, 5) and (2, 5)
–6 + 2 5 + 5
So, the co–ordinate of centre = ( 2 ‚ 2 ) = (–2, 5)

And co–ordinate of foci = (h  ae, k) = –2  4 . 4 ‚ 5= (–2  7, 5)

7
 
(x – 3)2 (y – 5)2
b. Here, 9 + 25 = 1 ... (i)
(x – h)2 (y – k)2
Comparing (i) with a2 + b2 = 1
We get, h = 3, k = 5, a2 = 9 and b2 = 25
 a = 3 and b = 5
Here, b > a > 0. So, the ellipse in along y–axis.
a2 9 4
Now, eccentricity (e) = 1 – b2 = 1 – 25 = 5
Co–ordinate of the center = (h, k) = (3, 5)
4
( )
Foci of the ellipse = (h, k  be) = 3‚ 5  5  5 = (3, 1) and (3, 9)
c. Here, x2 + 4y2 – 4x + 24y + 24 = 0 ... (i)
(x2 – 4x) + 4(y2 + 6y) + 24 = 0
or, (x2 – 4x + 22) + 4 (y2 + 6y + 32) +24 – 4 – 36 = 0
or, (x – 2)2 + 4(y + 3)2 = 16
(x – 2)2 (y + 3)2
or, 16 + 4 =1 … (1)
2
(x – h) (y – k)2
Comparing (i) with a2 + b2 = 1, we get
a2 = 16, b2 = 4, h = 2, k = –3
Here, a > b > 0
b2 4 3
Now, e = 1 – a2 = 1 – 16 = 2

Foci = (h  ae, k) = 2  4. 2 ‚ – 3 = (2  2 3‚ –3) and centre (h, k) = (2, –3)

3
 
d. We have,
9x2 + 5y2 – 30y = 0
 9x2 + 5(y2 – 6y) = 0
 9x2 + 5(y2 – 2.y.3 + 32 – 32) = 0
 9x2 + 5[(y – 3)2 – 9] = 0
 9x2 + 5(y – 3)2 = 45
Dividing by 45 on both sides, we get
 x2 (y – 3)2 (x – h)2 (y – k)2
5 + 9 = 1 which is in the form of a2 + b2 = 1
Where h = 0,k = 3, a2 = 5 and b2 = 9
Since b > a > 0. So, the ellipse is along y–axis.
5 2
Hence, Eccentricity (e) = 1 – a2/b2 = 1–9=3
Co–ordinate of the center = (h, k) = (0, 3)
2
( )
Foci of the ellipse = (h, k  be) = 0‚ 3  3  3 = (0,5) and (0, 1)
e. We have,
9x2 + 4y2 + 40y + 18x + 73 = 0
 (9x2 + 18x) + (4y2 + 40y) + 73 = 0
 9[x2 + 2.x.1 + 12 – 12] + 4[y2 + 2.5.y + 52 – 52] + 73 = 0
 9[(x + 1)2 – 1] + 4[(y + 5)2 – 25] + 73 = 0
 9(x + 1)2 – 9 + 4(y + 5)2 – 100 + 73 = 0
 9(x + 1)2 + 4(y + 5)2 = 36
(x + 1)2 (y + 5)2 (x – h)2 (y – k)2
 4 + 9 = 1; which is in the form of a2 + b2 = 1
Where h = –1, k = –5, a2 = 4 and b2 = 9
 a = 2 and b = 3
Since b > a > 0. So, the ellipse is along y–axis
a2 4 5
Hence, eccentricity (e) = 1 – b2 = 1–9= 3
Co–ordinate of the center (h, k) = (–1, –5)

Foci of the ellipse = (h, k  be) = –1‚ –5  3  3  = (–1, –5 

5
  5)

3. Deduce the equation of ellipse in standard position with the following data.
a. A focus at (–2, 0) and a vertex at (5, 0)
4
b. A vertex at (0, 10) and eccentricity = 5
1
c. Foci at (±2, 0) and eccentricity = 2
32
d. A vertex at (0, 8) and passing through (3, 5 )
e. Passing through the points (1, 4) and (–3, 2).
Solution:
a. Here, a = 5, ae = 2
2
 5e = 2  e = 5

Now, using b2 = a2 (1 – e2) = 25 (1 – 254 ) = 21

x2 y2
So, the equation of the ellipse is a2 + b2 = 1
x2 y2
 25 + 21 = 1
b. Here, major axis is along the y–axis.
4
So, b = 10  b2 = 100 and e = 5

Now, using a2 = b2 (1–e2) = 100 (1 – 1625) = 36

x2 y2
So, the equation of ellipse is 36 + 100 = 1
1 2
c. Here, foci = ( 2, 0) = ( ae, 0)  ae = 2 and e = 2  a = 1/2 = 4
b2 1 16 – b2
and e2 = 1 – 16  4 = 16  4 = 16 – b2  b2 = 12
x2 y2
So, the equation of ellipse is 16 + 12 = 1
or, 3x2 + 4y2 = 48
d. Here, major axis is along the y–axis.
So, b = 8
x2 y2
The equation of ellipse is a2 + 64 = 1
32
( )
which passes through 3‚ 5 ,
9 (32/5)2
So, a2 + 64 = 1
9 1025
or, a2 + 25 × 64 = 1
9 16
or, a2 + 25 = 1
9 9
or, a2 = 25  a2 = 25
x2 y2
 the equation of ellipse is 25 + 64 = 1
x2 y2
e. Let the equation of ellipse be a2 + b2 = 1 … (1)
Since, (1) passes through (1, 4) and (–3, 2)
1 16 9 4
So, a2 + b2 = 1 and a2 + b2 = 1
Solving these two equations, we get
140 35 140 35
a2 = 12 = 3 and b2 = 8 = 2
x2 y2
From equation (1), equation of ellipse is 35/3 + 35/2 = 1
3x2 2y2
or, 35 + 35 = 1
 3x2 + 2y2 = 35
4. Find the equation of ellipse whose
a. Major axis is twice its minor axis and which passes through the point (0,1).
1
b. Latus rectum 3 and eccentricity is .
2
c. Distance between the two foci is 8 and the semi latus rectum is 6.
 d. Latus rectum is equal to the half its major axis and which passes through
the point (4, 3).
e. Foci are at (±2, 0) and length of latus rectum is 6.
Solution:
x2 y2
a. Here, the equation of the ellipse is a2 + b2 = 1 … (1)
It is given that a = 2b and ellipse passes through (0, 1)
0 1
So, a2 + b2 = 1
or, b2 = 1 b=1
and a = 2b = 2
2 2
x y
from (1), 4 + 1 = 1
x2 + 4y2 = 4 is the required equation of an ellipse.
x2 y2
b. Here, equation of ellipse is a2 + b2 = 1
It is given, length of latus rectum = 3
2b2 3a
or, a = 3  b2 = 2
b2 1 3a
Using e2 = 1 – a2 or, 2 = 1 – 2a2
or, a = 2a – 3 or, a = 3
2 3.3 9
and b = 2 = 2
x2 y2
So, the equation of ellipse is 9 + 9/2 = 1
or, x2 + 2y2 = 9
x2 y2
c. Let the equation of ellipse be a2 + b2 = 1 and let a > b
Distance between foci = 8
i.e. 2ae = 8  ae = 4
b2
and semi latus rectum = a = 6
or, b2 = 6a
Using b2 = a2 (1–e2)
16
(
or, 6a = a2 1 – a2
2
) ( e = 4/a)
a – 16
or, 6 = a
2
( a2)
or, a – 6a – 16 = 0
or, a = 8, –2 (but a  –2)
So, b2 = 6×8 = 48
x2 y2
 the equation of ellipse is 64 + 48 = 1
or, 3x2 + 4y2 = 192
x2 y2
d. Let the equation of ellipse be a2 + b2 = 1 … (1)
which passes through (4, 3)
16 9
So, a2 + b2 = 1 … (2)
2
2b 1
Also, a = 2 2a
or, 2b2 = a2
 Put a2 = 2b2 in (2), then
16 9
or, 2b2 + b2 = 1
or, 8 + 9 = b2  b2 = 17
and, a2 = 2×b2 = 34
x2 y2
So, from (1), equation of ellipse is 34 + 17 = 1
or, x2 + 2y2 = 34
e. Here, foci = ( ae, 0) = ( 2, 0)
2
 ae = 2 e=a
2b2
and length of latus rectum a = 6
or, b2 = 3a
b2
Also, e = 1 – a2

2 3a
or, a= 1 – a2
4 3
or, a2 = 1 – a
4
or, a = a – 3
or, 4 = a2 – 3a
or, a2 – 3a – 4 = 0
or, a2 – 4a + a – 4 = 0
or, a(a – 4) + 1(a – 4) = 0
 a = – 1, 4 (but a  – 1)
and b2 = 3 × 4 = 12
x2 y2
Hence, the equation of ellipse is 16 + 12 = 1

5. A man is running on a ground such that the sum of his distances from two
fixed poles on the ground is always 20 m. If the distance between two poles is
16 m, then find the standard equation of locus of the path followed by the man.
Solution:
Here, the sum of distances of the man from two fixed poles (foci) are constant. So,
the path followed by the man is elliptical.
Given, sum of distances from to fixed poles = 20 m
i.e. 2a = 20
i.e. a = 10
And, the distance between two poles = 16 m
i.e. 2ae = 16
or, 20e = 16
b2 16
or, 1 – a2 = 20

b2 4
or, 1 – 102 = 5
b2 16
or, 1 – 100 = 25
16 b2
or, 1 – 25 = 100
 9 b2
or, 25 = 100
or, b2 = 36
or, b = 6
Hence, the standard equation of the path followed by the player is
x2 y2
a2 + b2 = 1
x2 y2
 100 + 36 = 1

1. Find the eccentricity, co–ordinates of the vertices and foci, length of latus
rectum, length of transverse axis and conjugate axis of the hyperbola.
x2 y2 x2 y2
a. 25 – 16 = 1 b. 9 – 25 = –1 c. 3x2 – 4y2 = 36

Solution:
x2 y2
a. Here, 25 – 16 = 1 … (1)
x2 y2
Compare (1) with a2 – b2 = 1, we get
a2 = 25, b2 = 16  a = 5, b = 4
b2 16 41
Now, eccentricity (e) = 1 + a2 = 1 + 25 = 5
Co–ordinate of vertices ( a, 0) = ( 5, 0)
41
Co–ordinate of foci ( ae, 0) = ( 5. 5 , 0) = ( 41‚ 0)
2b2 2×16 32
Length of latus rectum = a = 5 = 5
Length of transverse axis = 2a = 2×5 = 10 Length of conjugate axis = 2b = 2×4 = 8
x2 y2
b. Here, 9 – 25 = – 1
We have,
x2 y2 x2 y2 2 2
–
9 25 = – 1 which is in the form of a2 – b2 = – 1; where a = 9 and b = 25
 a = 3 and b = 5
Since the hyperbola is along y–axis
a2 9 34
Hence, eccentricity (e) = 1 + b2 = 1 + 25 = 5
Co–ordinate of the vertices = (0,  b) = (0,  5)

Foci of the hyperbola = (0,  be) = 0‚  5  5  = (0‚  34)

34
 
2a2 2  9 18
Lenth of the latus rectum = b = 5 = 5
Length of transverse axis = 2b = 25 = 10
Length of conjugate axis = 2a = 23 = 6
c. Here, 3x2 – 4y2 = 36
x2 y2 x2 y2
or, 12 – 9 = 1 which is in the form of a2 – b2 = 1; where a2 = 12, b2 = 9
 a = 2 3 and b = 3
 Since the hyperbola is along x–axis
b2 9 21 7
Hence, eccentricity (e) = 1 + a2 = 1 + 12 = = 2
2 3
Co–ordinate of the vertices = ( a, 0) = ( 2 3 , 0)

Foci of the hyperbola = ( ae, 0) =  2 3 . 2 ‚ 0 = ( 21, 0)

7
 
2b2 2  9
Length of the latus rectum = a = =3 3
2 3
Length of the transverse axis = 2a = 22 3 = 4 3
Length of the conjugate axis = 2b = 23 = 6
2. Find the eccentricity, co–ordinates of vertices and foci, length of latus rectum,
length of transverse axis and conjugate axis of the following hyperbola.
(x +1)2 (y –1)2
a. 144 – 25 = 1 b. 5x2 – 20y2 – 20x = 0
c. 16x2 – 9y2 + 96x – 72y + 144 = 0
Solution:
(x + 1)2 (y – 1)2
a. Here, 144 – 25 = 1 … (1)
2 2
(x – h) (y – k)
Compare (1) with a2 – b2 = 1, we get
h = –1, k = 1, a2 = 144, b2 = 25 (a > b)
b2 25 13
Now, eccentricity (e) = 1 + a2 = 1 + 144 = 12
Cor–ordinate of vertices = (h  a, k)
= (–1  12, 1) = (–13, 1) and (11, 1)
13
Co–ordinate of foci = (h  ae, k) = (–1  12 × 12 , 1) = (–14, 1) and (12, 1)
2b2 2 × 25 25
Length of latus rectum = a = 12 = 6
Length of transverse axis = 2a = 2 × 12 = 24
Length of conjugate axis = 2b = 2 × 5 = 10
b. 5x2 – 20y2 – 20x = 0
or, x2 – 4y2 – 4x = 0
or, (x – 2)2 – 4y2 = 4
(x – 2)2 y2
or, 4 – 1 =1 … (1)
(x – h) (y – k)2
2
Compare (1) with a2 – b2 = 1,
Then (h, k) = (2, 0), a = 2, b = 1 (a > b)
b2 1 5
Now, eccentricity (e) = 1 + a2 = 1+4= 2
Co–ordinate of vertices = (h  a, k) = (2  2, 0) = (4, 0)| and (0, 0)

Co–ordinate of foci = (h  ae, k) = 2  2. 2 ‚ 0= (2  5‚ 0)

5
 
2b2 1
Length of latus rectum = a = 2 . 2 = 1
Length of transverse axis = 2a = 2.2 = 4
 Length of conjugate axis = 2b = 2.1 = 2
c. 16x2 – 9y2 + 96x – 72y + 144 = 0
or, 16(x2 + 6x) – 9(y2 + 8y) + 144 = 0
or, 16(x + 3)2 – 9(y + 4)2 + 144 – 144 + 144 = 0
or, 16(x + 3)2 – 9(y + 4)2 = –144
(x + 3)2 (y + 4)2
or, 9 – 16 = –1 … (1)
2 2
(x – h) (y – k)
Compare (1) with a2 – b2 = –1, we get
(h, k) = (–3, –4), a2 = 9, b2 = 16. (b > a)
a2 9 5
Now, eccentricity (e) = 1 + b2 = 1 + 16 = 4
Co–ordinate of vertices = (h, k  b) = (–3, –4  4) = (–3, 0) and (–3, –8)
5
Co–ordinate of foci = (h, k  be) = (–3, –4  4. 4) = (–3, 1) and (–3, –9)
2a2
Length of latus rectum = b
9 9
=2.4=2
Length of transverse axis = 2b
= 2×4 = 8
Length of conjugate axis = 2a
= 2×3 = 6
3. Find the equation of hyperbola in standard position satisfying the given
conditions.
a. Transverse and conjugate axis are respectively 4 and 5.
3
b. Foci at (±3,0) and eccentricity 2 .
c. Latus rectum is 4 and eccentricity is 3.
d. Vertex at (0, 8) and passing through (4, 8 2 )
4
e. Vertices at (0, ±7), e = 3
f. Focus at (6, 0) and a vertex at (4, 0)
Solution:
a. Let the equation of hyperbola be 3
x2 y2 b. Foci = ( 3, 0), eccentricity (e) = 2
a2 – b2 = 1 … … … (1) 3
Where, 2a = 4 and 2b = 5 Here, e = 2 and ae = 3
5
 a = 2, b = 2 32
 a= 3 =2
 from (1), equation of hyperbola is
x2 y2 Using, b = a2(e2 – 1)
2

4 – 25/4 = 1 9
x2 4y2
or, 4 – 25 = 1
( )
or, b2 = 4 4 – 1 = 5

 the equation of hyperbola is

x2 y2
4 – 5 =1
 2b2
c. Here, e = 3 and a = 4
Now, b2 = 2a
Using b2 = a2(e2 – 1)
2a = a2(9 – 1)
1 1
or, 2 = 8a  a = 4  a2 = 16
1 1
and b2 = 2a = 2  4 = 2
x2 y2
So, the equation of hyperbola is a2 – b2 = 1
x2 y2
or, 1/16 – 1/2 = 1
or, 16x2 – 2y2 = 1
d. Here, vertex = (0,  b) = (0, 8)
 b=8
x2 y2
Let the equation of hyperbola be a2 – b2 = – 1 … (1)

Which passes through (4, 8 2), then

42 (8 2)2
a2 – 64 = – 1
16 128
or, a2 – 64 = – 1
16
or, a2 = –1 + 2  a2 = 16
x2 y2
Hence, from (1), 16 – 64 = –1
4
e. Here, b = 7, e = 3
16 7 343
( )
Using a2 = b2(e2 – 1) = 49 9 – 1 = 49 × 9 = 9
Hence, the equation of hyperbola is
x2 y2
a2 – b2 = –1
x2 y2
or, 343/9 – 49 = –1
or, 9x2 – 7y2 = –343
or, 9x2 – 7y2 + 343 = 0
f. Here, ae = 6 and a = 4
6 3
Then, e = 4 = 2
Using b2 = a2(e2 – 1)
9 5
( )
b2 = 16 4 – 1 = 16 × 4 = 20
Now, the equation of hyperbola is
x2 y2
a2 – b2 = 1
x2 y2
or, 16 – 20 = 1
4. A man is running on a ground such that the difference of his distances from
two fixed poles on the ground is always 8 m. If the distance between two poles
is 10 m, then find the standard equation of locus of the path followed by the
man.
Solution:
Here, the difference of distances of the man from two fixed poles (foci) are constant.
So, the path followed by the man is hyperbolic.
Given, difference of distances from to fixed poles = 8m
i.e. 2a = 8
i.e. a = 4
And, the distance between two poles = 10 m
i.e. 2ae = 10
or, 8e = 10
b2 10
or, 1 + a2 = 8

b2 5
or, 1 + 16 = 4
b2 25
or, 1 + 16 = 16
or, 16 + b2 = 25
or, b2 = 9
or, b = 3
Hence, the standard equation of the path followed by the player is
x2 y2
a2 – b2 = 1
x2 y2
∴ 16 – 9 = 1


 PRODUCT OF VECTORS

 
1. Find a . b if
       
a. a = 53 i + j + 3 k and b = 3 i – 4 j + 7 k
       
b. a = 3 i +2 j + k and b = 4 i – j + 3 k
Solution:
       
a. a . b = (53 i + j + 3 k ) . (3 i – 4 j + 7 k ) = 159 + (–4) + 21 = 176
       
b. a . b = (3 i +2 j + k ) . (4 i – j + 3 k ) = 12 – 2 + 3 = 13
2. Prove that the following pairs of vectors are orthogonal (perpendicular) to one
another.
       
a. a = i – 2 j + 5 k and b = –2 i + 4 j + 2 k
 
b. a = (2, 3, –5) and b = (2, 2, 2)
Solution:
       
a. Here, a = i – 2 j + 5 k and b = – 2 i + 4 j + 2 k
       
Then, a . b = ( i – 2 j + 5 k ) . (– 2 i + 4 j + 2 k ) = –2–8+10 = –10+10 = 0
   
Since, a . b = 0 therefore, the vectors a and b are r to each other.
       
b. Here, a = (2 i + 3 j – 5 k ), b = (2 i + 2 j + 2 k )
       
Then, a . b = (2 i + 3 j – 5 k ) . (2 i + 2 j + 2 k ) = 4 + 6 – 10 = 10 – 10 = 0
 
Therefore, the vectors a and b are r
           
3. a. If a = 2 i + 3 j + 5 k , b = 7 i + 8 j – 6 k , find ( a + b ) . ( a – b )
     
b. If a = (1, 2, 3) and b = (3, –1, 2) then prove that a + b and a – b are
orthogonal.
Solution:
a. Here, b. Here,
              
a = 2 i +3 j + 5 k , b = 7 i + 8 j – a = i +2 j +3k, b=3 i – j +2k
     
6k Then, ( a + b ) = 4 i + j + 5 k
         
Then, ( a + b ) = 9 i + 11 j – k and ( a – b ) = – 2 i + 3 j + k
        
and ( a – b ) = – 5 i – 5 j + 11 k Now, ( a + b ) . ( a – b )
   
Now, ( a + b ) . ( a – b ) =–8+3+5=–8+8=0
     
= (9 i + 11 j – k ) . (– 5 i – 5 j + 11 k )
= – 45 – 55 – 11 = – 111    
Therefore ( a + b ) and ( a – b ) are
orthogonal.
         
4. Prove that the vectors a = 6 i + 3 j + 2 k , b = 2 i – 6 j + 3 k and c = –3 i
 
+ 2 j + 6 k are mutually perpendicular.
Solution:
           
Given, a = 6 i + 3 j + 2 k , b = 2 i – 6 j + 3 k , c = –3 i + 2 j + 6 k
       
Here, a . b = (6 i + 3 j + 2 k ) . (2 i – 6 j + 3 k ) = 12 – 18 + 6 = 18 – 18 = 0
       
b . c = (2 i – 6 j + 3 k ) . (–3 i + 2 j + 6 k ) = –6 – 12 + 18 = –18 + 18 = 0
       
and a . c = (6 i + 3 j + 2 k ) . (–3 i + 2 j + 6 k ) = –18 + 6 + 12 = –18 + 18 = 0
Therefore the vectors are mutually  r

        
5. a. Show that the vectors 2 i +3 j + k , 4 i + 5 j + k and 3 i + 6 j – 3 k are
the vertices of a right–angled triangle.
b. If A, B, C and D are the points (2, 3, 4), (5, 4, –1), (3, 6, 2) and (1, 2, 0)
respectively, prove that AB is perpendicular to CD.
Solution:
           
a. Let O be the origin and OA = 2 i + 3 j + k , OB = 4 i + 5 j + k , OC = 3 i + 6 j – 3 k
  
Now, AB = OB – OA = (4, 5, 1) – (2, 3, 1) = (2, 2, 0)
  
BC = OC – OB = (3, 6, 3) – (4, 5, 1) = (–1, 1, –4)
  
and AC = OC – OA = (3, 6, –3) – (2, 3, 1) = (1, 3, –4)
 
Here, AB . BC = (2, 2, 0) . (–1, 1, –4) = – 2 + 2 – 0 = 0
 
Since, AB . BC = 0, we conclude that AB  BC. So, the given vectors form a right
angled triangle.
b. Let O be the origin then,
       
OA = ( 2, 3, 4) = 2 i + 3 j + 4 k OB = (5, 4, –1) = 5 i + 4 j – k
      
OC = (3, 6, 2) = 3 i + 6 j + 2 k OD = (1, 2, 0) = i + 2 j
           
Now, AB = OB – OA = (5 i + 4 j – k ) – (2 i + 3 j + 4 k ) = (3 i + j – 5 k )
          
and, CD = OD – OC = ( i + 2 j ) – (3 i + 6 j + 2 k ) = (– 2 i – 4 j – 2 k )
       
Again, AB . CD = (3 i + j – 5 k ) . (–2 i – 4 j – 2 k )
= – 6 – 4 + 10 = – 10 + 10 = 0
Hence, the vectors AB r CD
6. Find the value of the constant m if the following pairs of vectors are
perpendicular.
       
a. a = m i – 3 j + 5 k , b = –m i + m j + 2 k
       
b. a = i – 2 j + 4 k , b = 2 i + 7 j + m k .
Solution:
       
a. Here, a = m i –3 j +5 k , b. Here, a = i – 2 j + 4 k ,
       
b = –m i + m j + 2 k b =2 i +7 j +mk
   
Since, the vectors a and b are r. Since, the vectors a and b are r.
   
So, a . b = 0 So, a . b = 0
           
or, (m i – 3 j + 5 k ) . (–m i +m j +2 k ) = 0 or, ( i – 2 j + 4 k ) . (2 i + 7 j + m k ) = 0
2
or, –m – 3m + 10 = 0 or, 2 – 14 + 4m = 0
or, m2 + 3m – 10 = 0 or, –12 + 4m = 0
or, m2 + 5m – 2m – 10 = 0 m=3
or, m(m + 5) – 2(m + 5) = 0
 (m – 2) (m + 5) = 0
Either m = 2 or m = –5
7. Find the angle between the following pairs of vectors.
       
a. a = i + j – 2 k , b = 2 i – j – k
       
b. a = 2 i – 3 j + k , b = 3 i – j + 2 k
Solution:
   
a. We have, | a | = | i + j – 2 k | = 6
   
| b | = |2 i – j – k | = 6
       
Also, a . b = ( i + j – 2 k ) . (2 i – j – k ) = 2 – 1 + 2 = 3
 
a .b 3 1
Now, cos  = ab = =
6. 6 2

=3
   
b. We have, | a | = |2 i – 3 j + k |= 14
   
| b | = |3 i – j + 2 k | = 14
       
Also, a . b = (2 i – 3 j + k ) . (3 i – j + 2 k ) = 6 + 3 + 2 = 11
 
a .b 11
Now, cos  = =
  14 . 14
|a| |b|
11
  = cos ( )
–1
14
   
8. a. Find the cosine of the angle between the vectors a = 2 i – 3 j – 6 k and
     
b = 2 i + 2 j – k . Also find the projection of a on b and the projection
 
of b on a .
     
b. Prove that the angle between the vectors a = – 2 i – k and b = i + j –
 1
3 k is given by cos  = . Also find the projection of one vector on the
55
direction of the other.
Solution:
   
a. Here, a = 2 i – 3 j – 6 k
   
And b = 2 i + 2 j – k
       
Now, a . b = (2 i – 3 j – 6 k ) . (2 i + 2 j – k ) = 4 – 6 + 6 = 4

| a | = 4 + 9 + 36 = 49 = 7

|b| = 4 + 4 + 1 = 9 = 3
 
Then, the cosine angle of the vectors a and b is given by
 
a .b 4 4
cos  = = =
  7 × 3 21
| a |.| b |
 
  a . b 4
Also, the projection of vector a on b = =3

| b |
 
  a . b 4
and the projection of b on a = =7

| a |
      
b. Here, a = – 2 i – k , b = i + j – 3 k
       
Now, a . b = (–2 i + 0 j – k ) . ( i + j – 3 k ) = –2 + 0 + 3 = 1

|a | = 4 + 0 + 1 = 5

| b | = 1 + 1 + 9 = 11
 
a .b 1
Then, cos  = =
  5 . 11
|a| |b|
  = cos  
–1 1
 55
 
  a . b 1
Also, Projection of a on b = =
 11
|b|
 
  a . b 1
And, the projection of b on a = =
 5
| a |
9. a. Show that the angles of the triangle with vertices (1, –1, 1), (2, 3, –1) and (3,
2 4 17
0, 2) are cos–1 , cos–1 and cos–1 respectively.
114 126 399
    
b. The position vectors of the vertices of a ABC are i + 2 j + 4 k , –2 i + 2 j
   
+ k and 2 i + 4 j – 3 k .Prove that the triangle is a right–angled triangle
and find the other two angles of the triangle.
Solution:
  
a. Here, let O be the origin then, OA = (1, – 1, 1), OB = (2, 3, –1) and OC = (3, 0, 2)
           
Now, AB = OB – OA = 2 i + 3 j – k – ( i – j + k ) = i + 4 j – 2 k
          
BC = OC – OB = 3 i + 2 k – (2 i + 3 j – k ) = i – 3 j + 3 k
          
AC = OC – OA = 3 i + 2 k – ( i – j + k ) = 2 i + j + k
       
BA. BC = (– i – 4 j + 2 k ) . ( i – 3 j + 3 k ) A ( 1, –1, 1)
= –1 + 12 + 6 = 17

|AB| = 1 + 16 + 4 = 21

|BC| = 1 + 9 + 9 = 19 B C
  (2, 3, – 1) ( 3, 0, 2)
BA. BC 17 17
Now, cos B = = =
  21 . 19 21  19
|AB||BC|
 = cos  
–1 17
 399
       
Again, CB . CA = (– i + 3 j – 3 k ) . (–2 i – j – k ) = 2 – 3 + 3 = 2

and |BC| = 1 + 9 + 9 = 19

|AC| = 4 + 1 + 1 = 6
 
CB . CA 2 2 2
Now, cos C = = = =
  6 . 19 6  19 114
| CB|| CA|
 C = cos  
–1 2
 114
       
Again, AB . AC = ( i + 4 j – 2 k ) . (2 i + j + k ) = 2 + 4 – 2 = 4
 
|AB| = 21 |AC| = 6
 
AB . AC 4 4
Now, cos A = = =
  21  6 126
| AB|| AC|
 A = cos  
–1 4
 126
Hence, the angles of ∆ with vertices (1, – 1, 1), (2, 3, –1) and (3, 0, 2) are
cos–1 , cos–1 4  and cos–1 17  respectively.
2
 114   126  399
b. Let O be the origin, then
       
OA = i + 2 j + 4 k OB = –2 i + 2 j + k
   
OC = 2 i + 4 j – 3 k
          
Now, AB = OB – OA = (–2 i + 2 j + k ) – ( i + 2 j + 4 k ) = – 3 i – 3 k
            
BC = OC – OB = (2 i + 4 j – 3 k ) – (– 2 i + 2 j + k ) = 4 i + 2 j – 4 k
           
CA = OA – OC = ( i + 2 j + 4 k ) – (2 i + 4 j – 3 k ) = – i – 2 j + 7 k
Then, for the triangle to be right angled triangle A
       
AB . BC = (– 3 i + 0 j – 3 k ) . (4 i + 2 j – 4 k ) = –12 + 0 + 12 = 0
Now, the other two angles of the right angled triangle.
 
CB . CA B C
cos C =
 
| CB|| CA|
       
Where, CB . CA = (–4 i – 2 j + 4 k ) . (– i – 2 j + 7 k ) = 4 + 4 + 28 = 36
 
|CB| = 16 + 4 + 16 = 6 |CA| = 1 + 4 + 49 = 54 = 3 6
36
Then, cos C =
63 6

 C = cos–1  3  = cos–1 
2 . 3
= cos–1 
6 2
   3 . 3  3
       
AB . AC = (–3 i + 0 j – 3 k ) . ( i + 2 j – 7 k ) = –3 + 0 + 21 = 18

|AB| = 9 + 0 + 9 = 18 = 3 2

|AC| = 1 + 4 + 49 = 54 = 3 6
 
AB . AC 18 3 1
Now, cos A = = = 3 =
  3 2.3 6 3
| AB|| AC|
 A = cos–1  
1
 3
10. The diagram shows a semicircular prism with a horizontal rectangular base
ABCD. The vertical ends AED and BFC are
semicircles of radius 6 cm. The length of the
prism is 20 cm. The mid–point of AD is the
origin O, the mid–point of BC is M and the mid–
point of DC is N. The points E and F are the
highest points of the semicircular ends of the prism. The point P lies on EF
  
such that EP = 8 cm. Unit vectors i , j and k are parallel to OD, OM and
OE respectively.
    
a. Express each of the vectors PA and PN in terms of i , j and k .
b. Use a scalar product to calculate angle APN.
Solution:
a. Here, AED is semicircle of radius 6 cm,
i.e. OA = OD = OE = 6 cm
Length of prism, AB = DC = EF = 20 cm
M and N are mid–points of BC and DC.
EP = 8 cm
   
Now, PA = OA – OP
  
= (– 6 i ) – ( OE + EP )
  
= (– 6 i ) – (6 k + 8 j )
  
=–6 i –8 j –6k
  
and PN = ON – OP
   
= ( OD + DN ) – ( OE + EP )
   
= (6 i + 10 j ) – (6 k + 8 j )
  
=6 i +2 j –6k
b. To find the  APN,
       
PA . PN = (– 6 i – 8 j – 6 k ) . (6 i + 2 j – 6 k )
= – 36 – 16 + 36
= – 16

and PA = (– 6)2 + (– 8)2 + (– 6)2 = 136

PN = 62 + 22 + (– 6)2 = 76
 
PA . PN – 16
Now, cosAPN = =
  136 . 76
| PA |.| PN |
– 16
 APN = cos–1   = 99°
 10336
11. The diagram shows a pyramid OABCP in which the horizontal base OABC is a
square of side 10 cm and the vertex P is 10 cm vertically
above O. The points D, E, F, G lie on OP, AP, BP, CP
respectively and DEFG is a horizontal square of side 6 cm.
The height of DEFG above the base is a cm. Unit vectors i, j
and k are parallel to OA, OC and OD respectively.
a. Show that a = 4.
   
b. Express the vector BG in terms of i , j and k .
c. Use a scalar product to find angle GBA.
Solution:
a. Here, OA = AB = BC = OC = 10 cm
OP = 10 cm
and DE = Ef = FG = DG = 6 cm
Let OD = a cm then PD = OP – OD = 10 – a
Now, from similar triangles OAP and DEP
PD DE
PO = OA
10 – a 6
or, 10 = 10
 a = 4 cm
 
b. For vector BG ,
  
BG = OG – OB
   
= ( OD + DG ) – ( OA + AB )
   
= (4 k + 6 j ) – (10 i + 10 j )
  
= – 10 i – 4 j + 4 k
c. To find the angle GBA,
     
BG . BA = (– 10 i – 4 j + 4 k ) . (– 10 j )
= (– 10 × 0) + (– 4) × (– 10) + 4 × 0
= 40

and | BG | = (–10)2 + (– 4)2 + 42 = 132
 
BA = |– 10 j | = 10
 
BG . BA 40
Now, cos GBA = =
  132. 10
| BG |. | BA |
4
 GBA = cos –1
( )
132
= 69.6°

 
12. If a and b are two unit vectors with a and b as their magnitudes, show that
  2
   2
 aa2 – bb2  =  a ab– b  .
   
Solution:
 
Here, a and b are unit vectors
 
i.e. | a |= a = 1 and | b | = b = 1
a b
 2
Now, LHS:  a2 – b2

 
b  
a b

 
a – b  
a –b
2 2 2 2
a
=
 2  2
– =1 – 1 = 1.1  =  ab  [∵ a = 1, b = 1]
| a | | b | 
= RHS proved.
     
13. If ( a + b )² – ( a – b )² = 0, prove that a and b are orthogonal.
Solution:
   
Here, ( a + b )² – ( a – b )² = 0
 
or, a2 + 2 a . b + b2 – a2 + 2 a . b – b2 = 0

or, 4 a . b = 0

 a.b = 0
 
  = 90 i.e. a and b are orthogonal.
  
14. If a and b are unit vectors and  is the angle between them, prove that
 1    1  
a. cos 2 = 2 |a + b | b. sin 2 = 2 |a – b |
Solution:
 
a .b
We know, cos  =
 
|a| |b|
  
or, a . b = | a | .| b | . cos 
   
a. |a + b |2 = (a + b)2
 
= a2 + 2a . b + b2
 
= 12 + 2 . | a | . | b | . cos  + 12
= 2 + 2 . 1 . 1 . cos  = 2 + 2cos 

= 2(1 + cos ) = 2 . 2cos2 2
  
|a + b | 2 = 4cos2 2
  
or, |a + b | = 2cos 2
 1  
 cos 2 = 2 |a + b | proved.
   
b. |a – b |2 = (a – b)2
 
= a2 – 2a . b + b2
 
= 12 – 2 . | a | . | b | . cos  + 12
= 2 – 2 . 1 . 1 . cos  = 2 + 2cos 

= 2(1 – cos ) = 2 . 2sin2 2
  
|a – b | 2 = 4sin2 2
  
or, |a – b | = 2sin 2
 1  
 sin 2 = 2 |a – b | proved.

15. If O is the middle point of the side BC of a triangle ABC, prove, by vector
method, that AB² + AC² = 2 (AO² + BO²).
Solution:
We have, A
 1  
From the figure, AO = 2 (AB + AC)
1   1  
AO2 = 4 (AB + AC)2 = 4 (AB2 + 2AB.AC + AC2)
 1  1  
BO = 2 BC = 2 (BA + AC) B C
O
1   1  
 BO2 = 4 (BA + AC)2 = 4 (BA2 + 2BA.AC + AC2)
 1   1  
RHS = 2(AO2 + BO2) = 2 { 4 (AB2 + 2AB.AC + AC2) + 4 (BA2 + 2BA.AC + AC2)}
1     1
= 2 (AB2 + 2AB.AC + AC2 + AB2 – 2AB.AC + AC2) = 2 (2AB2 + 2AC2) = AB2 + AC2
= LHS
 LHS = RHS proved.

16. Prove that the angle between any two diagonals of a cube is cos –1 () 1
3 .

Solution:
Let O be the origin and OA = OB = OC = a.
Then, the co–ordinate of A, B, C, M and P are (a, 0, 0), (0, a, 0), (0, 0, a), (a, a,
0) and (a,a,a) respectively.
Z
 
Now, OP = (a, a, a) and CM = (a, –0, a – 0, 0 – a) =(a, a, –a) C
 
Again, OP . CM = (a, a, a) . (a, a, – a) = a2 + a2 – a2 = a2 P
 2 2 2
|OP| = |(a, a, a)| = a + a + a = a 3 O
B Y
 2 2 2
and |CM| = |(a, a, –a)| = a + a + a = a 3 A M

Let  be the angle between two diagonals, then X

 
OP . CM a2 1
cos  = = =
  a 3.a 3 3
| OP|| CM|
1
()
  = cos–1 3 .

17. Use the method of vectors to prove that

a. a² = b² + c² – 2bc cos A b. c² = a² + b² – 2ab cos C
c. b = c cos A + a cos C d. c = a cos B + b cos A
Solution:
     
a. Let AB = c , BC = a , CA = b
Using ∆ law,  –A A
   
a + b + c =0  b
   c
a = –b – c
Squaring on both sides, B C
2 2   
a = b + 2b.c + c2 a
 
or, a2 = b2 + 2| b | . | c | . cos ( – A) + c2
2 2 2
or, a = b + c + 2bc (–cos A)
 a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A proved.
A
     
b. Let AB = c , BC = a , CA = b 
Using ∆ law,  b
c
  
a + b + c =0 –C
   B
or, c = – a – b  C
Squaring on both sides, C a
 2  
c = {– ( a + b )}2

or, c2 = a2 + 2 a . b + b2
 
or, c2 = a2 + b2 + 2| a | . | b | . cos ( – C)
2 2 2
or, c = a + b + 2ab (– cos C)
 c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C proved.
c. In ∆ABC
     
BC = a , CA = b , AB = c A
 –A
Using ∆ law,
    
a + b + c =0 c b
    –C
b = –a – c
 B
 C
Taking scalar product by b on both sides,
a
   
b . b = (– a – c ). b
  
or, b 2 = – a . b – c . b
   
or, b2 = –| a | . | b | cos ( – C) – | c | . | b | . cos ( – A)
2
or, b = ab cos C + bc cos A
 b = a cos C + c cos A proved.
      A
d. Let AB = c , BC = a and CA = b  –A
Using ∆ law, 
    b
a + b + c =0 c
   B
i.e. c = – a – b
 –B  C
 a
Taking scalar product by c on both sides,
   
c . c = (– a – b ) . c
  
or, c 2 = – a . c – b . c
   
or, c2 = –| a | . | c | cos ( – B) – | b | . | c | . cos ( – A)
2
or, c = ac cos B + bc cos A
 c = a cos B + b cos A proved.
18. Prove by vetor method:
a. cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B.
b. cos 2A = cos2A – sin2A
Solution:
a. Let P and Q be two points on a plane such that  POX = A and QOX = B,
then POQ = A + B P
Y
Form P and Q perpendiculars are drawn on x – axis
In ∆ OPR
OR PR r1
cos A = OP sinA = OP
R
A
or, OR = OP cos A or, PR = OP sin A
O B S X
 OR = r1 cos A or, PR = r1 sin A
r2
the co–ordinates of P are (r1 cos A, r1 sin A). Q
 
OP = (r1 cos A, r1 sin A)
Similarly, in ∆OQS,
OS
cos B = OQ
 OS = r2 cos B
QS
sinB = OQ
 QS = r2 sin B
So, the co–ordinates of Q are (r2 cos B, –r2 sin B)

 OQ = (r2 cos B, –r2 sin B)
 
Since, angle between OP and OQ is A + B
 
OP . OQ
we have, cos(A + B) =
 
| OP|| OQ|
(r1 cos A‚ r1 sin A) . (r2 cos B‚ –r2 sin B)
= r1 . r2
r1r2 cos A cos B – r1r2 sin A sin B
= r1r2
 cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B.
b. We can prove this relation in similar way of above solution 18 (a) by replacing
B with A.

 
1. Find a × b if
     
a. a = 2 i – 3 k, b = 2 j + 4k
       
b. a = 2 i + 3 j + k, b = – i – 2 j + 3 k
Solution
  
a. Given, a = 2 i – 3k = (2, 0, –3)
  
b = 2 j + 4k = (0, 2, 4)
  
i j k 
Now, a  b =  2 0 –3 
 

 
0 2 4 
0 –3 –3
= i   –j  2 + k  2 = 6i – 8j + 4k
 0
2 4  0 4  0 2
b. Given,
       
a = 2i + 3j + k b = – i – 2 j + 3k
  
 i j k  3
a b =  2  = i –j  2 + k  2 3 = 11i – 7j – k
  1 1
 3 1
  –2 3  –1 3   –1 –2 
 –1 –2 3
        
2. If a = 3 i + 4 j – 5 k and b = 7 i – 3 j + 6 k,
       
calculate ( a + b) × ( a – b) and |( a + b) × ( a – b)|
Solution:
       
Given, a = 3 i + 4 j – 5k b = 7 i – 3 j + 6k
          
a +b = (3 i + 4 j – 5k ) + (7 i – 3 j + 6k ) = 10 i + j + k
          
a – b = (3 i + 4 j – 5k )) – (7 i – 3 j + 6k ) = –4 i + 7 j – 11k
  
 i j k 
Now, (a + b )  (a – b ) =  10 1  = –18i + 106j + 74k
   

 1

 –4 7 –11 
   
|(a +b )  (a – b )| = (–18)2 + (106)2 + (74)2 = 17036
           
3. If a = i + j + k, b = 2 i + 3 j + k, find the value of |( a + b) × ( a – b)|.
Solution:
       
Here, a = i + j + k b = 2i + 3j + k
       
(a + b ) = (1 + 2) i + (1 + 3) j + (1 + 1)k = 3 i + 4 j + 2k
       
(a – b ) = (1 – 2) i + (1 – 3) j + (1 – 1)k = – i – 2 j + 0k
  

   i  
j k       
Now, (a + b)  (a – b) =  3 4 2  = (0 + 4) i – j (0 + 2) + k (–6 + 4) = 4 i – 2 j – 2k
 –1 –2 0 
   
|(a + b )  (a – b )| = 42 + (–2)2 + (–2)2 = 24 = 2 6
4. Find the vector and the unit vector orthogonal to each of the following pair of
vectors.
       
a. a = 4 i – 2 j + 3 k and b = 5 i + j – 4k
       
b. a = 6 i + 3 j – 5 k and b = i – 4 j + 2k
Solution:
       
a. Given, a = 4 i – 2 j + 3k , b = 5 i + j – 4k
 
The vector orthogonal to each of given vectors is given by a b
  
i j k
Now, a b =  4 –2 
       
3 = (8 – 3) i – (–16–15) j +(4+10)k = 5 i + 31 j + 14k
 
5 1 –4 
 
Also, |a  b | = 52 + 312 + 142 = 1182
    
5 i + 31 j + 14k ab
 unit vector is given as   =
|a  b| 1182
b. Given,
 
a = (6, 3, –5) and b = (1, –4, 2)
   
i j k 
Now, a  b =  6 
 
–5
 3

1 –4 2 
     
= (6 – 20) i – (12 + 5) j + (–24 – 4)k = –14 i – 17 j – 27k
 
Also, |a  b | = (–14)2 + (–17)2 + (–27)2= 1214
    
–14 i – 17 j – 27k ab
 unit vector is given as   =
|a  b| 1214

5. If the position vectors of the three points P, Q and R are respectively

        
i + j + 2 k, 2 i + 3 j + k and 3 i – j + 4 k, find a vector orthogonal to the plane
PQR.
Solution:
Let O be the origin
   
Given OP = i + j + 2k
   
OQ = 2 i + 3 j + k
   
OR = 3 i – j + 4k
     
PQ = OQ – OP = (2, 3, 1) – (1, 1, 2) = (1, 2, –1) = i + 2 j – k
     
QR = OR – OQ = (3, –1, 4) – (2, 3, 1) = (1, –4, 3) = i – 4 j + 3k
  
i j k    
PQ  QR =  1  = 2 i – 4 j – 6k
 
–1
 2

1 –4 3 
    
Hence, 2 i – 4 j – 6k is a vector perpendicular to both PQ and QR and hence
perpendicular to the plane PQR.
      
6. a. If  be the angle between the vectors a = 2 i – 3 j + 5k and b = 4 i – 7k, find
the value of sin .
b. Find the sine of the angle between the vectors
       
a = 3 i + j + 2 k and b = 2 i – 2 j + 9 k
c. Find the sine of the angle between the vectors
 
a = (3, 1, 2) and b = (2, –2, 4).
Solution:
      
a. Given, a = 2 i – 3 j + 5k , b = 4 i – 7k

Now, a = |a | = 4 + 9 + 25 = 38

2 2
b = |b | = 4 + (–7) = 65
  
i j k 
a  b =  2 –3  = 21i + 34j + 12k
 

 5

4 0 –7 
 
|a  b | = 21 + 342 + 122 =
2
1741
  
|a  b | 1741 1741
sin  =   = = 2470
|a| |b | 38 . 65
 
b. Given, a = (3, 1, 2) and b = (2, –2, 9)

Now, a = |a | = 9+1+4= 14

b = |b | = 4 + 4 + 81 = 89
  
i j k
a b =  3  = 13i – 23j – 8k
 

 1 2

2 –2 9
 
|a  b | = 132 + (–23)2 + (–8)2 = 762
 
|a  b | 762 762 381
 sin  =   = = =
|a||b | 14  89 14  89 623
 
c. Given rectors are a = (3, 1, 2) and b = (2, –2, 4)

a = |a | = 9+1+4= 14

b = |b | = 4 + 4 + 16 = 24
  
i j k   
Now, a  b =  3  = 8 i – 8 j – 8k
 

 1 2

2 –2 4
 
|a  b | = 64 + 64 + 64 = 192
 
|a  b | 192 2
 sin  = ab = =
14  24 7
7. Find the area of the triangle determined by the following pairs of vectors.
       
a. a = 3 i + j + k, b = i – 2 j – k.
     
b. a = 3 i + 4 j and b = –5 i + 7 j
Solution:
       
a. Given, a = 3 i + j + k , b = i – 2 j – k
  
i j k    
Now, a  b =  3  = i + 4 j – 7k
 

 1 1

1 –2 –1 
 
|a  b | = 1 + 16 + 49 = 66
  1   1
 area of triangle determined by a and b is given by 2 |a  b| = 2 66 sq. units
 
b. Given, a = (3, 4, 0) and b = (–5, 7, 0)
  
 i j k  
Now, a  b =  3  = 0 i – 0 j + 41k
 

 4 0

 –5 7 0
 
|a  b | = 0 + 0 + 412 = 41
2 2
  
 area of triangle determined by the vectors a and b is given by
1   1 1
2 |a  b | = 2  41 = 20 2 sq. units
     
8. Prove that the area of the triangle whose vertices have 3 i – j + 2k, i – j – 3 k
   1
and 4 i – 3 j + 2 k as position vectors is 2 141 square units.
Solution:
Let 0 be the origin. Let A, B and C be vertices of triangle
   
Then OA = 3 i – j + 2k
   
OB = i – j – 3k
   
OC = 4 i – 3 j + 2k
     
Now, AB = OB – OA = –2 i + 0 j – 5k
     
BC = OC – OB = 3 i – 2 j + 5k
  
 i j k 
AB  BC =  –2  = –10i – 5j + 4k
 
–5
 0

 3 –2 5 
 
|AB  BC| = 100 + 25 + 16 = 141
1   1
 area of triangle ABC = 2 |AB  BC| = 2 141 sq. units

9. Find the area of the parallelogram whose two adjacent sides are determined by
the following pairs of vectors.
       
a. a = 7 i + 8 j – k and b = 10 i – 11 j + 12 k .
       
b. a = i + 2 j + 3 k and b = i – 2 j + 4k
Solution:
       
a. Given, a = 7 i + 8 j – k b = 10 i – 11 j + 12k
  
 i
 
j k       
Now, a  b =  7 8 –1  = (96 – 11) i –(84 + 10) j +(–77–80)k =85 i –94 j – 157k
 10 –11 12 
 
|a  b | = 85 + 942 + 1572 =
2
40710
 
 area of parallelogram whose adjacent sides are a and b is 40710 sq.
units.
       
b. Given, a = i + 2 j + 3k b = i – 2 j + 4k
  
 i j k
Now, a  b =  1 
       
3 = (8+6) i – (4 – 3) j + (–2 – 2)k = 14 i – j – 4k
 2

 1 –2 4
 
|a b | = 142 + 12 + 42 = 196 + 1 + 16 = 213
 
 area of parallelogram = |a  b | = 213 sq units.
10. Find the area of the parallelogram whose diagonals are represented by the
     
vectors i + j – k and i – j + k.
Solution:
       
Let d 1 = i + j – k and d 2 = i – j + k be two diagonals of a parallelogram.
  
 i j k    
d 1d 2 =   = 0 i – 2 j – 2k
 
–1
 1 1

 1 –1 1 
 
|d 1d 2| = 0 + 2 + 22 =
2 2
8=2 2
 
 area of parallelogram whose diagonals d 1 and d 2 is given by
1   1
2 |d 1d 2| sq. units = 2 . 2 2 sq. units = 2 sq. units
    
11. a. If | a| = 15, | b| = 4 and | a× b| = 36, find the value of a.b.
    
b. Given | a| = 9, | b| = 5 and a. b = 36, find | a×b|.
            
c. If a = i + j + k, c = i – j , then find b such that a × b = c and a . b = 3
  
d. Given any three vectors a, b and c, prove that
        
a×(b + c) + b × ( c+a) + c × ( a+b) = 0.
        
e. If a + b + c = 0, prove that a × b = b × c = c × a.
Solution:
   
a. Given, |a | = 15, |b | = 4 and |a  b | = 36
 
If  be the angle between two vectors a and b then
 
|a  b | 36 9 3
sin  =   = = =
|a ||b | 154 15 5
9 4
 cos  = 1 – sin2  = 1 – 25 = 5
 
a.b
Also, we know that cos  =  
|a ||b |
    4
or, a . b = |a | |b | cos  = 15  4  5 = 48
 
 a .b = 48
   
b. Given, |a | = 9, |b | = 5 and a .b = 36
 
If  be the angle between a and b
 
a .b 36 4
Then, cos  = ab = =
95 5
16 3
 sin  = 1 – cos2  =
1 – 25 = 5
    3
Also, |a b | = |a | |b | sin  = 9  5  5 = 27
      
c. Given, a = i + j + k c= i – j
    
Let b = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k
       
a .b = ( i + j + k ) . (b1 i + b2 j + b3 k )
3 = b1 + b2 + b3 ... (i)
  
 i j k 
a b =  1  = (b3 – b2)i + (b1 – b3)j + (b2 – b1)k
 

 1 1

 b1 b2 b3 
   
or, c = (b3 – b2) i + (b1 – b3) j + (b2 – b1)k
    
i – j = (b3 – b2) i + (b1 – b3) j + (b2 – b1)k
Equating corresponding vectors
b3 – b2 = 1, b1 – b3 = –1 and b2 – b1 = 0
i.e. b2 – b1 = 0
 b1 = b2 ... (ii)
b3 = 1 + b2 ... (iii)
b3 = 1 + b1 ... (iv)
Also, b1 + b2 + b3 = 3
or, b1 + b1 + 1 + b1 = 3
or, 3b1 = 2
2
 b1 = 3
2
from (ii) b2 = 3
2 5
from (iv) b3 = 1 + 3 = 3
 2 2 5 1   
 b = (b1, b2, b3) = 3 i + 3 j + 3 k = 3 (2 i + 2 j + 5k )
        
d. LHS = a  (b + c ) + b  (c + a ) + c  (a + b )
           
= a b + a c + b c + b a + c a + c b
           
= a b – c a + b c – a b + c a – b c = 0 RHS
  
e. Given, a + b + c = 0
  
or, a + b = – c ... (i)

Taking cross product with a on both sides
    
a  (a + b ) = a  (– c )
     
or, a a + a b = c a
   
or, 0 + a b = c a
   
 a b = c a ... (ii)

Again, taking cross product with b on equation (i) both sides
    
b  (a + b ) = b  (–c )
     
b  a + b b = – b c
   
or, – a b + 0 = –b c
   
 a b = b c ... (iii)
Combining (ii) and (iii) we get,
      
a b = b c = c a Proved.
           
12. If a = 3 i – j + 2 k, b = 2 i + j – 3k and c = i – 2 j + 2 k, then find
  
a. ( a × b) × c
  
b. a × (b × c)
     
and hence show that ( a × b) × c  a × ( b × c )
Solution:
Given,
           
a = 3 i – j + 2k b = 2 i + j – 3k c = i – 2 j + 2k
  
 i j k  
a b =  3  = i + 13j + 5k
 
–1
 2

 2 1 –3 
  
 i j k 
(a b )  c =  1 
     
13 5 = 36 i + 3 j – 15k ... (i)
 
1 –2 2 
  
 i j k 
b c =  2 1 
    
–3 = – 4 i – 7 j – 5k
 
 1 –2 2 
  
 i j k 
a (b c ) =  3  = 19i + 7j – 25k
  
–1 2 ... (ii)
 
 –4 –7 –5 
     
From (i) and (ii), Hence (a b )c  a (b c )
   
13. If a, b, c, d are the position vectors of the vertices of a quadrilateral ABCD,
prove that the vector area of the quadrilateral ABCD is
1        
2 [ a × b + b × c + c × d + d × a].
Solution:
Let 0 be the origin. Suppose A, B, C, D are vertices of a quadrilateral ABCD.
       
Let OA = a , OB = b , OC = c and OD = d B
C
    
Now, AB = OB – OA = b – a
    
BC = OC – OB = c – b A
    
AC = OC – OA = c – a D
    
CD = OD – OC = d – c 0
Vector area of ABC
1   1     1        
= 2 AB  BC = 2 (b – a )  (c – b ) = 2 [b c – b b – a c + a b ]
1       1      
= 2 [b c – 0 + c a + a b ] = 2 [a b + b c + c a ]
Again, vector area of ACD
 1   1    
= 2 (ACCD) = 2 [(c – a )  (d – c )]
1         1      
= 2 [c d – c c – a d + a c ] = 2 [c d + d a + a c ]
 vector area of quadrilateral ABCD = vector area of
ABC + vector area of ACD
1            
= 2 [a b + b c + c a + c +d + d a + a c ]
1             1        
= 2 [a b + b c + c a + c +d + d a – c a ] = 2 [a b + b c + c d + d a ]

sin A sin B sin C

14. In any ABC, prove by vector method a = b = c .
Solution:
Suppose ABC be a triangle in which –A A
 
BC = a ,
   
CA = b and AB = c  
c b
Now, by triangle law of vector addition,
  
 a + b + c = 0 ... (i)
 –C
Multiplying (i) vectorically by a , we get B
     
a  (a + b + c ) = a  0 a C
–B
     
aa+ab+ac=0
         
 a  b = c  a ... (ii) [ a a = 0 and a c = –c a ]

Similarly, multiplying (i) vectorially by b , we get
   
a  b = b  c ... (iii)
Combining (ii) and (iii) we get
     
ab=bc=ca
     
or, |a  b | = |b  c | = |c  a |
or, ab sin ( – C) = bc sin ( – A) = ca sin ( – B)
or, ab sin C = bc sin A = ca sin B
Dividing by abc, we get
sin C sin A sin B
c = a = b
sin A sin B sin C
 a = b = c .
15. Prove vectorically that:
a. sin (A + B) = sin A.cos B + cos A.sin B.
b. sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A
Solution:
a. Let us consider the rectangular axes i.e. two mutually perpendicular
straight lines XOX' and YOY' as in the figure. Let XOP = A and XOQ =
B, so that POQ = A + B.
 Also, let OP = a and OQ = b. Y
So the co–ordinates of P and Q are P(OP cos A,
OP sin A) and Q(OQ cos B, – OQ sin B)
i.e. P(a cos A, a sin A) and Q(b cos B, – b sin B)
respectively. P
  a
 OP = (acos A, asin A) and OQ = (b cos B, –b sin B). A A+B
X' Q' X
Now, O B P'
  ^
OP × OQ = [a cos A . (–b sin B) – a sin A . b cos B] n b
Q
= – ab(cos A.sin B + sin A.cos B)n
^
Y'
  ^
 OP × OQ = – ab (sin A.cos B + cos A.sin B) n
 
 |OP × OQ| = ab (sin A.cos B + cos A.sin B)
 
If (A + B) be the angle between OP and OQ
 
|OP × OQ|
Then sin (A + B) = OP . OQ

ab (sin A.cos B + cos A.sin B)

= ab
= (sin A.cos B + cos A.sin B)
Hence, sin(A + B) = sin A.cos B + cos A.sin B.
b. We can prove this relation in similar way of above solution 15 (a) by replacing
B with A.
16. The diagram shows a cube OABCDEFG with side length 4 units. The unit
     
vectors i , j and k are parallel to OA , OC and OD .
The point M is the mid–point of GF and AN: NB = 1:3.
 
a. find the angle between the vectors OM and NG .
 
b. Use the vector product of two vectors OM and ON to
find the area of the triangle OMN.
Solution:
a. Length of the sides of cube is 4 units.
M is mid–point of GF and AN: NB = 1:3
i.e. AN = 1 unit and NB = 3 units.
 
Now, to find the angle between the vectors OM and NG
   
OM = OD + DG + GM
     
=4k +4 j +2 i =2 i +4 j +4k
  
and NG = OG – ON
   
= ( OD + DG ) – ( OA + AN )
   
= (4 k + 4 j ) – (4 i + 1 j )
   
=–4 i +3 j +4k

  
 i j  k 
Also, OM × NG =

2 4 4 
 –4 3 4 
    
= i (16 – 12) – j (8 + 16) + k (6 + 16) = 4 i – 24 j +

22 k
 
Hence, | OM × NG | = 42 + (– 24)2 + 222 = 1076

| OM |= 22 + 42 + 42 = 6

| NG |= (– 4)2 + 32 + 42 = 41
 
If  be the angle between OM and NG
 
| OM × NG | 1076
Then, sin  = =
  6 × 41
| OM | . | NG |

  = sin–1 
1076 
= 58.6°
6 × 41 
b. To find the areas of triangle OMN,
   
We have, OM = 2 i + 4 j + 4 k
  
and ON = 4 i + 1 j

  
 i j  k 
Now, OM × ON =

 2 4 4 
 4 1 0 
  
= i (0 – 4) – j (0 – 16) + k (2 – 16)
  
= – 4 i + 16 j – 14 k
 
| OM × ON |= (– 4)2 + 162 + (– 14)2 = 468
1   468
 the areas of OMN, = 2 | OM × ON |= 2 sq. units.


 CORRELATION AND REGRESSION

1. Find the correlation coefficient between the two variables under the following
conditions.
a. Cov (X, Y) = –16.5, Var(X) = 2.89 and Var(Y) = 100
b. N = 13, XX2 = 1313, Y= 260, Y2 = 6580, XY = 2827
c. N = 15, x = 3.2, y = 3.4 and (X – X̄) (Y – Ȳ ) = 122.
Solution:
a. Here, Cov (x, y) = –16.5 b. Here,
Var (x) = 2.89 Given, N = 13 x = 117
Var (y) = 100 x2 = 1,313 y = 260
Coefficient off correlation y2 = 6580 xy = 2827
Cov(x, y) Coefficient of correlation
r =
Var(x) . Var(y) nxy – x. y
r =
–16.5 nx2 – (x)2 . ny2 – (y)2
=
2.89 . 100 = 13  2827 – 117260
–16.5 131313 –1172  136580 – (260)2
= 36751 – 30420
1.710
=
–16.5 3380  17940
= 17
6331
= = 0.81
= –0.97 58.13133.94
c. Here, N = 15
x = 3.2 y = 3.4
– –
(x – x) (y – y) = 122
(x – –
x) (y – –
y) 122 122
Coefficient of correlation (r) = = = = 0.75
Nxy 153.23.4 163.2
2. a. Karl Pearson's coefficient of correlation between two variables X and Y is
0.28, their covariance is 0.76. If the variance of X is 9, find the standard
deviation of Y series.
b. If the correlation coefficient between X and Y = 0.85, Cov (X, Y) = 6.5, Var
(X) = 6.1, then find the standard deviation of Y–series.
Solution:
a. Karl Pearson's coefficient of correlation between 'x' and 'y' (r) = 0.28
Cor (x, y) = 0.76, Var (x) = 9, y = ?
Now, We have,
cov (x‚ y)
Coefficient of correlation (r) =
Var(x). Var(y)
0.76
or, 0.28 =
9 . Var(y)
 0.76
or, Var (y) = 3 × 0.28

or, Var (y) = 0.904

 y = 0.904
b. Correlation coefficient between x and y (r) = 0.85
Cov (x,y) = 6.5
Var (x) = 6.1
Standard derivation of y (y) = ?
Now, we have,
cov(x,y)
Coefficient of correlation (r) =
var(x) . var(y)
6.5
or, 0.85 =
6.1 . var(y)
6.5
or, var(y) =
0.85 × 6.1
or, var(y) = 3.096
 y = 3.096
Hence, the required y is 3.096
3. a. Calculate Karl Pearson's correlation coefficient between the two variables
from the data given below.
Marks in Maths 48 35 17 23 47
Marks in Biology 45 20 40 25 45
b. Calculate the coefficient of correlation from the following data of price and
demand.
Data of price 14 16 19 22 24 30
(Rs)
Demand (Rs) 24 22 20 24 23 28
c. Find the covariance and correlation coefficient between x and y for the
following observations of
(x, y): (20, 7), (10, 15), (20, 12), (10, 16), (17, 17), (12, 10), (15, 11), (16, 8)
Solution:
a. Here,
–) y=(y–y
Maths(x) Biology (y) x = (x–x –) xy x2 y2
48 45 14 10 140 196 100
35 20 1 –15 –15 1 225
17 40 –17 5 –85 289 25
23 25 –11 –10 110 121 100
47 45 13 10 130 169 100
x = 170 y = 175 xy=280 x2=776 y2=550
– x 170 – y 175
x = n = 5 = 34, y = N = 5 = 35
xy 280
Karl Pearson's coefficient of correlation (r) = =
x .
2
y2
776 . 550
 280 280
= =
776 . 550 27.8523.45
280
= 653.0325
= 0.4286

b. Let, A = 19, B = 20
Calculation of correlation coefficient
Data of price (Rs.) (x) Demand (Rs.) (y) u = x – 19 v = y – 20 u2 v2 uv
14 24 –5 4 25 16 –20
16 22 –3 2 9 4 –6
19 20 0 0 0 0 0
22 24 3 4 9 16 12
24 23 5 3 25 9 15
30 28 11 8 121 64 88
11 21 189 109 89
 Required correlation coefficient is given by
nuv – uv 6  89 – 11  21
r = =
2 2 2
nu – (u) nv – (v) 2
6  189 – (11)2 6  109 – (21)2
534 – 231 303
= = = 0.6524
1013 213 31.83  14.59
c. Calculation of co–varience and correlation coefficient
X Y x–x– (x–x –)2 y–y – (y–y –)2 –) (y–y
(x–x –)
20 7 5 25 –5 25 –25
10 15 –5 25 3 9 –15
20 12 5 25 0 0 0
10 16 –5 25 4 16 –20
17 17 2 4 5 25 10
12 10 –3 9 –2 4 6
15 11 0 0 –1 1 0
16 8 1 1 –4 16 –4
x = 120 y = 96 114 96 –) (y–y
(x–x –)=–48
x y
Here, –
x = n and –y= n
120 96
 –x = 8 and – y= 8

 –x = 15 and –
y = 12
(x – –
x) (y – –
y) –48
 Co–varience of (x, y) = n = 8 = –6
And, the correlation coefficient is
(x – –x) (y – –
y)
r =
(x – –
x )2 (y – – y )2
–48
=
114 96
–48
= = –0.459
10.67  9.78
4. a. From the following table calculate Karl Pearson's correlation coefficient
between the two variables;
X 6 2 10 4 8
Y 9 11 ? 8 7
Arithemetic means of X and Y series are 6 and 8 respectively.
b. From the following table calculate the missing data of X – series and
correlation coefficient by Karl Pearson's method.
X 10 12 20 ? 16 14
Y 9 12 15 18 14 16
The arithemetic mean of X is 13.
Solution:
a. Suppose the missing value of Y be a.
Here,
X Y – – xy x2 y2
x = (X–X) y = (Y–Y)
6 9 0 1 0 0 1
2 11 –4 3 –12 16 9
10 a=5 4 –3 –12 16 9
4 8 –2 0 0 4 0
8 7 2 –1 –2 4 1
x = 30 y = 35+a = 40 x = 0 y = 0 xy = –26 x = 40 y = 20
2 2

– y –
Hence, y = n , x = 6
35 + a
or, 8 = 5
or, 40 – 35 = a
 a=5
xy –26 –26 –26
Coefficient of correlation (r) = = = = = –0.9192
x2 . y2 40 . 20 800 28.28
b. Suppose the missing value of X be a.
Here,
X Y – – x2 y2 xy
x=(X–X) y=(Y–Y)
10 9 –3 –5 9 25 15
12 12 –1 –2 1 4 2
20 15 7 1 49 1 7
a=6 18 –7 4 49 16 –28
16 14 3 0 9 0 0
14 16 1 2 1 4 2
x = 72 + a y = 84 0 0 118 50 –2
= 78
It is given that,
– y
x = 13 and – y= n
x 84
 n = 13 and – y= 6
 72 + a –
 6 = 13 and y = 14
 a=6
 The correlation coefficient is given by
xy –2 –2 –2
r= = = = = –0.026
x2 y2 118 50 10.86  7.07 76.78

5. Calculate the correlation coefficient for the following series of age of husband
(X) and age of wife (Y).
X 41 44 45 48 40 42 44
Y 22 24 25 27 21 22 23
Solution:
X Y x2 y2 xy
41 22 1681 484 902
44 24 1936 576 1056
45 25 2025 625 1125
48 27 2304 729 1296
40 21 1600 441 840
42 22 1764 484 924
44 23 1936 529 1012
x=304 y=164 x2 = 13246 y2=3868 xy=7155
No. of items (n) = 7
nxy – x. y
Coefficient of collection (r) =
nx2 – (x)2 . ny2 – (y)2
77155 – 304164
=
713246 – (304)2. 73868 – (164)2
50085 – 49856 229
= = = 0.9756
306 180 17.49 × 13.42

6. The following data gives the marks obtained by 10 students in mathematics

and English.
Student 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Marks in math 45 70 65 30 90 40 50 75 85 60
Marks in Eng 35 90 70 40 95 40 60 80 80 50
Find the coefficient of correlation and interprent it.
Solution:
Math (x) Eng(y) xy x2 y2
45 35 1575 2025 1225
70 90 6300 4900 8100
65 70 4550 4225 4900
30 40 1200 900 1600
90 95 8550 8100 9025
40 40 1600 1600 1600
50 60 3000 2500 3600
75 80 6000 5625 6400
85 80 6800 7225 6400
 60 50 3000 3600 2500
x=610 y=640 xy=42575 x2=40700 y2=45350
nxy – x. y
Coefficient of correlation (r) =
nx2 – (x)2 . ny2 – (y)2
1042575 – 610640
=
1040700 – (610)2 . 1045350 – (640)2
425750 – 390400 35350
= = = 0.9032
34900 . 43900 39140.4312
Hence, there is high degree of positive correlation.
7. A person while calculating the correlation coefficient between the variables X
and Y obtained the following n = 30, X = 120, X2 = 600, Y = 90, Y2 = 250,
XY = 356. It was, however later discovered at the time of checking that it had
copied down two pairs of observations as, (8, 10) and (12, 7) while correct
values were (8, 12) and (10, 8) obtain the correct value of correlation coefficient
between them.
Solution:
Here, Corrected x = 120 – 8 – 12 + 8 + 10 = 118
Corrected y = 90 – 10 – 7 + 12 + 8 = 93
Corrected x2 = 600 – 82 – 122 + 82 + 102 = 556
Corrected y2 = 250 – 102 – 72 + 122 + 82 = 309
Corrected xy = 356 – 810 – 127 + 812 + 108 = 368
Now, Corrected value of correlation coefficient is,
nxy – x. y 30368 – 11893
re = 2 2 2 2
=
nx – (x) . ny – (y) 30556 – (118)2 30309 – (93)2
11040 – 10974 66 66
= = = = 0.05
16680 – 13924. 9270 – 8649 52.49  24.91 1307.5259
8. Two bank officers examined eleven loan applications and ranked them.
Compute the rank Correlation coefficient.
Loan applicants A B C D E F G H I J K
Officer I 1 7 4 2 3 6 5 9 10 8 11
Officer II 1 6 5 2 3 4 7 11 8 10 9
Solution:
Here,
Officer I (R1) Officer I (R2) d = R1 – R2 d2
1 1 0 0
7 6 1 1
4 5 –1 1
2 2 0 0
3 3 0 0
6 4 2 4
5 7 –2 4
9 11 –2 4
10 8 2 4
8 10 –2 4
 11 9 2 4
d = 0 d2 = 26
6d2 626 156
Rank correlation coefficient () = 1 – n(n2 – 1) = 1 – 11((11)2 – 1) = 1 – 1329
= 1 – 0.118 = 0.882
9. Seven methods of imparting business education were ranked by MBA students
of two campuses as follows.
Methods of teaching I II III IV V VI VII
Rank by student of A 2 1 3 5 4 6 7
Rank by student of B 1 3 2 4 7 5 6
Compute Spearman’s rank correlation
Solution:
Calculation for spearman's rank correlation
Teaching Rank of st A Rank of std. B d = RA – d2
method (RA) (RB) RB
I 2 1 1 1
II 1 3 –2 4
III 3 2 1 1
IV 5 4 1 1
V 4 7 –3 9
VI 6 5 1 1
VII 7 6 1 1
d2 = 18
6 d2
Rank correlation coefficient () = 1 – n(n2 – 1)
6  18 108 228
=1– = 1 – 336 = 336 = 0.68
7  48

10. Calculate Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient between advertisement cost

(X) and sales (Y) from the following data:
X: 39 65 62 90 82 75 25 98 36 78
Y: 47 53 58 86 62 68 60 91 51 84
Solution:
Here,
x Rank (Rx) y Rank (Ry) d = Rx – Ry d2
39 8 47 10 –2 4
65 6 53 8 –2 4
62 7 58 7 0 0
90 2 86 2 0 0
82 3 62 5 –2 4
75 5 68 4 1 1
25 10 60 6 4 16
98 1 91 1 0 0
36 9 51 9 0 0
78 4 84 3 1 1
d = 30
2

6d2
Rank correlation coefficient () = 1 – n(n2 – 1)

6  30 180
=1– = 1 – 990 = 0.818
10  99
11. From the following data of the marks obtained by 8 students in accountancy
and statistics paper, calculate Spearman's rank correlation:
Marks in Accoutancy 25 68 45 50 80 74 50 68
(X)
Marks in Statistics (Y) 36 40 57 40 72 75 60 40
Solution:
Calculation of rank correlation coefficient
X Y R1 R2 d = R1 – R2 d2
25 36 8 8 0 0
68 40 3.5 6 –2.5 6.25
45 57 7 4 3 9
50 40 5.5 6 –0.5 0.25
80 72 1 2 –1 1
74 75 2 1 1 1
50 60 5.5 3 2.5 6.25
68 40 3.5 6 –2.5 6.25
d2 = 30
Here , N = 8, m1 = 2, m2 = 2, m3 = 3 Rank correlation coefficient () = ?
m1(m12 – 1) m2(m22 – 1) m3(m32 – 1)

Now,  = 1 –
{
6 d2 + 12 +
2
12 + 12 }
N(N – 1)
2(4 – 1) 2(4 – 1) 3(9 – 1)

=1–
{
6 30 + 12 + 12 + 12 }
8(64 – 1)
6(30 + 0.5 + 0.5 + 2) 504 – 198 306
=1– 8 × 63 = 504 = 504 = 0.6071

1. From the following results, find the regression coefficients.

a. x = 20, y = 15, r = 0.48 b. x = 8, y = 10, r = –0.6
Solution:
a. Here, x = 20, y = 15, r = 0.48
The regression coefficients are
y 15
byx = r = 0.48  20 = 0.36
x
x 20
and bxy = r = 0.48  15 = 0.64
y
b. x = 8, y = 10, r = –0.6
The regression coefficients are
y 10 x 8
byx = r = –0.6  8 = –0.75 and bxy = r = –0.6  10 = –0.48
x y
2. Find the correlation coefficient between the two variables under the following
condition (if possible)
a. bxy = 1.8 and byx = 0.35 b. byx = – 0.84 and bxy = – 1.15
c. byx = 0.6 and bxy = – 1.3
d. The two regression coefficients are 1.36 and 0.8.
Solution:
a. Here, byx = 0.35, bxy = 1.8
Now, correlation coefficient (r) =  byx . bxy = + 0.35  1.8 = 0.63 = 0.7937
b. Here, byx = 0.84, bxy = 1.15
Now, the correlation coefficient (r) =  byx . bxy = – (–0.84) . (–1.15)
= – 0.966 = – 0.98
c. Here, byx = 0.6 and bxy = – 1.3 are of opposite sign, which is not possible. So,
regression coefficient does not exist.
d. Let, byx = 1.36, bxy = 0.8
The product of two regression coefficient = 1.36  0.8 = 1.088 > 1 which is not
possible.
3. a. On the basis of the given information find the regression coefficient of X on Y
∑XY = 750 ∑X2 = 2085 ∑Y2 = 285
∑X = 135 ∑Y = 45 N=9
b. Find the regression equations from the following data.
ΣX = 60, ΣY = 40, ΣXY =1150,
ΣX² = 4160, ΣY² = 1720, N = 10
Also find the correlation coefficient between X and Y.
c. Regression coefficient of Y on X and X on Y are given as –2.002 and –0.461.
Find the value of correlation coefficient between X and Y. If mean of X and
Y are 87.2 and 127.2, estimate X when Y = 133.
d. Find the most likely price in Kathmandu corresponding to the price of Rs.
70 at Birgunj from the following data:
Average price in Birgunj Rs. 65
Average price in Kathmandu Rs. 67
Standard deviation of Birgunj price 2.5
Standard deviation of Kathmandu price 3.5
Correlation co–efficient between the price in two cities + 0.08
Solution:
a. Here, xy = 750, x2 = 2085, y2 = 285, x = 135, y = 45, N = 9
Now, The regression coefficient of x on y is
n xy – x.y 9  750 – 135  45 6750 – 6075 675
bxy = = = 2565 – 2025 = 540 = 1.25
ny2 – (y)2 9  285 – (45)2
b. Here, x = 60, y = 40, xy = 1150, x2 = 4160, y2 = 1720, n = 10
Now, the point at which the regression lines intersect to each other is
–,– x y 60 40
(x ( ) (
y) = n ‚ n = 10‚ 10 = (6, 4))
We have, the equation of regression line of y on x is
y–– y = b (x – –
yx x) ... ... ... (i)
and x on y is x – –
x = bxy (y – –
y) ... ... ... (ii)
where
nxy – x . y 10  1150 – 60  40 11500 – 2400 9100
byx = = = 41600 – 3600 = 38000 = 0.239
n x2 – (x2) 10  4160 – 602
n xy – x. y 10  1150 – 6040 9100
and bxy = = = 15600 = 0.583
ny2 – (y)2 101720 – 402
Hence, from (i) and (ii), the required equations are
 y – 4 = 0.239 (x – 6)
or, y = 2.566 + 0.239x
and x – 6 = 0.583 (y – 4)
or, x = 3.668 + 0.583y
Also, correlation coefficient (r) =  byx . bxy = + 0.239  0.583 = 0.139337 =
0.373
c. Here, byx = –2.002 and bxy = –0.461
Now, r =  byx . bxy = – –2.002  –0.461 = – 0.922922 = – 0.9607
Also, –x = 87.2, –
y = 127.2, y = 133, x = ?
Using, x – –x = bxy (y – –
y),
or, x – 87.2 = –0.461 (y – 127.2)
or, x – 87.2 = – 0.461 (133 – 127.2)
or, x – 87.2 = –2.6738
 x = 84.5262
–) = Rs. 65
d. Let average price in Birgunj (x
Average price in Kathmandu (y –) = Rs. 67
x = 2.5, y = 3.5, r = 0.08
y 3.5
Now, byx = r . = 0.08  2.5 = 0.112
x
The equation of regression line of y on x is
y–– y = b (x – –
yx x)
or, y – 67 = 0.112 (x – 65)
or, y – 67 = 0.112 x –7.28
or, y = 59.72 + 0.112x
If x = Rs. 70, then y = 59.72 + 0.112  70 = Rs. 67.56
4. From the following pair of regression equations, find the regression
coefficients, correlation coefficients and the means of x and y series.
a. 3x + 2y – 26 = 0; 6x + y – 31 = 0 b. 3x + 4y = 65, 3x + y = 32
Solution:
a. Here, the regression equations ae 3x + 2y – 26 = 0; 6x + y – 31 = 0.
Let, the regression equation of y on x be
3x + 2y – 26 = 0
or, 2y = –3x + 26
–3
or, y = 2 x + 13, which is in the form of y = a + bx
3
So, b = byx = –2
Again, let the regression equation of x on y be
6x + y – 31 = 0
or, 6x = –y + 31
1 31
or, x = – 6 y + 6 , which is in the form of x = a + by
1
So, b = bxy = –6
–3 1
Now, correlation coefficient (r) =  byx . bxy = – 2  – 6 = – 0.5  [– 1, 1].
So, our supposition is right.
 3 1
 byx = –2 , bxy = –6 and r = – 0.5.
After solving the given equations, we get the intersection point (x, y) = (4, 7)
i.e, mean of x = –
x = 4 and mean of y = –
y = 7.
b. We have, the given two regression equations are
3x + 4y = 65 and 3x + y = 31
–, –
Since (x y) lies on the given regression lines.
– + 4y
3x – = 65 ... ... ... (i)
–+–
3x y = 32 ... ... ... (ii)
Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get
3y– = 33

or, –
y = 11
– + 411 = 65  3x
From (i), 3x – = 65 – 44 = 21

–x = 7 and –y = 11
For the regression coefficients, let the regression equation of y on x be
3x + 4y = 65
 4y = 65 – 3x
65 3
 y = 4 – 4 x which is in the form of y = a + bx;
3
So, b = byx = – 4
Again, let the regression equation of x on y be
3x + y = 32
 3x = 32 – y
32 1
 x = 3 – 3 y which is in the form of x = a + by
1
So, b = bxy = – 3
3 1
Correlation coefficient (r) =  bxy . bxy = – – 4  – 3 = – 0.5  [– 1, 1].
So, our supposition is right.
3 1
 byx = – 4 , bxy = – 3 and r = – 0.5.

5. a. The regression coefficient of x on y and y on x are 1.5 and 0.65 respectively.

If the arithmetic's mean x̄ and ȳ are 36 and 52 respectively, find the two
regression equations. Also find the value of y when x = 60.
Solution,
Here, bxy = 1.5, byx = 0.65
–
x = 36 and –y = 52
Regression equation of y on x is
y–– y = b (x – –
yx x)
 y – 52 = 0.65 (x – 36)
 y = 0.65x – 23.4 + 52
 y = 0.65x + 28.6 ... ... ... (i)
And, the regression equation of x on y is
x– – x = b (y – –
xy y)
  x – 36 = 1.5 (y – 52)
 x = 1.5y – 78 + 36
 x = 1.5y – 42 ... ... ... (ii)
When x = 60 then from (i),
y = 0.65  60 + 28.6 = 67.6
b. Given the following, x̄ = 20, ȳ = 120 (C.V.)x = 25, (C.V.)y = 28.83, r = 0.8. Find x
when y = 150.
Solution:
b. Given, –x = 20, –
y = 120, (C.V.)x = 25, (C.V.)y = 28.83, r = 0.8, x = ? if y = 150
x
(C.V.)x = 25, then 25 = –  100
x
25  20
or, 100 = x
or, x = 5
y
(C.V.)y = 28.83  28.83 = –  100
y
28.83  120
or, 100 = y
or, y = 34.596
x 5
 bxy = r = 0.8  34.596 = 0.1156
y
Now, the equation of regression line of x on y is
x–– x= b (y – –
xy y)
or, x – 20 = 0.1156 (y – 120)
or, x = 0.1156y – 13.872 + 20
 x = 0.1156y + 6.128
when y = 150, x = 0.1156  150 + 6.128 = 23.468.
6. From the following results, obtain the two regression equations and estimate
the yield, when the rainfall is 29 cms and the rainfall, when the yield is 600 kg:
Yield in kg.(Y) Rainfall in cms.(X)
Mean 508.4 26.7
Standard deviation 36.8 4.6
Coefficient of correlation between yield and rainfall is +0.52.
Solution:
–) = 26.7cm
Here, average of rainfall (x
–
Average of yield (y) = 508.4kg
x = 4.6, y = 36.8, r = 0.52
For x on y:
x 4.6
bxy = r = 0.52  36.8 = 0.065
y
So, the equation is x – –x = b (y – –
y)
xy
or, x – 26.7 = 0.065 (y – 508.4)
or, x – 26.7 = 0.065y – 33.046
or, x = 0.065y – 6.346
When yield (y) = 600kg, x = 0.065  600 – 6.346 = 32.654cm
For y on x
 y 36.8
byx = r = 0.52  4.6 = 4.16
x
So, the equation is y – –
y = b (x – –
yx x)
or, y – 508.4 = 4.16 (x – 26.7)
or, y – 508.4 = 4.16x – 111.072
or, y = 4.16x + 397.328
When rainfall (x) = 29cm
y = 4.1629 + 397.328 = 517.968kg
7. The advertisement expenses and sales of a new product are recorded as below:
Adv. exp (Rs. '000) 1 5 6 8 10
Sales (Rs. '000) 50 60 80 100 110
Estimate the sales when adverti sing expenses is Rs. 15000.
Solution:
x y xy x2
1 50 50 1
5 60 300 25
6 80 480 36
8 100 800 64
10 110 1100 100
x = 30 y = 400 xy = 2730 x = 226
– x 30 – y 400
Here, x = n = 5 = 6 and y = n = 5 = 80
nxy – x y 5  273 – 30  400 13650 – 12000 1650
byx = = = 1130 – 900 = 230 = 7.1739
n x2 – (x)2 5  226 – (30)2
The regression equation of y on x is
y–– y = b (x – –
yx x)
or, y – 80 = 7.1739 (x – 6)
or, y – 80 = 7.1739x – 43.0434
or, y = 7.1739x + 36.9566
When advertising expenses is Rs. 15000 i.e. x = 15,
y = 7.1739  15 + 36.9566 = 144.565 thousands
 Estimated sales is Rs. 144565.
8. Find the regression of X on Y from the following data:
X 2 4 5 6 8 11
Y 18 12 10 8 7 5
Estimate the value of X when Y = 12.
Solution:
Calculation regression equation of x on y
x y x2 y2 xy
2 18 4 324 36
4 12 16 144 48
5 10 25 100 50
6 8 36 64 48
8 7 64 49 56
11 5 121 25 55
36 60 266 706 293
x y
Here, –
x= n and –
y= n

 –x = 6 and –
36 60
y= 6

 –x=6  – y = 10
 nxy – xy 6  293 – 36  60 1758 – 2160 –402
Again, bxy = = = 4236 – 3600 = 636 = –0.6320
ny2 – (y)2 6  706 – (60)2
 Regression equation of x on y is,
x– –
x = b (y – –
y)
xy
 x – 6 = –0.6320 (y – 10)
 x – 6 = –0.6320y + 6.32
 x = 12.32 – 0.6320y
When y = 12 then x = 12.32 – 0.6320  12
 x = 4.736
9. While calculating the coefficient of correlation between two varioushes x and y
the following results were obtained.
The number of observations n = 25, x = 125, y = 100, x2 = 650, y2 = 460,
xy = 508. It was however, later discovered at the time of checking that two
pairs of observations (x, y) were copied (6, 14) and (8, 6) while the correct
values were (8, 12) and (6, 8) respectively. Determine the correct value of
coefficient of correlation. However find the correct equation of the two lines of
regression.
Solution:
Here, n = 25, x = 125, y = 100, x2 = 650, y2 = 460, xy = 508
But (8, 12) and (6, 8) were copied wrong as (6, 14) and (8, 6) respectively.
So, corrected values are
n = 25, x = 125 + 8 – 6 + 6 – 8 = 125
y = 100 + 12 – 14 + 8 – 6 = 100
x2 = 650 + 82 – 62 + 82 = 650
y2 = 460 + 122 – 142 + 82 – 62 = 436
xy = 508 + 812 + 68 – 614 – 86 = 520
nxy – x.y 25  520 – 125  100 13000 – 12500 5
Now, bxy = = = 10900 – 100000 = 9
ny2 – (y)2 25  436 – (100)2
nxy – x.y 25  520 – 12500 500 4
and byx = = = =
ny2 – (y)2 25  650 – (125)2 625 5
5 4 2
Now, coefficient of correlation (r) =  byx  bxy = + 95=3
x 125
Now, –
x = n = 25 = 5
– y 100
y = n = 25 = 4

The equation of regression line of x on y is x – –x = bxy (y – –

y)
5
or, x – 5 = 9 (y – 4)
or, 9x – 45 = 5y – 20
or, 9x – 5y = 25
 5y – 9x + 25 = 0
and the equation of regression line of y on x is y – –
y = b (x – –
yx x)
4
or, y – 4 = 5 (x – 5)
or, 5y – 20 = 4x – 20
 5y – 4x = 0

 PROBABILITY

1. A card is drawn at random from well shuffled deck of 52 cards, find the
probability that
a. the card is either a club or a diamond
b. the card is not a king
c. the card is either a face or a club.
Solution:
n = Total no. of cards = 52
a. No. of club = 13
No. of diamond = 13
m = No. of possible cases = 13 + 13 = 26
m 26 1
P(Either a club or diamond) = n = 52 = 2
b. There are four kings
 No. of possible cases = 52 – 4 = 48
48 12
 P(Not of king) = 52 = 13
c. There are 12 face cards and 13 club cards.
 m = no. of cases = 12 + 13 – 3 = 22
m 22 11
 P(Either a face or a club) = n = 52 = 26

2. From 20 tickets marked from 1 to 20, one is drawn at random. Find the
probability that
a. It is an odd number
b. A multiple of 4 or 5
Solution:
a. P(Odd number) = ?
Among 20 tickets, there are 10 tickets marked with odd number.
m 10 1
 P(Odd number) = n = 20 = 2
b. P(A multiple of 4 or 5) = ?
There are 5 tickets marked with multiple of 4 and 4 tickets marked with
multiple of 5.
= P(Multiple of 4) + P(multiple of 5) – P(Multiple of 4)  P(Multiple of 5)
5 4 5 4 2
= 20 + 20 – 20  20 = 5

3. A problem in mathematics is given to four students A, B,C, and D their

chances of solving it are 1/2 , 1/3, 1/4 and 1/5 respectively. Find the
probability that the problem will
a. be solved
b. not be solved
Solution:
Given that,
1
P(A) = Probability that A solves the problem = 2
1
P(B) = Probability that B solves the problem = 3
1
P(C) = Probability that C solves the problem = 4
1
P(D) = Probability that D solves the problem = 5
– 1 1
P(A) = Probability that A not solve the problem = 1 – 2 = 2
– 1 2
P(B) = Probability that B not solve the problem 1 – 3 = 3
– 1 3
P(C) = Probability that C not solve the problem = 1 – 4 = 4
– 1 4
P(D) = Probability that D not solve the problem = 1 – 5 = 5
1 4
a. Probability that A, B, C, D solve the problem = 1 – 5 = 5
1 2 3 4 1
b. Probability that A, B, C, D not solve the problem = 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 = 5

4. Suppose 4 cards are drawn from a well–shuffled deck of 52 cards.

a. What is the probability that all 4 are spade?
b. What is the probability that all 4 are black?
Solution:
a. There are 13 spades
Now, n = Total no. of possible cases = No. of selection of 4 cards out of 52 = 52C4
= No. of favourable cases = No. of selection of 4 spades out of 13 = 13C4
P(4 are spades) = ?
m 13C4 13! 48!  41 11
Now, P(4 are spades) = n = 52C = 9! 4!  52! = 4165
4
b. There are 26 black. So, we have to choose 4 black among 26 blacks.
Now, n = Total no. of possible cases
= No. of selection of 4 cards out of 52 = 52C4
m = No. of favourable cases = No. of selection of 4 black out of 26 black = 26C4
P(4 are black) = ?
m 26C4 46
Now, P(4 are black) = n = 52C = 833
4

5. A bog contains 7 white and 9 black balls two balls are drawn in succession at
random with replacement. What is the probability that one of them is white
and other is black?
Solution:
Since the bag consists of 7 white and 9 black balls.
 Total balls = 7 + 9 = 16
Total number of possible cases means the number of selection of 2 balls out of 16.
Since, the selection of 1 white and 1 black. So, the number of favourable cases
is the selection of balls with 1 white and 1 black
  m = No. of favourable cases
= No. of selection of 1 white out of 7 and 1 black out of 9 = 7C1  9C1
16
n = Total no. of possible cases= No. of selection of 2 balls out of 16. = C2
m 7C1  9C1 63
 P(1 white and 1 black) = n = 16C = 120
2

6. Two cards drawn successively one after other from well shuffled pack of 52
cards. If the cards are not replaced, find the probability that (a) all of them are
kings. (b) one king and other is queen.
Solution:
a. Two cards can be drawn from a pack of 52 playing cards in 52C2 ways
52  51
i.e. 2 = 1326 ways
The event that two kings appear in a single draw can appear in 4C2 ways
 The probability that the two cards drawn from a pack of 52 cards are kings
6 1
= 1326 = 221
4 4
b. One king and one queen can be selected as 52  51 ways.
4 4
One queen and one king can be selected as = 52  51 ways
4 4 4 4 8
Total no. of ways = 52  51 + 52  51 = 663

7. Out of 9 candidates, 6 men and 3 women apply for two vacancies of a

manufacturing company what is the probability that one man and one woman
are selected in that vacancies?
Solution:
Here,
Total no. of candidates = 9 Total no. of men = 6
Total no. of women = 3 Total no. of vacancy = 2
 Out of 2, one man and one woman can be selected in the following ways.
 m = bc1  9c1
 Total no. of vacancy can be chosen from total no. of candidates as n = 9c2
6C1  9C1 18
 P(1 man and 1 woman) = 9C2 = 36 = 0.5

8. A bag contains 8 red and 6 white balls. Two balls are drawn randomly from
the bag one after other without replacement. Find the probability that (a) both
balls are white (b) both balls are red (c) one is red and one is white.
Solution:
There are 6 + 8 = 14 balls (Total)
a. P(both white) = ?
6 5
P(First white) = 14 and P(second white) = 13
6 5 15
P(Both white) = 14  13 = 91
b. P(Both red) = ?
8 7
P(First red) = 14 , P(Second red) = 13
 8 7 4
 P(Both red) = 14  13 = 13
c. Since balls are drawn one after another without replacement.
P(One red and one white) = ?
8 6
 P(First red) = 14 , P(Second white) = 13
6 8
P(First white) = 14 P(Second red) = 13
6 8 8 6 48
 P(One red and one white) = 14  13 + 13  13 = 91

9. A lot contains 12 items of which 5 are defective. If 5 items are chosen from the
lot at random. One after another without replacement. Find the probability
that all the five are defective.
Solution:
We have,
No. of total items = 12
No. of defective items = 5
5
 Probability of getting first item defective, P(A) = 12
Since, second item is drawn without replacement of first items.
4
So, probability of getting second item defective P(B) = 11
Similarly,
3
Probability of getting 3rd item defective, P(C) = 10
2
Probability of getting 4th item defective, P(D) = 9
1
Probability of getting 5th item defective, P(E) = 8
Probability of getting all items defective
5 4 3 1 1 1
= P(A)  P(B)  P(C)  P(D)  P(E) = 12  11  11  9  8 = 792

10. A bag contains 3 white, 2 black and 4 red balls. Two balls are drawn, the first
replaced before the second is drawn, what is the probability that
a. They will be of same colour? b. They will be of different colour?
Solution:
We have,
No. of white balls = 3 No. of black balls = 2
No. of red balls = 4 Total no. of balls = 9
3 1
Let P(W) = Probability of getting a white ball = 9 = 3
2
P(B) = Probability of getting black ball = 9
4
P(R) = Probability of getting red ball = 9
a. P(They will be of same colour) = P(WW or BB or RR)
= P(WW) + P(BB) + P(RR)
= P(W)  P(W) + P(B)  P(B) + P(R)  P(R)
 1 1 2 2 4 4 29
= 3  3 + 9  9 + 9  9 = 81
b. Probability of getting different colours, there should be either WB or BW or BR
or RB or WR or RW
 P(That they are of different colour)
= P(WB or BW or BR or RB or WR or RW)
= P(W)  P(B) + P(B)  P(W) + P(B)  P(R) + P(W)  P(R) + P(R)  P(W)
1 2 2 1 2 4 4 2 1 4 4 1 52
= 3  9 + 9  3 + 9  9 + 9  9 + 3  9 + 9  3 = 81

11. If A and B are two events such that P(A) = 0.40, P(B) = 0.80 and P(B/A) = 0.60.
Find P(A/B) and P(AB)
Solution:
Given, P(A) = 0.40, P(B) = 0.80, P(B/A) = 0.60, P(A/B) = ? P(AB) = ?
P(AB)
 P(B/A) = P(A)
 P(AB) = P(A) . P(B/A) = 0.40  0.60 = 0.24
P(AB) 0.24
 P(A/B) = P(B) = 0.80 = 0.30
P(AB) = P(A) + P(B) – P(AB) = 0.40 + 0.80 – 0.3 = 0.90

12. If P(A) = 0.5, P(B) = 0.6 and P(AB) = 0.8, find P(A/B) and P(B/A).
Solution:
Given, P(A) = 0.5, P(B) = 0.6 and P(AB) = 0.8
We have,
P(AB) = P(A) + P(B) – P(AB)
or, 0.8 = 0.5 + 0.6 – P(AB)
or, P(AB) = 0.3
Now,
P(AB) 0.3 1
P(A/B) = P(B) = 0.6 = 2
And,
P(AB) 0.3 3
P(B/A) = P(A) = 0.5 = 5

13. A box contained 6 red and 4 black balls. Two balls are drawn one at a time
without replacing the first ball. Compute the following probabilities. P(B 2/B1),
P(R2/B1) and P(R2/R1)
Solution:
Here, No. of red balls = 6, No. of black balls = 4
So, total no. of balls = 10
First black ball
n = Total no. of possible cases = 10
m = No. of favourable cases = No. of black balls = 4
m 4 2
P(B1) = n = 10 = 5
P(B1/B2) = Probability of getting a black ball given that the first ball is also black
 remaining no. of black ball 3 1
= remaining no. of total ball = 9 = 3 .
P(R2/B1) = Probability of getting a red ball given that the first ball is black.
no. of red ball 6 2
= remaining no. of total ball = 9 = 3
First red ball
n = Total no. of possible cases = 10
m = No. of favourable cases = No. of red balls = 6
m 6 3
P(R1) = Probability of getting a red ball = n = 10 = 5
P(R2/R1) = Probability that second ball is red when first is also red
remaining no. of red ball 5
= remaining no. of total ball = 9

14. The probability that a businessman likes iPhone is 0.6, the probability that he
likes Samsung phone is 0.5 and he likes both iPhone and Samsung phone is
0.25. Find the probability that
a. he likes Samsung phone if he liked iPhone.
b. he lies iPhone given that he liked Samsung phone.
c. he does not like iPhone given that he did not like Samsung phone.
Solution:
Let us denote the iPhone by I and Samsung phone by S.
Here, P(I) = 0.6, P(S) = 0.5 and P(IS) = 0.25
a. The probability that the businessman like Samsung phone if he liked iPhone is
P(IS) 0.25 5
P(S/I) = P(I) = 0.6 = 12
b. The probability that the businessman like iPhone if he liked Samsung phone is
P(IS) 0.25 1
P(I/S) = P(S) = 0.5 = 2
c. We have, P(IS) = P(I) + P(S) – P(IS)
= 0.6 + 0.5 – 0.25
= 0.85
So, the probability that the businessman does not like iPhone given that he did
not like Samsung phone is
  ____
 P( I S) P( IS ) 1 – P(IS) 1 – 0.85 0.15
P( I /S) = = = 1 – P(S) = 1 – 0.5 = 0.5 = c
 
P(S) P(S)
15. In an examination , 60% of the students passed in Physics, 75% of the students
passed in Chemistry and 10% failed in both Physics and Chemistry. Find the
probability that:
a. he/ she passes Chemistry given that he/ she passed in Physics.
b. he/ she passes Physics given that he/ she passed in Chemistry.
Solution:

Given, n(P) = 60%, n(C) = 75% n(PC) = 10% and n(U) = 100%
We have,
 
n(U) = n(P) + n(C) – n(PC) + n(PC)
or, 100% = 60% + 75% – n(PC) + 10%
or, n(PC) = 45%
So,
60 3
P(P) = 100 = 5
75 3
P(C) = 100 = 4
45 9
P(PC) = 100 = 20
a. Probability of he/ she passes Chemistry given that he/ she passed in Physics
9
P(PC) 20 3
is P(C/P) = P(P) = 3 = 4
5
b. Probability of he/ she passes Physics given that he/ she passed in Chemsitry is
9
P(PC) 20 3
P(P/C) = P(C) = 3 = 5
4
16. In a class with 50 students 20 are girls. A class test of Mathematics was taken in
which 5 of girls and 10 of boys are failed. If a student is selected at random
from the class, what is the probability that that:
a. the student is fail given that the student is a girl?
b. the student is boy given that the student is failed?
Solution:
Here,
Total number of students n(S) = 50
Number of girls n(G) = 20
Number of boys n(B) = 50 – 20 = 30
Number of failed girls n(GF) = 5
Number of failed boys n(BF) = 10
Number of failed students n(F) = 5 + 10 = 15
We have,
20 2 15 3
P(G) = 50 = 5 , P(F) = 50 = 10 ,
5 1 10 1
P(GF) = 50 = 10 , P(BF) = 50 = 5
Probability that the selected is fail given that the student is a girl
P(GF) 1/10 1
P(F/G) = P(G) = 2/5 = 4
Probability that the selected is boy given that the student is failed
P(BF) 1/5 2
P(B/F) = P(F) = 3/10 = 3

 DERIVATIVES

1. Find the derivative with respect to x of the following.

a. ecosh x/a b. ln tanh x c. tanh (arc sin x) d. sech–1 x – cosech–1
x

e. 2tan–1 ( )
x
tanh 2 f. xcosh x
2
g. xsinh x/a h. xcosh
–1 x/a

i. (ln x)sinh x j. (sinh x)cosh

–1
x k. (cosh x)cosh x l. ( x
tanh a ) ln x

m. (sinh–1 x + cosh–1 x)x n. ( x x

sinh a + cosh a ) nx

Solution:
a. Let, y = ecoshx/a
Differentiate both sides w.r. to x, we get,
dy d cosh x/a 1 d(x/a)
dx = dx (e ) = ecos3hx/a . asinhx/a dx
1 x
= a sinha ecoshx/a
b. Let, y = ln tanhx
Differentiate both sides w.r.to x, we get,
dy d 1 d
dx = dx (ln tanhx) = tanhx dx (tanhx)
1 coshx 1 2
= tanhx . sech2x = sinhx . cosh2x = sinhx coshx = sinh 2x = 2cosech2x
c. Let, y = tanh (sin–1x)
Differentiate both sides w.r.to x, we get,
dy d –1 2 –1 d –1 2
 –1 x 
dx = dx (tanh sin x) = sech sin x dx (sin x) = sech  sin x 1–x2 
d. Let, y = sech–1x = – cosch–1x x
Differentiate both sides w.r. to x,
e Let, y = 2 tan–1 tanh 2 ( )
we get, Differentiating w.r.t. x on both sides, we get
dy d dy d x
–1
dx = dx [sech x – cosech x]
–1 –1
( )
dx = 2 dxtan tanh 2
–1 1 x x x
= +
x 1–x2 x x2+1 =2
d tan–1 tanh 2 ( ) ( ) ()
×
d tanh 2 d 2
× dx
x x
=x 2
1 1
–
 x + 1 1 – x2
1
 d tanh 2 ( ) () d 2

1 x 1
=2 × sech2 2 × 2
x
1 + tanh2 ()
2
 1 1
= x ×
2 x x
cosh 2 + sinh 2 cosh2 2
2

x
cosh2 2

1
= x x
cosh 2 + sinh2 2
2

1
= cosh x
= sech x
f. Let, y = xcoshx
Taking ln on both sides we have,
ln y = coshx ln x
Differentiate both sides w.r. to x,
we get,
1 dy 1
y dx = coshx x + ln x . sinhx
dy coshx coshx + x sinhx logx
dx = x [ x ] –1
sinh x2/a
g. Let, y = x h. Let, y = xcosh x/a
Taking ln on both sides we get, Taking ln on both sides we get,
–1
x2 ln y = xcosh x/a ln x
ln y = sinh a ln x
Differentiate both sides w.r. to x,
Differentiate both sides w.r. to x, we get,
we get, 1 dy –1 1 1 1
y dx = cosh x/a x + ln x a
1 dy 2 1 x2 2x x2
y dx = sinhx /a x + ln x.cos x a = a a2 – 1
dy
x cosh–1x/a + logx 
sinhx2/a dy cosh–1x/a 1
dx = x dx = x
2
 x2 – a2

[sinhxx /a + 2xalnx cosh x /a]

2

–1
i. Let, y = (ln x)sinhx j. Let, y = (sinhx)cosh x
Taking ln on both sides we get, Taking ln on both sides w.r. to x, we
ln y = sinhx ln (ln x) get,
Differentiate both sides w.r. to x, ln y = cosh–1x ln (sinhx)
we get, Differentiate both sides w.r. to x,
1 dy 1 1 we get,
y dx = sinhx logx . x + ln (ln x).coshx 1 dy 1
or, y dx = cosh–1x . sinhx . coshx + ln
dy
or, dx = (ln x)sinhx 1
(sinhx)
sinhx x2 – 1
[xlogx + coshx log (logx)] dy –1
or, dx = (sinhx)cosh x

cosh–1x cothx + log sinhx 

 x2 – 1 
k. Let, y = (coshx)coshx
Taking ln on both sides we get,
ln y = coshx ln (coshx)
Differentiate both sides w.r. to x, we get,
1 dy sinhx
or, y dx = coshx coshx + ln (coshx) . sinhx
dy
or, dx = (coshx)coshx [coshx tanhx + sinhx ln (coshx)]
dy
 dx = (coshx)coshx [Sinhx + sinhx ln (coshx)]
x
l. Let, y = (tanh a)ln x
Taking ln on both sides w.r. to x, we get,
x
ln y = ln x ln (tanha)
Differentiate both sides w.r. to x, we get,
1 dy sech2 x/a 1 x 1
y dx = ln x tanh x/a  a + ln tanh a . x
dy x cosx . coshx/a 1 1
[
or, dx = (tanh a)ln x cosh2 x/a. sinhx/a a + ln tanh a . x ]
dy x
or, dx = (tanh a)ln x [2 sinh 2x/alogxcosh x/a  a1 + ln tanh x/a . 1x]
dy x
or, dx = (tanh a)ln x [a2 cosech2 x/a . logx + ln tanh x/a . 1x]
dy x
or, dx = (tanh a)ln x [a2 lnx cosech 2x/a + 1x ln tanh x/a]
m. Let, y = (sinh–1x + cosh–1x)x
Taking ln on both sides w.r. to x, we get,
ln y = x ln (sinh–1x + cosh–1x)
Differentiate both sides w.r. to x, we get,
1 dy x d
[ ]
or, y dx = (sinh–1x + cosh–1x) dx (sinh–1x + cosh–1x) + ln (sinh–1x + cosh–1x)

1 dy x
or, y dx = (sinh–1x + cosh–1x) 1 2 + 21  + ln (sinh–1x + cosh–1x)
 1+x x – 1

or, dx = (sinh–1x + cosh–1x)x (sinh–1x + cosh–1x)  

dy x 1 1
2 +
  1+x x – 1
2

+ ln (sinh–1x + cosh–1x)
x x
n. Let, y = (sinh a + cosh a )nx
Taking ln on both sides we get,
x x
ln y = nx ln (sinha + cosh a )
Differentiate both sides w.r. to x, we get,
 1 dy (cosh xa + sinh xa) × 1 + n ln sinh x + cosh x
 y . dx hx ×
a ( a a)
(sinh xa + coshxa)
= y + n ln(sinh + cosh )
dy nx x x

dx a a a 

nx + na ln (sinhx xa + cosh xa)

= sinh + cosh   
x x nx

 a ()a  a 
x x nx
=n ( ) [xa + ln (sinh xa + cosh xa)]
sinh + cosh
a a
dy
2. Find dx , if xsinh y = ycosh x.
Solution:
Here, xsinh y= ycosh x
Taking ln on both sides, we get
ln xsinh y = ln ycosh x
or, sinh y ln x = cosh x ln y
Differentiating w.r.t. x on both sides, we get
d ln x d sinh y d ln y d cosh x
sinh y dx + ln x dx = cosh x dx + ln y dx
1 dy 1 dy
or, sinh y × x + ln x cosh y dx = cosh x × y dx + ln y sinh x
dy cosh x sinh y
(
or, dx ln x cosh y – y ) = ln y sinh x – x

dy y ln x cosh y – cosh x
or, dx ( y )= x ln y sinhxx – sinh y
dy y(x ln y sinh x – sinh y)
∴ dx = x(y ln x cosh y – cosh x)

1. Find the slope and the angle of inclination with the x–axis of tangent to the
following curves.
a. y = x3 + 2x + 7 at x = 1 b. x2 – y2 = 9 at (3, 0)
c. y = –3x – x4 at x = –1
Solution:
a. Given, y = x3 + 2x + 7 b. Given, x2 – y2 = 9
Differentiate both sides w.r. to x, Differentiate both sides w.r. to x,
we get, we get,
dy 2 dy
dx = 3x + 2 2x – 2y dx = 0
Now, Slope of tangent at x = 1 is dy x
dy or, dx = y
2
dx = 31 + 2 = 5 Now, slope of tangent at (3, 0) is
 Since slope m = tan , dy 3
 is angle made by tangent with x– dx = 0 = 
axis. Again, tan = 
 tan  = 5  
  = tan–1 = tan–1(1) tan 2 = 2
  = tan–15
c. Given, y = –3x – x4
Differentiate both sides w.r. to x,
dy 3
dx = –3 – 4x
Now, slope of tangent at x = –1 is
dy 3
dx = – 3 – 4 . (– 1) = – 3 + 4 = 1
Again, tan  = 1
 
( )
  = tan–11 = tan–1 tan 4 = 4

2. Find the equation of tangent and normal to the following curves at the
specified point
a. y = 2x2 – 3x – 1 at (1, –2) b. y = x3 at (2, 8)
c. x – y = 27 at (6, 3)
2 2 d. x2 + 3xy + y2 = 11 at (2, 1)
e. x2/3 + y2/3 = 2 at (1, 1) f. y2 = 8x at (2, –4)
Solution:
a. Given y = 2x2 – 3x – 1
Differentiate both sides w.r. to x, we get
dy
dx = 4x – 3
dy
Slope of tangent say (m1) at (1, –2) is m1 = dx = 4 – 3 = 1
Then slope of normal say (m2) is given by
m1m2 = –1
1
m2 = – 1 = –1
Now, equation of tangent at (1, – 2) is
y – (–2) = 1 (x – 1)
 y+2=x–1
 x–y–3=0
Again, equation of normal at (1, –2) is
y – (–2) = –1 (x – 1)  y + 2 = –x + 1
x+y+1=0
b. Given, y = x3 c. Given, x2 – y2 = 27
Differentiate both sides w.r. to x, Differentiate both sides w.r. to x,
we get, we get
dy 2 dy
dx = 3x 2x – 2y dx = 0
Slope of tangent at (2, 8) is dy
or, 2y dx = 2x
dy 2
(m1) = dx = 32 = 12
dy x
or, dx = y
Now, equation of tangent at (2, 8) is
 y – 8 = 12 (x – 2) Slope of tangent at (6, 3) is
 y – 8 = 12x – 24 dy 6
(m1) = dx = 3 = 2
 12x – y – 16 = 0
1 Now, equation of tangent at (6, 3) is
Again, Slope of normal is = – 12 y – 3 = 2(x – 6)
So, equation of normal is or, y – 3 = 2x – 12
1 or, 2x – y – 9 = 0
y – 8 = – 12 (x – 2) 1
Again, slope of normal = – 2
 12y – 96 = –x + 2
 x + 12y – 98 = 0 So, equation of normal at (6, 3) is
1
y – 3 = – 2 (x – 6)
or, 2y – 6 = –x + 6
or, x + 2y – 12 = 0
d. Given, x2 + 3xy + y2 = 11 e. Given, x2/3 + y2/3 = 2 at (1, 1)
Differentiate both sides w.r. to x, we Differentiate w.r. to x, we get,
get, 2 (2/3–1) 2 (2/3–1) dy
dy dy 3x +3y dx = 0
[ ]
2x + 3 x dx + y + 2y dx = 0 2 2 dy
or, 3 x–1/2 + 3 y–1/2 dx = 0
dy dy
 2x + 3x dx + 3y + 2y dx = 0 dy
or, y–1/2 dx = – x–1/2
dy
 dx (3x + 2y) = –(2x + 3y)
dy x1/2 y1/2 y
or, dx = – y–1/2 = – x1/2 = –
dy –(2x + 3y) x
 dx = 3x + 2y
Slope of tangent at (1, 1) is
dy –(4 + 3) 7 dy
At (2, 1), dx = 6 + 2 = – 8
dx = – 1
Now, equation of the tangent at (2, Now, equation of tangent at (1, 1) is
1) is y – 1 = – 1(x – 1)
7  y–1=–x+1x+y=2
y – 1 = – 8 (x – 2)
Again, slope of normal = 1
 8y – 8 = –7x + 14 So, equation of normal is
 7x + 8y = 22 y – 1 = 1(x – 1)
8  y–1=x–1
Again, slope of normal = 7
 x–y=0
So, the equation of the normal at
(2, 1) is
8
y – 1 = 7 (x – 2)
 8x – 16 = 7y – 7
 8x – 7y = 9
f. Given, y2 = 8x
Differentiate w.r. to x, we get,
dy
2y dx = 8
dy 4
 dx = y
Slope of tangent at (2, –4) is
 dy
dx = – 1
Now, equation of the tangent at (2,
–4) is
y + 4 = –1(x – 2)
 y + 4 = –x + 2
 x+y+2=0
Again, slope of normal = 1
So, the equation of the normal at
(2, –4) is
y + 4 = 1(x – 2)
 x–y–6=0
3 Find the points on the following curves where the tangents are parallel to the
x–axis.
a. y = 2x – x2 b. y = 2x2 – 6x + 9 c. x2 + y2= 16
Solution:
dy
a. Differentiate both sides w.r. to x, we get, dx = 2 – 2x
If the tangent are parallel to x–axis, then the slope must be zero
dy
 dx = 2 – 2x = 0

 2 = 2x
x=1
If x = 1, then y = 2 – 12 = 1
 the required point is (1, 1)
b. Differentiate both sides w.r. to x, we c. Differentiate both sides w.r. to x, we
get, get,
dy dy
dx = 4x – 6 2x + 2y dx = 0
dy dy
Now, dx = 0  4x = 6 or, 2y dx = –2x
3 dy x
x=2 or, dx = – y
3 9 3
If x = 2 , then y = 2  4 – 6  2 + 9 dy
Now, dx = 0
9
=2 x
–y=0
3 9
( )
 required point is 2‚ 2  –x = 0
x=0
If x = 0 then y = 4
Therefore, the required points are (0, 4)
4. Find the points on the following curves where the tangents are parallel to the
y–axis.
a. x = 2y2 – 8x + 7 b. 9x2 – 16y2 + 36x + 32y = 124
Solution:
a. Given curve is b. Given equation of curve is
x = 2y2 – 8y + 7 … (1) 9x2 – 16y2 + 36x + 32y = 124 … (1)
Differentiating w.r.t. y on both sides, we get Differentiating w.r.t. y on both sides, we get
dx dx dx
dy = 4y – 8 18x dy – 32y + 36dy + 32 = 0
For the tangent to be parallel to y-axis dx
dx or, (18x + 36) dy = 32y – 32
dy = 0 dx 32y – 32
or, 4y – 8 = 0 or, dy = 18x + 36
or, y = 2 dx 16y – 16
From equation (1), or, dy = 9x + 18
x = 2 × 22 – 8 × 2 + 7 = –1 For the tangent to be parallel to y-axis
∴ The tangent is parallel to y-axis at point dx
(–1, 2). dy = 0
16y – 16
or, 9x + 18 = 0
or, 16y – 16 = 0
or, y = 1
From equation (1),
9x2 – 16 + 36x + 32 = 124
or, 9x2 + 36x – 108 = 0
or, x2 + 4x – 12 = 0
or, x2 + 6x – 2x – 12 = 0
or, x(x + 6) – 2(x + 6) = 0
or, (x + 6) (x – 2) = 0
either, x + 6 = 0 ⇒ x = –6
or, x –2 = 0 ⇒x=2
∴ The tangents are parallel to y-axis at
points (–6, 1) and (2, 1).
x2 y2
5. Find points on the curve 9 + 16 = 1 at which the tangents are

a. parallel to x–axis b. parallel to y–axis.

Solution:
x2 y2
Given, 9 + 16 = 1
Differentiate both sides w.r. to x, we get,
2x 2y dy
9 + 16 dx = 0
dy 2x 16 –16x
 dx = – 9  2y = 9y
a. For, parallel to x–axis b. For parallel to –axis,
dy dy
dx = 0 dx = 
–16x –16x
 9y = 0  9y =  which is possible only when y
 x=0 =0
If x = 0 then, y2 = 16 Then we have,
y=4 x2
 required points are (0,  4) 9 =1
 x = 3
 required points are ( 3, 0)
6. Find a point on the curve x2 = 4y where the tangent drawn makes an angle of
45 with the x-axis.
Solution:
Here, given equation of curve is, x2 = 4y … (1)
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
dy
2x = 4 dx
dy x
or, dx = 2
The tangent to the curve makes an angle of 45ᵒ with x-axis. So,
Slope of tangent = tan 45ᵒ
x
or, 2 = 1
or, x = 2
From equation (i),
22 = 4y
or, y = 1
∴ The required point is (2, 1).
7. a. Show that the tangents to the curve y = 2x3 – 3 at the points where x = 2
and x = –2 are parallel.
b. Find the equation of tangent to the curve y = x 2 – 2x + 7 which is parallel to
the line 2x – y + 9 = 0.
c. Find the point on the curve y2 = 4x + 1 at which the tangent is
perpendicular to the line 7x + 2y = 1.
Solution:
a. Given, y = 2x3 – 3
Differentiate both sides w.r. to x, we get,
dy 2
dx = 6x
Slope of tangent at x = 2 is
dy 2
dx = 62 = 24.
Again,
Slope of tangent at x = – 2 is
dy 2
dx = 6(–2) = 24
Hence, at x = 2 and x = – 2 slope are equal.
It means the tangent are parallel.
b. Given, curve, y = x2 – 2x + 7
Differentiate both sides w.r. to x, we get,
dy
dx = 2x – 2 (slop of tangent)
Again, slop of the line 2x – y + 9 = 0, obtained by comparing to y = mx + c i.e.
y = 2x + 9. Therefore the slope of given line is 2.
If the required tangent is parallel to the given line then slope must be equal
 2x – 2 = 2
 or, x = 2
Put, x = 2 in y = x2 – 2x + 7 we get,
y = 22 – 22 + 7 = 7
 required point is, (2, 7)
Now, the equation of tangent is,
y – 7 = 2(x – 2)
or, y–7 = 2x – 4
 2x – y + 3 = 0
c. Given, curve, y2 = 4x + 1,
dy dy 2
2y dx = 4  dx = y
Again, slope of 7x + 2y = 1
or, 2y = –7x + 1
–7 1
y= 2 x+2
–7
 slope of the given line is 2 .
If the tangent to the curve y2 = 4x+1 is perpendicular to the line 7x + 2y = 1,
Then, product of slope must be –1.
2 7
 y  – 2 = –1  14 = 2y  y = 7
Putting y = 7 in y2 = 4x + 1 we get,
49 = 4x + 1
 48 = 4x  x = 12
 the required point is (12, 7)

8. Show that equation of tangent to the curve () ()

x
a
3
+
y
b
3 x y
=2 at (a, b) is a + b = 2

Solution:
3 3
Given, curve is, (ax) + (by) = 2
Differentiate both sides w.r. to x, we get,
3x2 3y2 dy
a3 + b3 dx = 0
dy –x2 b3
or, dx = a3  y2
Slope of tangent at (a, b) is
dy a2b3 b
dx = – a3b2 = – a
Now, equation of tangent at (a, b) is
b
y – b = – a (x – a)
 ay – ab = –bx + ab
 ay + bx = 2ab. Dividing both sides by ab
x y
We get, a + b = 2 proved.
9. The equation of a curve is y3 + 4xy = 16.
dy 4y
i. Show that dx = – 3y2 + 4x .
ii. Show that the curve has no stationary points.
iii. Find the coordinates of the point on the curve
where the tangent is parallel to the y–axis.
Solution:
i. y3 + 4xy = 16 … (1)
diff. both sides w.r. to x, we get
d 3 d d
dx (y ) + 4 . dx (xy) = dx (16)
dy dy
[ ]
or, 3y2 . dx + 4 x . dx + y = 0

dy dy
or, 3y2 . dx + 4x dx + 4y = 0
dy
or, dx (3y2 + 4x) = – 4y
dy – 4y
 dx = (3y2 + 4x)
ii. For stationary point of the curve,
dy
dx = 0
– 4y
or, (3y2 + 4x) = 0
or, – 4y = 0
y=0
The point y = 0 does not exist.
Since from the curve, y3 + 4xy = 16
0 + 4x × 0 = 16
0 = 16 (false)
dx
iii. Since, the tangent is parallel to y–axis, dy = 0
(3y2 + 4x)
or, – 4y =0
2
or, 3y + 4x = 0
– 3y2
or, x = 4 … (2)
Now, to get point on the curve, we solve equation (1) and (2)
i.e. y3 + 4xy = 16
– 3y2
or, y3 + 4( ) 4 . y = 16

or, y – 3y3 = 16
3

or, – 2y3 = 16
or, y3 = – 8
y=–2
 When, y = – 2, then from equation (2),
– 3 . (– 2)2
x= 4 =–3
 (– 3, – 2) is the required point on the curve where the tangent is parallel to
y–axis.
10. The equation of a curve is x3 + y3 + 2xy + 8 = 0.
dy
i. Express dx in terms of x and y.
The tangent to the curve at the point where x = 0 and the tangent at the
point where y = 0 intersect at the acute angle .
ii. Find the exact value of tan .
Solution:
i. x3 + y3 + 2xy + 8 = 0 … (1)
diff. both sides w.r. to x we get
d 3 d 3 d d
dx (x ) + dx (y ) + 2 dx (xy) + dx (8) = 0
dy dy
[
or, 3x2 + 3y2 dx + 2 x . dx + y ] +0=0
dy dy
or, 3y2 dx + 2x dx = – (3x2 + 2y)
dy
or, dx (3y2 + 2x) = – (3x2 + 2y)
dy (3x2 + 2y)
 dx = – (2x + 3y2)
ii. When x = 0, then from equation of curve, 0 + y3 + 0 + 8 = 0
or, y3 = – 8
 y=–2
So, the slope of tangent at (0, – 2) is
dy (3x2 + 2y)
m1 = dx = – (2x + 3y2)
[3 × 0 + 2 (– 2)] 1
= – [2 × 0 + 3 (– 2)2] = 3
Similarly, when y = 0, then from equation of curve
x3 + 0 + 0 + 8 = 0
or, x3 = – 8
 x=–2
So, the slope of tangent at (– 2, 0) is,
dy (3x2 + 2y)
m2 = dx = – (2x + 3y2)
[3 × (– 2)2 + 2 × 0]
= – [2 × (– 2) + 3 × 0] = 3
Now, by equation, if  be the angle between two tangents at (0, – 2) and (– 2, 0)
 13 – 3 
So, tan =  1 + m . m =   = –8 =4
m1 – m2
( 1 )
2 1 + 1 . 3 6 ( ) 3
 3 
11. The diagram shows the curve y = (ln x) 2. The x–coordinate of the point P is
equal to e, and the normal to the curve at P meets the x–axis at Q.
i. Find the equation of normal PQ.
ii. Find the x–coordinate of Q.
iii. State the area of triangle PQR in terms of e.
Solution:
i. Here, given equation of curve is,
y = (ln x)2
diff. both sides w.r. to x
dy d 2
dx = dx (ln x)
1
= 2 (ln x) × x
We have, at point P, x = e
So, slope of tangent at x = e is,
dy 2 ln x 2 . ln (e) 2
m = dx = x = e =e
–e
 slope of normal at P is, m = 2
Also, from given curve,
When x = e, then y = (ln e)2 = 1
Now, equation of normal at P (e, 1) having slope
–e
m = 2 is
–e
y – 1 = 2 (x – e)
or, 2y – 2 = – ex + e2
 ex + 2y = 2 + e2 is the required equation of normal PQ.
ii. At Q, y = 0
So, from equation of normal
ex + 2 × 0 = 2 + e2
2 + e2
 x= e
2 + e2 2
iii. To find area of PQR, we have QR = OQ – OR = e – e = e and PR = 1
1 1 2 1
 area of PQR = 2 QR × PR = 2 . e × 1 = e sq. units.

12. Find the angle of intersection of the following curves.

a. y = x3 and 6y = 7 – x2 at (1, 1) b. y = x3 and y = 2x at (0, 0)
c. y = 6 – x and x = 2y
2 2 d. x2 + y2 = 5 and y2 = 4x
Solution:
a. Solving we get,
6x3 + x2 – 7 = 0
or, 6x3 – 6x2 + 7x2 – 7x + 7x – 7 = 0
or, 6x2 (x – 1) + 7x(x – 1) + 7 (x – 1) = 0
 or, (x – 1) (6x2 + 7x + 7) = 0
 x = 1 as 6x2 + 7x + 7 = 0 does not have any real values.
If x = 1 then y = 1
Now, from y = x3
dy
 dx = 3x2

 slope of tangent at (1, 1) is (m1) = 3x2 = 3 × 12 = 3

Again, from 6y – 7 + x2 = 0
dy dy –2x x
6 dx + 2x = 0  dx = 6 = – 3
–1
 slope of tangent at (1, 1) is (m2) = 3

If  be the angle between two curves, then,

1 10
3+3
m1 – m2 3
tan = 1 + m m = = 0 =
1
1 2
( )
1 + 3  –3
–1
  = tan 

 =2
b. Solving we get,
x3 = 2x [ x  0 otherwise it doesn't remains curves]
 x2 = 2 x= 2
Now, if x = 2 . Then y =  2 2
From y = x3
dy 2
dx = 3x
 slope of tangent at ( 2 , 2 2 ) is (m1) = 3 ( 2)2 = 6
From, y = 2x
dy
dx = 2
 slope of tangent at ( 2 , 2 2 ) is (m2) = 2
If  be the angle between two curves, then,
m1 – m2 6–2 4 4
tan  = 1 + m m = = =
1 2 1 + 62 1 + 12 13
4
  = tan–1 13
c. Given curves are
y = 6 – x2 ... (i)
and x2 = 2y ... (ii)
Solving equation (i) and (ii)
y = 6 – 2y
or, 3y = 6
or, y = 2
 Putting y = 2 in equation (ii)
x2 = 2y
or, x2 = 2  2
or, x2 = 4
or, x =  2
 Points of intersection of (i) and (ii) are (2, 2) and (–2, 2)
Differentiating (i) w.r.t. x
dy
dx = –2x
Differentiating (ii) w.r.t. x
dy
2x = 2 dx
dy
or, dx = x
At (2, 2)
m1 = –2  2 = –4
m2 = 2
So,
m1 – m2
tan  = 1 + m m
1 2

–4–2
= 1 + (–4) (2)
–6
= –7

  = tan–1 (76)
At (–2, 2)
m1 = – 2  –2 = 4
m2 = – 2
So,
m1 – m2
tan  = 1 + m m
1 2

4+2
=
1 + 4  (–2)
6
= –7

  = tan–1 (–76)
d. Solving we get
x2 + 4x – 5 = 0
or, x2 + 5x – x – 5 = 0
or, x(x + 5) –1(x + 5) = 0
 x = 1, –5
If x = 1 then y2 = 4  y =  2
If x = –5 then y2 = –20 (does not give real values)
 Now from x2 + y2 = 5
dy
2x + 2y dx = 0
dy x
 dx = – y
1
 slope of tangent at (1, 2) is (m1) = – 2
1
And, slope of tangent at (1, –2) is (m3) = 2
Again, y2 = 4x
dy
2y dx = 4
dy 2
 dx = y
2
 slope of tangent at (1, 2) is (m2) = 2 = 1
2
And, slope of tangent at (1, –2) is (m4) = – 2 = – 1

If 1 be the angle between two curves at (1, 2), then,

–1 –3
m1 – m2 2 –1 2
tan 1 = 1 + m m = = 1=–3
1
1 2
( )
1 + – 2 (1) 2
–1
 1 = tan (–3)
If 2 be the angle between two curves at (1, – 2), then,
1 3
m3 – m4 2+1 2
tan 2 = 1 + m m = =1=3
1
3 4
()
1 + 2 (– 1) 2
–1
 2 = tan (3)

By using L Hospital's rule, evaluate:

lim x3 – 27 lim xn – an lim 3x – sin x lim 5x2 + 4x – 3
1. a. b. c. d.
x3 x2 – 9 xa x – a x0 x x 2x2 – 3x + 5
lim ex + e–x – 2 cosx lim x – sinx lim x – tanx
e. sin2x f. g.
x0 x0 tan3x x0 x3
lim lim
sec 3x tan 5x lim x – sin x cos x
h.  i.  j.
x 2 sec 5x x2 tanx x 0 x3

lim (ex – 1) tanx lim ln tanx

k. x2 l. x0+ ln x
x0
lim ln (x2 + 1)
m.
x  ln (x3 + 1)
Solution:
x3 – 27 3x2 3  32 9
a. Here, lim x2 – 9 = lim 2x (Differentiate w.r.to x) = =
x3 x3 23 2
xn – an nxn–1
b. lim x – a = lim [Differentiate w.r.to x] = nan–1
xa xa 1
3x – sinx 3 – cosx 3 – cos0 3 – 1
c. lim x = lim 1 [Differentiate w.r. to x] = 1 = 1 =2
x0 x0
5x2 + 4x – 3 
d. lim 2x2 – 3x + 5 =
x ( 
form )
10x + 4  10 5
= lim 4x – 3 (Differentiate w.r.to x]
x
x –x x –x

form ( ) = 4 =2

e + e – 2cosx e – e + 2sinx
e. lim sin2x = lim
x0 x0 2sinx cosx
ex + e–x + 2cosx 1 + 1 + 2 4
= lim 2cos2x = 2 =2=2
x0
x – sinx
f. Since, lim tan3 x
x0
x – sinx 3 x – sinx
= lim
x0 x3  tanx 3 x0
= lim (tanxx )  x0
lim x 3

( )
x
x –sinx 1 – cosx
= 1  lim
x0 x3 = lim
x0 3x2 (00 form) [Differentiate w.r. to x]
0 + sinx cosx cos 0 1
= lim lim [ 6 ] = 6 = 6
6x [Differentiate w.r.to x] = x0
x0
x – tanx
g. Here, lim
x0 x 3
(00 form)
By L–Hospital rule, differentiate numerator and denominator w.r.to x, we get,
1 – sec2x 0
lim 3x2 (0 form) [Differentiate w.r. to x]
x0
–tan2x 1 tanx 2 1 1
= lim 3x2 = –3 lim
x0 x0 x ( )= –3  1 = – 3

sec 3x 
h. Here, lim
x/2 sec 5x 
form ( )
cos 5x 0
= lim cos 3x 0 form
x/2 ( )
Using L-Hospital's rule,
–5 sin 5x
= lim –3 sin 3x
x/2
– 5 × sin 5/2
= lim
x/2 – 3 × sin 3/2
–5  1 –5
= = 3
–3  (– 1)
 tan5x 
i. Here, lim
x/2 tanx (

form )
Using L–Hospital rule,
5sec2 5x
lim 2 [Differentiate w.r. to x]
x/2 sec x
5 cos2x – 5 × 2 cosx sinx
= lim cos2 5x = lim – 5 × 2cos5x sin5x [Differentiate w.r. to x]
x/2 x/2
sin2x 2cos2x 1 cos2 1 –1 1
= lim sin10x = lim 10 cos10x = 5
x/2 x/2 ( ) ( )
cos5
=5 –1 =5

lim x – sinx cosx

j. Here, x  0 x3 [ 00 form]
lim 2x – 2 sinx cosx lim 2x – sin 2x 0
x0 2x3 =
x0 2x3 [
 0 form ]
Using L–Hospital's rule
lim 2 – 2 cos 2x lim 1 – cos 2x
=
x0 6x2 x0 3x2
2
lim 2 sin2x lim 2 sinx 2 2
=
x  0 3x
2 =
x0 3 x ( ) =3×1=3

(ex – 1) tanx (ex – 1) tanx

k. Here, lim x2 = lim x  lim
x0 x0 x0 x
ex – 1 0 ex
= lim
x0 x × 1 0(form = ) 0
1 [Differentiate w.r. to x] = e = 1
ln tanx –
l. Since, lim
x0 lnx (
form )
By using L–Hospital rule
1 2
tanx × sec x x sec2x
= lim (1/x) = lim
x0 x0 tanx
sec2x + x × 2secx.secx . tanx
= lim sec2x
x0
1+0 1
= 1 =1=1

ln (x2 + 1) 
m. Since, lim ln (x3 + 1)
x  (form )
Using L–Hospital rule,
lim 2x(x3 + 1)
= [Differentiate w.r. to x]
x 3x2(x2 + 1)
2 lim x3 + 1 
=3
x x(x2 + 1) ( 
form )
2 lim 3x 2

=3
x 3x2 + 1 (

form )
2 6x 2 2
= 3 lim 6x = 3 × 1 = 3
x
 lim x4 lim
2. a. b. xx
x ex x0+

c.
lim
x0+
sin x ln x2 d.
lim
x0 [ 1 1
x2 – sin2x]
Solution
x4 
a. Since, lim ex
x 
form( )
Using L–Hospital rule,
4x3 
= lim ex [Differentiate num and dere. w.r.to x]
x ( 
form )
12x 2

= lim
x e
x [Differentiate w.r. to x]
( 
form )
24x 
= lim ex
x  (
form )
24 24 24
= lim ex =  = =0
x e 
b. Since, lim xx (00 forms)
x0
Using L–Hospital rule, for this let,
y = xx  ln y = xln x
Taking limit as x tends to 0
lim ln y = lim x ln x
x0 x0
lnx 1/x
or, lim ln y = lim 1 = lim –1/x2 [Differentiate w.r. to x] = lim – x
x0 x0 x0 x0
x
 lim ln y = 0
x0
 lim y = e0
x0
 lim xx = 1
x0
c. Since, lim sin x ln x2 (0. forms)
x0
lnx2 2x/x2
= lim cosecx = lim –cosecx.cotx [Differentiate w.r. to x]
x0 x0
–2
= lim x cosecx . cotx
x0
–2
= lim
x0 x × 1 × cosx
sinx sinx
–2 sin2x 0
= lim x cosx 0
x0 []
–4 sinx. cosx –4 × 0 0
= lim cosx – x sinx = 1 = 1 = 0
x0
d. We have,
1 1
lim [
2 –
x0 x sin x
2
] ( –  forms)

sin2 x – x2
= lim x2 sin2 x
x0 (00 form)
2 sin x cos x – 2x
= lim 2x sin2 x + x2 sin 2x
x0 (00 form)
sin 2x – 2x
= lim 2x sin2x + x2 sin 2x
x0 (00 form)
2 cos 2x – 2
= lim 2sin2x + 4x sin x cos x + 2x sin 2x + 2x2 cos 2x
x0
2 cos 2x – 2 0
(
= lim 2sin2x + 4x sin 2x + 2x2 cos 2x 0 form
x0 )
–4 sin 2x
= lim 2 sin2x + 4 sin2x + 8x cos2x + 4x cos 2x – 4x2 sin 2x
x0
–4 sin 2x 0
(
= lim 6sin2x + 12x cos2x – 4x2 sin 2x 0 form
x0 )
–8 cos 2x
= lim 12 cos 2x + 12 cos 2x – 24x sin 2x – 8x sin 2x – 8x2 cos 2x
x0
8 1
= – 24 = – 3

1. Find y and dy of the following

a. y = x3 + 3 for x = 2 and x = 0.1
b. y = x , for x = 4 and x = 0.41
c. y = x2 + 3x when x = 2 and x = 0.2
Solution:
a. Since we know, y = f(x + x) – f(x) and dy = f'(x) dx.
 dy = 3x2 dx = 322  0.1 = 120.1 = 1.2
Again, y = f(x + x) – f(x)
= f(2 + 0.1) – f(2) = f(2.1) – f(2) = (2.1)3 + 3 – (23 + 3)
= 9.261 + 3 – 11 = 12.261 – 11 = 1.261
b. Now, dy = f'(x) dx
1 1 1
= dx =  0.41 = 4  0.41 = 0.1025
2 x 2 4
and, y = f(x + x) – f(x)
= f(4 + 0.41) – f(4) = f(4.41) – f(4) = 4.41 – 4 = 2.1 – 2 = 0.1
c. Since, dy = f '(x) dx = (2x + 3)dx = (22+3)  0.2 = 7  0.2 = 1.4
and, y = f(x + x) – f(x)
= f(2 + 0.2) – f(2)
= f(2.2) – f(2)
= (2.2)2 + 32.2 – (22 + 32)
= 4.84 + 6.6 – 10 = 11.44 – 10 = 1.44
2. Find the approximate change in the volume of a cube of side x m caused by
increasing the side by 2%.
Solution:
Here, side of cube = x m
2
 dx = 2% of x = 100 x = 0.02x
Now, the volume of cube having side x,
v = x3
Now the change in volume,
dv = 3x2dx = 3x2 (0.02x) = 0.06x3
3. For the curve y = x4 – 10, if x changes form 2 to 1.99. What is the exact and
approximates change in y?
Solution:
Since, x = 2 and x + x = 1.99  x = 1.99 – 2 = –0.01
dy
Now, dx = 4x3
 dy = 4x3dx
At, x = 2, dy = 4(2)3  (–0.01) = –0.32
Again, if x = 2 and x + x = 1.99
Then, y = f(x + x) – f(x) = f(1.99) – f(2) = [(1.99)4 – 10] – (24 – 10) = – 0.317
4. If the radius of a sphere changes from 3 cm to 3.01 cm. Find the approximate
increase in its volume.
Solution:
Let, r = 3 cm then r + r = 3.01
 r = 3.01 – 3
 r = 0.01
4
Since volume of sphere, V = 3 r3
4
 dv = 3  . 3r2dr
4
 dv = 3  × 3 × 32 × 0.01

= 0.36
5. Find the approximate increase in the surface area of a cube of the edge from 10
to 10.01. Calculate percent error in the surface area.
Solution:
Let, a = 10 then a + a = 10.01
a = 10.01 – 10 = 0.01
Since surface area of cube is A = 6a2
dA = 12a da = 1210  0.01 = 120  0.01 = 1.2
Again for percent error
Change
Since we know that percentage error = orginal  100
6(10.01 – 10)2
=  100 = (0.01)2 = 0.0001%
6102
6. A circular cupper plate is heated so that its radius increases from 5 cm to 5.06
cm. Find the approximate increase in area and also the actual increase in area.
Solution:
Let, r = 5. Then r + r = 5.06
r = 5.06 – 5 = 0.06
Now, A = r2
dA = 2r dr = 2  5  0.06 = 0.6
Again, actual increase in area,
= (5.06)2 – (5)2 = (25.603 – 25) =   0.603= 0.603
7. The radius of sphere is found by measurement to be 20 cm with possible error
of 0.02 cm. Find the consequent error in the surface area.
Solution:
Here, r = 20 cm and r = 0.02 cm
22 3500
Then, A = 4r2 = 4  7  (20)2 = 7 = 5028.58
A r
Now since, A = 2 r
0.02
A = 2 20  5028.58 = 10.05 sqcm

1. Let a particle describe a distance ‘s’ at a time ‘t’ given by the relation
8
s = 6t + t + 1. Find its velocity and acceleration at the end of 3 sec.
Solution:
8
Given, s = 6t + t + 1
Differentiating both sides w.r.t‘t’ we get,
ds –2
dt = 6 + 8. (–1) (t + 1)
8
v = 6 – (t + 1)2 … (i)
When t = 3 sec
8
or, v = 6 – (3 + 1)2
8
or, v = 6 – 16
1
or, v = 6 – 2
1
∴ v = 52 which is velocity of particle.
Again, differentiating (i) w.r.t ‘t’ we get,
dv 16
or, dt = 0 – 8(–2) (t + 1)–3 = (t + 1)3
When t = 3sec
 16
or, a = (3 + 1)3
16
or, a = 64
1
∴ a = 4 which is acceleration

2. The sides of a square is increasing at the rate of 0.2 cm/sec. Find the rate of
increase of (i) Perimeter of square (ii) Area of square when the side of square
is 12 cm.
Solution:
dl
Let ‘l’ be side of square such that dt = 0.2 cm/sec
Let ‘P’ be its perimeters and ‘A’ its Area
Now, P = 4l
dp dl
or, dt = 4 × dt
dp
or, dt = 4 × 0.2
dp
∴ dt = 0.8 cm/sec
Also, A = l2
dA dl
or, dt = 2l . dt
dA
 dt = 2 × 12 × 0.2 = 4.8 cm2/sec

3. A spherical balloon is inflated at the rate of 18 cu.cm/sec. At what rate is the

radius increasing when the radius is 8 cm?
Solution:
Let ‘V’ be the volume of spherical balloon and ‘r’ the radius of that balloon.
dV
dt = 18 cu.cm/sec
r = 8 cm
4r3
Now, V = 3
Differentiating both sides w.r.t ‘t’ we get
dV 4 dr
or, dt = 3 3r2 . dt
4 dr
or, 18 = 3 × 3 × 64 × dt
18 dr
or, =
4 × 64 dt
dr 9
∴ dt = 128 cm/sec
4. Gas is escaping form a spherical balloon at the rate of 2ft 3/ min. How fast is
the surface area changing when the radius is 12 ft?
Solution:
Let r and V be the radius and volume of the spherical balloon of salt in time t.
dV 3
dt = – 2 ft min
4r3
Now, V = 3
dV 4 dr
or, dt = 3 . 3r2 . dt
4 dr
or, –2 = 3 × 3 × (12)2 × dt
–2 dr
or, =
4 × 144 dt
let ‘S’ be surface area.
or, S = 4r2
dS dr
or, dt = 4r. dt
dS –2
or, dt = 4 × × 12 ×
4 × 144
dS 1
 dt = – 3 ft2/min

5. A spherical ball of salt dissolving in water decreases its value at the rate of 0.75
cm3/min. Find the rate at which the radius of the salt is decreasing when its
radius is 6 cm.
Solution:
Let r and V be the radius and volume of the spherical ball of salt in time t.
Given,
dV 3
dt = 0.75 cm /min
4
Now, V = 3 r3

dV d
 dt = dt (34 r ) = 43 3r . drdt
3 2

dV dr
or, dt = 4r2 dt
When r = 6cm,
dr
0.75 = 4 × 62 × dt
dr 3
 dt =
4 × 4 × 36
1
= cm/min.
192
6. The radius of cylinder is increasing at the rate of 2 m/s and its height is
decreasing at the rate of 3 m/s. Find the rate of change of volume when its
radius is 3 meters and height is 5 meters.
Solution:
Let ‘r’ be the radius and ‘h’ be the height of the cylinder.
dr dh
Given, dt = 2 m/s and dt = –3 m/s
dV
dt = ?
r = 3 m and h = 5 m
Now, V = r2h
dV dh dr2
[ ]
or, dt = . r2 dt + h . dt 

dV dr
or, dt = [r × (–3) + h . 2r. dt ]
2

dV
or, dt = [9 × (–3) + 5 × 2 × 3 × 2]
dV
∴ dt = 33 m3/sec

7. The diameter and altitude of right circular cylinder are found at a certain
instant to be 10 cm and 20 cm respectively. If the diameter is increasing at the
rate of 2 cm/s. What change in altitude will keep the volume constant?
Solution:
Let ‘h’ ‘r’ and ‘D’ be height, radius and diameter of cylinder and ‘V’ be its volume.
D = 10 cm  r = 5 cm
h = 20 cm
D2
Now, V = 4 × h
Differentiating both w.r.t ‘t’ we get,
dV  d(D2 h)
dt = 4 dt
dV
For constant volume, dt = 0

 dh dD
[ ]
0 = 4 D2 dt + h . 2D. dt

 dh
0 = 4[100 × dt + 20 × 20 × 2]

dh
or, 0 = 100 × dt + 800
800 dh
or, –100 = dt
dh
∴ dt = –8 cm/s
∴ change in altitude is – 8 cm/s
8. Sand falling form a chute forms a conical pile whose height is always equal to
4
3 the radius of base. How fast is the volume changing when the radius of base
3 ft. and is increasing at the rate of 3 ft/min?
Solution:
4
or, h = 3 × r
dh 4 dr
or, dt = 3 × dt
dh 4 dr
[
or, dt = 3 × 3 when dt = 3ft/ min ]
dh
∴ dt = 4 ft/ min
4
When radius r = 3ft, then h = 3×3 = 4ft
We know, volume of cone,
1
V = 3 × rh
dV 1 dh dr
[
or, dt = 3 ×  r2 × dt + h. 2r. dt ]
dV 1
or, dt = 3 ×  [32 × 4 + 4 × 2 × 3 × 3]
dV 1
or, dt = 3 ×  [36 + 72]
dV
∴ dt = 36ft3/min

9. Sand is pouring form a pipe at the rate of 12 cm 3/s. The falling sand forms a
cone on the ground in such a way that the height of the cone is always one
sixth of radius of base. How fast is the height of sand cone increasing when the
height is 4 cm?
Solution:
dv 3
dt = 12 cm /s
1
h=6×r
differentiating both sides w.r.t ‘t’ we get
dh 1 dr
dt = 6 × dt
When h = 4, then r = 24 cm
1
Now, V = 3rh

dV 1 dh dr
[ ]
or, dt = 3 ×  r2 . dt + h. 2r . dt 

1 dh dh
or, 12 = 3 ×(576. dt + 4.2.24.6. dt )
1 dh
or, 12 = 3 ×× dt [576 + 1152]
dh
or, 12 = 576 × dt
dh 1
∴ dt = cm/s
48
10. A container is made in the shape of a hollow inverted right circular cone. The
height of the container is 24 cm and the radius is 16 cm, as shown in the diagram
above. Water is flowing into the container. When the height of water is h cm, the
surface of the water has radius r cm and the volume of water is V cm3
4h3
a. Show that V = 27 [The volume V of a right circular cone with vertical
1
height h and base radius r is given by the formula V = 3 r2h.]
b. water flows into the container at a rate of 8cm 3s–1. Find, in terms of , the
rate of change of h when h = 12.
Solution:
a. Given, Height of the cone is 24 cm and radius is 16 cm.
From fig., using the properly of similar triangles,
r h 2h
16 = 24  r = 3 … (1)
Now, we have, volume of water inside the cone is,
1
V = 3 r2h
2
1 2h
=3 3 ( )
3
.h
4h
 V = 27
dV
b. Given, water flows into the container at a rate of 8 cm3s–1. i.e. dt = 8
4h3
Now, V = 27
diff. both sides w.r. to 't'.
dV 4 d 3
dt = 27 . dt (h )
4 dh
or, 8 = 27 . 3h2 . dt
dh 18
or, dt = 2
h
 the rate of increase of volume of water when h = 12 cm is,
dh 18 1 –1
dt =  × (12)2 = 8 cms .
11. An inverted cone is 10 cm in diameter and 10 cm deep. Water is poured into it
at the rate of 4 cubic cm/min. At what rate is the level and surface area of
water rising at the instant when depth is 6 cm?
Solution:
Given,
5
D = 10 cm r = 5 cm
h = 6 cm r
dV
dt = 4 cu.cm/min
6 10

dh
dt = ?
 From similar triangles,
r h 5h 5×6
5 = 10  r = 10  r = 10
∴ r = 3cm
5h
Also, r = 10
h
or, r = 2
dr 1dh
∴ dt = 2 dt
1
We know, V = 3 r2h
dV d 1
( )
or, dt = dt 3 r2h

dV 1 dh dr
[ ]
or, dt = 3  r2 × dt + h. 2r. dt

1 dh 1 dh
or, 4 = 3[9 × dt + 6 × 6 × 2 × dt ]
1 dh
or, 4 = 3 × dt [9 + 18]
dh
or, 4 = 9 × dt
dh 4
∴ dt = cm/min
9

( ) = h4
2 2
h
Finally, the surface area of water is A = r2 =  2
Differentiating with respect to t, we get
dA 2h dh
dt = 4 dt
When h = 6cm,
dA 6 4
or, dt = 2 
9
dA 4 2
or, dt = 3 cm /min

12. Two concentric circles are expanding in such a way that the radius of the inner
circle is increasing at the rate of 10 cm/sec and that of the outer circle at the
rate of 7 cm/sec. At a certain instant, the radii of the inner and the outer circles
are respectively 24 cm and 30 cm. At that time, is the area between the circles
increasing or decreasing? How fast?
Solution:
Let r1 and r2 be radii of two cancentric circles S1 and S2 respectively and S be
the area between two circle at time t.
dr1 dr2
It is given that dt = 10 cm/sec, dt = 7cm/sec.
r1 = 24 cm and r2 = 30 cm,
Now, S = S2 – S1 = r22 – r12
dS dr2 dr1
 dt = 2r2 dt – 2r1 dt
When r1 = 24 cm and r2 = 30 cm
 dS
We have, dt = 2 × 30 × 7 – 2 × 24 × 10 = 2 × –30 = 60
 the area between two concentric circles decreasing at the rate of
60 cm2/sec.
13. A man 5 feet tall walks at the rate 4 ft/sec directly away from a street light
which is 20 feet above the street. At what rate is the length of his shadow
street. At what rate is the length of his shadow changing? Is the length
increasing or decreasing?
Solution:
Let ‘x’ be distance of man form street light at any instant and ‘y’ be its length of
shadow at that instant.
dx
or, dt = 4 ft/ sec
20 x + y
From figure, 5 = y 20
5
or, 4y = x + y
20
or, 3y = x x y
differentiating both sides w.r.t ‘t’ we get,
dy dx
or, 3. dt = dt
dy 4
or, dt = 3 ft/ sec
dy 4
 dt = 3 ft/sec and it is increasing as it is positive.

14. A man of height 1.5 m walks away from a lamp post of height 4.5 cm at the
rate of 20 m/s. How fast does the end of his shadow move?
Solution:
dx
Given, dt = 20 cm/s
From similar triangles 4.5
4.5 z 1.5
or, 1.5 = y
z x y
or, 3 = z – x
z
or, 3z – 3x = z
or, 2z = 3x
differentiating both sides w.r.t. ‘t’
dz dx
or, 2 . dt = 3. dt
dz 3
or, dt = 2 × 20
dz
 dt = 30cm/s
 the end of his shadow move at the rate of 30 cm/sec.
15. A train starting at 11am, travels east at 45 mph while another starting at noon
form the same point travels south at 60mph. How fast are they separating at 3pm?
Solution: x
By pythagoras theorem
x2 + y2 = z2
dx dy dz y z
or, 2x. dt + 2y. dt = 2z. dt
dx dy dz
or, x . dt + y . dt = z . dt … (i)

At 3pm; x = 180 mi, y = 180 mi  z = 1802 + 1802 = 180 2

dx dy
dt = 45mph and dt = 60mph
Now from (i)
dz
180 × 45 + 180 × 60 = 180 2× dt
dz
or, 18900 = 180 2 × dt
dz
 dt = 74.24 mph
As the rate of distance separation is positive. Hence the distance is increasing.
16. Ship A is 15 miles east of p and is moving west at 20mph, ship B is 60 miles
south of P is moving north at 15 mph. At what rate is the distance between
them changing after 1 hour? Is the distance increasing or decreasing?
Solution:
Given,
P 15 – x
dx dy x
dt = 20 mph , dt = 15mph
By Pythagoras theorem 60 60 – y
z
z2 = (15 – x)2 + (60 – y)2
On differentiating y
dz –dx –dy
( )
2z . dt = 2(15 – x). dt + 2(60 – y). dt ( )
dz dx dy
z . dt = – (15 – x). dt – (60 – y) dt … (i)
After 1 hours, x = 20 mi and y = 15 mi
or, z = (15 – 20)2 + (60 – 15)2
or, z = 25 + 2025  z = 5 82
Putting it in (i) we get
dz
or, 5 82 × dt = – (15 – 20). 20 – (60 – 15). 15
dz
or, 5 82 × dt = 100 – 675
dz
 dt = –12.7 mph.
dz
Since dt < 0, hence the distance is decreasing.
17. Two cars start at same time form the junction of two roads one on each roads
with uniform speed v.m.p.h. If the roads are inclined at 120°, show that the
distance between them increases at the rate of 3v mph.
Solution:
Let ‘x’ be the distance covered by both cars after time ‘t’ and ‘s’ be the distance
between them at that instant.
A
dx
dt = v.m.p.h
s
x2 + x2 – s2 X
or, cos120° = 2.x.x [By cosine law] 120
°
–1 2x2 – s2 x
A
or, 2 = 2x2
or, –2x2 = 4x2 – 2s2
or, 2s2 = 6x2
or, s2 = 3x2
or, s = 3 x
On differentiation we gets,
ds dx
or, dt = 3 dt
ds
∴ dt = 3v m.p.h proved

2
18. An aeroplane is flying horizontally at a height of 3 miles with a velocity of 15
mph. Find the rate at which it is receding from a fixed point on the ground,
which it passed over two minutes ago.
Solution x
B C
Let A be a fixed point on the ground. Suppose
x be the distance travelled by plane and y be 2
miles
the distance of the plane from fixed point on 3
the ground at time t. y

Given, A
2
Height of plane from ground (AB) = 3 miles
dx
dt = 15 mph
dy
dt = ? when t = 2 min
We have, using Pythagoras theorem
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
2 2
( )
or, y2 = x2 + 3 … (i)

Differentiating w.r.t. t, we get

dy dx
2y dt = 2x dt
dy dx
or, y dt = x dt
 dy x × 15
or, dt = y
dy 15x
or, dt = 2
[ Using (i)]
2
x2 + 3 ( )
2 1
When, t = 2 min = 60 hr = 30 hr
1 1
x = 15 × 30 = 2 mile
Now,
1
15 × 2
dy
dt = 1 2
2 2

( ) ( )
2 + 3
15
2
=
1 4
4 + 9
15
2
=
25
36
15
2 15 6
= 5 = 2 × 5 = 9 mph
6
 The aeroplane receeds at the rate of 9 mph after 2 mins from that fixed
point A on the ground.
19. A point is moving along the curve y = 2x 3 –3x2 in such a way that its
x–coordinate is increasing at the rate of 2 cm/sec. Find the rate at which the
distance of the point from the origin is increasing when the point is at (2, 4).
Solution:
dx
Given, dt = 2 cm/sec
(2, 4)
z2 = x2 + y2
dz dx dy z
or, 2z. dt = 2x. dt + 2y. dt
y
dz dx dy o
or, z. dt = x. dt + y . dt … (i) x
Also, y = 2x3 – 3x2
Differentiating w.r.t ‘t’ we get,
dy 2 dx dx
dt = 6x . dt – 6x . dt
dy
or, dt = 6 × 22 × 2 – 6 × 2 × 2 [at (2, 4)]
 dy
∴ dt = 24 cm/sec
When x = 2, y = 4 then z = 22 + 42 = 20
Putting these value in (i) we get,
dz
or, 20 × dt = 2 × 2 + 4 × 24
dz
∴ dt = 10 5 cm/sec

20. The diagram shows a right circular cylindrical metal rod which is expanding
as it is heated. After t seconds the radius of the rod is x cm and the length of
the rod is 5x cm. The cross–sectional area of the rod is increasing at the
constant rate of 0.032 cm2s–1.
dx
a. Find dt when the radius of the rod is 2 cm, giving your answer to 3
significant figures.
b. Find the rate of increase of the volume of the rod when x = 2
Solution:
a. Let x cm and 5x cm be the radius and length of the rod, A cm 2 be the area of
cross section of the rod,
dA
Given, the rate of increase of cross–section area, dt = 0.032 cm2s–1
We have, A = x2
diff. both sides w.r. to 't'.
dA d 2
dt =  . dt (x )
dx
or, 0.032 =  2x . dt
dx 0.032
 dt =
2x
When the radius of rod, x = 2 cm,
dx 0.032
then dt = = 0.0025 cms–1
2××2
b. To find the rate of increase of volume of rod,
We have, V = r2h
or, V =  . x2 . 5x
or, V = 5x3
diff. both sides w.r. to 't',
dV d 3
dt = 5 . dt (x )
dV dx
or, dt = 5 . 3x2 . dt
dV
or, dt = 15x2 × 0.0025 [ from (a)]
 the rate of increase of volume when x = 2 cm is
dV 2 3 –1
dt = 15 x (2) × 0.0025 = 0.471 cm s .
21. The diagram shows a water container in the shape of a triangular prism of
length 120 cm. The vertical cross–section is an equilateral triangle.
Water is poured into the container at a rate of 24
cm3s–1.
a. Show that the volume of water in the container,
V cm3, is given by V = 40 3 h2, where h cm is
the height of the water in the container.
b. Find the rate of change of h when h = 12.
Solution:
a. Here, length of triangular prism is, h = 120 cm.
Let, V be the volume of water inside the triangular prism,
then rate of flow of water into the container is,
dV 3 –1
dt = 24 cm s
Now, from fig., ABC is an equilateral trangle.
So, ABC = ACB = BAC = 60° and AD = h
From right angle triangle ABD,
AD
tan ABD = BD
h h
3 = BD  BD =
3
2h
 BC = 2 × BD =
3
1 1 2h h2
So, the area of ABC = 2 BC × AD = 2 × ×h=
3 3
 volume of water inside the prism is,
V = cross – section area × length of prism
= area of ABC × 120
h2 h2 3
= × 120 = × 120 × = 40 3 h2
3 3 3
b. We have from (a), V = 40 3 h2
dV d
or, dt = 40 3 . dt (h2)
dh
or, 24 = 40 3 . 2h . dt
dh 24
or, dt =
80 3 . h
So, the rate of change of depth of water when h = 12 cm is,
dh 24 1 –1
dt = 80 3 . 12 = 40 3 cms


 ANTI-DERIVATIVES

Evaluate

a. 4xdx b. x2 +dx c.

dx
9x2 + 12x
 2+9  6x + 8  + 13

1 – 6xdx– 9x2 sin2 xcos x dx

e2x +e 2edxx + 5
x
d. e. f.
  + 4 sin x + 5 

xx4 dx x4 –x xdx2 – 1 xx6 –dx9

2
g. h. i.
 +3  

j. 9x2 6x +2
(2x + 3)
x2 +3x4x+ +5 20 dx
 + 6x + 26 dx k.
 4x2 + 1 dx l.


m. 3 +2x2x+ –2 x2 dx

Solution
dx
a. 
4x2 + 9
dx
= (2x)2 + 32

dy
Put y = 2x  2 = dx

1 dy 11 y 1 2x
Now, = 2 y2 + 32 = 2 3 tan–1 3 + C = 6 tan–1 3 + C

dx dx dx
b. 
x2 + 6x + 8 = 
x2 + 2.3x + 9 – 9 + 8 = 
(x + 3)2 – 12
Put y = x + 3
dy = dx
dy 1 y–1 1 x+3–1 1 x+2
Now, y2 – 12 = 2.1 ln y + 1 + C = 2 ln x + 3 + 1 + C = 2 ln x + 4 + C

dx dx dx
c. 
9x2 + 12x + 13 = 
(3x)2 + 2.3x . 2 + 4 – 4 + 13 = 
(3x + 2)2 + 32
dy
Put y = 3x +2  3 = dx

dx 1 dy 1 1 y 1 3x + 2
Now, (3x + 2)2 + 32 = 3 y2 + 32 = 3 . 3 tan–1 3 + C = 9 tan–1 3 + C
 
 dx dx
d. 
1 – 6x – 9x2 = – (3x)2 + 6x – 1


= – (3x)2 + 2.3x . 1 + 1 – 1 – 1 = – 
dx dx
 (3x + 1)2 – ( 2)2
dy
Put y = 3x +1  3 = dx

y– 3x + 1 –
Now, – 3 
1 dy 1 1 2 1 2
2 = –3 . ln +C=– ln +C
 y2
– ( 2) 2. 2 y+ 2 6 2 3x + 1 + 2

cos x dx
e. 
sin2 x + 4 sin x + 5
Put y = sin x  dy = cos x.dx
dy dy dy y+2
Now, y2 + 4y + 5 = y2 + 2.2y + 4 – 4 + 5 = (y + 2)2 + 12 = tan–1 1 + C
  
–1
= tan (sin x + 2) + C
x
e dx
f. 
e2x + 2ex + 5
Put ex = y
dy = ex . dx
dy dy dy
Now, y2 + 2y + 5 = y2 + 2.y.1 + 1 – 1 + 5 = (y + 1)2 + (2)2
  
1 y+1 1 ex + 1
= 2 tan–1 2 + C = 2 tan–1 2 + C

x dx x dx
g. 
x4 + 3 =
(x2)2 + ( 3)2
dy
Put y = x2  2 = x dx,
Now, given integral reduces into
2
=2 2
1 dy 1 1 –1 y 1 –1 x
= . tan + C = tan +C
y + ( 3)2 2 3 3 2 3 3

x dx
h. 
x4 – x2 – 1
x dx
= (x2)2 – x2 – 1

dy
Put y = x2  2 = x dx

1 dy
Now, 2 y2 – y – 1

 =2
1 dy 1 dy
=2
y – 2.y . + – – 1  y – 1 2 – 5
1 1 1

2
2 4 4  2 4 ( )
1 5
y–2– 2
2y – 1 –
=2
1 dy 1 1 1 5
=2 ln +C= ln +C
 – 2 
1 5 2 5 1 5 2 5 2y – 1 + 5
( )
2


y–2
  2. 2 y–2+ 2

1 2x2 – 1 – 5
= ln +C
2 5 2x2 – 1 + 5

2 2
x dx x dx
i. 
x6 – 9 = 
(x3)2 – 32
dy
Put y = x3  3 = x2 dx

1 dy 1 1 y–3 1 x3 – 3
Now, 3 y2 – 32 = 3 2.3 ln y + 3 + C = 18 ln x3 + 3 + C

6x + 2 1 18x + 6 1
j. 
9x2 + 6x + 26 dx = 3 
9x2 + 6x + 26 dx = 3 ln (9x2 + 6x + 26) + C

2x + 3
k. 
 4x2 + 1dx

=  4x2 + 1 + 4x2 + 1
2x 3
 ( ) dx
= 4 4x2 + 1 dx + 3
1 8x 1
 4(x2 + 1)
dx
 4
1 3 1 x
= 4 ln (4x2 + 1) + 4  1 tan–11 + C
2 2
1 2 3 –1
= 4 ln (4x +1) + 2 tan 2x + C

3x + 5
l. 
x2 + 4x + 20 dx

 x + 53
= 3 x2 + 4x + 20 dx

 2x + 10
3 3

= 2 x2 + 4x + 20 dx
  (2x + 4) – 23
3

= 2 x2 + 4x + 20 dx

3 2x + 4 dx
= 2 x2 + 4x + 20 – x2 + 4x + 20
 
3 (2x + 4) dx
= 2 x2 + 4x + 20 – (x + 2)2 + 42
 
3 1
= 2 ln (x2 + 4x + 20) – 4 tan–1 (x +4 2) + C
(2x + 2)
m. 
(3 + 2x – x2) dx
(2x + 2) –2x + 2 – 4
I = (3 + 2x – x2) dx = – 3 + 2x – x2 dx
 
2 – 2x 1
= –3 + 2x – x2 dx + 4 3 + 2x – x2 dx
 
1
= – ln (3 + 2x – x2) + 4 (2)2 – (x – 1)2 dx

4 2+x–1
= – ln (3 + 2x – x2) + 2.2 ln 2 – x + 1 + C
x+1
= – ln (3 + 2x – x2) + ln 3 – x + C = ln (x3 +– 1x) – ln (3 + 2x – x ) + C
2

2. Evaluate:
dx dx dx
a.  b.  c. 
 x2 – 4  2ax + x2  x2 + x – 2

dx dx dx
d.  e.  f. 
 2x2 + 3x + 4  9x2 + 6x + 10  6 + x – x2

dx x dx x dx
g.  h.  i. 
 2 – 2x – x2  a 4 + x4  x4 + 2x2 + 10

x–2 x 2x + 3
j.  dx k.  dx l.  dx
 2x2 – 8x + 5  7 + 6x – x2  x2 + 4x + 20

dx dx dx
m.  n.  o. 
 (x + a) (x + b) (11 + x) 2+x (4x + 3) x+3

p.  1+x
 1 – x dx
Solution:

a.  dx
=
dx
= ln (x + x2 – 4) + C
 x2 – 4  x2 – 22

b.  dx
=
dx
=
dx
= ln (a + x + 2ax + x2) + C
 2ax + x2  a2 + 2ax + x2 – a2  (a + x)2 – a2

c.  dx
=
dx
 x2 + x – 2  1 1 1
x2 + 2x . 2 + 4 – 4 – 2

= ln x2 + x – 2 + C
dx
=
 1 2 3 2  (2x2+ 1) + 
 ( ) –( )
x+2 2

d.  dx
=
1
 dx
=
1
 dx
 2x2 + 3x + 4 2 2 3
x +2x+2
2 2 3 9 9
x + 2 . 4 . x + 16 – 16 + 2
 
ln x + 4 + x2 + 2 x + 2
1 dx 1 3 3
 2
2  +C
= =
2

2

 (x + 34) + ( ) 23
4

e.  dx
=
dx
=
dx
 9x2 + 6x + 10  (3x)2 + 6x + 10  (3x)2 + 2.3x.1 + 1 – 1 + 10

=
dx
 (3x + 1)2 + 32
dy
Put y = 3x + 1  3 = dx

Now, 3 
1 dy
 y2 + 32
1
= 3 ln[ y + y2 + 32 ] + C
1
= 3 ln [(3x + 1) + (3x + 1)2 + 9 ] + C
1
= 3 ln [(3x + 1) + 9x2 + 6x + 10 ] + C

f.  dx
=
dx
 –(x2 – x – 6)  2 1 1 1
–(x – 2.x. 2 + 4 – 4 – 6)

dx
=
 
 ( ) – 254
1
– x – 2 2
 dx
=

 (52) – (x – 12)
2 2

(x – 21) + C = sin 2x – 1 + C
= sin–1 ( 5 )
–1

(25)
g.  dx
2 =
dx
=
dx
 2 – 2x – x  –(x + 2x – 2)  –(x + 2x + 1 – 1 – 2)
2 2

dx dx x+1
= = = sin–1 +C
 –{(x + 1)2 – ( 3)2}  ( 3)2 – (x + 1)2 3

h.  x dx
=
x dx
 a4 + x4  (a2)2 + (x2)2
dy
Put x2 = y  x dx = 2

Now, 2 
1 dy 1 1
= ln (y + a4 + y2) + C = 2 ln (x2 + a4 + x4) + C
 a4 + y2 2

i.  x dx
=
x dx
 x4 + 2x2 + 10  (x2)2 + 2x2 + 10
dy
Put x2 = y  x.dx = 2

Now, 2  =  = 
1 dy 1 dy 1 dy
 y2 + 2y + 10 2  y2 + 2.y.1 + 1 – 1 + 10 2  (y + 1)2 + 32
1 1
= 2 ln (y + 1 + (y + 1)2 + 32) + C = 2 ln (x2 + 1 + x4 + 2x2 + 10) + C

x–2 4x – 8
j.  dx = 4 
1
dx
 2x2 – 8x + 5  2x2 – 8x + 5
1 1
= 4 2 2x2 – 8x + 5 + C = 2 2x2 – 8x + 5 + C

k.  xdx
 7 + 6x – x2
This equation can be written as
6 – 2x
p dx + q
1
dx ... (i)
 7 + 6x – x2  7 + 6x – x2
By comparing
–2p = 1 6p+q = 0
–1 –1
 p= 2 6 2 +q=0 ( )
q=3
 Put the value of p and q in equation (i)
–1 6 – 2x
= 2  dx + 3 
1
dx
 7 + 6x – x2  7 + 6x – x2
–1
7 + 6x – x2 + 3 
1
= 2 .2 dx
 –(x2 – 6x – 7)

7 + 6x – x2 + 3 
1
=– dx
 – (x2 – 2.3x + 9 – 9 – 7)

7 + 6x – x2 + 3 
dx
=–
 –{(x – 3)2 – (4)2}

=– 7 + 6x – x2 + 3sin–1 (x –4 3) + C
2x + 3 + 1 – 1
l.  2x + 3
dx =  2 dx =  2
2x + 4
dx –  2
dx
 x2 + 4x + 20  x + 4x + 20  x + 4x + 20  x + 4x + 20

= 2 x2 + 4x + 20 –  = 2 x2 + 4x + 20 – 
dx dx
 x2 + 2.2x + 4 – 4 + 20  (x + 2)2 + 42

= 2 x + 4x + 20 – ln (x + 2 +
2
x2 + 4x + 20) + C

m. I =  = dx =  2
dx 1 1
dx
 (x + a) (x + b)  x2 + bx + ax + ab  x + (a + b) . x + ab

1
= dx
 a+b a+b 2 a+b 2


x2 + 2.x ( ) ( ) ( )
2 + 2 – 2 + ab

1
= dx
 a+b 2 a2 + 2ab + b2 – 4ab
 ( x+ 2 ) ( – 4 )
1 1
= dx=  dx
 
2 2
a+b 2 a – 2ab + b a+b 2 a–b 2

 ( x+ 2 ) ( – 4 )  (x+ 2 ) ( ) – 2
a+b
= ln ( x+ 2 + (x + a) (x + b) )+C
n.  dx
(11 + x) 2+x
Put z = 2 + x  2z . dz = dx
2

2z . dz 2z . dz dz
Then I =(11+ z2 – 2)z = 
 (9 + z2)z = 2
z2 + 32
2 z 2 2+x
= 3 tan–1 3 + C = 3 tan–1 3 +C
o. I = 
dx
(4x + 3) x + 3
Put x + 3 = y2
 dx = 2y.dy and x = y2 – 3

I = [4(y2 – 3) + 3] y = 24y2 – 9 = 2 
2y dy dy 1
  4(y 2 9 dy
– 4)

1 1
=2 dy
y – 3
2


2
2 ()
3
y–2
1 1
= 2 . 3 ln 3+C
2.2 y + 2
1 2y – 3
= 6 ln 2y + 3 + C
1 2 x+3–3
= 6 ln +C
2 x+3+3

p. I = 
1+x
 1 – x dx

= 
1+x 1+x (1 + x)2
 1 – x  1 + x dx =  1 – x2 dx

= dx =  dx + 
1+x 1 x
dx
 1 – x2  1 – x2  1 – x2
1 –2x dx
= dx – 2 
1
 1 – x2  1 – x2
1
= sin–1 x – 2 2 1 – x2 + C
= sin–1 x – 1 – x2 + C

1. 
 x2 – 36 dx

I =
 x – 36 dx
2

x x2 – 36 62
= 
 x2 – 62 dx = 2 – 2 ln (x + x2 – 36) + C

1
= 2 x x2 – 36 – 18 ln (x + x2 – 36) + C
  3x2 + 5 dx = 
2. I =   ( 3x)2 + ( 5)2 dx
dy
Put y = 3x = dx
3
Now,

I =
1

 y2 + ( 5)2 dy
3
1 y y2 + ( 5)2 (5)2
( y2 + ( 5)2 ) + C
3
= 2 + 2 ln y +
1  3x 3x2 + 5 5
+ 2 ln ( 3 x + 3x2 + 5) +C
=
3  2 
x 3x2 + 5 5
= 2 + ln ( 3 x + 3x2 + 5) + C
2 3

3. 
 1 – 4x2 dx

 1 – 4x2 dx = 
I=  (1)2 – (2x)2 dx
dy
Put y = 2x  2 = dx

Now, I = 2 
 1 – y dy = 2 
1 1 1 y 1 y
2 2
 1 – y dy = 2 × 2
2 2
[ ]
1 – y2 + 2 sin–1 1 + C

1 1 y
= 4 y 12 – y2 + 4 sin–1 1 + C

2x 1 x 1 – 4x2 1 –1
= 4 1 – 4x2 + 4 sin–1 2x + C = 2 + 4 sin 2x + C

4. I =
 5 – 2x + x2 dx = 
 4 + 1 – 2x + x2 dx
=
 (2) + (x – 1) dx
2 2

(x – 1) (2)2 + (x – 1)2 (2)2

= 2 + 2 ln (x – 1 + (2)2 + (x – 1)2) + C
1
= 2 (x – 1) 5 – 2x + x2 + 2 ln (x – 1 + 5 – 2x + x2) + C

5. 
 5x2 + 8x + 4 dx = 
 ( 8x 4
5 x2 + 5 + 5 ) dx

4 16 16 4
= 5
 ( x + 2.x. 5 + 25 – 25 + 5) dx = 5  (x + 4/5) + (2/5) dx
2


2 2

(x + 4) (2 
5) 
2

 5 4 
(x + 4/5) + (2/5) + 2 ln (x + 5) + (x + 4/5) + (2/5)  + C
2 2 2 2
= 5
 2  
 ln  x2 + 5 + 5
(5x + 4) 5x2 + 8x + 4 2 5x + 4 8x 4
5 5  5  +C
= 10 + +

6. I  3 – 2x – x2 dx = 
=  –(x2 + 2x – 3)dx

=
 –(x + 2.x.1 + 1 – 1 – 3) dx = 
2
 –({x + 1) – (2) } dx
2 2

= 
 22 – (x + 1)2 dx

x+1 22 (x + 1)
= 2 22 – (x + 1)2)+ 2 sin–1 2 + C
x+1 x+1
= 2 3 – 2x – x2 + 2 sin–1 ( )
2 +C

7. 
  –(x2 – 18x + 65) dx
18x – x2 – 65 dx = 

=
 –(x – 2 . 9 . x + 81 – 81 + 65) dx = 
2
 (4) – (x – 9) ) dx
2 2

1 42 x–9
= 2 (x – 9) 42 – (x – 9)2 + 2 sin–1 4 + C
1 x–9
= 2 (x – 9) 18x – x2 – 65 + 8 sin–1 4 + C

 2ax – x2 dx = 
8. I =   a2 – (a2 – 2ax + x2) dx
(a)2
=
1
 a – (x – a) dx = 2 (x – a)
2 2
(a)2 – (x – a)2 + 2 sin–1 (x –a a) + C
a2
1
= 2 (x – a) 2ax – x2 + 2 sin–1 (x –a a) + C
9. I = 
 (x – ) ( – x) dx
Put x –  = y
 dx = dy and x = y + 

I =
 y( – y – ) dy = 
 ( – ) y – y dy
2

= ( –2 ) – ( –2 ) + 2 y ( –2 ) – y
2 2
2
dy


= ( –2 ) – (y –  –2 ) dy
2 2

1 – – 2 – 2 1 ( – )2

y–( –2 ) + C
=2 ( y– 2 ) ( ) –( y– 2 ) +2 sin–1
( –2 )
2 4
 –
x–– 2
1 – – 2 – 2 1
(
=2 x–– 2 ) ( ) ( 2 – x–– 2 ) + 8 ( – )2 sin–1
–
+C
2

( –2 ) – (x –  2+ ) + 18 ( – ) sin 2x –  – 
1 2 2
–1
= 4 (2x – 2 –  + ) 2
+C
–
1 1 2x –  – 
= 4 (2x –  – ) (x – ) ( – x) + 8 ( – )2 sin–1 +C
–

10. I =  (2x – 5) x2 – 4x + 5 dx =  (2x – 4 – 1) x2 – 4x + 5 dx

 
=
(2x – 4) x – 4x + 5 dx – 
2
 (x – 2) + 1 dx
2

2 (x – 2) (x – 2)2 + 12 1
= 3 (x2 – 4x + 5)3/2 – 2 – 2 ln [(x – 2) + (x – 2)2 + 12 + C

2 (x – 2) x2 – 4x + 5 1
= 3 (x2 – 4x + 5)3/2 – 2 – 2 ln [(x – 2) + x2 – 4x + 5) + C

11. I =  (2x + 3) x2 – 2x – 3 dx =  (2x + 3 – 5 + 5) x2 – 2x – 3 dx

 
=  (2x – 2) x2 – 2x – 3 dx + 5 x2 – 2x – 3 dx
 
I = I1 + I2
Now, I1 =  (2x – 2) x2 – 2x – 3 dx

Put y = x2 – 2x – 3  dy = (2x – 2) dx
y3/2 2
 I1 =  y dy = 3/2 + C1 = 3 x2 – 2x – 3 + C1

Also, I2 = 5 x2 – 2x – 3 dx

= 5 x2 – 2x + 1 – 1 – 3 dx = 5 (x – 1)2 – (2)2 dx
 
1 4
[
= 5 2 (x – 1) x2 – 2x – 3 – 2 ln (x – 1 + x2 – 2x – 3) + C2 ]
5
= 2 (x – 1) x2 – 2x – 3 – 10 ln (x – 1 + x2 – 2x – 3) + C2
 I = I1 + I2
2 5
= 3 (x2 – 2x – 3)3/2 + 2 (x – 1) x2 – 2x – 3 – 10 ln (x – 1 + x2 – 2x – 3) + C

12. 

(2x + 1) 4x2 + 20x + 21 dx

1
I = (2x + 1) 4x2 + 20x + 21 dx = 4  (8x + 4) 4x2 + 20x + 21 dx
 
 1
= 4  {(8x + 20) – 16} 4x2 + 20x + 21 dx

1
= 4  (8x + 20) 4x2 + 20x + 21 dx – 4 4x2 + 20x + 21 dx = I1 – I2 (let)
 
1
Now, I1 = 4  (8x + 20) 4x2 + 20x + 21 dx

Put 4x2 + 20x + 21 = y  (8x + 20) dx = dy
1 1 y3/2 1
 I1 = 4  y1/2 dy = 4 3/2 + C1 = 6 (4x2 + 20x + 21)3/2 + C1

Also, I2 = 4 4x2 + 20x + 21 dx

= 4 (4x2 + 20x + 25) – 4 dx = 4 (2x + 5)2 – (2)2 dx
 
dy
Put 2x + 5 = y  dx = 2
(2)2
 I2 = 2

(y)2 – (2)2 dy = 2 {12 y (y)2 – (2)2 – 2 ln (y + y2 – 4) }+C2

= y y2 – 4 – 4 ln (y + y2 – 4) + C2
= (2x + 5) (2x + 5)2 – 4 – 4 ln (2x + 5 + (2x + 5)2 – 4) + C2
= (2x + 5) 4x2 + 20x + 21 – 4 ln (2x + 5 + 4x2 + 20x + 21) + C2
So, I = I1 – I2
1
= 6 (4x2 + 20x + 21)3/2 – (2x + 5) 4x2 + 20x + 21 + 4 ln (2x + 5 + 4x2 + 20x + 21 ) + C

13. 

(2 – x) 16 – 6x – x2 dx

1
I =  (2 – x) 16 – 6x – x2 dx = 2  (4 – 2x) 16 – 6x – x2 dx
 
1
= 2  {10 + (–6 – 2x)} 16 – 6x – x2 dx

1
= 5 16 – 6x – x2 dx + 2  (–6 – 2x) 16 – 6x – x2 dx
 
I = I1 + I2
Now, I1 = 5 16 – 6x – x2 dx = 5 25 – (9 + 6x + x2) dx
 
1
= 5
 
52
(5)2 – (x + 3)2 dx = 52 (x + 3) (5)2 – (x + 3)2 + 2 sin–1 (x +5 3) + C 1

5 125
= 2 (x + 3) 16 – 6x – x2 + 2 Sin–1 (x +5 3) + C1
 1
Also, I2 = 2  (–6 – 2x) 16 – 6x – x2 dx

Put 16 – 6x – x2 = y
 dy = (–6 – 2x) dx
1
 I2 = 2  y1/2 dy

1 2
= 2  3 y3/2 + C2
1
= 3 (16 – 6x – x2)3/2 + C2
So, I = I1 + I2
5 125
= 2 (x + 3) 16 – 6x – x2 + 2 sin–1 (x +5 3) + 31 (16 – 6x – x )
2 3/2
+C

14. I =  ex cos 3x dx

By using formula,
eax (a cos bx + b sin bx)

ax
e cos bx dx = +C
 a2 + b2

We have,
1 1
I = 12 + 32 ex (1.cos 3x + 3 sin 3x) + C = 10 ex (cos 3x + 3 sin 3x) + C

15. I =  e3x . sin 5x dx


We suppose u = sin 5x and v = e3x
By using formula,
eax (a sin bx – b cos bx)

ax
e sin bx dx = +C
 a2 + b2

We have,
1
I = 32 + 52 . e3x (3 sin 5x – 5 cos 5x) + C
1
 I = 34 e3x (3 sin 5x – 5 cos 5x) + C

16. I =  e2x sin (x + 1) dx


(a sin bx – b cos bx)
By using formula  eax . sinbx = eax +C
 a2 + b2

We have,
1
I = (2)2 + 12 e2x [2 sin (x + 1) – cos (x + 1)] + C
1
= 5 e2x [2 sin (x + 1) – cos (x + 1)] + C
Evaluate:

1. 1 + 2dxsin2 x 2. a2 sin2 xdx

  – b2 cos2 x

3. 5 + 4dxcos x 4. 2 + 3dxcos x
 

5. 4 cosdxx – 1 6. 2 +dx
  sin x

7. 1 + 2dxsin x 8. 1 – 3dxsin x
 

9. 1 + sindx 10. 3 + 2 sindxx + cos x

 x + cos x 

11. 1 – sin dx 12. 2 + cosdx

 x + cos x  x – sin x

13. sin x dx 14.  dx

 + cos x cos x – 3 sin x

15. 3 sin x dx 16. (sinsinx x+ cos x

cos x)2 dx
 + 4 cos x 

17. 4 + 3dx 18. 4 + 3dxsinh x

 cosh x 

19. 36 sechtanh x

x + cosh x dx 20. coshtanh x dx
  x + 64 sech x

21. 4 tanh x sinh x dx

 – cosech x sech x

Solution:
dx dx dx
1. I = 1 + 2 sin2 x = sin2 x + cos2 x + 2 sin2 x = 3 sin2 x + cos2 x
  
2
Multiplying numerator and denominator by sec x
sec2 x
I = 1 + 3 tan2 x dx

1
Put y = 3 tan x  dy = 3 sec2 x dx  sec2 x dx = dy
3
1 dy 1 1 –1 y 1 –1
 I=  12 + y2 = 3 1 tan 1 + C = 3 tan ( 3 tan x) + C
3
 dx
2. I = a2 sin2 x – b2 cos2 x

Multiplying numerator and denominator by sec 2 x
sec2 x
I = a2 tan2 x – b2 dx

Put y = a tan x
dy 2
a = sec x . dx
Now,
1 dy 1 y–b 1 x–b
 I = a y2 – b2 = 2ab ln y + b + C = 2ab ln
 (aa tan
tan x + b) + C
dx
3. I =  5 + 4cosx

dx

5 x x
( sin 2 + cos2 2
2
) + 4 (cos 2x – sin 2x)
2 2

=
1
dx
5 sin + 5cos + 4cos2 x – 4sin2 x
2 x 2 x
 2 2 2 2

=
1
dx
9cos + sin2 x
x 2
 2 2
x
Multiplying numerator and denominator by sec2 2

 sec2 2x
= dx
9 + tan2 2x

x
Put tan 2 = y
x
or, sec2 2 dx = 2dy
dy 1 y
Now, I = 2 (3)2 + y2 = 2 . 3 tan–1 3
 ( ) + C = 23 tan (13 tan 2x) + C
–1

dx
4. I = 2 + 3 cos x


=
dx dx
=
2 sin2 x + cos2 x x x 5 cos2 x – sin2 x
 (2 2 )+3( cos 2 – sin2 2
2
)  2 2
x
Multiplying numerator and denominator by sec2 2
 x
 sec2 2
= x dx
( 5)2 – tan2 2

x
Put y = tan 2
x
2dy = sec2 2 dx

 5 + tan 2x
Now, I = 2 ln  +C
dy 1 5+y 1
2 = 2 ln +C=
( 5) – y
2
2 5 5–y 5  5 – tan x 
 2 
dx dx
5. I = 4 cosx – 1 = 
 4 cos2 – sin2 –
x x
 2 ( 2 ) (sin 2x + cos 2x)
2 2

= =
dx dx
4cos2 x – 4sin2 x – sin2 x – cos2 x 3cos2 x – 5 sin2 x
 2 2 2 2  2 2
x
Multiplying numerator and denominator by sec2 2

 sec2 2x
I=  dx
3 – ( 5)2 tan2 2x

x
Put y = 5 tan 2
2dy x
 = sec2 2 dx
5

Now, I =
2
 dy
5 ( 3)2 – y2

 3+ 5 tan 2
x
ln  
2 1 3+y 1
= ln +C= x +C
52 3 3–y 15  3 – 5 tan 2
 
6. I = 2 + sinx = 
dx dx
 2 cos2 x + 2 sin2 x + 2sin x cos x
 2 2 2 2
x
Multiplying numerator and denominator by sec2 2

x
 sec2 2
=2
1
 x x dx
1 + tan2 2 + tan 2

x x
Put tan 2 = y  sec2 2 dx = 2dy
 1
y+2
= 21 + y2 + y = 
2 dy dy 1
tan–1
I
 = +C
+
 1 32 3 3
 ( )
y+2 2
 2  2 2
x
2 tan 2 + 1
2 2y + 1 2
= tan–1 +C= tan–1 +C
3 3 3 3

7. I = 1 + 2sinx dx = 
1 dx
 cos2 x + sin2 x + 2.2 sin x cos x
2 2 2 2
x
Multiplying numerator and denominator by sec2 2

 x
sec2 2  x
sec2 2
= dx =  dx
1 + tan2 2 + 4 tan 2
x x
 x
  ( tan 2 + 2 ) 2
–3

x x
Put tan 2 + 2 = y  sec2 2 dx = 2dy
x
tan 2 + 2 – 3
y–
 I = 2 2
dy 1 3 1
=2 ln +C= ln +C
(y) – ( 3)2 2 3 y + 3 3 tan x + 2 + 3
2
dx dx
8. I = 1 – 3sinx = 
  x x
 ( sin2 2 + cos2 2 ) – 3.2 sin 2x cos 2x
x
Multiplying numerator and denominator by sec 2 2

x
 sec2 2
 dx
tan2 2x – 6 tan 2x + 1

x x
Put y = tan 2  2dy = sec2 2 dx
Now,
dy dy
 I = 2y2 – 6y + 1 = 2y2 – 2.3y + 9 – 9 + 1
 
y–3–2 2
= 2
dy 1
2 = 2 ln +C
(y – 3) 2
– (2 2) 2.2 2 y –3+2 2
x
tan 2 – 3 – 2 2
1
= ln x +C
2 2 tan 2 – 3 + 2 2
9. I = 1 + sin x + cos x = (1 + cos x) + sin x = 
dx dx dx
  2cos + 2sin x cos x
2 x
 2 2 2
x 2
Multiplying numerator and denominator by sec 2

x
 sec2 2
=2
1
 x dx
 1 + tan 2
x 1 x x
Put 1 + tan 2 = y  2 sec2 2 dx = dy  sec2 2 dx = 2dy

dy
I =  y = ln y + C = ln
 (1 + tan 2x) + C
dx
10. I = 3 + 2sinx + cosx


=
1
dx
3 cos2 x + 3sin2 x + 4sin x . cos x + cos2 x – sin2 x
 2 2 2 2 2 2

=
1
dx
4 cos2 x + 2 sin2 x + 4sin x cos x
 2 2 2 2
x
Multiplying numerator and denominator by sec2 2

x x
 sec2 2  sec2 2
=  1
dx = 2 dx
4 + 2tan2 2x + 4tan 2x 2 + tan2 2x + 2 tan 2x
 
x
Put tan 2 = y
x
 sec2 2 dx = 2dy
from (i)
1 2 dy dy dy
= 2  2 + y2 + 2y = y2 + 2y + 2 =  (y + 1)2 + 12
I
  
1
= 1 tan–1(y + 1) + C = tan–1 (tan 2x + 1) + C
11. I = 1 – sin x + cos x = (1 + cos x) – sin x = 
dx dx 1
  2cos – 2sin x cos x
2 x dx
 2 2 2

=2
1 dx
cos – sin x cos x
2 x
 2 2 2
 x
Multiplying numerator and denominator by sec 2 2

1
 sec2 2x
I=2 dx
1 – tan 2x

x 1 x x
Put 1 – tan 2 = y  – 2 sec2 2 dx = dy  sec2 2 dx = –2dy, then

2 dy
I = – 2  y = – ln y + C = – ln
 (1 – tan 2x) + C
12.  2 + cos x – sin x = 
dx dx
 2sin + 2 cos + cos2 x – sin2 x – 2sin x cos x
2 x 2 x
 2 2 2 2 2 2

=
1
dx
sin – 2sin cos x + 3cos2 x
x 2 x
 2 2 2 2
x
Multiplying numerator and denominator by sec2 2

x
 sec2 2
=  dx
tan2 2x – 2 tan 2x + 3

x
Put tan 2 = y
1 x
 2 sec2 2 dx = dy
x
 sec2 2 dx = 2dy

2dy 1
= y2 – 2y + 3 = 2
 (y – 1) 2
+ ( 2)2
dy

tan 2x – 1 
=2×
1
tan–1
y–1
+C= –1
2 tan  +C
2 2  2 
dx
13. I = sin x + cos x

Put 1 = r cos  and 1 = r sin 
So that r2 = 2
 r = 2 and tan  = 1

 =4

dx 1 dx 1
I=
r cos  . sin x + r sin  . cos x = r 
sin (x + ) = r 
cosec (x + ) dx
1 1
= r ln tan 2 (x + ) + C =
1
2
1
ln tan 2 (x + 4) + C = 12 ln tan(2x + 8)+ C
 dx
14. 
cos x – 3 sin x
Put 1 = r sin , 3 = r cos 
So that r2 = 3 + 1 = 4
 r=2
1 
Also, tan  = = tan 6
3

 = 6

dx dx 1
Now, 
r sin  . cos x – r cos  sin x = 
r[sin ( – x)] = 2 

cosec ( – x) dx

= – 2 ln tan ( 2– x) + C

1

1  x
= – 2 ln tan (12 – 2) + C

dx
15. 
3 sin x + 4cos x
Putting 3 = r cos  and 4 = r sin 
Where x = 32 + 42 = 5
4
And  = tan–1 3 ()
Now,
dx dx

3 sin x + 4cos x =
r sin x cos  + r cos x sin 
1 dx
=r 
sin (x + )
1
=r 
cosec (x + ) dx
1
= r ln tan(x +2 ) + C
1
[x 1 4 ]
= 5 ln tan 2 + 2 tan (3) + C
–1

sin x cos x 1 2sin x cos x 1 sin 2x

16. I = (sin x + cos x)2 dx = 2 (sin x + cos x)2 dx = 2 (sin x + cos x)2 dx
  
1 (1 + sin 2x) – 1 1 (sin x + cos x)2 – 1
= 2  (sin x + cos x)2 dx = 2  (sin x + cos x)2 dx
 
1 (sin x + cos x)2 1 dx
= 2 (sin x + cos x)2 dx – 2 (sin x + cos x)2
 
1 1 dx
= 2 dx – 2 
sin2 x + 2 sin x cos x + cos2 x

 1 1 sec2 x dx
= 2 x – 2 tan2 x + 2 tan x + 1

1 1 sec2 x dx
= 2 x – 2 (tan x + 1)2

Put 1 + tan x = y  sec2 x dx = dy, then
1 1 dy 1 1
I = 2 x – 2 y 2 = 2 x – 2
 (– 1y) + C
1 1
= 2 x + 2 (1 + tan x) + C

dx
17. I = 4 + 3cosh x


=
dx dx
I=
4 cosh2 x – sinh2 x x x 7cosh – sinh2 x
x
 ( 2 2 ) (
+ 3 cosh2 2 + sinh2 2 ) 
2
2 2
x
Multiplying numerator and denominator by sech2 2

 sech2 2x
= dx
7 – tanh2 2x

x x
Let, tanh 2 = y  sech2 2 = 2dy

ln 
7 + y
 I = 27 – y2 = 2
dy dy 1
 =2
( 7)2 – y2 2 7  7 – y
+C

 7 + tanh 2x
ln  +C
1
=
7  7 – tanh x 
 2 
dx
18. I = 4 + 3 sinh x

dx
I =
4 cosh – sinh
( x 2 2 x
) x x
 2 2 + 3.2 sinh 2 cosh 2
x
Multiplying numerator and denominator by sech2 2

 x
sech2 2
= dx
4 ( x
1 – tanh2 2 ) x
+ 6 tanh 2

x x
Let, tanh 2 = y  sech2 2 = 2dy
 =4
2 dy
1 – y2 + 3y
 2

=2
1 1
dy
–(y – 3y – 1)
2
 2
1 1
=2 dy
– y2 – 2.y . 3 + 9 – 9 – 1
[ ]
 4 16 16

=2
1 1
dy
–[(y – 3/4)2 – 25/16]
1 1
= 2 (5/4)2 – (y – 3/4)2 dy

1 1 5/4 + y – 3/4
=2× ln
2 × 5/4 5/4 – y + 3/4
1 5 + 4y – 3
( )
= 5 ln 5 – 4y + 3 + C

1 4y + 2
= 5 ln (8 – 4y) + C
1 2y + 1
= 5 ln (4 – 2y) + C

2 tanh 2x + 1
= 5 ln  
1
 x +C
4 – 2 tanh 2
 
tanh x
19. I = 36 sech x + cosh x dx

Multiplying by cosh x on both denominator and numerator.
sinh x sinh x
= 36 + cosh2 x dx = (6)2 + cosh2 x dx
 
Put cosh x = y  sinh x . dx = dy
dy 1 y 1
 
(6)2 + (y)2 = 6 tan–1 6 + C = 6 tan–1 (cosh6 x) + C
tanh x dx
20. I = cosh x + sech x 64

Multiplying by cosh x in demoninator and numerator
sinh x
= cosh2 x + 64 dx

Let cosh x = y
dy
sinh x = dx
 sinh x . dx = dy
dy dy 1 y 1
 I = y2 + 64 = y2 + (8)2 = 8 tan–1 8 + C = 8 tan–1
  (cosh8 x) + C
sinh x
21. I = 4tanh x – cosech x . sech dx

sinh2 x cosh x
=  sinh x
sinh x
dx =  4sinh2 x – 1 dx
4 –
1 
 cosh x sinh x . cosh x
Let, sinh x = y
cosh x dx = dy
y2 dy 1 4y2 dy 1 (4y2 – 1) + 1
= 4y2 – 1 = 4 4y2 – 1 = 4  (4y2 – 1) dy
I
  

= 4  1 + 4y2 – 1
1 1
 ( ) dy
= 4 y +  dy
1 1
 4(y2 – 1) 
  4 
= 4 y + 4 ×  dy
1 1 1
 y2 – 1 2 
  2 () 
 1 1 y–2
1
= 4 y + 4  
1
ln 1 +C
 22 y+2
1
 
1 1 2sinh x – 1
[ ]
= 4 sinh x + 4 ln 2sinh x + 1 + C
1 1 2sinh x – 1
= 4 sinh x + 16 ln 2sinh x + 1 + C

Evaluate

1.  (2x + 3)2x(3x + 5) dx 2. (x – a)3x(x – b) dx

 

(x – a) (xx –dxb) (x – c) (x + 2)1(x + 3)2 dx

2
3. 4.
 

1 + x +dxx2 + x3 7x – 18x + 13
2
5. 6. (x
  – 3) (x2 + 2) dx

xx –+11 dx (x – a) (xx –dxb) (x – c)

2 3
7. 8.
 
 xx4 ++16
4
x4 x+ x–2 1+ 1 dx
2 2
9. dx 10.
 

11. x4 1– 1 dx


(x2 + 4)1(x2 + 9) dx x4 – 2xx 2 – 15 dx

2
12. 13.
 

(x2 + ax2) dx 2x4 x– xdx

3 3
14. 15.
 (x2 + b2)  2 – 10

16. (x – 1)dx 17. (x – 1)dx

 2 (x – 3)2
 2 (x – 3)3

Solution:

1.  (2x + 3)2x(3x + 5) dx

2x A B
Let (2x + 3) (3x + 5) = 2x + 3 + 3x + 5
2x = A(3x + 5) + B(2x + 3)
Equating the coefficient of x and constant terms we get
3A + 2B = 2
5A + 3B = 0
A = –6 and B = 10
2x –6 10
 (2x + 3) (3x + 5) = 2x + 3 + 3x + 5

2x dx –6 10
Now, (2x + 3) (3x + 5) = 2x + 3 dx + 3x + 5 dx
  
2 10 3
= –32x + 3 dx + 3 3x + 5 dx
 
10
= –3 ln (2x + 3) + 3 ln (3x + 5) + C

2. (x – a)3x(x – b) dx

3x A B
Let (x – a) (x – b) = x – a + x – b
3x A(x – b) + B(x – a)
 (x – a) (x – b) = (x – a) (x – b)
 3x = A(x – b) + B(x – a) … (i)
Put x = a
3a = A(a – b)
3a
 A=a–b
Put, x = b, 3b = B(b – a)
 –3b
B=a–b
3x 3a 3b
 (x – a) (x – b) = (x – a) (a – b) – (a – b) (x – b)

Now, (x – a) (x – b) dx = a – b  x – a – x – b
3x 3 a b
  { } dx
3
= a – b [a ln (x – a) – b ln (x – b)] + C

x2 dx
3. I = (x – a) (x – b) (x – c)

x2 A B C
Let, (x – a) (x – b) (x – c) = (x – a) + (x – b) + (x – c)
 x2 = A(x – b) (x – c) + B(x – a) (x – c) + C(x – a) (x – b)
 Put x = b
b2 = B(b – a) (b – c)
b2
 B = (b – a) (b – c)
Similarly, Again put x = a and x = c respectively. We get,
a2
(a – b) (a – c) = A
c2
(c – b) (c – a) = C
Now,
a2 1 b2 1 c2 1
I = (a – b) (a – c) . x – a dx + (b – a) (b – c) x – b dx + (c – b) (c – a) x – c dx
  
a2 b2 c2
= (a – b) (a – c) ln (x – a) + (b – a) (b – c) ln (x – b) + (c – b) (c – a) ln (x – c) + C

4. (x + 2)1(x + 3)2 dx


1 A B C
Let (x + 2) (x + 3)2 = x + 2 + x + 3 + (x + 3)2
1 = A(x + 3)2 + B(x + 2) (x + 3) + C(x + 2)
Put x = –2
1 = A.1
 A=1
Put x = –3
1 = C(–1)
 C=–1
Put x = 0, 1 = 9A + B.2.3 + C.2
or, 1 = 9 + 6B – 2
or, 6B = –6
 B = –1
1 1 1 1
So, (x + 2) (x + 3)2 = x + 2 – x + 3 – (x + 3)2
 Now, (x + 2) (x + 3)2 dx =  x + 2 – x + 3 – (x + 3)2
1 1 1 1
  { } dx
1
= ln (x + 2) – ln (x + 3) + x + 3 + C
x+2 1
= ln x + 3 + x + 3 + C

5. 1 + x +dxx2 + x3 = x3 + xdx 1

2 + x + 1 = x2 (x + 1) + (x + 1) dx
  
1
= (x2 + 1) (x + 1) dx

1 A Bx + C
Let, (x + 1) (x2 + 1) = (x + 1) + x2 + 1
1 = A(x2 + 1) + (Bx + C) (x + 1)
Put x = –1
1
1 = 2A  A = 2
Putting x = 0
1=A+C
1
or, 1 = 2 + C
1
or, C= 2
Again, putting x = 1
or, 1 = 2A + 2 (B + C)
1
or, 2 = A + B + C
1
or, 2 = 1 + B
1
or, B = – 2

–1 x+2
1
Now, I = 2 (x + 1) +  x2 + 1 dx = 2 ln (x + 1) – 2 × 2  x2 + 1 dx
1 dx 2 1 1 1 2x – 2
  
= 2 ln (x+1) – 4  
1 1 2x 2
x2 + 1 dx – 
x2 + 1 dx 

1 1 1
= 2 ln (x + 1) – 4 ln (x2 + 1) + 2 tan–1 x + C

7x – 18x + 13
2
6. (x
 – 3) (x2 + 2) dx
7x2 – 18x + 13 A Bx + C
Let, (x – 3) (x2 + 2) = (x – 3) + (x2 + 2)
 7x2 – 18x + 13 = (x2 + 2)A + (Bx + C) (x – 3)
Put x = 3
732 – 18  3 + 13 = 11A
or, 63 – 54 + 13 = 11A
or, 22 = 11A
  A=2
Put x = 0
13 = 2A – 3C
or, 13 = 22 – 3C
13 – 4
or, 3 =–C
 C = –3
Again, put x = 1
2 = 3A – 2(B + C)
or, 2 = 6 – 2(B – 3)
or, –4 = –2 (B – 3)
or, 2 = B – 3
 B=5
7x2 – 18x + 13 1 5x – 3
Now, I =  (x – 3) (x2 + 2) dx = 2x – 3 dx +  x2 + 2 dx
  

5
2x – 35  2
= 2ln (x – 3) + 2
 x2 + 2 dx
5 2x 6 5 1
= 2ln (x – 3) + 2 x2 + 2 dx – 5  2 x2 + 2 dx
 
5 3 x
= 2ln (x – 3) + 2 ln (x2 + 2) – tan–1 +C
2 2

xx –+11 dx =  x –1+2

(x – 1) (x + 1) 2
2 2
7. x – 1 dx =  dx + x – 1 dx
  x–1 
2 x2
(x + 1) dx + x – 1 dx = 2 + x + 2 ln (x – 1) + C
=

(x – a) (x x– b) (x – c) dx
3
8.

x3 A B C
Let (x – a) (x – b) (x – c) = 1 + (x – a) + (x – b) + (x – c)
x3 = (x – a) (x – b) (x – c) + A(x – b) (x – c) + B(x – a) (x – c) + C(x – a) (x – b)... (i)
Putting x = a, x = b, x = c turn by turn, we get,
a2 b2 c2
A = (a – b) (a – c) , B = (b – a) (b – c) , C = (c – a) (c – b)

x3
Now, (x – a) (x – b) (x – c) dx

a2 1 b2 1 c2 1
= 1 dx + (a – b) (a – c) x – a dx + (b – a) (b – c) x – b dx + (c – a) (c – b) x – c dx
  
2 2 2
a b c
= x + (a – b) (a – c) ln (x – a) + (b – a) (b – c) ln (x – b) + (c – a) (c – b) ln (x–c) + C
 4 4

9. x4 + 16 dx = 
x2 + 4
1 + x2
 1 + x dx 2

  16
x +x
2
dx =
 (x – 4 ) + 8 2

  x
2

4
Put x – x = y  (1 + x4 ) dx = dy
2

x2 – 4
I =
dy 1 y 1
2 = tan–1 +C= tan–1 +C
 y + (2 2) 2 2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2x

x4 x+ x–2 1+ 1 dx
2
10.


 1
1 – x2  1
1 – x2
Let I = x4 + x2 + 1 dx =  
x2 – 1
  1 dx =

2
dx
 x2 + 1 + x2
 (x + 1x) – 1
1
Put x + x = y
1
 ( )
1 – x2 dx = dy
1
x+x–1
dy 1 y–1 1 1 x2 – x + 1
Now, I = y2 – 1 = 2.1 ln y + 1 + C = 2 ln
 1
x+x+1
+ C = 2 ln x2 + x + 1 + C

11. x4 1– 1 dx

1 1 A B Cx + D
Let x4 – 1 = (x – 1) (x + 1) (x2 + 1) = x – 1 + x + 1 + x2 + 1
 1 = A(x + 1) (x2 + 1) + B(x – 1) (x2 + 1) + (Cx + D) (x2 – 1)
1
Put, x = 1 1 = A.2.2 A=4
–1
x = –1 1 = B.(–2).2 B= 4
x=0 1 = A + B(–1) + (–1) D
1 1
or, 1 = 4 + 4 – D
1
 D=–2
Equating the coefficients of x3
0=A+B+C
1 1
or, 4 – 4 + C = 0
 C=0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
 x4 – 1 = 4 x – 1 – 4 x + 1 – 2 x2 + 1
 Now,x4 – 1 dx =  4 x – 1 – 4 x + 1 – 2 x2 + 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
  { } dx
1 1 1
= 4 ln (x – 1) – 4 ln (x + 1) – 2 tan–1 x + C
1 x–1 1
= 4 ln x + 1 – 2 tan–1 x + C

12. (4 + x2)1(9 + x2) dx


Putting x2 = y for partial fraction only.
1 A B
(4 + y) (9 + y) = 4 + y + 9 + y (Let)
or, 1 = A (9 + y) + B (4 + y)
Putting y = – 4,
1 = A (9 – 4) + B × 0
1
or, A=5
Again, putting y = – 9,
1 = A × 0 + B × (– 5)
1
or, B=–5
So,
1 1 1 1 1
(4 + y) (9 + y) =5×4+y–5×9+y
1 1 1
(
= 5 4 + x2 – 9 + x2 )
Now,
1 1 1 1 

(4 + x2) (9 + x2) dx = 5 
4 + x2 dx – 
 9 + x2 dx

=5 
1 1 1
22 + x2 dx – 
 32 + x2 dx

= 5 2 tan–1 2
( ) – 31 tan (3x) + C
1 1 x –1

1 1 x 1 x
 (4 + x ) (9 + x ) dx = 10 tan (2) – 15 tan (3) + C
–1 –1
 2 2

 x4 – 2xx 2 – 15
2
13. dx.

Putting x2 = y for the partial fraction only.
y y A B
y2 – 2y – 15 = (y – 5) (y + 3) = y – 5 + y + 3 (let)
 y = A (y + 3) + B (y – 5)
Putting y = 5, we get
 5=A.8+0
5
or, A = 8

Again, putting y = – 3, we get

–3=0+B.–8
3
or, B = 8

Now,
y 5 3
y2 – 2y – 15 = 8 + 8
y–5 y+3
x2 5 1 3 1
i.e. x4 – 2x2 – 15 = 8 . x2 – 5 + 8 . x2 + 3

So,
2
x 5 1 3 1

 x4 – 2x2 – 15 dx = 8 x2 – 5 dx + 8 x2 + 3 dx
 

=8 2 2 dx + 8  2
5 1 3 1
dx
x – ( 5) x + ( 3)2

ln 
x– 5 3
tan–1   + C
5 1 1 x
=8× + ×
2 5 x + 5 8 3  3
= 16 ln 
x– 5
+ 8 + tan–1   + C
5 3 x
x + 5  3
(x2 + a2)x(x2 + b2) dx
3
14.

dy
Put x2 = y  2x dx = dy  x dx = 2 , then

1 y
I = 2  (y + a2)(y + b2) dy

y A B
Let, (y + a2) (y + b2) = y + a2 + y + b2
where y = x2
y = A(y + b2) + B(y + a2)
When y = –a2
a2
–a2 = A(–a2 + b2)  A = a2 – b2
When y = –b2
b2
–b2 = B(–b2 + a2)  B = – a2 – b2
y a2 1 b2 1
 (y + a2) (y + b2) = a2 – b2 y + a2 – a2 – b2 y + b2
So,
 a2 b2
I = 2  (y + a2)(y + b2) dy = 2(a2 – b2)  y + a2 –y + b2 dy
1 y 1
  [ ]
1
= 2(a2 – b2) [a2 ln (y + a2) – b2 ln (y + b2)] + C
1
= 2(a2 – b2) [a2 ln (x2 + a2) – b2 ln (x2 + b2)] + C

x3 dx
15. 2x4 – x2 – 10

dy
Put x2 = y  2x dx = dy  x dx = 2

x3dx x2 xdx y dy
Now, 2x4 – x2 – 10 = 2(x2)2 – x2 – 10 = 2y2 – y – 10 . 2
  
1 y dy 1 y dy 1 y dy
= 2 2y2 – 5y + 4y – 10 = 2 y(2y – 5) + 2(2y – 5) = 2 (y + 2) (2y – 5) ... (i)
  
y A B
Let (y + 2) (2y – 5) = (y + 2) + (2y – 5)
 y = A(2y – 5) + B(y + 2) ... (ii)
Putting y = –2 in (ii), we get,
2
–2 = A(–4 – 5) + B  0  A = 9
5
Again, putting y = 2 in (ii), we get
5 5 5
( )
2=A0+B 2+2 B=9
y 2 5
 (y + 2) (2y – 5) = 9(y + 2) + 9(2y – 5)

1 y dy 1 1 5 1
from (i) 2 (y + 2) (2y – 5) = 9 y + 2 dy + 18 2y – 5 dy
  
1 5 1 5
= 9 ln (y + 2) + 36 ln (2y – 5) + C = 9 ln (x2 + 2) + 36 ln (2x2 – 5) + C

16. (x – 1)dx

 2 (x – 3)2

Put x –1 = z (x – 3)
1 – 3z
 x – zx = 1 – 3z  x = 1 – z
(1 – z) (– 3) – (1 – 3z)  (–1)
dx = (1 – z)2 dz
–3 + 3z + 1 – 3z –2
 dx = (1 – z)2 dz= (1 – z)2 dz
1 1 1
Here, (x – 1)2 (x – 3)2 = z2(x – 3)2 (x – 3)2 =
1 – 3z
[ ]
4
2
z 1–z –3
 1 (1 – z)4
= = 16 z2
1 – 3z – 3 + 3z
[ ]
4
z2 1–z
dx –2 (1 – z)4
Now, (x – 1)2 (x – 3)2 = (1 – z)2  16 z2 dz
 
–1 (1 – z)2 –1 1 – 2z + z2 –1
dz = 8  z2 – z + 1
1 2
= 8  z2 dz = 8  ( ) dz
  z2 
–1 1
[
= 8 – z – 2 ln z + z + C ]
= 8 – (xx –– 31) – 2 ln (xx –– 13) + (xx –– 31)  + C
–1

= 8 x – 1 + 2 ln (x – 3) – x – 3  + C
1 x–3 x–1 x–1
 
dx
17. I = (x – 1)2 (x – 3)3

Put x – 1 = z(x – 3)
3z – 1
 x= z–1
3(z – 1) – (3z – 1) 3z – 3 – 3z + 1 –2
or, dx = (z – 1)2 dz = (z – 1)2 dz = (z – 1)2 dz
1 1 1 (z – 1)5
Also, (x – 1)2 (x – 3)3 = z2(x – 3)5 = = 32z2
3z – 1 5
z2 z – 1 – 3( )
5 3
(z – 1) –2 –1 (z – 1)
So, I =  32z2 .(z – 1)2 dz = 16  z2 dz
 
–1 z3 – 3z2 + 3z – 1 –1
= 16  dz = 16  (z – 3 + 3z – z1 ) dz
 z2 
2

2
–1
= 16(z2 – 3z + 3lnz + 1z) + C = –132 z + 163 z – 163 ln z – 161 1z + C
2

–1 x – 1 3 x–1
2
3 x–1 1 x –3
= 32 (x – 3) + 16 x – 3 – 16 ln(x – 3) – 16 ( x – 1 )+ C

18. i. Show that (x + 1) is a factor of P(x) = 4x3 – x2 – 11x – 6.

4x2 + 9x – 1
ii. Find  4x3 – x2 – 11x – 6 dx.

Solution:
i. Let P(x) = 4x3 – x2 – 11x – 6 be a polynomial.
Now, Put x = – 1 in P(x)
Then P (– 1) = 4 (– 1)3 – (– 1)2 – 11 (– 1) – 6
= – 4 – 1 + 11 – 6 = 0
Since P (– 1) = 0, then (x + 1) is a factor of P(x)
 4x2 + 9x – 1
ii. To find  4x3 – x2 – 11x – 6 dx

We need to factorize the denominator,
4x3 – x2 – 11x – 6,
= 4x3 + 4x2 – 5x2 – 5x – 6x – 6
= 4x2 (x + 1) – 5x (x + 1) – 6 (x + 1)
= (x + 1) (4x2 – 5x – 6)
= (x + 1) (4x2 – 8x + 3x – 6)
= (x + 1) [4x (x – 2) + 3 (x – 2)]
= (x + 1) (x – 2) (4x + 3)
4x2 + 9x – 1 A B C
Now, let (x + 1) (x – 2) (4x + 3) = (x + 1) + (x – 2) + (4x + 3) … (1)
A (x – 2) (4x + 3) + B (x + 1) (4x + 3) + C (x + 1) (x – 2)
= (x + 1) (x – 2) (4x + 3)
 4x2 + 9x – 1 = A (x – 2) (4x + 3) + B (x + 1) (4x + 3) + C (x + 1) (x – 2)
Put x = – 1, then 4 – 9 – 1 = A (– 3) (– 1) + B × 0 + C × 0
or, – 6 = 3A
 A=–2
Put x = 2, then 16 + 18 – 1 = A × 0 + B × 3 × 11 + C × 0
or, 33 = 33B
 B=1
Put x = 0, then – 1 = – 6A + 3B – 2C
or, – 1 = – 6 × (– 2) + 3 × 1 – 2C
or, 2C = 16
 C=8
Putting the values of A, B and C in equation (1)
4x2 + 9x – 1 –2 1 8
(x + 1) (x – 2) (4x + 3) = (x + 1) + (x – 2) + (4x + 3)
4x2 + 9x – 1 1 1 4
Now,  4x3 – x2 – 11x – 6 dx = – 2  x + 1 dx + (x – 2) dx + 2(4x + 3) dx
   
= – 2 ln (x + 1) + ln (x – 2) + 2 ln (4x + 3) + C
= – ln (x + 1)2 + ln (x – 2) + ln (4x + 3)2 + C
(x – 2) (4x + 3)2
= ln [ (x + 1)2 ]
+C

2
19. i. Express (x + 1) (x + 3) into partial fraction.

ii. Using your answer to part (i), show that

( 2
) 1 1 1 1
(x + 1) (x + 3) 2  (x + 1)2 – x + 1 + x + 3 + (x + 3)2

1 4 7 3
iii. Hence show that 0 (x + 1)2 (x + 3)2 dx = 12 – ln 2

Solution:
2
19. i. Given proper fraction is (x + 1) (x + 3)
2 A B
Let (x + 1) (x + 3) = (x + 1) + (x + 3) … (1)
A (x + 3) + B (x + 1)
= (x + 1) (x + 3)
 2 = A (x + 3) + B (x + 1)
Put x = – 1, then 2 = A (– 1 + 3) + B × 0
or, 2 = 2A
A=1
Put x = – 3, then 2 = A × 0 + B (– 3 + 1)
or, 2 = – 2B
B=–1
2 1 1
So, from equation (i) (x + 1) (x + 3) = (x + 1) – (x + 3)
2 2
2 1 1
ii. [
Now, (x + 1) (x + 3) ] [ = (x + 1) – (x + 3) ]
1 2.1 1 1
= (x + 1)2 – (x + 1) . (x + 3) + (x + 3)2
1 1 1 1
[ ]
= (x + 1)2 – (x + 1) – (x + 3) + (x + 3)2
1 1 1 1
= (x + 1)2 – (x + 1) + (x + 3) + (x + 3)2

1 1
Hence, (x + 1)2 (x + 3)2 dx = 
4 1 1 1 1
iii.
0
2 –
[
+ +
0 (x + 1) (x + 1) (x + 3) (x + 3)
2 dx
]
–1 1
(x + 3)–1
= [(x –+ 11) – ln (x + 1) + ln (x + 3) + –1 ]0
1
–1
=
[ (xx ++ 31) – (x +1 3)]0
(x + 1) + ln

–1
=
[ 2 + ln (2) – 4]– [– 1 + ln (3) – 3]
4 1 1

1 1 1
= ln (2) – ln (3) + 1 + 3 – 2 – 4

( ) + (12 + 412– 6 – 3)
2
= ln 3

2 7
= ln (3) + 12

7 3
= 12 – ln(2)

5a
20. Let f(x) = (2x – a) (3a – x) , where a is a positive constant.

i. Express f(x) in partial fractions.

2a
ii. Hence show that  a f(x) dx = ln 6.

Solution:
5a
a. Here, rational fraction is f(x) = (2x – a) (3a – x)
5a A B
Let, (2x – a) (3a – x) = (2x – a) + (3a – x) … (1)
A (3a – x) + B (2x – a)
= (2x – a) (3a – x)
 5a = A (3a – x) + B (2x – a)
Put x = 3a, then 5a = A × 0 + B (6a – a)
or, 5a = 5a . B
 B=1
Put x = 0, then 5a = A . 3a + B . (– a)
or, 5a = A. 3a – a
or, A . 3a = 6a
 A=2
From equation (1)
5a 2 1
(2x – a) (3a – x) = (2x – a) + (3a – x)
2a 2a
ii. Now,  f (x) dx = 
2 1
a [ +
a (2x – a) (3a – x) ] dx

2a
= [ln (2x – a) – ln (3a – x)]a
= [ln (4a – a) – ln (3a – 2a)] – [ln (2a – a) – ln (3a – a)]
= [ln 3a – ln a] – [ln a – ln 2a]
3a a
( ) ( )
= ln a – ln 2a

1
= ln (3) – ln (2)

= ln 1 = ln (6)
3

2

 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

1. Determine the order and degree of the following differential equations.

dy d2y dy
a. dx = 4x b. dx2 + 4dx +2y = 0
d2y dy 3
c. dx2 = xex d. xdx + dy = y2
dx
3
dy
e. dx =
1 – x2
1 – y2 f.
dy
dx+ 3y ( )
d2y
dx2 =0
3
3 4

( ) ( ) ( )
d2y dy d2y  
dy 2 2
g. x dx2 +y dx + xy2 = 0 h. 5 dx2 = 1 + 
dx
 
2 1
i. ( ) ( )
d2y
dx2
3 =
dy
y + dx 2

Solution
dy
a. Given, dx = 4x
dy
Here, dx is the first order derivative, so its order is 1
dy
and the power of dx is 1. So its degree is 1
d2y dy
b. Given, dx2 + 4 dx + 2y = 0
d2y
Here, dx2 is the second order derivative, so it's order is 2
d2y
and the power of dx2 is 1. So, it's degree is 1.
d2y
c. Given, dx2 = xex
d2y
Here, dx2 is the second order derivative. So, its' order is 2
d2y
and the power of dx2 is 1, so its degree is 1.
dy 3 dy 2 dy
( )
d. Given, x dx + dy = y2  x dx + 3 = y2 dx
dx
dy
Here, dx is the first order derivative, so it's order is 1.
dy
and power of dx is 2, so its degree is 2.
 1 – x2 2

(dydx) = 11 –– yx
2
dy
e. dx = 1 – y2  2

dy
Here, dx is the first order derivative, so its order is 1.
dy
and the power of dx is 2. So, its degree is 2.

dy d2y 3
f. Given, dx + 3y dx2 ( ) =0
d2y
Here, dx2 is the second order derivative. So, its order is 2.
d2y
and the power of dx2 is 3. So, its degree is 3.
2 3 4
g. Given, x
2
(ddxy) + y (dydx) + xy
2
2
=0

dy
Here, dx2 is the second order derivative. So, its order is 2.
d2y
and the power of dx2 is 3. So, its degree is 3.
3
d2y dy 2 2 2 2 2 3
h. Given, 5 dx2 =
{ ( )}
1+ dx  25 (ddxy) = {1 + (dydx) }
2

d2y
Here, dx2 is the second order derivative. So, its order is 2.
d2y
and the power of dx2 is 2. So, its degree is 2.
2 2 1
i. (ddxy) 3 = (y + dydx) 2
Given, 2

2 3
dy 2 dy
 (dx ) = (y + dx) 2
2

2
dy 4 dy 3
 (dx ) = (y + dx)
2

2
dy
Here, dx2 is the second order derivative. So, its order is 2.
d2y
and the power of dx2 is 4. So, its degree is 4

1. Solve the following differential equations

dy x + 4
a. dx = y + 2 b. x2 dx + y2 dy = 0
dy dy
c. y. dx = cos x d. dx = ex+y
dy
e. ex–y dx + ey–x dy = 0 f. dx = ex–y + x3 e–y

Solution:
 dy x + 4 b. Here, x2 dx + y2 dy = 0
a. Here, dx = y + 2
Integrating on both sides,
or, (y + 2) dy = (x + 4) dx
 dx + y2 dy = 0
2
x
Integrating on both sides,  
(y + 2) dy = 
(x + 4) dx
3 3
x y C
 or, 3 + 3 = 3
y2 x2  x3 + y3 = C
or, 2 + 2y = 2 + 4x + C
 y2 + 4y = x2 + 8x + C
dy dy
c. Here, y dx = cos x d. Here, dx = ex+y
or, y dy = cos x dx dy
Integrating on both sides, or, dx = ex . ey
or, e–y dy = ex dx


y dy = cos x dx
 or, ex dx – e–y dy = 0
y2 Integrating on both sides,
or, 2 = sin x + C'
 e x
dx – e–y dy = 0
 y = 2sin x + 2C'
2  
 y2 = 2sin x + C where C = 2C'  e +e x –y
=C
is a constant.
e. Here, ex–y dx + ey–x dy = 0 dy
ex ey f. Here, dx = ex–y + x3e–y
or, ey dx + ex dy = 0
dy (ex + x3)
or, e2x dx + e2y dy = 0 or, dx = ey
Integrating on both sides, or, ey dy = ex dx + x3dx
Integrating on both sides,
 dx + e2y dy = 0
2x
e
 
 e dy = e dx + x3dx
y x

e2x e2y C   
or, 2 + 2 = 2
x4
or, ey = ex + 4 + C
 e2x + e2y = C
 4ex – 4ey + x4 + C = 0
2. Solve the differential equations.
dy dy
a. (x + 2) dx = y + 2 b. x dx + y – 1 = 0
dy
c. cos x cos y dx = – sin x sin y d. sec2 x tan y dx + sec2 y tan x dy = 0
e. (ey + 1) cos x dx + ey sin x dy = 0 f. (xy2 + x) dx + (x2y + y) dy = 0
g. 1 + x2 dy + 1 + y2 dx = 0 h. x 1 – y2 dx + y 1 – x2 dy = 0
i. (1–x2) dy – xy dx = xy2 dx
Solution:
dy dy
a. Here, (x + 2) dx = y + 2 b. Here, x dx + y – 1 = 0
1 dx dy
( )
or, y + 2 dy = x + 2 or, x dx = (1 – y)

Integrating on both sides, 1 dx

or, 1 – y dy = x
 1 1 Integrating on both sides,
 dx =  y + 2 dy
x + 2   1 dx
1 – y dy = 
x
or, ln (x + 2) = ln (y + 2) + ln C
or, ln (x + 2) = ln C(y + 2) or, –ln (l – y) = ln x + ln C
 x + 2 = C(y + 2) or, ln (1 – y)–1 = ln Cx
1
or, Cx = 1 – y
1
or, x(1 – y) = C
 x(1 – y) = C
dy d. Here, sec2x . tan ydx + sec2y tan x dy = 0
c. Here, cos x cos y dx = –sin x sin y sec2 x sec2 y
or, tan x dx + tan y dy = 0
cos y sin x
or, sin y dy = – cos x dx
Integrating on both sides, we get
coty dy = – tan x dx sec2 x sec2 y
Integrating on both sides, 
 tan x
dx + 
 tan y
dy = 0

cot y dy = – 
 tan x dx or, ln (tan x) + ln (tan y) = ln C
or, ln sin y = ln cos x + ln C or, ln (tan x tan y) = ln C
 sin y = C cos x  tan x . tan y = C
e. Here, (ey + 1) cos x dx + ey . sin x dy = 0 f. Here, (xy2 + x) dx + (x2y + y) dy = 0
cos x ey or, x(1 + y2) dx + y(1 + x2) dy = 0
or, sin x dx + ey + 1 dy = 0
x y
or, 1 + x2 dx + 1 + y2 dy = 0
Integrating on both sides,
cos x ey 2x 2y

 sin x dx + 1 + ey dy = 0
 ( ) (
or, 1 + x2 dx + 1 + y2 dy = 0 )
Integrating on both sides,
or, ln sin x + ln (ey + 1) = ln C
or, ln sin x(1 + ey) = ln C 2x 2y
 sin x (1 + ey) = C
1 + x2 dx + 
 1 + y2 dy = 0
or, ln (1 + x2) + ln (1 + y2) = ln C
or, ln (1 + x2) (1 + y2) = ln C
 (1 + x2) (1 + y2) = C
g. Here, 1 + x2 dy + 1 + y2 dx = 0 h. Here, x 1 – y2 dx + y 1 – x2 dy = 0
dy dx x y
or, + =0 or, dx + dy = 0
1 + y2 1 + x2 1 – x2 1 – y2
2 2
Integrating on both sides, Put 1 – x = u and 1 – y = v
1 1 Then, –2x dx = du, –2y dy = dv

 1 + y2
dy + 
 1 + x2
dx = 0
So,
(–2x)
dx +
(–2y)
dy = 0
1 – x2 1 – y2
or, ln (y + 1 + y2) + ln (x + 1 + x2) = ln C du dv
or, + =0
or, ln {(x + 1 + x2) (y + 1 + y2)} = ln C u v
 (x + 1 + x2) (y + 1 + y2) = C or, u –1/2
du + v–1/2 dv = 0
Integrating on both sides,
or, 2u1/2 + 2v1/2 = 2C
or, u + v = C
 1 – x2 + 1 – y2 = C
i. Here, (1 – x2) dy – xy dx = xy2 dx
or, (1 – x2) dy = xy (1 + y) dx
dy x dx
or, y(1 + y) = 1 – x2
1 1 1 –2x
( ) (
or, y – y + 1 dy = –2 1 – x2 dx )
Integrating on both sides,


 (1y – y +1 1) dy = –21 (1–2x
– x ) dx
2

1
or, ln y – ln (y + 1) = – 2 ln (1 – x2) + ln C

or, ln (1 +y y) = ln (1 – x )
2 –1/2
+ ln C
y
or, 1 + y = C (1 – x2)–1/2
y C
 1+y=
1 – x2
3. Solve the followings:

a. sec2 y (1 + x2) dy + 2x tan y dx = 0 and y(1) = 4 .
 
b. cos y dy + cos x sin y dx = 0, y (2 ) = 2 .
Solution:
a. Here, b. Here, cos y dy + cos x sin y dx = 0
sec2 y (1 + x2) dy + 2x tan y dx = 0 or, cos y dy = –cos x.sin y dx
sec2y 2x cos y
or, tany dy + 1 + x2 dx = 0 or, sin y dy = –cos x dx
Integrating on both sides, Integrating on both sides,
2
sec y 2x cos y

 tany dy + 
1 + x2 dx = 0 
 sin y dy = –  cos x dx

or, ln (tan y) + ln (1 + x2) = ln C or, In sin y = –sin x + C
or, (1 + x2) tan y = C or, sin x + ln sin y = C
  
When, x = 1, y = 4 , then when x = 2 , y = 2 then
  
(1 + 1) tan 4 = C sin 2 + ln sin 2 = C
or, 2  1 = C or, 1 + ln 1 = C
or, C = 2 C=1
Hence, (1 + x2) tan y = 2 is the Hence, sin x + ln sin y = 1 is the
required solution. required solution.
1. Solve the following differential equations.
dy dy y y2 dy y y
a. x dx = y + x b. dx – x = x2 c. dx = x + tan x

d. x ( dy
)
y
dx + tan x =y e.
dy y
–
y
dx x – sin x = 0 f.
dy y
dx = x + cos
2
()
y
x
Solution:
dy
a. Here, x dx = y + x
dy y
dx = x + 1
It is a homogenous differential equation. So,
dy dy
Put y = vx  dx = v + x dx, then
dv
v + x dx = v + 1
dv
or, x dx = 1
dx
or, dv = x
1
Integrating on both sides, dv =  x dx
 
or, v = ln x + C
y
 x = ln x + C
dy y y2 dy y y
b. Here, dx – x = x2 c. Here, dx = x + tan x
It is homogeneous differential It is homogenous differential
equation. So, equation. So,
dy dv dy dv
Put y = vx  dx = v + x dx , then Put y = vx  dx = v + x dx , then
dv dv
v + x dx – v = v2 v + x dx = v + tan v
dv dv
or, x dx = v2 or, x dx = tan v
1 1
or, v–2 dv = x dx or, cot v dv = x dx
Integrating on both sides, Integrating on both sides,
–2 1 1
v dv = 
 x dx 

cot v dv = x dx

or, –v–1 = ln x + ln C or, ln sin v = ln x + ln C
1 or, ln sin v = ln Cx
or, – v = ln (Cx)
y
x
or, – y = ln (Cx)
()
 sin x = Cx

 y ln (Cx) + x = 0
 dy y dy y y
(
d. Here, x dx + tan x = y) e. Here, dx – x – sin x = 0
It is homogeneous differential equation.
dy y y
or, dx + tan x = x dy dv
Put y = vx  dx = v + x dx , then
It is homogeneous differential
dv
equation. So, v + x . dx – v – sin v = 0
dy dv
Put y = vx dx = v + x dx , then dv
or, x dx = sin v
dv dv dx
v + x dx + tan v = v or, sin v = x
dv 1
or, x dx = –tan v or, cosec v dv = x dx
dx Integrating on both sides,
or, –cot v dv = x
1
Integrating on both sides, 

cosec v dv =  x dx

1


–cot v dv =  x dx

or, ln (cosec v – cot v) = ln x + ln C
or, cosec v – cot v = Cx
or, –ln (sin v) = ln x + ln C 1 cos v
or, sin v – sin v = Cx
or, ln (sin v)–1 = ln Cx
1 1 – cos v
or, sin v = Cx or, sin v = Cx
v
1
or, C = x sin v 2 sin2 2
or, v v = Cx
y 2 sin 2 cos 2
()
 x sin x = C
v
or, tan 2 = Cx
y
 tan 2x = Cx
dy y
f. Here, dx = x + cos2 (xy)
It is homogeneous differential equation. So,
dy dv
Put y = vx  dx = v + x dx , then
dv
v + x dx = v + cos2 v
dv
or, x dx = cos2 v
1
or, sec2 v dv = x dx
Integrating on both sides,
1


sec2 v dv =  x dx

or, tan v = ln (x) + C
y
()
or, tan x = ln (x) + C

y
 tan(x) = ln (x) + C
2. Solve the followings.
dy dy
a. y2 + x2 dx = xy dx b. x2ydx – (x3 + y3) dy = 0
c. (x2 + y2 ) dx – 2xy dy = 0 d. (x + y) dx + (y – x) dy = 0
dy y(x + y)
e. (x + y)2 dx = xy dy f. x2 dx = 2
Solution:
dy dy b. Here, x2y dx – (x3 + y3) dy = 0
a. Here, y2 + x2 dx = xy dx
dy x2y
or, dx = x3 + y3
dy
or, y2 = (xy – x2) dx
It is homogeneous differential equation.
dy y2 So,
or, dx = xy – x2
dy dv
Put y = vx  dx = v + x dx , then
It is homogeneous differential
equation. So, dv vx3
v + x dx = x3 + v3x3
dy dv
Put y = vx  dx = v + x dx , then
dv v
or, v + x dx = 1 + v3
dv v2x2
v + x dx = x2v – x2
dv v – v – v4
or, x dx = 1 + v3
dv v2
or, v + x dx = v – 1
dv –v4
or, x dx = 1+v3
dv v2
or, x dx = v – 1 – v
(1 + v3) dx
or, v4 dv = – x
dv v2 – v2 + v
or, x dx = v–1 1 1
or, v–4 dv + v dv = – x dx
dv v
or, x dx = v – 1
Integrating on both sides,
(v – 1) 1 1 1
or, v dv = x dx

–4
dv +  vdv = – x dx

v
 
1 1
or, ( )1–v dv = x dx –3
v
or, –3 + ln v = –ln x + C
Integrating on both sides,
1
or, ln vx = 3v3 + C
 (1 – 1v) dv = 1x dx
 x3
 ln y = 3y3 + C
or, v – ln v = ln x + C
or, v – ln (vx) = C
y
 x – ln y = C
c. Here, (x2 + y2) dx – 2xy dy = 0 d. Here, (x + y) dx + (y – x) dy = 0
dy x2 + y2 or, (y – x) dy = –(x + y) dx
or, dx = 2xy dy (x + y)
or, dx = – y – x
It is homogeneous differential
equation. So, dy x + y
or, dx = x – y
dy dv
Put y = vx  dx = v + x dx , then It is homogeneous differential equation.
So,
 dv x2 + v2x2 dy dv
v + x dx = 2x2v Put y = vx  dx = v + x dx , then
dv 1 + v2 dv x + vx
or, v + x dx = 2v v + x dx = x – vx
dv 1 + v2 – 2v2 dv 1 + v
or, x dx = or, v + x dx = 1 – v
2v
dv 1 – v2 dv 1 + v
or, x dx = 2v or, x dx = 1 – v – v
dv 1 + v – v + v2
or, x dx =
or, (1 2v– v ) dv = dxx
2
dv 1 + v2
1–v
or, x dx = 1 – v
or, –ln (1 – v2) = ln x + ln C
or, ln (1 – v2)–1 = ln (Cx) 1–v dx
or, (1 – v2)–1 = Cx
1
( )
or, 1 + v2 dv = x
1 1 2v
or, 1 – v2 = Cx
1
(
or, 1 + v2 dv – 2 1 + v2 ) dv = 1x dx
or, = Cx Integrating on both sides,
y 2
1– x ()
2
 1 1

1 + v2dv – 2  (1 2v+ v )dv = 1xdx
2

x
or, x2 – y2 = Cx 1
or, tan–1 v – 2 ln (1 + v2) = ln x + C
x
or, x2 – y2 = C or, tan–1 v = ln x + ln 1 + v2 + C
x or, tan–1 v = ln (x 1 + v2 ) + C
or, x2 – y2 = C y
 x2 – y2 = Cx ()
 tan–1 x = ln x2 + y2 + C

e. Here, (x + y)2 dx = xy dy dy y(x + y)

f. Here, x2 dx =
dy (x + y)2 2
or, dx = xy dy y(x + y)
or, dx = 2x2
It is homogeneous differential
equation. So, It is homogeneous differential equation.
dy dv So,
Put y = vx  dx = v + x dx , then dy dv
Put y = vx  dx = v + x dx , then
dv (x + vx)2
v + x dx = x2v dv vx(x + vx)
or, v + x dx = 2x2
dv (1 + v)2
or, v + x dx = v dv v(1 + v)
or, v + x dx = 2
dv (1 + v)2 – v2
or, x dx = v dv v + v2
or, x dx = 2 – v
dv 1 + 2v
or, x dx = v dv v + v2 – 2v
or, x dx = 2
v dx
or, 1+2v dv = x dv v2 – v
or, x dx = 2
1 (1 + 2v – 1) 1 1 dx
or, 2 1 + 2v dv = x dx or, v(v – 1) dv = 2x
1 1 1
( )
or, 2 1 – 1 + 2v dv = x dx
( 1 1
) 1
or, v – 1 – v dv = 2x dx
1 1 2 1 Integrating on both sides,
or, 2 dv – 4 (
1 + 2v ) dv = x dx
 Integrating on both sides,
 (v –1 1 – 1v) dv = 2x1 dx
 1 1
 2 1 
2 dv – 4  1 + 2v dv = 
( )
x dx 1
or, ln (v – 1) – ln v = 2 ln x + ln C
1 1
or, 2 v – 4 ln (1 + 2v) = ln x + ln C
y 1 2y
or, ln(v –v 1) = ln (C x)
(
 2x – 4 ln 1 + x = ln Cx) or,
v–1
v =C x
1
or, 1 – v = C x
x
or, 1 – y = C x
or, y – x = Cy x
 (y – x)2 = Cxy2
3. Solve the followings by reducing them into homogenous form.
dy y+1 dy y + x + 1
a. dx = x + y + 1 b. dx = x + 1

Solution:
dy y+1 dy y + x + 1
a. Here, dx = x + y + 1 b. Here, dx = x + 1
dy dv dy dv
Put y + 1 = vx dx = v + x dx , then Put y = v(x + 1)  = v + (x + 1)
dx dx
, then

dv vx
v + x dx = x + vx dv v(x + 1) + (x + 1)
v + (x + 1) dx = x+1
dv v
or, v + x dx = 1+v dv
or, v + (x + 1) dx = v + 1
dv v
or, x dx = 1+v – v
dv
dv v – v – v2 or, (x + 1) dx = 1
or, x dx = 1+v
dx
(1 + v) dx or, dv = x+1
or, v2 dv = – x
Integrating on both sides,
1 1
( –2
)
or, v + v dv = – x dx
dv = 

1
x+1 dx
Integrating on both sides,
or, v = ln (x+1) + C
 v–2 + 1v dv = – 1x dx
( ) y
  or, x+1 = ln (x+1) + C
or, –v–1 + ln v = – ln x – ln C  y = (x+1) [ln (x+1) + C]
1
or, v – ln v = ln Cx
x y+1
or, y + 1 – ln x ( ) = ln Cx
x y+1
or, y + 1 = ln (
x . Cx)
x
 y + 1 = ln[C(y + 1)]
1. Solve the following equations by reducing them into exact form.
a. x dx – y dy = 0 b. x dy – y dx = 0
x
c. (x + y2) dx = 2xydy d. y dx – 2 dy = 0
1 1 1 1
e. x + 1 dx + y + 1 dy = 0 f. 1 + x2 dx + 1 + y2 dy = 0
x y
g. 1 + x2 dx + 1 + y2 dy = 0 h. (x + y) dy + (y – x) dx = 0
i. 2xy dx+ (x2 – y2) dy = 0 j. (x2 + xy2) dx + (x2y + y2) dy = 0
Solution:
a. Here, x dx – y dy = 0 b. Here, x dy – y dx = 0
or, 2x dx – 2y dy = 0 x dy – y dx
or, x2 =0
or, dx2 – dy2 = 0
or, d(x2 – y2) = 0 y
Integrating on both sides, ( )=0
or, d x


2
d(x – y2) = C y
 Integrating on both sides,d x
 ( ) =C
x2 – y2 = C
y
or, x = C

 y = Cx
c. Here, (x + y2) dx = 2xy dy x
or, x dx + y2 dx = 2xy dy d. Here, y dx – 2 dy = 0
or, x dx = 2xy dy – y2 dx x
x dx 2xy dy – y2 dx or, y dx = 2 dy
or, x2 = x2
dx dy
1 2xy dy – y2 dx or, 2 x = y
or, x dx = x2
2 or, 2 d ln x = d ln y
1 y
or, x dx = d x() Integrating on both sides,

y 2
or, d ln x = d( x )


d ln y = 2 d ln x

Integrating we get or, ln y = 2 ln x + ln C
y2 or, ln y = ln Cx2


d ln x =  x

d () y = Cx2
2
y
or, ln x = x + C
x ln x = y2 + Cx
1 1 dx dy
e. Here, x+1 dx + y+1 dy = 0 f. Here, 1+x2 + 1+y2 = 0
or, d ln (x + 1) + d ln (y + 1) = 0 or, d tan–1 x + d tan–1 y = 0
or, d [ln (x + 1) + ln (y + 1)] = 0 or, d (tan–1 x + tan–1 y) = 0
Integrating on both sides, Integrating on both sides,
 –1
 d [ln (x + 1) + ln (y + 1)] = ln C  d (tan x + tan–1 y) = tan–1 C
 
or, ln (x + 1) + ln (y + 1) = ln C or, tan–1x + tan–1y = tan–1 C
or, ln (x + 1) (y + 1) = ln C x+y
 (x + 1) (y + 1) = C ( )
or, tan–1 1 – xy = tan–1 C

x+y
or, 1 – xy = C
 x + y = C(1 – xy)
x y h. Here, (x + y) dy + (y – x) dx = 0
g. Here, 1 + x2 dx + 1 + y2 dy = 0
or, x dy + y dy + y dx – x dx = 0
2x 2y or, (x dy + y dx) + y dy – x dx = 0
or, 1 + x2 dx + 1 + y2 dy = 0
or, d(xy) + y dy – x dx = 0
or, d ln (1 + x2) + d ln (1 + y2) = 0 1 1
or, d(xy) + 2 dy2 – 2 dx2 = 0
or, d [ln (1 + x2) + ln (1 + y2)] = 0
Integrating on both sides, 1 1
or, d[xy + 2 y2 – 2 x2] = 0

2 2
d [ln (1 + x ) + ln (1 + y )] = ln C
 Integrating on both sides,
or, ln (1 + x2) + ln (1 + y2) = ln C 1 1 C
or, ln (1 + x2) (1 + y2) = ln C


d [xy + 2 y2 – 2 x2 ] = 2

 (1 + x2) (1 + y2) = C y2 x2 C
or, xy + 2 – 2 = 2

 2xy + y2 – x2 = C
i. Here, 2xy dx + (x2– y2) dy = 0 j. Here, (x2 + xy2) dx + (x2y + y2) dy = 0
or, 2xy dx + x2 dy – y2 dy = 0 or, x2 dx + xy2 dx + x2y dy + y2 dy = 0
or, d(x2y) – y2 dy = 0 or, x2 dx + (xy2 dx + x2y dy) + y2 dy = 0
1 1
or, d(x2y) – 3 dy3 = 0 or, x2 dx + 2 d(x2y2) + y2 dy = 0
1 1 1 1
or, d[x2y – 3 y3] = 0 or, 3 dx3 + 2 d(x2y2) + 3 dy3 = 0
Integrating on both sides,
1 3 C
or, d [ 31 x + 12 x y + 13 y ]= 0
3 2 2 3

d[x y – 3 y ] = 3
2

 Integrating on both sides,

d
3
y C
or, x2y – 3 = 3
 [ 13 x + 21 x y + 13 y ] = C6
3 2 2 3

3x2y – y3 = C
x3 1 y3 C
or, 3 + 2 (x2y2) + 3 = 6
 2x3 + 3x2y2 + 2y3 = C
2. Solve the following equations by reducing them into exact form.
a. cos x cos y dy – sin x sin y dx = 0 b. sin x cos x dx – sin y cos ydy = 0.
dy 1 – cos y dy 4x – y + 5
c. dx = 1 + cos x d. dx = x + 5y + 4
dy x + y + 1 dy x – 3(y + 1)
e. dx = 2y – x + 2 f. dx = y + 3(x + 1)
g. (sin x tan y –1)dx – cos x sec2 y dy = 0
Solution:
a. Here, cos x cos y dy – sin x sin y dx = 0 b. Here, sin x cos x dx – sin y.cos y dy = 0
or, cos x.cos y dy = sin x.sin y dx 1 1
cosy sinx or, 2 sin 2x dx – 2 sin 2y dy = 0
or, siny dy – cosx dx = 0
or, sin 2x dx – sin 2y dy = 0
or, d ln (sin y) + d ln (cos x) = 0 or, 2 sin 2x dx – 2 sin 2y dy = 0
or, d [ln (sin y) + ln (cos x)] = 0 or, d (– cos 2x) + d(cos 2y) = 0
Integrating on both sides, or, d(cos 2y – cos 2x) = 0
Integrating on both sides,


d [ln (sin y) + ln (cos x)] = ln C


d(cos 2y – cos 2x) = C
or, ln (sin y) + ln (cos x) = ln C
or, ln (sin y.cos x) = ln C  cos 2y – cos 2x = C
cos x sin y = C
dy 1 – cosy dy 4x – y + 5
c. Here, dx = 1 + cosx d. Here, dx = x + 5y + 4
dy 2sin2 y/2 or, 4x dx – y dx + 5 dx = x dy + 5y dy + 4 dy
dx = 2cos2 x/2 or, 4x dx + 5 dx = (x dy + y dx) + 5y dy + 4 dy
y x 5
or, cosec2 2 dy = sec2 2 dx or, 2dx2 + 5 dx = d(xy) + 2 dy2 + 4 dy

1 y 1 x 5
or, 2 cosec2 2 dy = 2 sec2 2 dx (
or, d (2x2 + 5x) = d xy + 2 y2 + 4y )
Integrating on both sides,
or, d (– cot 2y ) = d ( tan 2y )
+ 5x) = d xy + 2 y2 + 4y
5
Integrating on both sides, 

d (2x 2
 ( )
y y


d ( – cot 2 ) = d ( tan 2 ) 5y2
or, 2x2 + 5x = xy + 2 + 4y + 2
C

y x or, 4x2 + 10x = 2xy + 5y2 + 8y + C

 – cot 2 = tan 2 + C
4x2 – 5y2 + 10x – 8y – 2xy = C
dy x + y + 1 dy x – 3(y+1)
e. Here, dx = 2y – x + 2 f. Here, dx = y + 3(x+1)
or, 2y dy – x dy + 2 dy = x dx + y dx + dx or, y dy + 3(x + 1) dy = x dx – 3 (y + 1) dx
or, 2y dy + 2 dy = x dx + y dx + x dy + dx or, y dy + 3x dy + 3 dy = x dx – 3y dx – 3 dx
1 or, y dy + 3(x dy + y dx) + 3 dy = x dx – 3 dy
or, dy2 + 2 dy = 2 dx2 + d(xy) + dx 1 1
or, 2 dy2 + 3 d (xy) + 3 dy = 2 dx2 – 3 dy
or, d(y2 + 2y) = d (21 x + xy +x)
2
or, d
2 2

(y2 + 3 xy + 3 y) = d ( x2 – 3 y)
Integrating on both sides,
Integrating both sides,

+ 2y) =  d
1 2


d(y 2
 ( 2 x + xy +x ) 
y2
d ( 2 + 3 xy + 3 y)= 
x2
d ( 2 – 3 y)
x2 C y2 x2 C
or, y2 + 2y = 2 + xy + x + 2 or, 2 + 3xy + 3y = 2 – 3x + 2
or, 2y2 + 4y = x2 + 2xy + 2x + C  y2 + 6xy + 6y = x2 – 6x + C
 x2 + 2xy – 2y2 + 2x – 4y = C
g. Here, (sin x tan y – 1) dx = cos x sec2y dy = 0
or, sin x tan y dx – cos x sec2y dy – dx = 0
or, – sin x tan y dx + cos x sec2 y dy + dx = 0
or, tan y d cos x + cos x d tan y + dx = 0
or, d (cos x tan y) + dx = 0
or d (cos x tan y + x) = 0
Integrating on both sides,



d (cos x tan y + x) = C

 cos x tan y + x = C

1. Solve the following differential equations.

dy dy
a. dx + y = 1 b. dx + y = ex
dy 4x 1 dy
c. dx + x2 + 1 y = – (x2 + 1)2 d. x dx – x = 1 + y
dy 2 dy
e. (x2–1) dx + 2xy = x2 – 1 f. (1–x2) dx – xy = 1
Solution:
dy
a. Given, differential equation is dx + y = 1
dy
It is a linear differentiate equation of the type dx + Py = Q
Here, P = 1, Q = 1



Pdx = 1dx = x

Integrating factor (I.F.) = ePdx = ex
The general solution is
y  I.F. = Q  I.F. dx + C

or, y  e = ex dx + C
x


x x
or, y.e = e + C
 y = 1 + Ce–x
dy
b. Given, dx + y = ex
dy
Comparing with dx + Py = Q, we get
P = 1, Q = ex



Pdx = 1dx = x

Integrating factor (I.F.) is given by ePdx
I.F. = ex
The general solution is
 y  I.F. = Q  I.F. dx + C

or, y ex =  ex . ex dx + C

or, y ex =e2x dx

e2x
or, y.ex = 2 + C
ex
 y = 2 + Ce–x
dy 4x 1
c. Here, dx + 1+x2 .y = – (x2+1)2
dy
Comparing with dx + Py = Q,
4x –1
P = x2+1 and Q = (x2+1)2
2x


Pdx = 2x2 +1 dx = 2ln (x2+1)

= ln (x2 + 1)2
I.F. = ePdx = (x2 + 1)2
The general solution is
y  I.F. = Q  I.F. dx + C

–1
or, y  (x + 1) =
  (x2 + 1)2 dx + C
2 2

(x +1)
2 2

or, y(x2 + 1)2 =–dx + C


 y (x + 1) = –x + C
2 2

dy
d. Here, x dx – x = 1+y
dy
or, x dx – y = 1 + x
dy 1
or, dx – x y = (1+xx)
dy
Comparing with dx + Py = Q,
1 1+x
P = – x and Q = x
1 –1


Pdx = – x dx = – ln x = ln x

–1 1
I.F. = ePdx = ePdx = eln x = x–1 = x
The general solution is
 y  I.F. = Q  I.F. dx + C

1 1+x 1
or, y  x =  x  x dx + C

y 1+x
or, x =  x2 dx + C


or, x =  x–2 + x
y 1
 ( ) dx +C
y
or, x = –x–1 + ln x + C
y = xln x – 1 + Cx
dy 2
e. Here, (x2 – 1) dx + 2xy = x2–1
dy 2x 2
or, dx + x2 – 1 y = (x2 – 1)2
dy
Comparing with dx + Py = Q,
2x 2
P = x2–1 and Q = (x2 – 1)2
2x
Now, Pdx = x2–1 dx = ln (x2 – 1)
 
I.F. = ePdx = eln (x –1) = (x2 – 1)
2

The general solution is

y  I.F. = Q  I.F. dx + C

2
or, y  (x2 – 1) =

 (x2 – 1)2
 (x2 – 1) dx + C

2
or, y(x2 – 1) =  (x2 – 1) dx + C

1
(xx +– 11) + C
or, y(x2 – 1) = 2  2 ln
x–1
 y(x – 1) = ln (x + 1) + C
2

dy
f. Here, (1–x2) dx – x y = 1

dy
or, dx + (1–x–x ) y = 1–x1
2 2

dy
Comparing with dx + Py = Q,
–x 1
P = 1–x2 and Q = 1–x2

1 –2x


Pdx = 2 1–x2 dx

 1
= 2 ln (1 – x2) = ln 1 – x2
So,
2
I.F. = ePdx = eln (1–x ) = 1 – x2
The general solution is
y  I.F. = Q  I.F. dx + C


or, y
2
1–x = 

1
2  1 – x dx + C =
2
 1
2 dx + C
1–x
 1–x

 y. 1 – x2 = sin–1x + c

2. Solve the following differential equations.

dy dy
a. sin x dx + y cos x = sin 2x b. cos2 x dx + y = 1
dy y dy 1
c. dx + x = ex d. dx + 2y = 2 (x2 – x)
dy dy
e. (1+ x) dx – xy = 1 – x f. sec x dx – y = sin x
dy dy
g. cos2 x dx + y = tan x h. (1 + x2) dx + y = tan–1x
dy dy
i. x dx + 2y = x2 ln x j. sec 3x dx – 2ysec 3x = 1

Solution:
dy
a. Here, sin x dx + y cos x = sin 2x
dy
or, dx + cot x.y = 2 cos x
dy
Comparing with dx + P y = Q,
P = cot x and Q = 2 cos x
Pdx = cot x dx = ln sin x
 
So, I.F. = ePdx = elnsin x = sin x
The general solution is
y  I.F. = Q  I.F. dx + C

or, y  sin x = 2 cos x sin x dx + C

= sin2x dx

cos 2x
i.e. y.sin x = – 2 +C
 1
y = – 2 cos 2x . cosec x + C.cosec x
dy
b. Here, cos2x dx + y = 1
dy
or, dx + sec2 x.y = sec2x
dy
Comparing with dx + P y = Q,
P = sec2x and Q = sec2x

 Pdx = sec x dx = tan x

2

 
So, I.F. = ePdx = etan x
The general solution is
y  I.F. = Q  I.F. dx + C

or, y  etan x
= sec2 x etan x dx + C

Putting tan x = u  sec2 x dx = du
= eu du + C

= eu + C
i.e. y  etan x = etan x + C
 y = 1 + C e–tan x

dy y
c. Here, dx + x = ex
dy
Comparing with dx + Py = Q,
1
P = x and Q = ex
1
Pdx = 
  x dx = ln x
I.F. = ePdx = eln x = x
The general solution is
y  I.F. = Q  I.F. dx + C

or, y x =  ex  x dx + C

Using integration by parts,
xy = x ex – ex + C
(x – 1) C
y = x ex + x
dy 1
d. Given, dx + 2y = 2 (x2 – x)
dy
Comparing with dx + Py = Q, we get
 1
P = 2 and Q = 2 (x2 – x)
Pdx = 2x
I.F. = ePdx = e2x
The general solution is
y  I.F. = Q  I.F. dx + C

1
or, y e2x =  2 (x2 – x) e2x dx + C

1
e2x dx + C
e2x dx – dx(x2 – x) 
d
or, y e2x = 2 (x2 – x) 
  
 
e2x e2x
or, y.e2x = 2 (x2 – x) 2 – (2x – 1) 2 dx
1
+C
  
1 1
or, y.e2x = 4 (x2 – x) e2x – 4 (2x–1) e2x dx + C

e2x 2e2x
or, y.e2x = 4 (x2 – x) e2x – 4 (2x – 1) 2 –  2 dx + C
1 1
  
1 1 1
or, y.e = 4 (x2 – x) e2x – 8 (2x – 1) e2x + 8 e2x + C
2x

1
or, y.e2x = 8 e2x (2x2 – 2x – 2x + 1 + 1) + C
1
or, y.e2x = 4 (x – 1)2 e2x + C
1
 y = 4 (x – 1)2 + Ce–2x
dy
e. Here, (1+x) dx – xy = 1 – x
dy x 1–x
dx – 1+x y = 1+x
dy
Comparing with dx + Py = Q, we get
x 1–x
P = – 1+x and Q = 1 + x
x x+1–1 1


Pdx = –x+1 dx = – x+1 dx = –1dx + x+1 = –x + ln (x+1)
   
I.F. = ePdx = e–x + ln (x+1) = e–x . eln (x + 1) = e–x (x + 1)

The general solution is

y  I.F. = Q  I.F. dx + C

1–x
or, y  e–x (x + 1) = 1 + x  e–x (x + 1) dx + C

 or, y  e–x (x + 1) = (1 – x)  e–x dx + C

(1–x) e–x
or, y(x + 1) e–x = –1 + e–x + C
or, ye–x (x + 1) = –(1 – x) e–x + e–x + C
or, ye–x (x + 1) = e–x (1 – 1 + x) + C
or, y(x + 1) e–x = x e–x + C
 y(x + 1) = x + Cex
dy
f. Here, sec x dx – y = sin x
dy
or, dx – cos x y = sin x cos x

dy
Comparing with dx + Py = Q,
P = –cos x and Q = sin x.cos x



Pdx = –cos x dx = –sin x

So,
I.F. = ePdx = e–sin x
The general solution is
y  I.F. = Q  I.F. dx + C

or, y e–sin x = –sinx


sin x cos x e dx + C

Put sin x = u  cos x dx = du

= u e–u du


= ue–u du – due du du + C

du –u

  
= – u e–u – 1 (–e–u) du + C

= – u e–u – e–u + C
= – (1 + u) e–u + C
i.e. y = – (1 + sin x) e–sin x + C
 y + 1 + sin x = C esin x
dy
g. Here, cos2 x dx + y = tan x
dy
or, dx + sec2 x.y = tan x . sec2x
dy
Comparing with dx + Py = Q,
P = sec2x and Q = sec2x.tan x
  Pdx = sec x dx = tan x2

 
I.F. = ePdx = etan x
The general solution is
y  I.F. = Q  I.F. dx + C

 tan x sec
tan x 2 tan x
or, y e = xe dx + C

Putting tan x = u  sec2 x dx = du
or, y.etan x = eu.u du + C

Using intergartion by parts
or, y.etan x = u.eu – eu + C
or, y.etan x = (u – 1) eu + C
or, y.etan x = (tan x–1) etan x + C
 y = (tan x – 1) + C.e–tan x
dy
h. Here, (1 + x2) dx + y = tan–1x
dy 1 tan–1x
( )
or dx + 1+x2 y = (1 + x2)
dy
Comparing with dx + Py = Q, we get
1 tan–1x
P = 1+x2 , Q = 1+x2
1
 Pdx = 1+x2 dx = tan–1x
 
–1
I.F. = ePdx = etan x
The general solution is
y  I.F. = Q  I.F. dx + C

–1x tan–1x –1
or, y  etan =  1+x2 etan x dx + C

–1 1
Putting tan x = u  1+x2 dx = du, then
–1x
or, y.etan = eu.u du

tan–1x
or, y.e = u.eu dx

= ueu du –  
–1x du
or, y. etan du . e du du
u

   
tan–1x
or, y. e = u.e – 1.e du
u u


tan–1x
or, y. e = ueu – eu + C
 –1 –1 –1x
or, y.etan x = tan–1x etan x – etan +C
–1
 y = tan–1x – 1 + Ce–tan x
dy
i. Here, x dx + 2y = x2ln x
dy 2
or, dx + x y = x ln x
dy
Comparing with dx + Py = Q,
2
P = x and Q = x ln x
2


Pdx =  x dx = 2 ln x = ln x2

I.F. = ePdx = eln x = x2
2

The general solution is

y  I.F. = Q  I.F. dx + C

or, y x =  x ln x  x2 dx + C
2


or, y x2 =  ln x  x3 + dx + C

x dx –  (lnx) x dxdx + C
d

or, y x2 = ln x

dx 
3 3

  

x4 1 x4
or, y.x2 = ln x . 4 –  x . 4 dx + C

x4 1
or, y.x2 = 4 ln x – 4 x3 dx + C

x4 1
or, y.x2 = 4 ln x – 16 x4 + C
x2 x2
 y = 4 ln x – 16 + Cx–2
dy
j. Here, sec 3x dx – 2y sec 3x = 1
dy
or, dx – 2y = cos 3x
dy
It is a linear differential equation of the form dx + Py = Q
Here, P = –2 and Q = cos 3x
Now, Pdx = –2dx = –2x
 
I.F. = ePdx = e–2x
The general solution is
y  I.F. = Q  I.F. dx + C

 or, y e–2x = cos 3x . e–2x dx + C ... (i)

Let I = cos 3x . e–2x dx

or, I = cos 3x e–2x dx –  
d –2x

 dx (cos 3x) . e dx dx

  
–2x
cos 3x. e –3
or, I = – –2 sin 3x . e–2x dx
–2 
1 3
or, I = – 2 cos 3x . e–2x – 2 sin 3x.e–2x dx

or, I = – 2 cos 3x . e–2x – 2 sin 3x e–2x dx – 
dx (sin 3x) . e dxdx

1 3 d –2x

     
–2x
or, I = – 2 cos 3x . e–2x – 2 sin 3x . –2 – –2 cos 3x . e–2x dx
1 3 e 3
  
1 3 9
or, I = – 2 cos 3x . e–2x + 4 sin 3x e–2x – 4 I
13 1 3
or, 4 I = – 2 cos 3x . e–2x + 4 sin 3x e–2x
1
or, I = 13 (3 sin 3x – 2cos 3x) e–2x
Now, equation (i) becomes
1
y . e–2x = 13 (3 sin 3x – 2cos 3x) e–2x + C
1
 y = 13 (3 sin 3x – 2cos 3x) + Ce2x

3. Solve the following differential equations.

dy y dy
a. dx + x = y2 b. (1 – x2) dx + xy = xy2
Solution:
dy y
a. Here, dx + x = y2
1 dy 1
or, y2 dx + x.y = 1 ... (i)
1 1 dy dz
Put y = z  – y2 dx = dx ,
Then (i) becomes
dz 1
or, – dx + x . z = 1
dz 1
or, dx – x . z = –1
dz
Comparing (ii) with dx + Pz = Q we get
1
P = – x and Q = –1
 1 –1


Pdx = – x dx = –ln x = ln x

–1 1
I.F. = ePdx = eln x = x–1 = x

The general solution is z  I.F. = Q  I.F. dx + C


1 1
or, z  x =  – 1  x + C

z
or, x = – ln x + C
1
or, xy = – ln x + C
1
 xy + ln x = C
dy
b. Here, (1 – x2) dx + x.y = xy2
1 dy
or, y2 dx + (1–xx ) 1y = 1–xx
2 2 ... (i)
1 1 dy dz
Put y = z  y2 dx = – dx
dz
Then, (i) becomes, – dx + (1–xx ) z = 1 –x x
2 2

dz
or, dx – (1 –x x ) z = – 1–xx
2 2

dz
Comparing with dx + Pz = Q,
–x –x
Here, P = 1–x2 and Q = 1 – x2
1 2x 1
 Pdx = 2 – 1–x2 = 2 ln (1–x ) = ln 2
1 – x2
 
2
I.F. = ePdx = eln 1–x = 1 – x2
The general solution is z  I.F. = Q  I.F. dx + C

–x
or, z  1 – x = 1 – x2 

2 2
1 – x dx + C

2 x
or, z 1–x =– dx + C
 1 – x2
Putting 1 – x2 = u  –2x dx = du
1 du
or, z 1 – x2 = – 2  – +C
 u
1
or, z 1 – x2 = 2  2 u + C
1
y 1 – x2 = 1 – x2 + C
1. The population of the city of Besishahar increases at a rate proportional to the
numbers of its inhabitants present ant any time t. If the population of
Besishahar was 30,000 in 1970 and 35,000 in 1980, what will be the population
of Besishahar in 1990?
Solution:
According to the formula in the problem (3), we have
x = x0ek(t–t0)
Hence we obtain
35‚000 1 7
()
x(1980) = 30,000 ek(1980 – 1970)  30‚000 = e10k  10 ln 6 = k
Therefore, the population of Besishahar in 1990 is
7
()
x(1990) = 30,000eln 6  40,833
2. At time t = 0, five million bacteria were living in George's lung. Three hours
later the number had increased to nine million. Assuming that the conditions
for growth do not change over the next few hours, find the number of bacteria
at the end of (a) 12 hours. (b) 36 hours.
Solution:
Let y(t) denotes the amount of bacteria at time t.
Then y(t) = kect … (i)
At time t = 0, y(0) = keo  5 = keo  k = 5
 y(t) = 5e ct
… (ii)
Again at t = 3, y(3) = 9
 y(3) = 5ec3  9 = 5e3c or, e3c = 9/5 = 1.8
ln 1.8
 3c = ln 1.8  c = 3 = 0.1959288
Substituting the value of c on (ii) we get
y(t) = 5e0.1959288t
a. At t = 12 hours:
y(12) = 5  e0.1959288  12 = 510.4976 = 52.488 millions
b. At t = 36 hours:
y(36) = 5  e0.1959288  36 = 5  1156.8314 = 5784.416 millions
3. At a point with coordinates (x, y) the gradient of a particular curve is directly
proportional to xy2. At a particular point P with coordinates (1,3) it is known
that the gradient of this curve is 6. Find and simplify an expression for y in
terms of x.
Solution:
Here, the gradient of curve is directly proportional to xy 2 P (1,3)

dy
i.e. dx  xy2
dy
or, dx = k xy2 … (1)
 dy
or, y2 = kx. dx
Int. both sides we get,

 y–2 . dy = k 
  x. dx
1 x2
or, – y = k 2 + C … (2)
dy
From equation (1), using gradient dx = 6 at P (1, 3)
6 = k × 1 × 32
2
 k=3
and equation (2) passing through P(1, 3)
1 1
then – 3 = k × 2 + C
1 1
or, – 3 = 3 + C
2
 C=–3
2
Now, the equation of curve is obtained after putting the values of k = 3 and
2
C = – 3 in equation (2)
1 1 2
i.e. – y = 3 x2 – 3
1 2 –x2
or, y = 3
3
 y = 2 – x2

4. The diagram shows a variable point P with

coordinates (x, y) and the point N which is the foot of
the perpendicular from P to the x–axis. P moves on a
curve such that, for all x  0, the gradient of the curve
is equal in value to the area of the triangle OPN,
where O is the origin.
i. State a differential equation satisfied by x and y.
The point with coordinates (0, 2) lies on the curve.
ii. Solve the differential equation to obtain the equation of the curve,
expressing y in terms of x.
Solution:
i. Here, from fig.
1 1
The area of triangle OPN = 2 ON × PN = 2 xy
dy 1
The question, dx = 2 xy
 dy 1
ii. Now, y = 2 . x. dx
Int. both sides we get,
dy 1

y =2  x. dx
1 x2
or, ln y = 2 . 2 + C
1
 ln y = 4 x2 + C … (1)
Since, the point (0, 2) lies on the curve,
1
ln 2 = 4 × 0 + C
 C = ln 2
Putting the value of C in equation (1),
1
ln y = 4 . x2 + ln 2
1 2
x + ln 2
y = e4
x2
 y = 2 . e 4 is the required equation of curve.
5. For the curve shown in the diagram, the normal to the
curve at the point P with coordinates (x, y) meets the x–
axis at N. The point M is the foot of the perpendicular
from P to the x–axis.
The curve is such that for all values of x in the interval
1
0 < x < 2 , the area of triangle PMN is equal to tan x.
MN dy
a. i. Show that y = dx
1 dy
ii. Hence show that x and y satisfy the differential equation 2 y2 dx = tan x.
b. Given that y = 1 when x = 0, solve this differential equation to find the
equation of the curve, expressing y in terms of x.
Solution:
a.
i. We have,
dy
Slope of tangent = gradient of curve = dx
1
 slope of normal PN = – dy
dx
PM y
From fig., slope of normal PN = tan  = MN = MN
Since, PN makes an obtuse angle with x–axis
 y
So, slope of normal PN = – MN
–1 y
 dy = – MN
dx
dy MN
 dx = y
1
ii. Now, area of PMN = 2 MN × PM

1
=2 (y . dydx ) × y [From (1)]
1 dy
= 2 y2 dx
1 dy
So, by question, area of PMN is equal to tanx  2 y2 dx = tanx
b. From (ii) we have,
1 2 dy
2 y dx = tan x
1 2
2 y . dy = tan x . dx
Int. both sides we get,
1
2 y . dy = 
 tan x. dx
2

1 y3
or, 2 . 3 = ln (sec x) + C
1
 6 y3 = ln (sec x) + C … (1)
Given that y = 1 when x = 0, we get
1
6 × 1 = ln (sec 0) + C
1
or, 6 = ln (1) + C
1
or, 6 = 0 + C
1
 C=6
1
Putting C = 6 in equation (1)
1 3 1
6 y = ln (sec x) + 6
or, y3 = 6 ln (sec x) + 1
3
 y = 6 . ln (sec x) + 1 is the required solution of differential equation.
i.e. required equation of curve.
6. At time t seconds the length of the side of a cube is x cm, the surface area of the
cube is Scm2, and the volume of the cube is V cm3.
The surface area of the cube is increasing at a constant rate of 8 cm 2 s–1.
Show that
dx k
a. dt = x , where k is a constant to be found,
1
dV 3
b. dt = 2V
Given that V = 8 when t = 0,
c. solve the differential equation in part (b), and find the value of t when
V = 16 2 .
Solution:
a. Here, x cm be the length of the side of surface area of cube is increasing at a
constant rate of 8 cm3s–1
dS
i.e. dt = 8 cm3s–1
We have, S = 6x2
dS d
or, dt = 6 . dt x2
dx
or, 8 = 6 . 2x . dt
dx 2 2
or, dt = 3x , where k = 3
b. Again, volume of cube is, V = x3
dV d 3
dt = dt x
dV dx
or, dt = 3x2 . dt
dV 2
( )
or, dt = 3x2 3x [ from (a)]
dV
or, dt = 2x
1
dV 3
 dt = 2 .V
c. Given that V = 8 when t = 0
1
dV 3
Now, from (b), dt = 2 .V
dV
or, 1 = 2. dt
3
V
1
 –3
Int. both sides we get, V . dV = 2
 dt
2
3
V
or, 2 = 2t + C
3
 2
3 4 2
or, V = 3 t + 3 C … (1) is the general solution.
Using given condition,
2
3 4 2
(8) = 3 × 0 + 3 C
2
or, 4 = 3 C
 C=6
Putting the value of C in equation (1), we get particular Solution,
2
3 4
V =3t+4 … (2)
Again, when V = 16 2 in equation (2)
2
3 4
then, (16 2 ) = 3 t + 4
4
or, 23 = 3 t + 4
4
or, 3 t = 4
 t = 3 sec.
7. Figure shows a cylindrical water tank. The diameter
of a circular cross–section of the tank is 6 m. Water is
flowing into the tank at a constant rate of 0.48 m3
min–1. At time t minutes. the depth of the water in the
tank is h metres. There is a tap at a point T at the
bottom of the tank. When the tap is open, water leaves the tank at a rate of
0.6h m3 min–1.
a. Show that t minutes after the tap has been opened
dh
75 dt = (4 – 5h)
When t = 0, h = 0.2
b. Find the value of t when h = 0.5
Solution:
a. Here, diameter of tank is (d) = 6m.
dV1
The rate of flow of water into the tank is, dt = 0.48 m3/min.
dV2
The rate of flow of water from the tap is, dt = 0.6h m3/min.
The rate of increase of volume of water inside the tank is
dV dV1 dV2
dt = dt – dt = (0.48 – 0.6h) … (1)
Again, volume of cylindrical tank is
V = r2h
or, V =  32. h [ diameter of cylinder = 6 m.]
dV dh
or, dt = 9 dt
dh
or, (0.48 – 0.6h) = 9 dt [from equation 1]
 48 6h dh
or, (100 – 10) = 9 . dt
dh
or, (48 – 60h) = 900 . dt
dh
 75 dt = (4 – 5h) … (2)
b. We need to solve the above differential equation
dh
75 dt = (4 – 5h)
dh 1
or, (4 – 5h) = 75 . dt,
Int. both sides we get
dh 1

(4 – 5h) = 75  dt

1 1
or, – 5 ln (4 – 5h) = 75 t + C … (3)
When t = 0, then h = 0.2
1 1
 – 5 ln (4 – 5 × 0.2) = 75 × 0 + C
1
 – 5 ln (3) = C
Putting the value of C in equation (3)
1 1 1
– 5 ln (4 – 5h) = 75 t – 5 ln (3)
1 t
or, – 5 [ln (4 – 5h) – ln 3] = 75
4 – 5h
or, – 15 ln( ) 3 =t … (4)

3
 t = 15 ln (4 – 5h)
Which is the required solution, t as a function of h.
Now, we need to find 't' when h = 0.5, from equation (4),
3
(
t = 15 ln 4 – 5 × 0.5 )
t = 15 ln (2)
 t = 10.38 sec.
8. The diagram shows an inverted cone filled with liquid paint. An artist cuts a
small hole in the bottom of the cone and the liquid paint
drips out at a rate of 16 cm3 per sec. At time t sec after the
hole is cut, the paint in the cone is an inverted cone of
depth h cm.
dV 4
a. Show that dh = 9 h2
dh
b. Hence find an expression for dt
c. Solve the differential equation in part (b), giving t in terms of h.
d. Find the length of time it takes for the depth of the paint to fall to 7.5 cm.
Solution:
r h 2h
a. Here, from fig. 10 = 15r= 3
1
We have, volume of cone is, V = 3 r2h
2
1
=3 (4h9 ) × h = 427 . h 3

dV d 4
or, dh = dh (27 . h ) 3

dV 4
or, dh = 9 h2 … (1)
b. Since, the liquid paint drips out at a rate of 16 cm3/sec.
dV
i.e. dt = – 16 cm3/sec.
dh dh dV 9
Now, dt = dV × dt = × (– 16)
4h2
dh – 36
 dt = … (2)
h2
c. To solve the differential equation (2)
dh 36
dt = – h2
or, h2 . dh = – 36 . dt
Int. both sides,


 h dh = – 36 
2
 dt
h3
 3 = – 36t + C … (3)
from fig., initially t = 0, h = 15
So, from equation (3),
(15)3
 3 = – 36 × 0 + C

 C = 1125
Putting the value of C in equation (3)
h3
 3 = – 36t + 1125

h3
or, 36t = 1125 – 3

(1125 – h3 )
3
1
 t = 36 … (4)

d. Now, the length of time for h = 7.5 cm is,

1 
t [ ]
= 36 1125 – 3 (7.5)3 = 27.34 = 85.9 sec.


 SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATION

1. Test the consistency of the following system of equations by Gaussian

elimination method.
a. x + 3y = 5 b. 3x – 2y = 3
3x + y = 4 3x – 2y = 6
c. –2x1 + 5x2 = 3 d. x – 2y – 5z = –12
6x1 – 15x2 = –9 2x – y = 7
–4x + 5y + 6z = 1
e. 2x – y + 4z = 4 f. x1 + 3x2 + 4x3 = 8
x + 2y – 3z = 1 2x1 + x2 + 2x3 = 5
3x + 3z = 6 5x1 + 2x3 = 7
Solution:
a. x + 3y = 5
3x + y = 4

The augemented matrix of the system is  

1 3 : 5
3 1 : 4 
Applying R2  R2 – 3R1
1 3 : 5

0 –8 : –11 
Which is upper triangular matrix and reduced to system as
x + 3y = 5 … (i)
–8y = –11 … (ii)
By backward substitution
11
y = 8 …. (i)
11 7
x=5–3 8 =8
 The given system is consistent.
b. Here,
3x – 2y = 3
3x – 2y = 6
The augemented matrix of the system is
3 –2 : 3
 
3 –2 : 6 
R1
Applying R1  3

 1 –2
3 : 1

 
3 –2 : 6 
Applying R2  R2 – 3R1
 1 –2
3 : 3

 
0 0 : 3 
 The reduced system is
2
x – 3 y = 3 … (i)
and 0  y = 3 … (ii)
There is no y which satisfies equation (ii) so the given system is inconsistent.
c. –2x1 + 5x2 = 3
6x1 – 15x2 = –9The augemented matrix of the system is
–2 5 : 3
 
 6 –15 : –9 
–1
Applying R1  R1  2

 1 –52 : 2
–3

 
6 –15 : –9 
Applying R2  R2 – 6R1
 1 –5
2 : 2
–3

 
0 0 : 0 
Which is upper triangular matrix and reduced to system as
5 –3
x1 – 2 x2 = 2 … (i)
0  x2 = 0
The equation (ii) is true for all real number
So, it is consistent having infinitely many solution.
d. Given equations are:
x – 2y – 5z = –12
2x – y = 7
–4x + 5y + 6z = 1
The augemented matrix of the system is
1 –2 –5 : –12
 
 2 –1 0 : 7 
 
 –4 5 6 : 1 
Applying R2  R2 – 2R1, R3  R3 + 4R1
1 –2 –5 : –12
 
0 3 10 : 
31
 
0 –3 –14 : – 47 
R2
Applying R2  3
1 –2 –5 : –12
 
0 
10 31
1 3 : 3
0 –3 –14 : – 47 
Applying R3  R3 + 3R2
 1 –2 –5 : –12
 
0 
10 31
1 3 : 3
0 0 –4 : –16 
Which is upper triangular matrix and reduced to system as
x – 2y – 5z = –12 … (i)
10 31
y + 3 z = 3 … (ii)
–4z = –16 … (iii)
By back substitution
z = 4, y = –3, x = 2
 It is consistent and has unique solution.
e. Here,
2x – y + 4z = 4
x + 2y – 3z = 1
3x + 3z = 6
The augemented matrix of the system is
2 –1 4 : 4
 
1 2 –3 : 1 
 
3 0 3 : 6 
R1
Applying R1  2
–1
 1 2 2 : 2

1 2 –3 : 1 
3 0 3 : 6 
Applying R2  R2 – R1, R3  R3 – 3R1
–1

 1 2 2 : 2

 
5
0 2 –5 : –1

 3
0 2 –3 : 0 
2
Applying R2  R2  5
–1
1 2 2 : 2 
0 –2
1 –2 : 5

0 
 3
2 –3 : 0 
3
Applying R3  R3 – 2 R2
 –1
1 2 2 : 2 
0 –2
1 –2 : 5 
 
0 0 0 : 5
3

Which is upper triangular matrix and reduced to system as
1
x – 2 y + 2z = 2 …. (i)
–2
y – 2z = 5 …. (ii)
–3
0  z = 5 ….. (iii)
Equation (iii) is fales for all value of z, so the given system is inconsistent.
f. Here, Given equations are
x1 + 3x2 + 4x3 = 8
2x1 + x2 + 2x3 = 5
5x1 + 2x3 = 7
The augemented matrix of the system is
 1 3 4 : 8

2 1 2 : 5 
 
5 0 2 : 7 
Applying R2  R2 – 2R1, R3  R3 – 5R1
1 3 4 : 8

0 –5 –6 : –11 
 
0 –15 –18 : –33 
–1
Applying R2  R2  5

 
1 3 4 : 8

0 
6 11
1 5 : 5
0 –15 –18 : –33 
Applying R3  R3 + 15R2

 
1 3 4 : 8

0 
6 1
1 5 : 5

0 0 0 : 0 
Which is upper triangular matrix and reduced to system as
x1 + 3x2 + 4x3 = 8 … (i)
6 11
x2 + 5 x3 = 5 … (ii)
0  x3 = 0 … (iii)
The equation (iii) is true for all values of x3. So, the given system is consistent
having infinitely many solution.
2. Solve the following system of linear equations by Gauss elimination method:
a. 4x + 5y = 12 b. 5x + 2y = 4
3x + 2y = 9 7x + 3y = 5
c. 5x – 3y = 8 d. 2x1 – 3x2 = 7
2x + 5y = 59 3x1 + x2 = 5
Solution:
a. Given equations are
4x + 5y = 12
3x + 2y = 9
The augemented matrix of the system is
 4 5 : 12

3 2 : 9 
R1
Applying R1  4

 1 54 : 12 
 4

3 2 : 9 
Applying R2  R2 – 3R1
 1 54 : 3 
 
0 –7 
 4 : 0 
Which is upper triangular matrix and reduced to system as
5
x + 4 y = 3 …. (i)
–7
4 y = 0 ….. (ii)
By backward subsitituition
y=0
From (i), x = 3
b. Given equation are
5x + 2y = 4
7x + 3y = 5
The augemented matrix of the system is
 5 2 : 4

7 3 : 5 
R1
Applying R1  5

 1 25 : 54 
 
7 3 : 5
Applying R2  R2 – 7R1
 1 25 : 54 
 
0 1 –3 
 5 : 5 
Which is upper triangular matrix and reduced to system as
 2 4
x + 5 y = 5 …. (i)
1 –3
5 y = 5 ….. (ii)
By backward subsitituition
y = –3
4 6
From (i), x = 5 + 5 = 2
c. 5x – 3y = 8
2x + 5y = 59
The augemented matrix of the system is
5 –3 : 8
 
2 5 : 59 
R1
Applying R1  5

 1 –3
5 : 5
8

 
2 5 : 59 
Applying R2  R2 – 2R1
 1 –3
5 : 5
8

 
0 31 279 
 5 : 5 
Which is upper triangular matrix and reduced to system as
3 8
x – 5 y = 5 …. (i)
31 279
5 y = 5 ….. (ii)
By backward subsitituition
y=9
From (i), x = 7
d. 2x1 – 3x2 = 7
3x1 + x2 = 5
The augemented matrix of the system is
2 –3 : 7
 
3 1 : 5 
R1
Applying R1  2

 1 –3
2 : 2
7

 
3 1 : 5 
Applying R2  R2 – 3R1
 1 –3
2 : 2
7

 
0 11 –11 
 2 : 2 
Which is upper triangular matrix and reduced to system as
 3 7
x1 – 2 x2 = 2 …. (i)
11 –11
2 x2 = 2 ….. (ii)
By backward subsitituition
x2 = 1
From (i), x1 = 2
3. Solve the following system of linear equations by Gauss elimination method:
a. 5x – y + 4z = 5 b. x – y + 2z = 7
2x + 3y + 5z = 2 3x + 4y – 5z = –5
5x – 2y + 6z = –1 2x – y + 3z = 12
c. 2x + 3y + 3z = 5 d. x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 = 14
x – 2y + z = –4 3x1 + 4x2 + 2x3 = 17
3x – y – 2z = 3 2x1 + 3x2 + x3 = 11
e. x + 2y + 3z = 2 f. 3x + y + 5z = 11
x+y–z=1 4x + 2y + 7z = 16
2x + 3y + 2z = 3 x–y+z=1
Solution:
a. Here, given equation are
5x – y + 4z = 5
2x + 3y + 5z = 2
5x – 2y + 6z = –1
The augemented matrix of the system is

 
4
5 –1 5 : 1

2 3 5 : 2 
5 –2 6 : –1 
R1
Applying R1  5
–1
 1 5 4 : 5

2 3 5 : 2 
5 –2 6 : –1 
Applying R2  R2 – 2R1, R3  R3 – 5R1
–1 4
 1 5 5 : 1

 17 17 
0 5 5 : 0 
0 –1 2 : –6 
5
Applying R2  R2  17
–1 4
 1 5 5 : 1

0 1 1 : 0 
0 –1 2 : –6 
 Applying R3  R3 + R2
–1 4
 1 5 5 : 1

0 1 1 : 0 
0 0 3 : –6 
Which is upper triangular matrix and reduced to system as
1 4
x – 5 y + 5 z = 1 …. (i)
y + z = 0 …. (ii)
3z = –6 ….. (iii)
By backward subsitituition
From equation (iii) z = –2
From equation (ii) y = 2
From equation (i) x = 3
Hence, X = 3, y = 2 and z = –2
b. Here, given equations are
x – y + 2z = 7
3x + 4y – 5z = –5
2x – y + 3z = 12
The augemented matrix of the system is
1 –1 2 : 7
 
3 4 –5 : –5 
 
2 –1 3 : 12 
Applying R2  R2 – 3R1, R3  R3 – 2R1
1 –1 2 : 7
 
0 7 –11 : –26 
 
0 1 –1 : –2 
R2
Applying R2  7
1 –1 2 : 7
 
0 
–11 –26
1 7 : 7
0 1 –1 : –2 
Applying R3  R3 – R2
1 –1 2 : 7
 
0 1
–11 –26
7 : 7 
0 
 0
4
7 : 7
12

Which is upper triangular matrix and reduced to system as
x – y + 2z = 7 …. (i)
11 26
y – 7 z = – 7 …. (ii)
4 12
7 z = 7 ….. (iii)
 By backward subsitituition
From equation (iii) z = 3
–26 11  3
From equation (ii) y = 7 + 7 = 1
From equation (i) x = 7 – 2  3 + 1 = 2
c. We have,
2x + 3y + 3z = 5
x – 2y + z = –4
3x – y – 2z = 3
The augemented matrix of the system is
 2 3 3 : 5

1 –2 1 : –4 
 
3 –1 –2 : 3 
R1
Applying R1  2

 
3 3 5
1 2 2 : 2

1 –2 1 : –4 
3 –1 –2 : 3 
Applying R2  R2 – R1  R3 – R3 – 3R1

 
3 3 5
1 2 2 : 2

 
–7 –1 –13
0 2 2 : 2

 0
–11 –13
2 2 : 2
–9

–2
Applying R2  R2  7

 
3 3 5
1 2 2 : 2

 
1 13
0 1 7 : 7

 0 0
–40
7 : 7
40

Which is upper triangular matrix and reduced to system as
3 3 5
x + 2 y + 2 z = 2 …. (i)
1 13
y + 7 z = 7 …. (ii)
40 40
– 7 z = 7 ….. (iii)
By backward subsitituition
From equation (iii) z = –1
From equation (ii) y = 2
From equation (i) x = 1
d. Here, given equations are
x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 = 14
3x1 + 4x2 + 2x3 = 17
2x1 + 3x2 + x3 = 11
The augemented matrix of the system is
 1 2 3 : 14

3 4 2 : 17 
 
2 3 1 : 11 
Applying R2  R2 – 3R1, R3  R3 – 2R1
1 2 3 : 14

0 –2 –7 : –25 
 
0 –1 –5 : –17 
–1
Applying R2  R2  2

 
1 2 3 : 14

0 
7 25
1 2 : 2
0 –1 –5 : –17 
Applying R3  R3 + R2

 
1 2 3 : 14

0 7 25
1 2 : 2 
0 –9 
 –3
0 2 : 2 
Which is upper triangular matrix and reduced to system as
x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 = 14 …. (i)
7 25
x2 + 2 x3 = 2 …. (ii)
–3 –9
2 x3 = 2 ….. (iii)
By backward subsitituition
From equation (iii) x3 = 3
25 73
From equation (ii) x2 = 2 – 2 = 2
From equation (i) x1 = 14 – 3  3 – 2  2 = 1
e. Given system of equations is
x + 2y + 3z = 2 ... (i)
x+y–z=1 ... (ii)
2x + 3y + 2z = 3 ... (iii)
Forward elimination:
Subtracting equation (ii) from (i), we get
y + 4z = 1 ... (iv)
Multiplying equation (i) by 2 and then subtracting equation (iii) from (i), we get
y + 4z = 1 ... (v)
Subtracting equation (v) from (iv), we get
0z=0 ... (vi)
Now, we have the following system
 x + 2y + 3z = 2 ... (i)
y + 4z = 1 ... (iv)
0z=0 ... (vi)
This system has infinitely many solutions.
Backward substitution:
From equation (vi), this euation is true for all real values of z. Such a variable z
is called free variable and can have any real value. So, let z = k  .
From equation (iv), y + 4k = 1  y = 1 – 4k
From equation (i), x + 2 (1 – 4k) + 3k = 2
 x + 2 – 8k + 3k = 2
 x = 5k
 (x, y, z) = (5k, 1 – 4k, k); k  
f. Given system of equations is
3x + y + 5z = 11 ... (i)
4x + 2y + 7z = 16 ... (ii)
x–y+z=1 ... (iii)
Forward elimination:
Multipllying equation (iii) by 3 and the subtracting it from equation (i), we get
4y + 2z = 8
 2y + z = 4 ... (iv)
Multiplying equation (iii) by 4 and then subtracting it from equation (ii), we get
6y + 3z = 12
 2y + z = 4 ... (v)
Subtracting equation (v) from (iv), we get
0z=0 ... (vi)
Now, we have the following system
3x + y + 5z = 11 ... (i)
2y + z = 4 ... (iv)
0z=0 ... (vi)
This system has infinitely many solutions.
Backward substitution:
From equation (vi), this euation is true for all real values of z. Such a variable z
is called free variable and can have any real value. So, let z = k  .
4–k
From equation (iv), 2y + k = 4  y = 2
4–k
From equation (i), 3x + 2 + 5k = 11
4–k
 3x = 11 – 5k – 2
22 –10k – 4 + k
 3x = 2
18 – 9k
 3x = 2 
6 – 3k
x= 2
6 – 3k 4 – k
 (x, y, z) =( )
2 ‚ 2 ‚k ;k
1. Solve the following system of equations by Gauss Seidel Method.
a. 3x1 + x2 = 5 b. 2x1 – x2 = 8
x1 + 2x2 = 5 3x1 + 7x2 = –5
c. 3 x1 + x2 = 5 d. 2x – 3y = 7
x1 – 3x2 = 5 3x + y = 5
Solution:
a. Here,
3x1 + x2 = 5 ... ... ... (i)
x1 + 2x2 = 5 ... ... ... (ii)
from equation (i) and equation (ii)
5 – x2
x1 = 3
5 – x1
x2 = 2
Initially, x2 = 0.
Iteration I Iteration II
5 5 – 1.67
x1 = 3 = 1.66 x1 = 3 = 1.11
5 – 1.66 5 – 1.11
x2 = 2 = 1.67 x2 = 2 = 1.945
Iteration III Iteration IV
5 – 1.945 5 – 1.995
x1 = 3 = 1.01 x1 = 3 = 1.001
5 – 1.01 5 – 1.001
x2 = 2 = 1.995 x2 = 2 = 1.9995
From iteration III and iteration IV the value of x1 and x2 are nearly equal to 1 and 2
respectively.
 x1 = 1, x2 = 2
b. Here,
2x1 – x2 = 8 ... ... ... (i)
3x1 + 7x2 = –5 ... ... ... (ii)
from equation (i) and equation (ii)
8 + x2
x1 = 2
–5 – 3x1
x2 = 7
Initially, x2 = 0
Iteration I Iteration II
8+0 8 – 2.4
x1 = 2 = 4 x1 = 2 = 2.79
–5 – 34 –5 – 12 –5 – 32.79 –5 – 8.37
x2 = 7 = 7 = –2.42 x2 = 7 = 7 = –1.91
Iteration III Iteration IV
8 – 1.91 8 – 2.01
x1 = 2 = 3.045 x1 = 2 = 2.995
–5 – 33.045 –5 – 9.135 –5 – 3  2.995 –5 – 8.985
x2 = 7 = 7 x2 = 7 = 7
–14.135 –13.985
= 7 = –2.01 = 7 = –1.99
 Iteration V Iteration VI
8 – 1.99 8 – 2.002
x1 = 2 = 3.005 x1 = 2 = 2.999
–5 – 33.005 –5 – 9.015 –5 – 32.999 –5 – 8.997
x2 = 7 = 7 = –2.002 x2 = 7 = 7 = 1.99
From iteration V and iteration VI the value of x1 and x2 are nearly equal to 3 and – 2.
 x1 = 3, x2 = –2
c. Here,
3x1 + x2 = 5 ... ... ... (i)
x1 – 3x2 = 5 ... ... ... (ii)
from equation (i) and equation (ii)
5 – x2
x1 = 3
x1 – 5
x2 = 3
Initially, x2 = 0

Iteration I Iteration II
5–0 5 + 1.11
x1 = 3 = 1.67 x1 = 3 = 2.03
1.67 – 5 2.03 – 5
x2 = 3 = –1.11 x2 = 3 = –0.99
Iteration III Iteration IV
5 + 0.99 5 + 1.00
x1 = 3 = 1.99 x1 = 3 =2
1.99 – 5 2–5
x2 = 3 = –1.00 x2 = 3 = –1
From iteration III and iteration IV the value of x1 and x2 are nearly equal so, x1 = 2
and x2 = –1.
 x1 = 2 and x2 = – 1.
d. Here,
2x – 3y = 7
3x + y = 5
or, 3x + y = 5 ... (i)
or, 2x – 3y = 7 ... (ii)
From equation (i) and equation (ii)
5–y 2x – 7
x= 3 y= 3
Intially y = 0
Iteration I Iteration II
5–0 5 + 1.22
x = 3 = 1.67 x= 3 = 2.07
2  1.67 – 7 2  2.07 – 7
y= 3 = –1.22 y= 3 = –0.953
Iteration III Iteration IV
5 + 0.953 5 + 1.013
x= 3 = 1.98 x= 3 = 2.004
2  1.98 – 7 2  2.004 – 7
y= 3 = –1.013 y= 3 = –0.997
From Iteration III and IV the value of x and y are nearly equal to 2 and –1 respectively.
So, x = 2 and y = –1.
2. Solve the following system of equations by Gauss Seidel method.
a. 2x – y = 1 b. 3x + y – z = 2
3y – x – z = 8 2x – 5y + z = 20
y – 2z = 5 x – 3y – 8z = 3
c. 5x1 + 2x2 +x3 = 12 d. x + 10 y + z = 6
x1 + 4x2 + 2x3 = 15 10x + y + z = 6
x1 + 2x2 + 5x3 = 20 x + y + 10z = 6
e. 3x + y + z = 13
x – 4y – z = –14
2x + 3y + 6z = 37
Solution:
a. Given equation are
2x – y = 1... ... ... (i)
–x + 3y – z = 8 ... ... ... (ii)
y – 2z = 5 ... ... ... (iii)
From equation (i) (ii) (iii),
1+y 8+x+z y–5
x= 2 , y= 3 , z= 2
Initially, y = 0, z = 0
Iteration I Iteration II
1 1 + 2.83
x = 2 = 0.5 x= 2 = 1.915
8 + 0.5 + 0 8 + 1.915 – 1.085
y= 3 = 2.83 y= 3 = 2.943
2.83 – 5 2.943 – 5
z= 2 = –1.085 z= 2 = –1.0285
Iteration III
1 + 2.943 8 + 1.975 – 1.0285 2.981.5
x= 2 , y= 3 , z= 2
= 1.9715 = 2.981 = –1.0095
From iteration II and III the value of x, y and z are nearly equal to 2, 3, and –1
respectively.
 x = 2, y = 3 and z = –1.
b. Here,
Given equations are
3x + y – z = 2 ... ... ... (i)
2x – 5y + z = 20 ... ... ... (ii)
x – 3y – 8z = 3 ... ... ... (iii)
From equation(i), (ii) and equation (iii)
2–y+z 2x + z – 20 x – 3y – 3
x= 3 y= 5 z= 8
Initially, y = 0, z = 0
Iteration – I
2 20.67 + 0 – 20 0.67 + 33.73 – 3
x = 3 = 0.67 y= 5 = –3.73 z= 8 = 1.12
Iteration II Iteration III
2 + 3.73 + 1.12 2 + 3.32 + 1.16
x= 3 = 2.28 x= 3 = 2.16
22.28 + 1.12 – 20 22.16 + 1.16 – 20
y= 5 = – 3.32 y= 5 = –2.904
 2.28 + 33.32 – 3 2.16 + 32.904 – 3
z= 8 = 1.16 z= 8 = 0.98
Iteration IV Iteration V
2 + 2.904 + 0.98 2 + 3.02 + 1
x= 3 = 1.96 x= 3 = 2.01
21.96 + 0.98 – 20 22.01 + 1 – 20
y= 5 = –3.02 y= 5 = –2.996
1.96 + 33.02 – 3 2.01 + 32.996 – 3
z= 8 = 1.00 z= 8 = 1.00
From iteration IV and V the value of x, y and z are nearly equal to 2, –3 and 1
respectively.
 x = 2, y = –3 and z = 1
c. Here, Given equations are
5x1 + 2x2 + x3 = 12 ... ... ... (i)
x1 + 4x2 + 2x3 = 15 ... ... ... (ii)
x1 + 2x2 + 5x3 = 20 ... ... ... (iii)
from equation (i), (ii) and (iii)
12 – 2x2 – x3 15 – 2x3 – x1 20 – x1 – 2x2
x1 = 5 x2 = 4 x3 = 5
Initially, x2 = 0, x3 = 0
Iteration I
12 15 – 20 – 2.4
x1 = 5 = 2.4 x2 = 4 = 3.15
20 – 2.4 – 23.15
x3 = 5 = 2.26
Iteration II
12 – 2×3.15 – 2.26 15 – 22.26 – 0.69
x1 = 5 = 0.69 x2 = 4 = 2.45

20 – 0.69 – 22.45
x3 = 5 = 2.88
Iteration III
12 – 2×2.45 – 2.88 15 – 22.88 – 0.84
x1 = 5 = 0.84 x2 = 4 = 2.1

20 – 0.84 – 22.1
x3 = 5 = 2.99
Iteration IV
12 – 2×2.1 – 2.99 15 – 22.99 – 0.96
x1 = 5 = 0.96 x2 = 4 = 2.02
20 – 0.96 – 22.02
x3 = 5 = 3.00
Iteration V
12 – 2×2.02 – 3 15 – 23 – 0.99
x1 = 5 = 0.99 x2 = 4 = 2.00

20 – 0.99 – 22
x3 = 5 = 3.00
From iteration IV and V, the value of x1, x3 and x3 are nearly equal to 1, 2, 3
respectively.
 x1 = 1, x2 = 2, x3 = 3.
d. Here,
Given equation are
x + 10y + z = 6 10x + y + z = 6 x + y + 10z = 6
We can write the equations in
10x + y + z = 6 ... (i)
x + 10y + z= 6 ... (ii)
x + y + 10z = 6 ... (iii)
From equation (i), (ii) and (iii)
6–y–z 6–x–z 6–x–y
x= 10 , y= 10 , z= 10
Intially y = 0, z = 0
Iteration I Iteration II
6–0–0 6 – 0.54 – 0.486
x= 10 = 0.6 x= 10 = 0.49
6 – 0.6 – 0 6 – 0.49 – 0.48
y= 10 = 0.54 y= 10 = 0.5
6 – 0.6 – 0.54 6 – 0.49 – 0.5
z= 10 = 0.486 z= 10 = 0.5
From Iteration I and II, the value of x, y and z are nearly equal to 0.5, 0.5 and 0.5
respectively.
 x = 0.5, y = 0.5 and z = 0.5.
e. Here,
3x + y + z = 13 ... (i)
x – 4y – z = –14 ... (ii)
2x + 3y + 6z = 37 ... (iii)
from equation (i), (ii) and (iii)
13 – y – z x + 14 – z 37 – 2x – 3y
x= 3 y= 4 z= 6
Initially, y = 0, z = 0
Iteration I
13 4.33 + 14 – 0
x = 3 = 4.33 y= 4 = 4.58
37 – 24.33 – 34.58
z= 6 = 2.43
Iteration II
13 – 4.58 – 2.43 1.99 + 14 – 2.43
x= 3 = 1.99 y= 4 = 3.39
37 – 21.99 – 33.39
z= 6 = 3.80
Iteration III
13 – 3.39 – 3.80 1.9 + 14 – 3.80
x= 3 = 1.9 y= 4 = 3.025
37 – 21.9 – 33.025
z= 6 = 4.0
Iteration IV
13 – 3.025 – 4.0 1.99 + 14 – 4.0
x= 3 = 1.99 y= 4 = 2.9
37 – 21.99 – 32.9
z= 6 = 4.0
From iteration III and IV the value of x, y and z are nearly equal to 2, 3 and 4
respectively.
 x = 2, y = 3, z = 4.
3. Solve the following equations.
3x + 1.52y = 1
2x + 1.02y = 1
also discuss the ill conditioning when the coefficient of y in second equations
changed to 1.03.
Solution
Given equations are
3x + 1.52y = 1 ... ... ... (i)
2x + 1.02y = 1 ... ... ... (ii)
Multiplying by 2 in equation (i) and 3 in equation (ii) and subtracting equation
(ii) from equation (i)
6x + 3.04y = 2
6x + 3.06y = 3
– – –
–0.02y = –1
y = 50
Put the value of y in equation (i)
3x + 1.5250 = 1
or, 3x – 1–76
or, 3x = –75
 x = –25
If the coefficient of y in equation (ii) is changed to 1.03. Then,
3x + 1.52y = 1 ... ... ... (iii)
2x + 1.03y = 1 ... ... ... (iv)
Multiplying by 2 in equation (iii) and 3 in equation (iv) and subtracting equation
(iv) from equation (iii).
6x + 3.04y = 2
6x + 3.09y = 3
– – –
–0.05y = –1
 y = 20
Put the value of y in equation (iii)
3x + 1.5220 = 1
or, 3x = 1 – 30.4
or, 3x = – 29.4
 x = –9.8
It is observed that when a very small change in coefficient of y brings greater
change in its solution.
So, 3(–9.8) + 1.5220 – 1 = 0
2(–9.8) + 1.0220 – 1 = –0.2
which is very small, so it is ill conditioned.


 LINEAR PROGRAMMING PROBLEMS

1. Find the basic solution of the following system of equations.

a. x + 2y + z = 6 b. x + 2y + z = 4
4x + 3y + z = 12 2x + y + 5z = 5
Solution:
a. Here, given equations are x + y + z = 6 and 4x + 3y + z = 12
There are 3 variables and 2 equations so, there are two basic solution and one
non–basic.
Case – I: if z = 0, then,
x + y = 6 ... ... ... (i)
4x + 3y = 12 ... ... ... (ii)
Solving equation (i) and (ii)
12
 y = 5 (basic)
6
 x = 5 (basic)
 z = 0 (non–basic)
Case – II: if y = 0
x + z = 6 ... ... ... (iii)
4x + z = 12 ... ... ... (iv)
Solving (iii) and (iv)
 x = 2 (basic)
 z = 4 (basic)
 y = 0 (non–basic)
Case–III: if x = 0
y + z = 6 ... ... ... (v)
3y + z = 12 ... ... ... (vi)
Solving (v) and (vi)
 y = 6 (basic)
 z = –6 (basic)
 x = 0 (non basic)
b. Here, Given equations are
x + 2y + z = 4
2x + y + 5z = 5
There are 3 variables in 2 equations among them 2 are basic and 1 is non–
basic.
Case–I: if z = 0
x + 2y = 4 ... ... ... (i)
2x + y = 5 ... ... ... (ii)
Solving equation (i) and equation (ii)
 y = 1 (basic)
 x = 2 (basic)
 z = 0 (non–basic)
 Case–II: if y = 0
x + z = 4 ... ... ... (iii)
2x + 5z = 5 ... ... ... (v)
Solving (iii) and (iv)
 z = –1 (basic)
 y = 0 (non–basic)
 x = 3 (basic)
Case–III: if x = 0
2y + z = 4 ... ... ... (v)
y + 5z = 5 ... ... ... (vi)
Solving (v) and (vi)
2
 z = 3 (basic)
5
 y = 3 (basic)
 x = 0 (non–basic)
2. Find all basic feasible solutions of the following system of equations.
a. x + 2y – z = 3 b. 2x + 3y + z = 12
x–y+z=5 x + 2y – 3z = 5
Solution:
a. Given equations are
x + 2y – z = 3
x–y+z=5
There are 3 variables and 2 equations. So, among them 2 are basic and 1 is
non–basic.
Case–I: if z = 0
x + 2y = 3 ... ... ... (i)
x – y = 5 ... ... ... (ii)
Solving (i) and (ii)
13
 x = 3 (basic)
–2
 y = 3 (basic)
 z = 0 (non–basic)
Case–II: if y = 0
x – z = 3 ... ... ... (iii)
x + z = 5 ... ... ... (iv)
Solving (ii) and (i)
 x = 4 (basic)
 z = 1 (basic)
 y = 0 (non–basic)
Case–III: if x = 0
2y – z = 3 ... ... ... (v)
–y + z = 5 ... ... ... (vi)
Solving (v) and (vi)
 y = 8 (basic)
 z = 13 (basic)
  x = 0 (non–basic)
Since, the case II and III are non–negative, so they give basic feasible solution.
 The basic feasible solution are (4, 0, 1) and (0, 8, 13)
b. Here, the given equations are
2x + 3y + z = 12
x + 2y – 3z = 5
There are 3 variables and 2 equations. Among them 2 are basic and 1 is non–
basic.
Case–I: if z = 0
2x + 3y = 12 ... ... ... (i)
x + 2y = 5 ... ... ... (ii)
Solving (i) and (ii)
 y = –2 (basic)
 x = 9 (basic)
 z = 0 (non–basic)
Case–II: if y = 0
2x + z = 12 ... ... ... (iii)
x – 3z = 5 ... ... ... (iv)
Solving (iii) and (iv)
2
 z = 7 (basic)
41
 x = 7 (basic)
 y = 0 (non–basic)
Case III: If x = 0,
3y + z = 12 .... (v)
2y – 3z = 5 .... (vi)
solving (v) and (vi), we get
41 9
y = 11 and z = 11
Since, the cases II and III are non–negative, so the basic feasible solution are
41 2 41 9
( ) (
7 ‚ 0‚ 7 and 0‚ 11‚ 11 )
3. Express the following LP in standard form. Also find the optimal solution
using simplex method.
a. Max. Z = 7x1 + 5x2 b. Max. Z = 9x + y
Subject to x1 + 2x2  6 Subject to
4x1 + 3x2  12 2x + y  8
x1 + 2x2  6 4x + 3y  18
x1, x2  0 x, y  0
c. Max. F = 2x1 + 5x2
Subject to 2x1 – 3x2  6,
x1 + x2  10
x1, x2  0
Solution:
a. Here, max. z = 7x1 + 5x2
Subject to x1 + 2x2 = 6
4x1 + 3x2  12
x1, x2  0
Introducting the slack – variable s1, s2 given LPP can be written as,
x1 + 2x2 + s1 = 6
4x1 + 3x2 + s2 = 12 and
z – 7x1 – 5x2 – 0.s1 – 0.s2 = 0, where x1, x2, s1, s2  0
The simplex tableau is;
Basic variables x1 x2 s1 s2 RHS
s1 1 2 1 0 6
s2  3 0 1 12
–7 –5 0 0 0
The most negativity entry is –7 so, x1 column is pivot column. Then,
6 12
1 = 6, 4 = 3
Here, 3 < 6 so, 4 is pivot element.
1
R2  4 R2
Basic variables x1 x2 s1 s2 RHS
s1 1 2 1 0 6
x1 1 3 0 1 3
4 4
–7 –5 0 0 0
R1  R1 – R2, R3  R3 + 7R2
Basic variables x1 x2 s1 s2 RHS
s1 0 5 1 –1 3
4 4
x1 1 3 0 1 3
4 4
1 7
0 0 21
4 4
Here, all the elements in last row are positive so, it is optimal solution.
Max. (Z) = 21 at x1 = 3, x2 = 0.
b. Here, max. z = 9x + y
Subject to 2x + y  8
4x + 3y  18
x, y  0
Introducting the slack – variable s1, s2 given LPP can be written as,
2x + y + s1 = 8
4x + 3y + s2 = 18
z – 9x – y – 0.s1 – 0.s2 = 0, where x, y, s1, s2  0
The simplex tableau is
Basic variables x y s1 s2 RHS
s1  1 1 0 8
s2 4 3 0 1 18
–9 –1 0 0 0
 8 18
The most negativity entry is –9 so, x column is pivot column. Then, 2 = 4, 4 =
4.5
Here, 2 is pivot element.
1
R1  2 R1
Basic variables x y s1 s2 RHS
1
x 1 2 0 4
2
s2 4 3 0 1 18
–9 –1 0 0 0
R2  R2 – 4R1
Basic variables x y s1 s2 RHS
x 1 1 1 0 4
2 2
s2 0 1 –2 1 2
–9 –1 0 0 0
R3  R3 + 9R1
Basic variables x y s1 s2 RHS
1 1 1 0 4
x
0 2 2 1 2
s2 1 –2
7 9
0 0 36
2 2
Here, all the element in R3 are positive so, it is optimal solution.
Max. (z) = 36 at x = 4, y = 0.
c. Here, max. F = 2x1 + 5x2
Subject to 2x1 – 3x2  6
x1 + x2  10
x1, x2  0
Introducting the slack – variable s1, s2 given LPP can be written as,
2x1 – 3x2 + s1 = 6
x1 + x2 + s2 = 10 and
F – 2x1 – 5x2 + 0.s1 + 0.s2 = 0, where x1, x2, s1, s2  0
The initial simplex tableau is;
Basic variables x1 x2 s1 s2 RHS
s1 2 –3 1 0 6
s2 1 1 0 1 10
–2 –5 0 0 0
6 10
The most negativity entry is –5 so, x2 column is pivot column. Then, –3 = – 2, 1 = 10.
Here, the least positive ratio is 10. So, 1 is the pivot element.
Now, R1  R1 + 3R2, R3  R3 + 5R1
Basic variables x y s1 s2 RHS
s1 5 0 1 3 36
x2 1 1 0 1 10
3 0 0 5 50
 Here, all the elements in last row are non–negative. So, the optimal solution is
obtained. Therefore, Max. (F) = 50, at x1 = 0 and x2 = 10.
4. By using simplex method find the maximum value of
a. Max. Z = 10x + 15y b. Max. Z = 2x + 3y
Subject to Subject to
x + 2y  20 x + 2y  10
x + y  16 2x + y  14
x, y  0 x, y  0
c. Max. Z = 3x + 5y d. Max. U = 4x1 + 4x2
Subject to the constraints Subject to the constraints
x + 2y < 5 x1 + 2x2  8
–2x + 3y > –7 – 2x1 + x2  – 6
x, y  0 x 1, x 2  0
e. Max. Z = 3x + 5y
Subject to the constraints
3x + 2y < 18
x4
y6
x, y  0
Solution:
a. Introducting the slack–variable s1, s2, the given LPP can be written as
x + 2y + s1 = 20
x + y + s2 = 16
z – 10x – 15y – 0.s1 – 0.s2 = 0
x, y, s1, s2  0
Basic variables x y s1 s2 RHS
s1 1 2 1 0 20

s2 1 1 0 1 16
–10 –15 0 0 0
Pivot element = 2
1
Applying R1  2 R1 we get,
Basic variables x y s1 s2 RHS
y 1 1 1 0 10
2 2
s2 1 1 0 1 16
–10 –15 0 0 0
Applying R1  R1 – R2 and R3  R3 + 15R2 we get,
Basic variables x y s1 s2 RHS
y 1 1 1 0 10
2 2
s2 1 0 1 1 6
–2
2
5 0 15 0 150
–2 2
 1
Pivot element = 2
Basic variables x y s1 s2 RHS
y 1 1 1 0 10
2 2
x 1 0 –1 2 12

5 0 15 0 150
– 21 2
1 5
Applying R1  R1 – 2 R2, R3  R3 + 2 R2 we get
Basic variables x y s1 s2 RHS
y 0 1 1 1 4
x 1 0 –1 2 12
0 0 5 5 180
Here, all the entries in the last row are non–negative so, we get a optimal
solution. Therefore, Max. Z = 180 at x = 12 and y = 4.
b. Here, max. z = 2x + 3y
Subject to x + 2y  10
2x + y =  14
x, y  0
Introducting the slack – variable s1, s2 given LPP can be written as,
x + 2y + s1 = 10
2x + y + s2 = 14 and
z – 2x – 3y – 0.s1 – 0.s2 = 0, where x, y, s1, s2  0
The initial simplex tableau;
Basic variables x y s1 s2 RHS
s1 1  1 0 10
s2 2 1 0 1 14
–2 –3 0 0 0
10 14
The most negativity entry is –3 so, y column is pivot column. Then, 2 = 5, 1 = 14
Here, 5 < 14 so 2 is pivot element.
1
R1  2 R1
Basic variables x y s1 s2 RHS
y 1 1
2 1 2 0 5
s2 2 1 0 1 14
–2 –3 0 0 0
R2  R1, R3  3R1
Basic variables x y s1 s2 RHS
y 1 1
1 0 5
2 2
3 –1
s2 0 1 9
2 2
1 3
–2 0
2
0 15
 All the values in last row is not positive. So, it is not optimal solution.
–1
Here, the most negativity entry is 2 so x column is pivot column. Then,
5 52 9 92
1 = 10 , 3 = 3 = 6
2 2
3
Here, 6 < 10 so, 2 is pivot element.
2
R2  3 R2
Basic variables x y s1 s2 RHS
1 1
y 1 0 5
2 2
–1 2
x 1 0 6
3 3
–1 3
0 0 15
2 2
–1 1
R1  R1 2 R2, R3  2 R2 + R3
Basic variables x y s1 s2 RHS
5 –1
y 0 1 2
6 3
–1 2
x 1 0 6
3 3
4 1
0 0 18
3 3
Here, all the elements in R3 are positive so, it is optimal solution.
Max. (z) = 18 at {x = 6, y = 2}
c. Introducing the slack–variable s1, s2, the given LPP can be written as
x + 2y + s1 = 5
2x – 3y + s2 = 7
x, y, s1, s2 0
and z – 3x – 5y – 0.s1 – 0.s2 = 0
The initial simplex tableau
Basic variables x y s1 s2 RHS
s1 1 2 1 0 5

s2 2 –3 0 1 7
–3 –5 0 0 0
Here, poivot element = 2
1
To make pivot element 1, applying R1 2 R1, we get
Basic variables x y s1 s2 RHS
y 1 1 1 0 5
2 2 2
s2 2 –3 0 1 7
–3 –5 0 0 0
 Applying R2  R2 + 3R1 and R3  R3 + 5R1, we get
Basic variables x y s1 s2 RHS
y 1 1 1 0 5
2 2 2
s2 7 0 3 1 29
2 2 2

1 0 5 0 25
–2 2 2
7
Pivot element = 2
2
Applying R2  7 R2 we get,
Basic variables x y s1 s2 RHS
y 1 1 1 0 5
2 2 2
x 1 0 3 2 29
7 7 7
1 0 5 0 25
–2 2 2
1 1
Applying R1  R1 – 2 R2 and R3  R3 + 2 R2 we get,
Basic variables x y s1 s2 RHS
y 0 1 2 1 3
7 7 7
x 1 0 3 2 29
7 7 7
0 0 19 1 102
7 7 7
Here, all the entries in the last row are non–negative. So, we get an optimal
102 29 3
solution. Therefore, Max. Z = 7 at x = 7 and y = 7 .
d. Here, max. U = 4x1 + 4x2
Subject to
x1 + 2x2  8
–2x1 + x2  – 6 i.e. 2x1 – x2  6
x1, x2  0
Introducting the slack variables s1, s2 given LPP can be written as,
x1 + 2x2 + s1 = 8
2x1 – x2 + s2 = 6 and
– 4x1 – 4x2 + 0.s1 + 0.s2 + U = 0, where x1, x2, s1, s2  0
The initial simplex tableau is;
Basic variables x1 x2 s1 s2 RHS
s1 1 2 1 0 8
s2 2 –1 0 1 6
–4 –4 0 0 0
Here, in last row the entries of both x1 and x2 columns are same and negative.
So, we can choose any one of them as pivot column. Let us take x2 column as
 8 6
pivot column. Then, 2 = 4, – 1 = – 6. The least positive ratio is 4. So, 2 is the
pivot element.
1
R1  2 R1
Basic variables x1 x2 s1 s2 RHS
x2 1 1 1
2 2 0 4
s2 2 –1 0 1 6
–4 –4 0 0 0
R2  R2 + R1, R3  R3 + 4R1
Basic variables x1 x2 s1 s2 RHS
x2 1 1
1 0 4
2 2
5 1
s2 0 1 10
2 2
–2 0 2 0 16
All the values in last row is not positive. So, it is not optimal solution.
Here, the most negativity entry is – 2. So x1 column is pivot column. Then,
4 10
1 = 8, 5 = 4
2 2
5
Here, 4 < 8. So, 2 is pivot element.
2
R2  5 R2
Basic variables x1 x2 s1 s2 RHS
1 1
x2 1 0 4
2 2
1 2
x1 1 0 4
5 5
` –2 0 2 0 16
1
R1  R1 – 2 R2, R3  R3 + 2R2
Basic variables x1 x2 s1 s2 RHS
2 –1
x2 0 1 2
5 5
1 2
x1 1 0 4
5 5
12 4
0 0 24
5 5
Here, all the elements in last row are positive. So, the optimal solution is
obtained. Therefore, Max. U = 24 at x1 = 4 and x2 = 2.
e. Given LPP is
Max. z = 3x + 5y
subject to constraints
3x + 2y  18
x4
y6
x, y  0
By introducing three slack variables S1, S2 and S3 given LPP in standard form
can be written as
3x + 2y + S1 = 18
x + S2 = 4
y + S3 = 6
– 3x – 5y + z = 0
x, y, S1, S2, S3  0
The corresponding initial simplex tableau is
Basic variables x y S1 S2 S3 RHS Ratio
S1 3 2 1 0 0 18 18
2 =9
S2 1 0 0 1 0 4 4
0 = N.D
S3 0 0 0 1 6 6
1
1=6
–3 –5 0 0 0 0
The most negative entry on last row is – 5. So, y–column is the pivot column.
Also, the least positive ratio is 6. So, S3 – row is the pivot row and hence 1 is
the pivot element.
Applying R1  R1 – 2R3 and R4  R4 + 5R3
Basic variables x y S1 S2 S3 RHS Ratio
S1 3 0 1 0 –2 6 6
3=2
S2 1 0 0 1 0 4 4
1=4
y 0 1 0 0 1 6 6
0 = N.D.
–3 0 0 0 5 30
Again, the most negative entry on last row is – 3. So, x–column is the pivot
column. Also, the least positive ratio is 2. So, S 1 – row is the pivot row and
hence 3 is the pivot element.
R1
Applying R1  3
Basic variables x y S1 S2 S3 RHS
x 1 0 1 0 2 2
3 –3
S2 1 0 0 1 0 4
y 0 1 0 0 1 6
–3 0 0 0 5 30
Applying R2  R2 – R1 and R4  R4 + 3R1
 Basic variables x y S1 S2 S3 RHS
x 1 0 1 0 2 2
3 –3
S2 0 0 1 1 2 2
–3 3
y 0 1 0 0 1 6
0 0 1 0 3 36
Now, all the entries of last row become non–negative. So, given LPP is
optimised.
Hence, max. Z = 36 at x = 2 and y = 6.
5. One kind of cake takes 200 gm of flour and 25 gm of fat and another kind of
cake takes 100 gm of flour and 50 gm of fat. Suppose we want to make as
many cakes as possible but have only 4 kg of flour and 1.175 kg of fat
available, although there is no shortage of the various other ingredients. If the
profit on selling first and second kinds of cakes are Rs. 3 and Rs. 2 respectively.
a. Formulate the LP Problem
b. Express it into standard form
c. Solve the LP Problem by simplex method and find the maximum profit.
Solution:
Types of cakes Quality of Profit (Rs.)
Flour (gm) Fat (gm)
First 200 25 3
Second 100 50 2
Total 4000 1175
Let the number of first types of cake = x and the number of second type of
cake = y
Then the total quantity of flour = 200x + 100y
By given condition,
200x + 100y  4000  2x + y  40 …. (i)
Again the total quantity of fat = 25x + 50y
By given conditions
25x + 50y  1175  x + 2y  47 …. (ii)
Since x and y cannot be negative, so x  0, y  0.
Total profit = 3x + 2y
Objective function is
Maximize Z = 3x + 2y subject to
2x + y  40
x + 2y  47
x  0, y  0
Introducing the slack variable s1 and s2, the given LPP can be written as,
2x + y + s1 = 40
x + 2y + s2 = 47
Z – 3x – 2y = 0
x, y, s1, s2  0
 The initial simplex tableau is
Basic Variables x y s1 s2 RHS
s1 1 1 0 40
2
s2 1 2 0 1 47
–3 –2 0 0 0
Here, Pivot element = 2
1
To make the pivot element 1, applying R1  2 R1, we get
Basic Variables x y s1 s2 RHS
1 1
x 1 0 20
2 2
s2 1 2 0 1 47
–3 –2 0 0 0
Applying R2  R2 – R1 and R3  R3 + 3R1, we get
Basic Variables x y s1 s2 RHS
1 1
x 1 0 20
2 2
3 1
s2 0 – 1 27
2 2
1 3
0 – 0 60
2 2
3
Pivot element = 2
2
To make the pivot element 1, applying R2  3 R2, we get
Basic Variables x y s1 s2 RHS
1 1
x 1 0 20
2 2
1 2
y 0 1 – 18
3 3
1 3
0 – 0 60
2 2
1 1
Applying R1  R1 – 2 R2 and R3  R3 + 2R2 we get,
Basic Variables x y s1 s2 RHS
2 1
x 1 0 – 11
3 3
1 2
y 0 1 – 18
3 3
4 1
0 0 69
3 3
Since all the entries in the last row is non–negative. So, we get an optimal
solution. Hence, Max. Z = 69 at x = 11 and y = 18.
6. Two spare parts X and Y are to be produced. Each one has to go through two
processes A and B. Each of X has to spend 3 hours in A and 9 hours in B. Also
each of Y has to spend 4 hours in A and 4 hours in B. The time available for A
and B are at most 36 hours and 60 hours respectively. If the profit per unit of X
and Y are Rs. 50 and Rs. 60 respectively.
a. Formulate the LP Problem b. Express it into standard form
c. Solve the LP Problem by simplex method and find the maximum profit.
Solution:
Process Spare parts Total time available
X Y
A 3 4 36
B 9 4 60
Profit per unit Rs. 50 Rs. 60
Let the number of parts of the type x and y respectively. Then the formulation
of the above LP problem is given below.
Max profit (Z) = 50x + 60y subject to
3x + 4y  36,
9x + 4y  60
x, y  0
Introducing the slack variable s1 and s2, the given LPP can be written as,
3x + 4y + s1 = 36
9x + 4y + s2 = 60
z – 50x – 60y = 0
x, y, s1, s2  0
The initial simplex tableau is
Basic Variables x y s1 s2 RHS
s1 3 4 1 0 36
s2 9 4 0 1 60
–50 –60 0 0 0
Since, –60 is the most negative entry, so y–column is the pivot column. Again
36 60
since 4 = 9, 4 = 15 and 9 < 15, so s1–row is the pivot row, thus getting 4
(intersecting of y–column and s1–row) is the pivot entry.
1
Applying R1  4 R1, we get
Basic Variables x y s1 s2 RHS
3 1
y 1 0 9
4 4
s2 9 4 0 1 60
–50 –60 0 0 0
Applying R2  R2 – 4R1 and R3  R3 + 60R1, we get
Basic Variables x y s1 s2 RHS
3 1
y 1 0 9
4 4
s2 6 0 –1 1 24
–5 0 15 0 540
–5 is the only negative entry, so x–column is the pivot column. Again since,
9 24
3/4 = 12, 6 = 4 and 4 < 12, so s2–row is the pivot row, thus getting 6 is the
pivot entry.
 1
Applying R2  6 R2, we get
Basic Variables x y s1 s2 RHS
3 1
y 1 0 9
4 4
1 1
x 1 0 – 4
6 6
–5 0 15 0 540
3
Applying R1  R1 – 4 R2 and R3  R3 + 5R2 we get,
Basic Variable x y s1 s2 RHS
3 1
y 0 1 – 6
8 8
1 1
x 1 0 – 4
6 6
85 5
0 0 560
6 6
Since all the entries in the last row is non–negative. So, optimal solution is
obtained. Therefore, maximum value of Z = 560 at x =4, y = 6.
Checking: Max Z = 50x + 60y = 50  4 + 60  6 = 560


 STATICS: TRIANGLE LAW OF FORCES AND
LAMI'S THEOREM

1. D is the middle point of BC of the triangle ABC, show that the resultant of
forces represented by AB and AC represented by 2AD.
Solution:
By triangle low of vector addition, A
  
AD = AB + BD ... (i)
  
and AD = AC + CD
    
AD = AC – DC ... (ii) [∵BD = – DC]
 
= AC – BD ... (ii)
Adding (i) and (ii) we get B C
     D
2AD = AB + BD + AC – BD
  
2AD = AB + AC
  
 AB + AC = 2AD
  
Hence, 2AD is resultant of AB and AC.
2. ABCD is a parallelogram, a particle P is attracted towards A and C by forces
which are proportional to PA and PC respectively and repelled from B and D
by forces proportional to PB and PD, show that P is in equilibrium wherever it
is situated.
Solution:
A particle P is attracted by forces PA and PC and it is repelled from B and D by
 
forces BP and DP D
        C
Now PA + BP + DP + PC = DP + PA + BP + PC
     
= DA + BC (By triangle law) = CB + BC [∵ DA = CB]
 
= – BC + BC = 0
Hence, forces are in equilibrium. A
B
3. ABCD is a quadrilateral, and O is a point within it. If the forces represented by
OA, OB, OC, and OD are in equilibrium, show that O must be the point of
intersection of the lines joining the mid–points of the opposites of the
quadrilateral.
Solution:
We have
   
OA + OB + OC + OD = 0 (They are in equilibrium)
Let us suppose that Q, P, R and S be the mid–points of sides AB, BC, CD and
DA respectively.
We have to show forces are in equilibrium.
  
 RC = – RD, QA = – QB
   
D R
In ∆DOC, OD = OR + RD C
  
OC = OR + RC
 S P
∆ AOB, OA = OQ + QA O
and OB = OQ + QB
Adding all these, we get A Q B
         
OA + OB + OC + OD = 2OR + RD + RC + 2OQ + QA + QB
  
= 2(OR + OQ) + RD – RD + QB – QB = 0 [Since OR = – OQ]
   
Hence, OA, OB, OC, OD are in equilibrium.
4. The sides BC and DA of a quadrilateral ABCD are bisected in F and H
respectively. Show that if two forces parallel and equal to AB and DC act on a
particle, then the resultant is parallel to HF and equal to 2 HF.
Solution: D C
Let ABCD be a quadrilateral,
AH = HD, BF = FC H
    F
DC = DH + HF + FC ... (i)
   
AB = AH + HF + FB ... (ii) A B
Adding (i) and (ii), we get
        
AB + DC = DH + HF + FC + AH + HF + FB = DH +
   
AH + 2HF + FC + FB
       
= DH– HA+ 2HF + FC – BF = DH – DA + 2HF + FC – FC
     
= 2HF [∵AH = –HA, FB = – BF, DH = HA, FC = BF]
  
 AB + DC = 2HF
   
Hence, resultant of AB and DC is 2HF and it is parallel to HF.
5. If ABC is a triangle and D, E, F are the middle points of the sides BC, CA, AB
respectively. Show that the forces represented by the straight lines AD, BE, CF
are in equilibrium.
Solution:
Let ABC be a triangle. D, E, F are mid–points of sides BC, CA and AB
respectively.
     
 BD = DC, BF = FA, CE = EA A
We have to show AD, BE and CF are in equilibrium.
  
i.e. AD + BE + CF = 0
   E F
By triangle law, AD = AB + BD ... (i)
  
BE = CE + BC ... (ii) C B
   D
CF = CA + AF ... (iii)
Adding (i), (ii), and (iii), we get
        
AD + BE + CF = AB + BD + CE + BC + CA + AF
   1 1 1
= AB + BC + CA + 2 BC + 2 CA + 2 AB
   1    1   1
= AB + BA + 2 (BC + CA + AB) = 0 + 2 (BA + AB) = 0 + 2 (0) =
0
  
Hence, forced AD, BE, CF are in equilibrium.

6. ABC is a triangle and D is a point on BC such that BD: DC = 1 : 2. Show that

1 2
the resultant of the forces represented by 3 AC and 3 AB is represented by AD.
Solution:
Let ABC be a triangle and D is a point on BC. A
 
Such that BD : DC = 1 : 2

BD 1
 =2
DC
  B C
2 BD = DC ... (i) D
1 2 1   1   
Now, 3 AC + 3 AB = 3 (AC + 2AB) = 3 (AD + DC + 2AB)
1    1   
= 3 (AD + 2BD + 2 AB) = 3 [AD + 2 (AB + BD)]
1   1  
= 3 [AD + 2 AD] = 3 3 AD = AD proved.


1. Two forces at right angles balance a force of 10 N which makes an angle of
120 with one of them. Find the forces.
Solution:
Let two forces be P and Q acting along OA and OB respectively. Force of 10N
acts along OC.
 COA =  B
= 306 – 90 – 120

= 360 – 210 = 150 Q
By Lami's theorem, 90°
P Q R 120° A
= = O 
sin120 sin150 sin90 10N P

P Q 10 C
or, = = 1
sin120 sin150
P Q
or, = 1 = 10
3
2 2
2P
or, = 2Q = 10
3
2P
 = 10
3
P = 5 3 and 2Q = 10
Q=5
 hence, the forces be 5 and 5 3
2. Two men carry a weight of 50 N between two strings fixed to the weight. One
string is inclined at 30 to the vertical and the other at 60, find the tension of
each string.
Solution:
C
Let OA, OB, and OC be three forces such that B

W = 50N, T1 = tension in string, T2 = tension in string T1 T2
By Lami's theorem 30°
60°
W T1 T2
= = W = 50N
sin sin30 sin60
W T1 T2
sin270° = sin30 = sin60  = 360 – 90 – 270
50 T1 T2 A
–1 = 1 = 3
2 2
2T2
– 50 = 2T1 =
3
Now, 2T1 = – 50
2T2 –25
T1 = – 25 and = 50  T2 =
3 3
25
Therefore, tension in the string are 25N and N respectively.
3
3. AB is a light string 50 cm long; its upper end A is fastened to a fixed point, and
B is attached to a weight of 10 kg. Determine the force required to hold B at a
distance of 25 cm from the vertical through A, when the force is applied (a)
horizontally, (b) at right angles to AB.
Solution:
Let AB be a light string of length 50 cm and weight of 10 kg is attached to B i.e.
W = 10kg.
Let Horizontal distance EB = 25 cm
Let AE = x.
ABE = 
a. When force is applied horizontally along BC,
Suppose force required to hold B at distance of 25 cm is P.
x
 In ∆ ABE, sin  = 50
(50)2 – (25)2 2500 – 625 1875 25 3 3
sin = 50 = 50 = 50 = 50 = 2
 = 60
ABC = 180 – 60 = 120 Y
By Lami's theorem
A
W P T 50cm
= =
sing120 sin(90 + 60) sin(90) T
x
10 P
or, = =T  B P
sin120 cos60 E C
25cm 90°
10 P 20
or, = = = 2P
3 1 30 X DW
2 2
10 10 3
P= = 3
3
 b. When force acts at right angles to AB
 ABC = 90 Y
 ABD = 90 + 60 = 150 A
ABC = 90 50 C
P
CBD = 360 – 90 – 90 – 60 = 120 x T
By Lami's theorem, 25 
W P E
= B
sin90 sin(90 + 60)
10 P X
or, 1 = DW
cos60
P
or, 10 = 1
2
or, 10 = 2P  P = 5 kg wt.
4. A string ABCD hangs from fixed points A, D, carrying a weight of 12 kg at, B
and a weight W at C. AB is inclined at 60° to the horizontal, BC is horizontal
and CD is inclined at 30° to the horizontal. Find W.
Solution:
Let P be forcer along BC. A D
ABE = 60 + 90 = 150
T
EBE = 90, ABC = 120
BCE = 90, BCE = 150 60° B C 30°
Applying Lami's theorem at B, P 90°
P 12kg wt.
= E
sing(90 + 60) sin120
P 12 12kg FW
or, =
sin150 3
2
P 24
or, 1 =
3
2
24
or, 2P =
3
12 12 3
P= = 3 =4 3
3
Applying Lami's theorem at C,
W P
=
sin150 sin120
W P
or, 1 =
3
2 2
2P
or, 2W =
3
24 3
or, 2W =
3
4 3
W=
3
5. The strings of an inelastic and weightless string 17 cm long are attached to tow
points 13 cm apart in the same horizontal line and a weight of 4 N is attached
to string 5 cm from one end. Find the tension in each part of the string.
Solution:
Let AB = 13cm, AC = 5cm, BC = 12cm, weight = 40N.
Since,
(AC)2 + (BC)2 = (AB)2
52 + 122 = 132 B
13cm C
Hence ACB = 90 A B
T
Suppose weight of 4N be acting vertically downward G E 
T1
at C along CD, we produce DC to meet AB at E. 5cm T2
R O 
Let ACE =   12cm
r F
 BCE = 90 –  D
C 90°+ 
and CBE will also be .
Let T1 and T2 be tensions in the strings along AC and BC. 4N
D
E A
By Lami's theorem W = 3N
T1 T2 W
= =
sin(90 + ) sin(180 – ) sin90
T1 T2 4
or, = =
cos sin 1
 T1 = 4 cos  ...(i)
and T2 = 4 sin  ...(ii)
From ∆ABC,
BC
cos  = AB
12 5
cos  = 13 and sin  = 13
so, from (i)
12 48 5 20
T1 = 4  13 = 13 = 3.69N and T2 = 4sin  = 4  13 = 13 = 1.54N.

6. Forces P, Q, R are acting along OA, OB, OC, where O is the circum–center of
the triangle ABC, are in equilibrium. show that
P Q R P Q R
a. sin 2A = sin 2B = sin 2C b. a cos A = b cos B = c cos C
Solution:
Let O be the circum centre of triangle ABC, since angle at O are double of the
corresponding angles at the circumference. A
 BOA = 2C
AOC = 2B ... (i) P
BOC = 2A O
Q
a. Now, by Lami's theorem, we have
R
P Q R B C
sinBOC = sinAOC = sinAOB
P Q R
sin2A = sin2B = sin2C
b. From (a)
P Q R P Q R
sin2A = sin2B = sin2C  2sinA cosA = 2sinB cosB = 2sinC cosC
P Q R P Q R
 (2R sinA) cosA = (2R sinB) cosB = (2R sinC) cosC  a cosA = b cosB = c cosC

7. A uniform sphere of weight 3 N rests in contact with a smooth vertical wall. It

is supported by a string whose length equals the radius of sphere, joining the
point on the surface of the sphere to a point of the wall. Calculate the tension
in the string and reaction of the wall.
Solution:
Let AB be vertical wall.
Let O be control of sphere. R be the reaction of the wall on the sphere.
suppose T be tension on the string.
FOE = 90, DOE = 90
GC = r  OC = 2r
COF = 
OF r 1
 Cos = OC = 2r = 2
 = 60
 COE = 60 + 90 = 150
COD = 180 – 60 = 120
W T R
By Lami's theorem, sinCOD = sinODE = sinCOE
3 T R
= =
sin120 sin90 sin150
3 T R
= =1
3 1
2 2
2 3 = T = 2R
 T = 2 3 N. and R = 3 N.
A B
8. A uniform plane lamina in the form of a
rhombus, one of whose angles is 120, is P O 30° Q
supported by two forces P and Q, applied
at the point of intersection of the diagonals. 120°
30° 60°
The forces are applied in the directions of D C
the diagonals so that one side of the W
rhombus is horizontal. If P is greater, prove that P2 = 3Q2.
Solution:
Suppose the uniform plans Lamina in the form of rhombus be ABCE, whose
one angle BCD = 120
 ABC = ADC = 60
Let O be paint of intersection of diagonals, forces P and Q acts respectively
along OA and OB. They balance the weight W, which acts vertical downwards.
Now, resolving the forces horizontal, we have P cos60 = Q cos30

P 2 = Q.  2 
1 3
()  
P= 3 Q  P2 = 3Q2 proved.

 DYNAMICS

1. a. An average sized onion has a mass 50g. Find the weight of the apple in
Newton? (g = 9.8m/s2)
b. A bicycle of mass 20 kg is accelerated at 2m/sec2. Find the force acting on
it.
c. Find the acceleration produced when a force of 5hg wt. acts on a mass of 1
kg.
Solution:
50 b. Here, mass (m) = 20kg
a. Here, mass (m) = 50g = 100 kg =
Acceleration (a) = 2 m/s2
0.05 kg Force (f) = ?
g = 9.8 m/s2  f = ma = 20  2 = 40N
Weight (w) = ?
 w = mg = 0.05  9.8 = 0.49N
Ans.
c. Here, acceleration (a) = ?
Force (f) = 5kg = 50N
Mass (m) = 1kg
 F = ma
f 50
or, a = m = 1
 a = 50 m/s2
2. a. A bicycle has mass 50kg.If its velocity increases from 2m/sec to 5m/sec in
6 seconds, find the force exerted on it.
b. A body of mass 10kg falling from a certain height is brought to rest after
striking the ground with a speed of 5m/sec. If the resistance force of the
ground is 200N, find the duration of contact.
c. A car is pushed on a frictional smooth plane with an average force of 50N
for 10 sec. If the car with mass 500 kg is at rest in the beginning, find the
velocity acquired by the car.
Solution:
a. Mass of bicycle (m) = 50 kg b. Here, mass of the body (m) = 10kg
Initial velocity (u) = 2 m/s Initial velocity (u) = 5m/s
Final velocity (v) = 5 m/s Final velocity (v) = 0
Time taken (t) = 6 sec Force on the ground (f) = 200N
Force exerted (f) = ? Duration of contact (t) = ?
m(v – u) 50(5 – 2) 50  3 Now, applying the formula, f =
 F= t = 6 = 6 = mv – mu
25N t
 F = 25N m(v – u) 10(0 – 5)
or, t = f = 200 = –0.25
 t = 0.25 sec
c. Here, Average force (f) = 50N Mass of car (m) = 500kg
Time taken (t) = 10 sec Initial velocity (u) = 0
Final velocity (v) = ?
m(v – u)
Now, we have, f = t
ft
or, v = m + u
50  10
or, v = 500 + 0
 v = 1 m/s
3. a. A horse directs a horizontal Jet of water, moving with a velocity of 30
m/sec on a vertical wall. If the mass of water per second striking the wall
is 3kg/ sec, find the force on the wall.
b. Sand allowed to fall vertically at a steady rate hits a horizontal floor with a
speed 0.04ms–1. If the force exerted on the floor is 0.004N, find the mass of
sand falling per second.
c. Rain drops falling vertically on ground at the rate of 0.3 kgs–1 come to rest
after hitting the ground. If the resistance force of the ground is 3N, find the
velocity of rain drops just before hitting the ground.
Solution:
b. Here, initial velocity (u) = 0
a. Mass of water per second (mt) = Fin al velocity (v) = 0.04 m/s
Force exerted on the floor (f) =
3kg/sec.
Initial velocity (u) = 30 m/s 0.004N
Final velocity (v) = 0 Mass of sand falling per second (m/t)
Force on the wall (f) = ? =?
mv – mu mv – mu m
Now, apply, f = Now, applying f = t = t (v – u)
t
m(v – u) m m f
or, f = = t (v–u) = 3(0–30) = – or, t = v – u
t
90 0.004
= (0.04 – 0) = 0.1
 f = 90N
m
 t = 0.1 kg/s
 Mass of sand falling per second =
0.1kg/sec
m
()
c. Quantity of rain falling per second t = 0.3 kg/s
Force of the ground (f) = 3N
Velocity before hitting the ground (u) = ?
Velocity after hitting the ground (v) = 0
We know,
mv – mu m
f= t = t (v – u)
or, 3 = 0.3 (0 – u)
or, u = –10 m/s
 u = 10 m/s
4. a. A force 1 kg wt. acts on a body continuously for seconds and causes it to
describe one metre in that time, find the mass of the body.
b. A body of, mass 25kg is acted upon by a force of 200N. How long will it
take to move the body from rest through 64m?
c. A force of 520N acting on a body for 30 secs increases its velocity from 290
m/sec to 350 m/sec. Find the mass of the body.
d. A bullet of mass 20g fired into a wall with a velocity of 30m/sec loses its
velocity in penetrating into a wall through 3cms. Find the average force
exerted by the wall.
e. How large a force required to bring a motorbike of mass 500 kg moving
with a velocity of 50ms–1 to rest at
i. a distance of 50m ii. in 10 secs
f. A constant force of 20N acting on an object reduces if velocity from 30ms–1
to 10ms–1 in 3 secs. Find the mass of the object.
g. A car of mass 1000 kg travelling at 36 km/hr is brought to rest over a
distance of 20m. Find the average braking force.
h. Find the velocity of a 5kg shot that will just penetrate through a wall 20
cms thick the resistance being 40 tons wt.
Solution:
a. Suppose m be the mass of an b. Mass of body (m) = 25kg
object and a be the acceleration. So Force (f) = 200N
that Time taken (t) = ?
f = ma [ f = Initial velocity (u) = 0
19.8 = 9.8N] Distance covered (s) = 64m
or, 9.8 = ma we have, f = ma
9.8 f 200
or, a = m or, a = m = 25 = 8
1  a = 8 m/s2
Now, s = 2 at2 1
Now, s = ut + 2 at2
1 9.8
or, l = 2  m  10 2
1
or, 64 = 0 + 2  8  t2
9.8  50
or, l = m or, 4t2 = 64
or, m = 490 kg or, t2 = 16
 t = 4 sec
c. Here, force (f) = 520N d. Mass of bullet (m) = 20gms = 0.02 kg
Time (t) = 30 sec Initial velocity (u) = 30 m/s
Initial velocity (u) = 290 m/s Distance (s) = 3 cms = 0.03m
Final velocity (v) = 350 m/s Average force (f) = ?
Mass of body (m) = ? Final velocity (v) = 0
m(v – u)  Applying, v2 = u2 + 2as
We have, f = t or, 0 = 302 + 2a  0.03
ft 520  30 520  30 or, –900 = 0.06a
or, m = v – u = 350 – 290 = 60 =
900
or, a = – 0.06 = –15000
260
 m = 260 kg  a = –15,000 m/s2
Now, force, f = ma = 0.02(–15,000)
= –300
 f = 300N
e. Mass of motor bike (m) = 500kg f. Force (f) = 20N
Initial velocity (u) = 50m/s Initial velocity (u) = 30 m/s
Final velocity (v) = 0 Final velocity (v) = 10 m/s
Force (f) = ? Time taken (t) = 3 sec
(i) A distance of 50m Mass (m) = ?
Since, s = 50m m(v – u)
 F=
Now, using, v2 = u2 + 2as t
or, 02 = 502 + 2a  50 Ft 20  3 20  3
or, 2500 = 100a or, m = v – u = (10 – 30) = –20
or, a = –25 where a is retardation  m = 3kg
 a = 25 m/s2
 f = massretardation = 50025 =
12500N
(ii) In 10 seconds
Now, v = u + at
or, 0 = 50 + a10
or, 10a = –50
a = –5 m/s2, where a is retardation
 f = mass  retardation
= 500  5
= 2500 N
g. Final velocity (v) = 0
Distance (s) = 20m
Average force (f) = ?
We have,
 v2 = u2 + 2as
or, 02 = 102 + 2.a  20
or, –100 = 40a
100
or, a = – 40 = –2.5 m/s2 where a is retardation.
Now, f = mass  retardation = 1000  2.5 = 2,500N
h. Mass of shot (m) = 5kg
Penetrating space (S) = 20cms = 0.2m
Resistance (f) = 40 tones = 4010009.8N
If a is the retardation produced by the wall then, f = –ma
f
or, a = – m
40  1000  9.8
=– 5 = –78400 m/s2
Let u is initial velocity and v be final velocity then u = 2, v = 0
Using the formula,
v2 = u2 + 2as
or, 02 = u2 + 2(–78400)  0.2
or, u2 = 31,360
or, u = 31360
 u = 177.08 m/s
5. Find the velocity of 4 kg shot that will just penetrate through a wall 16 cms
thick, the resistance being 4 metric tons weight.
Solution:
Here, mass of the shot (m) = 4kg
Penetrated space (S) = 16cms = 0.16m
Resistance (F) = 4 metric tons = 41,0009.8 = 392000N
If a is retardation produced by the wall then, F = –ma
F 39200
or, a = – m = – 4 = –9800 m/s2
Let u is the initial velocity and v is final velocity then, u = 2, v = 0
Using the formula, v2 = u2 + 2as
or, 02 = u2 + 2(–9800)  0.16
or, u2 = 3136
or, u = 3136  u = 56m/s
6. A resultant force of 25N acts on a mass of 0.5 kg starting from rest. Find.
a. the acceleration
b. the final velocity after 20 secs
c. the distance moved (g = 10 m/ sec2)
Solution:
Here, force acting (f) = 25N
Mass of body (m) = 0.50 kg
Initial velocity (u) = 0
a. The acceleration in ms–2
Now, f = ma
F 25
or, a = m = 0.50 = 50 m/s2
b. The final velocity after 20 sec.
 Let v be the velocity after 20 sec.
Then, using v = u + at
or, v = 0 + 50  20
 v = 1,000 m/s
Distance of penetration of the target
If a is the retardation of the system, then F = ma
F 72
 a = m = 0.006 = 12,000 m/s2
1 2 1
If S is the required distance of penetration of target then, s = at =  12,000  (0.01)2
2 2
 S = 0.6m
c. The distance moved in 20 sec.
If S is required distance moved in 20 sec.
1
Then, S = ut + 2 at2
1
or, S = 0 + 2  50  (20)2
or, S = 10,000m  S = 10km
7. a. A body of mass 20kg falls 10m form rest and is then brought to rest
penetrating 0.5 m into sand. Find the resistance of the sand on it in kg wt.
b. A mass of 4kg falls 200cms from rest and is then brought to rest by
penetrating 20cms into some sand. Find the average thrust of the sand on it.
Solution:
a. Mass of body (m) = 20kg
Distance covered (s) = 10m
Initial velocity (u) = 0
 v2 = u2 + 2gh  v2 = 20g ... ... ... (i)
The velocity given by (i) is reduced to zero when the body goes to 0.5m into
sand. If a is the retardation of the system then,
(0)2 = v2 – 2a0.5  a = v2  a = 20g m/s2
Let T be the average thrust of the sand on the body. Now, when the body is
penetrating into the sand, then the force acting on the body are
a. A force TN of the sand acting upward
b. The weight 20gN of the body acting downward.
Resultant upward force = (T – 20g)N
Then applying Newton's second law of motion, we have,
or, T – mg = ma
or, T – 20g = 20ln
or, T = 20g + 200g
 T = 220 kgwt
b. Suppose V is the velocity of the body when it falls 200cms from rest under
gravity.
Then u = 0, v = v, h = 2m
or, v2 = u2 + 2gh
 v2 = 0 + 2g  2  v2 = 4g ... ... ... (i)
The velocity given by (i) is reduced to zero when the body goes to 20cms =
0.2m into sand. If a is the retardation of the system, then
or, O2 = v2 – 2a0.2
v2 4g
or, a = 0.4 = 0.4 = 10g m/s2
Let T be the average thrust of the sand on the body.
Now when the body is penetrating into the sand, then the force acting on the body are
a. A force TN of the sand acting upward
b. The weight 4gN of the body acting downward
 Resultant upward thrust = (T – 4g)N
Then apply Newton's second law of motion,
T – mg = ma
or, T = 4g = 410g
or, T = 40g  T = 40kg wt
8. A bullet of mass 0.006 kg travelling at 120 m/sec penetrates deeply into a fixed
target & is brought to rest in 0.01 secs. Calculate.
The average retarding force exerted on the bullet. (g = 10ms–2)
Solution:
Mass of the bullet (m) = 0.006kg Final velocity of the bullet (v) = 120m/s
Time taken (t) = 0.01 sec. Initial velocity (u) = 0
If F be the average retarding force on bullet then,
Change in momentum m(v–u) 0.006  (120 – 0)
F= Time taken = t = 0.01 = 72N
9. a. A bullet of mass 0.02 kg ejected out of a rifle of mass 10 kg with a speed of
1000m/sec. What will be the speed of the recoil of rifle?
b. A gun weighing 10 kg fires a bullet of 10g with a velocity of 330ms –1. With
what velocity does the gun recoil? What is the resultant momentum of the
gun and the bullet before firing?
c. A shot of mass 700 kg is fired with a velocity of 600 m/sec from a gun of
mass 40 metric tons. If the recoil be resisted by a constant force equal to the
weight of 200 metric tons, through how many metres will the gun recoil?

d. A shot whose mass is 10 kg is discharged by a 5 metric ton gun with a

velocity of 245m/sec. Find the constant force which would be required to
1
stop the recoil of the gun in 14 seconds.
e. A shot of 400 kg is discharged by a gun of 80 metric tons with a velocity of
400 m/sec. Find the constant force which would be required to stop the
recoil of the gun in 2 metres.
f. A shot where mass is 40 kg is discharged from a 7,000 kg gun with velocity
of 140 ms–1. Find the constant force which acts on the gun would stop it
after a recoil of 6.4m.
g. A bullet of mass 2kg is fired from a gun of mass 100 kg with a velocity
250m/sec. Find the recoil velocity of the gun.
Solution:
a. Mass of bullet (M) = 0.02kg
Mass of rifle (m) = 10kg
Muzzle velocity of bullet (v) = 1,000 m/s
Recoil velocity of rifle (v) = ?
We know,
Mass of the bullet  Muzzle velocity = Mass of rifle  Recoil velocity
or, 0.02  1,000 = 10v
0.2  1‚000
or, v = 10 = 20 m/s
b. Here, momentum of the bullet = mv = 3300.1
Momentum of the gun = Mv = 10v
 Momentum of bullet = Momentum of gun
or, 330  0.1 = 10v
3300.1
or, v = 10 = 3.3 m/s
Since initial velocity of gun and bullet = 0 m/s
Total momentum before firing = mu + Mu = 0.10 + 100 = 0
c. Here, m = Mass of shot = 700kg
v = Velocity of shot = 600 m/s
M = Mass of the gun = 40 metric tons = (401000)kg
v = Velocity of the gun = ?
Momentum of the shut = mv = 700  600
Momentum of the gun = Mv = (40  1000) v
By the principal of conservation of linear momentum.
Momentum of shot = momentum of gun (in magnitude)
 or, 700  600 = (40  1000)v
700  600
or, v = = 10.5 m/s
40  1000
 Velocity of gun = 109.5 m/s
d. Let v be the recoil velocity of the gun
Then moment of the shut = 10245
Momentum of the gun = 5000  v
But we know momentum of the shot = Momentum of the gun
or, 10  245 = 5000  v
or, v = 0.49 m/s
The gun recoils with velocity 0.49 m/s. Apply a constant force to the gun so
5
that it will stop after recoiling at time 1 = 4 seconds.
v
Let a be the retardation then 0 = v – at  a = t
If f is required constant force to be applied then,
v 5000  0.49 5000  0.49  4
f = ma = m  t = 5/4 = 5 = 1960N
e. Let v be the velocity of the gun then momentum of the shot = 400  400
Momentum of the gun = 80,000  v
 Momentum of gun = Momentum of shot
or, 80,000  v = 400  400
or, v = 2 m/s
The gun recoils with velocity 2 m/s. Applying a constant force to the gun so
that it will stop after recoiling at distance 2 meters.
v2
 Let a be the retardation, then 02 = v2 – 2as  a = 25
If f is the required constant force to be applied then,
v2 22
f = ma = m  25 = 80,000  = 80,000N
22
f. Let v be the recoil velocity at the gun then, momentum of the shot = 40  140
Momentum of the gun = 7,000  v
But, momentum of gun = Momentum of shot 7,000  v = 40  140
or, v = 0.8 m/s
The gun recoil with velocity 0.8 m/s. Applying a constant force to the gun so
that it wll stop after recoiling at distance 6.4m.
Let a be the retardation, then,
v2
02 = v2 – 2as  a = 25
If f be the required constant force to be applied then,
(0.8)2
f = ma = 7,000  = 350N
2  6.4
g. Let v be the recoil velocity at gun then momentum of bullet = 2  250
Momentum of gun = 100  v
But, momentum of gun = Momentum of bullet
100  v = 2  250
v = 5 m/s
1. A ball is thrown with a velocity of 98 m/sec at an elevation of 30°, find
a. the horizontal range,
b. time of light
c. magnitude and direction of the velocity after 2 seconds.
d. position after 2 seconds.
90m/s
Solution:
Initial velocity (u) = 98m/s
Angle of elevation () = 30o
u2 sin2 
a. Horizontal range (R) = g
30o
(98)2 . sin2.30 9604  50.866
= 10 = 10 = 831.7m
2u sin 2  98  sin30o
b. Time of flight (T) = g = 10 = 9.8 sec
c. Let v be the striking velocity of the ball making an angle  with horizontal.
98 3
 vx = horizontal component = vcos = 98.cos30o = 2 = 49 3 m
98
vy = vertical component = u sin – gt = 98 sin30o – 102 = 2 – 20 = 49 – 20 =
29m
 Now, v2 = vx2 + vy2 = (49 3)2 – (29)2 = 7202.58 – 841 = 6361.58
 v = 79.76 m/s
vy 29
Direction, Tan = v = = 0.342
x 49 3
 = Tan–1 (0.342)
 = 20o
d. If (x, y) be position of projectile after time t = 2 sec
3
 x = ucos t = 98  cos30o  2 = 98  2  2 = 98 3 m
1 1
y = usin t – 2 gt2 = 98  sin30o  2 – 2  10  22
1 40
= 98  2  2 – 2 = 98 – 20 = 78m

 Position (x, y) = (98 3, 78)

2. a. Find the velocity and the direction of projection of a shot which passes in a
horizontal direction just over the top of a wall which is 250 m off and 125m
high (g = 9.8ms–2]
b. A shot is seen to pass horizontally just over a vertical wall 64m high and
96m off. Find the magnitude and direction of the velocity of the shot with
which it was fired.
Solution:
a. Let u be the velocity of the projection of a shot making an angle  with the
horizon. Since the shot just passes the top of the building, it moves
horizontally.
  Max. height (H) = 125m
Horizontal range (R) = 2  250m = 500m u
u2 sin2 u2 sin2
 H = 2g  125 = 2g ... ... ... (i)
u2 sin2 u2 sin2
and, R = g  500 = g ... ... ... (ii)
125m
Dividing (i) by (ii) 
1 sin2
4 = 2sin . cos  Tan = 1 = Tan45   = 45
o o 250m

Velocity of projection:
u2
Substituting the value of  in (i)  125 = 2g     u2 = 500  9.8 = u = 70m/s
1 2
 2
2
b. The velocity of a particle when at its greatest height is 5 of its velocity when
at half its greatest height. Show that the angle of projection is 60 o.
Let u be the velocity and , angle of projection off a particle. Let H be the
H 2
greatest height. If v be the velocity at 2 , then the velocity at H is 5 v.
2
 5 v = u cos v 2
5 v
or, v2 = 2 u2 cos2 ... ... ... (i) 5

u2 sin2  H
Also, H = ... ... ... (ii) H/2
2g
H
And, v2 = u2 – 2g 2
5 u2 sin2 
or, 2 u2 cos2 = u2 – g 2g (From (i) and (ii)
5 sin 
2
or, 2 cos2 = 1 – 2
or, 5cos2 = 2 – sin2
or, 5 – 5sin2 = 2 – sin2
or, –4sin2 = –3
3
or, sin2 = 4
3
or, sin = 2
  = 60o
3. A projectile thrown from a point in a horizontal plane come back to the plane
in 4 secs at a distance of 58.8m from the point of projection, find the velocity of
the projectile.
Solution:
Here, time of projection (t) = 4 sec
Horizontal range (R) = 58.8m
Velocity of projection (u) = ?  h
Let  be the angle of projection, then 60m
We know,
 2 usin u2 sin2
t= g and R = g
2u sin v2 2sin cos
or, 4 = 10 60R = g
or, u sin = 20 ... ... ... (i) u2sin . cos = 300 ... ... ... (ii)
from (i) and (ii)
20 2 cos 3
( )
sin
sin.cos = 300 
sin 4
=
4 4
or, tan = 3 ,  sin = 5
Substituting the value of sin in (i)
usin = 20
4
u . 5 = 20  u = 25 m/s

4. Find the angle of projection when the range on a horizontal plane is 4 times the
greatest height attained.
Solution:
Angle of projection () = ?
Given, Horizontal range = 4 maximum height
u2 sin2  u2 sin2
or, g = 4 . 2g
4sin2
or, 2sin.cos = 2
sin
or, 1 =  Tan = Tan45o
cos
  = 45o
5. The horizontal range of a projectile is 4 3 times its maximum height. Find the
angle of projection.
Solution:
Angle of projection () = ?
Given, Horizontal range = 4 3 max. height
u2 sin2 u2 sin2
g = 4 3 2g
or, 2sin.cos = 2 3 sin2
1
or, tan = = tan30o
3
  = 30o
6. From the top of a tower 144m high, a particle is
projected horizontally with a velocity of 60m/sec. 60m/
Find its velocity when it reaches the ground. s
Solution: 14
Here, for horizontal projectile, just before hitting the 4
ground,
hmax = 144m
u = 60m/s, v = ?, g = 10m/s2 
v v
Let T = time of flight
x y
 v = Velocity with which it hits the ground

 = angle made by v with positive x–axis
Now,
ux = u = 60m/s, uy = 0
vx = ux = 60m/s, vy = uy + gT = 0 + gT
2H 2  144
We have, T = g = 10
T = 5.37 sec
Again, we have, v = vx2 + vy2 = u2 + (gT)2
= (60)2 + (10  5.37)2 = 3600 + 53.7 = 60.45 m/s
7. A stone is projected from the top of a tower 72.5m high at an angle of 45°
which strikes the ground at a distance of 50m from the foot of the tower. Find
the velocity of projection.
Solution:
For horizontal projectile, just before hitting the ground hmax = 72.5m, R = 50m,
v = ?, g = 10m/s2,  = 45o.
Let u be the velocity with which body be projected t be the we taken by the
body to reach the ground. Now, taking upward direction as positive.
We have,
1
–h = usin . t – 2  10  t2
ut
or, –72.5 = 2 – 5t2 ... ... ... (i)
The particle hits at a distance of 50m from the base of the tower, so that
ut
s = u cos.t  = 50 ... ... ... (ii)
2
45o
from (i) and (ii)
u
50 2
–72.5 = 2 = 5t2
72.5m
–72.5 = 35.46 – 5t2
5t2 = 107.96
t2 = 21.59
o
t = 4.65 50m 45
Again, from (ii)
u  4.65 50 2
= 50 u = 4.65 = 15.21m/s
2
Hence, required projected velocity = 15.21 m/s
8. A ball is projected from a point with a velocity 64m/sec from the top of a
tower 128m high in direction making an angle 30° with the horizon. Find when
and at what distance from the foot of the tower it will strike the ground.
Here, initial velocity (u) = 64 m/s 64 m/s
Angle of projection () = 30o
Height fallen (H) = 128m
128m
Time of flight (T) = ?
Horizontal range (R) = ?
We have, o
12 30
 1 2H 2  128
H = 2 gT2  T = g = 10 = 5.06 sec
Horizontal range (R) = uT
= 645.06 = 323.8m
9. A canon ball has the same range R on a horizontal plane for two different
angles of projection. If H and H' are the greatest heights and t 1 and t2 are the
time of flights in two paths for which this is possible, prove that
1
a. R2 = 16 HH' b. R = 2 gtt'
Solution:
a. Let  and 1 be two different angle of projections having the same range R.
u2 sin2 u2 sin21
R= g = g
sin 
2
or, = sin21
2
or, 2 = 180 – 21   = 90 – 1
u2 sin2 u2 sin2 (90 – ) u2 cos2
So, that, H = 2g and, H1 = 2g = 2g
2usin 2usin (90 – ) 2u cos
t1 = g and t2 = g = g

(u sing ) = u 4 sing. cos 

2 2 2 2 2
Now, R2 = 2

u2sin2 u2 cos2 u2 sin2 u2 cos2

=4 g . g = 4.4 2g . 2g = 16HH, Hence proved.
u sin  u . 2sin.cos 1 2u sin 2u cos 1 1
2 2 2 2
b. Again, R = g = g = 2g g  g = 2 gtt Hence
proved.
10. A particle is projected with a velocity u. If the greatest height attained by the
particle be H, prove that the range R on the horizontal plane through the point
of projection is

R=4 H ( u2
2g – H )
Solution:
If  is the angle of projection, then
u2 sin
H = greatest height = 2g
u2 sin2
and, R = horizontal range = g
u2 u2 u2 sin2 u2 (1–sin2) u2 cos2
Then, 2g – H = 2g – 2g = 2g = 2g
u2 u2 sin2 u2 cos2 4 . u2 sin. cos u2 sin2
Now, 4 (
H 2g – H )=4 2g . 2g = 2g = g =R

u2
 R=4 (
H 2g – H )
11. If R be the horizontal range and T, the time of flight of a projection, show that
gT2
tan  = 2R , where  is the angle of projection.

Solution:
Let u be the velocity of the projection, then
We know,
u2 sin2
R = horizontal range = g ... ... ... (i)
2u sin
T = time of flight = g ... ... ... (ii)
from (i) and (ii)
gT2 2 usin 2 g.4u2 sin2 4u2 sin2
2R = g ( g
2
) = g =
4u2 sin.cos
= tan
gT
 Tan = 2R Hence proved.

12. A ball is projected with a velocity of 49m/s, find the two directions along
which the ball must be projected so as to have arrange of 122.5m.
Solution:
Here, u = 49 m/s, R = 122.5m
Angle of projection () = ?
u2 sin2
We know that, R = g
Rg 122.5  9.8
or, sin2 = u2 =
49  49
1
or, sin2 = 2
or, sin2 = sin30o or sin150o
  = 15o or, 75o
13. A body is thrown from the top of a tower 96m high with a velocity 80m/sec at
an angle of 30° above the horizon. Find the horizontal distance from the foot of
the tower to the point where it hits the ground.
Solution:
Here, 80m/s
Initial velocity (u) = 80 m/s
Height fallen (H) = 96m
96m
Time of flight (T) = ?
Horizontal range (R) = ?
vx
Angle of projection (Q) = 30o
1 5=R 30o
vy
We have, H = 2 gT2
v
2H
T = g
2  96
= 10
T = 4.38 sec
Horizontal range (R) = u.T = 80  4.38 = 350.54m
14. A ball thrown by a player from a height of 2m at an angle of 30° with the
horizon with a velocity of 18m/sec is caught by another player at a height of
0.4m from the ground. How far apart were the two players?
Solution:
Distance between the players (x) = ?
Initial velocity (u) = 18m/s
Angle () = 30o
Vertical distance to the traveler (y) = 2 – 0.4 = 1.6m
1gT2 18m/s
We have, y = 2 30o

2y 21.6
t2 = g = 10 , t = 0.57 sec 2m
 x = u.t = 18 0.57 = 10.18m

0.4m
x