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Chapter 2 covers the basic components and principles of electric circuits, including definitions of electrical circuits, active and passive elements, and key concepts such as charge, current, voltage, and power. It explains the relationships between these concepts, including Ohm's Law and the passive sign convention, and provides examples to illustrate calculations of voltage, current, and power in circuits. The chapter emphasizes the importance of understanding these fundamentals for analyzing and designing electrical systems.

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alzoubibashar255
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3 views

circuit

Chapter 2 covers the basic components and principles of electric circuits, including definitions of electrical circuits, active and passive elements, and key concepts such as charge, current, voltage, and power. It explains the relationships between these concepts, including Ohm's Law and the passive sign convention, and provides examples to illustrate calculations of voltage, current, and power in circuits. The chapter emphasizes the importance of understanding these fundamentals for analyzing and designing electrical systems.

Uploaded by

alzoubibashar255
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 2 Basic Components

and Electric Circuits

Definitions:
◦Electrical Circuit
◦Active & Passive Elements
◦Charge, Current, Voltage, & Power
Electrical circuit
An electrical circuit is the interconnection of
electrical elements.

Open circuit Closed circuit


Electrical elements are described as active or passive

◦ Active elements; they are capable of delivering power to


some external device.
◦ Passive elements are capable only of receiving power
◦ Example: resistors
◦ or to store finite amounts of energy and then return that
energy later.
◦ Example: inductors and capacitors

Supplies can be both active or passive


CURRENT
We define the current at a specific point and
flowing in a specified direction as the
instantaneous rate at which net positive charge is
moving past that point in the specified direction

The unit of current is the ampere (A),


Current direction is opposite of electrons direction.
I
e-

Fig. 2.1
“Charge After
flowing through a
wire…”

The SI unit of charge is the coulomb (C).


Current is the rate of flow of charge past a point.
The SI unit of current is the ampere (A).
One ampere is one coulomb per second.
Current definition must include a value and an arrow

Two different methods of labeling the same current.


Figs. 2.5 and 2.6

(a,b) Incomplete, improper, and incorrect definitions of a current.


(c) the correct definition of i1(t).
DC Vs AC I1(t)=Im
I1(t)=Im sin(wt)
Voltage VAB=

Voltage is a measure of the amount of energy required to move a quantity


of charge from one point in a circuit to another.
V=W/Q
If the expenditure of one joule of energy is required to move one coulomb
of charge from point A in a circuit to point B, then point A is one volt
higher in voltage than point B.

The unit of voltage is the volt (V) and one volt is one joule per coulomb.
The definition of any voltage must include a plus-minus sign pair!

(a, b) These are inadequate definitions of a (a, b) Terminal B is 5 V positive with


voltage. (c) A correct definition includes respect to terminal A; (c,d)
both a symbol for the variable and a plus- terminal A is 5 V positive with
minus symbol pair. respect to terminal B.

Figs. 2.9 and 2.10


Power
P=VI = J/C * C/s
Power unit is watt (W)
If one joule of energy is expended in transferring one
coulomb of charge through the device in one second,
then the rate of energy transfer is one watt
Negative absorbed power, is equivalent to positive
supplied power.
positive supplied power = active
positive absorbed power = passive
Passive sign convention

When the current arrow is directed into the


element at the plus-marked terminal, we
satisfy the passive sign convention

I(positive value)
Passive element
+ V(positive value) -
Cont..
Enter the + Leave the -
I(+ve) I(+ve)
Passive Passive
+ V(+ve) - - V(+ve) +

Enter the -
Leave the + I(+ve)
I(+ve)
Active Active
+ V(+ve) - - V(+ve) -

-ve current leave the + -ve current leave the + of –ve voltage
I(-ve) I(-ve)
Passive Active
+ V(+ve) - + V(-ve) -
Passive element:

Fig. 2.12
If the current arrow is directed into the “ +” marked terminal of
an element, then p = vi yields the absorbed power. A
negative value indicates that power is actually being
generated by the element.
If the current arrow is directed out of the “ +” terminal of an element,
then p = vi yields the supplied power. A negative value in this case
indicates that power is actually being absorbed instead of generated.
Example 2.1
Example 2.1
Step 1: Assume
Assume active or Passive
passive.

Step 2: P=VI
Determine the value (2)(3)=+6 W
and its sign

Step 3: +ve answer


Conclude =
Correct
assumption
Result 6 W absorbed
Example 2.1
Step 1: Assume
Assume active or Passive
passive.

Step 2: (-2)(-3)=+6 W
Determine the value
and its sign

Step 3: +ve answer


Conclude =
Correct
assumption
Result 6 W absorbed
Example 2.1
Step 1: Assume
Assume active or Passive
passive.

Step 2: (4)(-5)=-20
Determine the value
and its sign

Step 3: +-ve
Conclude answer =
Wrong
assumption
Result -20 W Absorbed
Solve practices
VOLTAGE AND CURRENT
SOURCES

Independent Voltage Sources


◦ a terminal voltage which is completely independent of the
current through it

Passive active
Symbol for: (a) DC voltage source;
(b) battery; (c) ac voltage source.
Figs. 2.16 - 2.18
+
V The current through the element is
- completely independent of
the voltage across it
Symbol for an
independent current
source.

The four different types


of dependent sources:
(a) current-controlled
current source;
(b) voltage-controlled
current source;
(c) voltage-controlled
voltage source;
(d) current-controlled
voltage source.
In the circuit below ,if v2 is known to be 3 V, find vL .

Example 2.2

Fig. 2.19
Find the power absorbed by each element in the circuit below.

Vx=-12 V
I=-3 A
For any circuit
Sum (supplied)=
Practice 2.9 Sum (absorbed)
Fig. 2.20
Ohm’s Law

v = i R
or
v
i =
R

Fig. 2.23
Resistance and Conductance
R is resistance to current flow.
The unit of resistance is the ohm (Ω) and one ohm
is one volt per amp.
R=V/I
G is conductance (the reciprocal of the resistance ).
The unit of conductance is the Siemens (S). One
Siemens is one amp per volt.
G=I/V=1/R
EXAMPLE 2.3
A 560 Ω resistor is connected to a circuit
which causes a current of 42.4 mA to flow
through it.
Calculate the voltage across the resistor and
the power it is dissipating.
𝑣 = 𝑅𝑖 = 560 × 0.0424 = 23.744 𝑉

Ans: 𝑝 = 𝑣𝑖 = 23.744 × 0.0424 = 1.007 𝑊


𝑣2 23.7442
Or 𝑝= = = 1.007 𝑊
𝑅 560

Or 𝑝 = 𝑖 2 𝑅 = 0.04242 × 560 = 1.007 𝑊


Example
The current is 1 A. Find for each
element:
1.The current direction
2.The voltage (value and polarity)
3.The power
=5Ω

=10 V

=5Ω
Example
1.The current direction

Since there is only one supply in the circuit ➔ Vs


is active ➔ current leave the plus sign ➔ current
is clock wise:
2.The voltage value for each resistor is given by
V=IR = 1 x 5 = 5 V
The polarity is determined by passive sign
convention:
◦ Passive=current enters “+” terminal
◦ Active=current enter “–” terminal (or leave +
terminal)
◦ Resistors are always passive:
3.Power is given by P=VI:
◦ P(supply)=10 x 1 = 10 W generated (because the
element is active)
◦ P(resistor1)= 5 x 1 = 5 W absorbed (because the
element is passive)
◦ P(resistor2)= 5 x 1 = 5 W absorbed
To check if the values are correct:
σ 𝑃𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = σ 𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑
10=5+5

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