Scribd
Upload
13 views

unit 5

The document discusses various techniques for measuring impulse voltage, including the use of CVTs and Hall effect sensors. It outlines the importance of high voltage testing for electrical apparatus to ensure they can withstand overvoltages caused by lightning and switching. Additionally, it covers definitions and classifications of voltage types, testing methods, and the effects of environmental factors like humidity on insulation performance.

Uploaded by

Harish Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
13 views

unit 5

The document discusses various techniques for measuring impulse voltage, including the use of CVTs and Hall effect sensors. It outlines the importance of high voltage testing for electrical apparatus to ensure they can withstand overvoltages caused by lightning and switching. Additionally, it covers definitions and classifications of voltage types, testing methods, and the effects of environmental factors like humidity on insulation performance.

Uploaded by

Harish Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15
- Tabula the 2 Discuss the various techniques forthe measurement of impulse voltage, With a neat sketch What is CVT? Explain 2 8 9. wo. 0, 2 2, - How D.C are measured using hall gvertrs? ih cage high cre nese ‘different types of voltage and currents. Ra Explain wih diagram the ny agra ho extended svesresistince for high AC "Explain with agra the pertng volume. xvii the principle of operon oan eloctosato for HVAC measurement. Wht ae he meri and Joni? through phasor gram how ated CVT can tn sbsaions Explin sphere gp for mesuremnt of high vols with diagrams Discs the ffet of humidity on he meas sing sphere paps "xplan potenti divider method of measrng impale vlugs. Explain the operation of pek resting vltnt. voltmeter Describe 8 new scheme of cureat Winsor messuremens Introducing electro-optical techniqe for EHV systems. Explain the construction and operation fffeent types of hunt. [Explain the operation of Faraday generator. ‘Draw schematic diagram showing the use of CRO for measuremeat of impulse voltage. Describe the operation ofthis cult, What ae the special tes tobe taken to achiove constant end acorat eu oo High Voltage Testing of Electrical Apparatus a TRODUCTION 15.4.4. Need of Testing for Over Vatages > High vokage testing of electra apart is extent to ena hit the electrical equipment is capable of wihssnding the over voages. > The over voltages may be either due wo atl causes ike Highning ‘wichng or power fequeney transient vokages. 32 DeRNTIONS, (9) Disruptive Discharge Vtiage Kis defined asthe voltage which produces the los of dilecre srength inwain. Wis tht volage at which the decal arom inthe insulation causes a failure which icles the colpee of voluge and pasape of euet. > In solid, his causes permanent os of strength an in guid aes ‘nly temporary losses may be camel. > When a dlacharge takes place Botwena So slectodee in gat or | Tigi over a soli surface in sir, itis alle la oper. > If the discharge coos tough soll insulation, itis called puncte. ( Mrubacand Voge ‘The voltage which has to be aplod to text objet under speci condo na wits testis called withstand voage. (6) Flash Over Voge ‘The vonage tat causes a fashover a each or is application under specified conto when appli set bjt (0 30% Pash Over Votioge > The voliage which has «pcb of 0M fash ovr, when apie LmvenewEme CC CCB Bee & High Voltage Engineering (6) Bunired Percent Flash Over Volage ‘Tho voltage, that causes # Nash over at each of is application under ‘specified conion when applied to tet objets at specified, is hundred Porent fash oer voltage, © Wet and Dry Power Frequency Test In these tes the voltage specified in the specications i applied under ‘dy or wer conditions fora speed period, The tet object shold witaand the voige. (©) Creepage Distance eis the shorst distance on the contour of the extemal uric ofthe {ncultor vit or between two metal Fitngs on he este. () A.C Test Votages > Alteating test voltages of poner foquncy should have a fequency age from 40 Hz o 60 Hz and shouldbe apprimaely sine wave. > The deviation alowed om the stand sine curve is about 7. The Impulse voltages are characterised by polarity, peak value, time to ‘rot (1), and time to ha the peak vale after the pk > The time o flout (1) is defined at 1.67 tines to time between 30% snd 90% ofthe peak vale in th sing potion of the wave, > The standard impale wave is defined coo wih ty = 12 ws, 41,= 50415. > The tolerances allowed ae 23% onthe pak value, 30% in the font time (1) and £20% inthe tail ane () {5 INDIAN AND INTERNATIONAL STANDARD SPEGIFIGATION “The international standard lighsing impulse volage waveshape i an aperiodic voltage impulse tat does not wrote zr ine which reaches is igh Voltage Testing of lca Appraas & > According t Indian Stand pein, hey ae: ‘Temperature: 2PC Pressure + 1019 milibars or 760 ort) ‘Absolute bumiity:17 gn? > According to British Standard specifications, they are: TTemperture = 20°C Pressure 1019 miibars (or 760 tr) Anca amity: 11 gv! (65% relative humidity at 20°C) > Sinoeit isnot always possible to test under these reference conditions, ‘comection factor have to he spied. > Teta om reg fe sei ive | ‘where, V, = Volage under atl test condition. Vg. = Voliage under reference stmospheric conditions, 1h = Humidity coeeton facto, and 1d = Ait density coretion fate. > Theair density conzction factor is given by, here, = Atmosphere pressure in milibars. 1 = Atmospheric emperatur in °C. > Humidity correction factor (h) i obtained fom the temperatures of a ‘wet and dry bulb themomter, by obtaining the absolute humidity and ‘then computing from the absolute humidity. 5.3.1. Classification of insulation of a Power System External insulation is. comprised of sir 0 porcelain, eto, such 0s conductoro-tower clearances of transmission lines or bus supports. Ifthe ‘Potential caused by lighting exceeds the strength of insulation, a fashover ‘or puncture ours, External insulation does nc cause damage fo equipment Internal insulation most foquenly consists of paper, oil ot other synthetic insulation which insulates H.V conductors from ground in @ snap mona es TimiTaneBevittveme __ 18} ED es rere 4, TESTING OF NOULATORS = Se eats next 1 eck the gual of he inva Trsultrs ae the elements whieh provide weconary insulation betwee tine conductors and suppects over) and thus preven ny leakage cre > Tent tes rede nse lb te indi These nd aly and conser of te omer wed in ei inate igh vole ss ince: @ The power frequency tests, and imple. ‘eit rte roth cere fe. 543, Power Frequency Test 1543.1. Dry and Wet Flashover Tests > I these tests, the A.C volage of power frequency is applied across the insulators and increased at» wifor rat of about 2 pecest per second of 5% ofthe estimated tex voltage. “The power frequency voltage is maintained fr one mime. The voltage fs then increased gradually unl Masher occurs, The insulator is then ‘ashod over at ea four more ties. Te volag is ised gradually to reach Aashover in shout 10 se. The play ofthe impulse voltage of 1/50 nsee ‘wave i reversed and procure is repeated. The mean of flash over vollage ‘ust not be less than the value specified in specification. Dry lash Over Test I the west is conducted under normal conditions without any in oF ‘recipaton itis called dy fash over et Wet Flash Over Voltage or Wet Wihstend Tet I the tests cari under conditions of artificial rin, it scaled wet an ” cya cael mm semen “yaaa ar OA. Type Te ore eck nda Scot md "> The spray is arranged such thatthe water drops fall approximately at an incintion of €5° othe vert peeeni ~asmnaoneooe??P @ ie ¥oage Eginring Daring the rainy period, we have to calculate the withstand capacity of the high voltage apparatus. ‘The chirasterisics of the spry (of) specications of water ae: (0) Precipitation rate: 3.41084 (m/min). (i) Direction + 4S tothe verte (4) Conductivity of water 100 micro siemens 410% (o) Water temperature: Ambien s154C > If more than two fish ver oocar on of five Mah over test, then the insulator is deemed ofave filed the ts. 64.3.2. Wet and Dry withstand Tests (One Minute) > In these tess, the tet voltage is applied under dry and wet conditions fora period of one minute with an insulator mounted as in service cenditons The et pce should withstand the specified voliape, 5.44, impule Tests pats tests are: (@) Impulse withstand vliage est (8) 50% dry impatse as over test () Polttion esting. Significance of imprise txt: To dterine the silty ofthe inslatien of ‘he transformers to withstand the ransen olags vet lighting. “These tests apply for equipment at voltages above 30 KV. 6.4.4.1. mpulse Withstand Voltage Test ‘This testis done by applying standard impalse voltage of 1/50 see wave ade dry conditions with buh psiive and negative polars of the wave, > IF five consecutive waves do not ease fash over or puncte, he Inulator is deomes to have passed the es. > If two applications ease lash over, the inultor i deemed to have fled. > If there is only one file, ational ten applications ofthe voltage ‘wave are made, > If the test object as withstod the subsequent applications, its said ih Vin Tang A eieel NOE a ‘Specifications of water: Precipitation rate = 3.410% mini Direction = 45°10 the verte! Contoity of water = 100 microsiemens 10% Ambient emperature = + 15°C ‘The inultor with 30% ofthe one-minute rin text voage is apled and sprayed rainwater fr two minutes, the voltage i mised tothe one mine ‘est voltage for 10S, and minted here for one minut, ‘Now voltage is increased gradually il fash over acu, > Insulator is fased at least four more ines, the time taken to reach ‘ash over voltage is about 10 se, > Flash over voltage Specified vale. 5.442. 60% Dry Impulse Flash Over Test 50% Dry impulse fash over test & done by applying standard impulse voltage of specified value under dry condition with both postive and negative polars ofthe wav. Hee the probability of hla is detrmined for 40% and 60% flr valves o 20% and 09% fire vale, since itis iit to adjust the test voltage forthe exact 50% Pash over vals. The average valus ofthe upper and lower limits is taken. > The insulator surface shoul nt be damaged by these et, but sight marking on its surface or chipping of ofthe cement i allowed. 5.443. Pollution Testing Pollution tests are important because ofthe following types of plains. (Dust, microorganisms, bird secretions, fs, te. (Go Industial smoke, petrleum vapours, dusts and other deposits Gi) Coasal pollution in which coresve and hygroscopic elt layers are deposited onthe insulator surfaces. i) Desert pollution in which sand storms cause deposition of sand and dust layers. (©) Im polar counties, le and fog deposit at high altitudes, ‘Those pollutions cause corosion, nomsniform gradients slong the Insulator surfaces, deterioration, pata discharge and radio itefeence, Salt Fog Test > Ith Mather ey He t0 Aaah higher nay °° A ne oh at ga ih 2 ca cit sly a which he ns tide ot es witout ove, thelr dodo have pod, Ste los ae mot wtf taping high cur, ey Inch lve er wt tg ot ho eso ost hance of sats nce nen eae 6:. characters o oltre Cre Breakers > Ructiclcharatersee They dries the acing oka th arent coping cua te rd oe the rt of dees of cnt he a pi the stan es in inert > Paysice! hernr “heya + Arcextngssting mei, + Pressure deveopd atte po oF tapon Speed of cont tt Neter of tet, © Sin of ti aig sant, {Mater acorn ote oo rien. eooee igh Voge Tsing of Elec Apporans Decrease inthe A.C component of the stort circuit curren D.C component ofthe short circuit caret. ‘58.2. Tests on isolators and Circutt Breakers “The tests ar: > Dielectric tet or over voltage txt (Pome freguency tet and impulse tes) > Temperature rise and mechanical test > Short cout tot 5.82.1. Dielectric Test or Over Vottage Test Power Frequency Test ‘The tas voge is applied for the period of ne minute between > Phases wit the breaker close. >> Phases and eanh with cro breaker open. > Acros the terminals with breaker open. ‘Theee power fequency test are made cn indoor swith Diclecrc tests are done on both closod and pea poston of the swich ‘sea Inthe open position, the test voltage levels are 15% grete than that fn closed position, hor sno flash over oocurs, then the switchgear i ud o have psd thotest Imputse Volage Tet 'n cutdor switchgear, the over votes are caused by lighting. So, we ‘uve todo both impats voltage est and switching sure tet. = ph Yop Eger Pe eae beh > The icing rp esta done n te ltr and ret brekey to mses their performance ander over olige det switching operation 165.22. Temperature Ride and Mechanical Tests Intempertr rics he ted cen psd conn 8 ng period, The tempus fading ar en by wing temnooune I the temperate within he pce vale te he sw car isa ave pessd ete ‘near! the cut eter not mst open hos ‘ho cree sped and perrm operations witout mechanical ale 55.23. Shor circu Test ‘Short cui tests are port tt cried out ici rakes. In rut breskers making capciy at varion lad curets and volage Breaking capacity at aro ad cues ndvolage ar conc. In aoa, them tet are wot import it sort cut teats ae conducted o deine te capa fee beaker a ried sto it “The sher cic tet ar: © Dinettes B © Sybetic tating % Compositing © Unitteing © Aqmmmetical © Diet Testing iret Testing nthe Neorks or Fld Tost ‘ict breakers ar teed fr tc ality w make or rea the cit under normal oad cendiens or shor iret codons. oom, , > Ciret breaker can be eed vader el lad cons > Breaking of charging cuenta ng wansision ines, lt cent inshore, tropton of sal bv caren can be etd. Pisadvansges igh Vote Tsing of lees Apparat Direct Testing in Laboratory ‘The basi clements ofa short icut testing laboratory is as shown in Fig2. Wt consists of shor cet testing generator, backup breaker, reactor, making switch, test device and current ranafonmer. ‘The shor cireit testing generator supplies curent to the cite. Induction mote may be used at prime rovers. The making witch iniies the shor cit. The master or backup breaker opens and isolates the tes, device fom th source generator she prdetrined time. ‘wor He = == aoa ip 5:2. Diet etngeqripment If the test device fails to operate propery, the master or back-p circuit breaker can te tripped and no curent flows though the test device. The _cunent wansfirmer used to mesure the cue trough the tet vie, © Synth Testing In sythetis testing, A.C current source supplis the heavy cure at low voltage and then the recovery voltage is simulated by a source of high crea ma eumetcapecty The utc ing gram fas howe 4 Attine 4, generar caret i zara ‘The care em Cy wll Dow dong ‘full voltage will be available, oa Ath int of eit raking he use is come adi ‘voltage sure spied by means ofan auilary beaker) et © Compose Tesing ‘The circuit breaker is Sint ted for i ted ai ‘doe voltage and hen ford watap at in cane ‘55. TESTING OF TRANSFORMERS een er ag ‘Transformers may be damaged due to transiont over vag of chime lightning or power frequency. So, over voltage test are important in the testing of transformers. The tats involved are: (©) Induced over volage tet | (6) Partial discharge test. ©) Impulse sostng, {66.1 Induced Over Votage Test ‘Transformers are teste for over voltages by exiting the secondary of the transformer from a high fequeney A.C souve to about twie herd voltage. The testis used to: “Reduce core setuntion, “Master breaker (1) is opened iri breaker ad the ns ty igh Vola Tig of lca Appar = 56.2, Partial Discharge Tests ‘The et ical own the windings ofthe tanstomer to ase ta ictarge magnitudes ante rao interference evel, ‘The weak pins in an ination ike wots, cracks und ote impere. ows ead oie discharges inthe insulate These peters ro Considered a power les. An sage dicharge tat partally tidy ts ket or insulating medi between two condiors is alle pati dlacarge, It may be ineroal discharge, sutice discharge aed corona sincarge. Parl discharge est on transfomer give infomation abou the regions fret stress imperfection ie he fabian, {the disctarge magia is rete than 108 pico coulomb, by applying ome equency tothe transformer, itis deemed 0 have filed. 58.3, Impulse Testing of Transformers pulse tenting of transformers i wed to determine the ability ofthe ‘insulation to withstand the kaasient voltages du fo iahning ‘The equivalent circuit of a tansfonner winding fr impale isa sown inFigsa, By srnving impute vokages, the dition of volage in he network ‘snot uniform snd olen are produced which have a magnitde higher L = Indice Cy Setfemciance © = Greandeanactince Se ie Oa High Vong Procedure Fig5.5 shows the schematic digram of transformer conection impairs Imprse testing cam be done by the following steps: + One full wave voltage of 100% BIL © Twochopped waves of 100% BIL. © One full wave of 75% BIL, This tes i essential: ‘© Record the appli voltage wave ‘ Record the curenthroagh the wining. '® Record the transfered voliage in the secondary and the Fig 5 Arengement of amsforme for iipus ting “The fll and chopped waves are as shown in Fig 56 nimpuls et, should ensure the windings are propery terminated i = High Voltage Teting of Blcirical Apparatus co} 6.3.. Detection and Location of Fault Faults canbe located by ary one ofthe following methods: © General Observation [Noise inthe tank or smoke or bales in the breather gives some failure in the transformer. ‘partial or complete collapse during any fire “ ‘© Neutral Cerren Method “The fan is detected when current flows tough the neural and ground points, When fut ike acing betwoea the tums or turn ground, a tran ‘ofhigh frequency pulses are observed © Transfered Sarge Current Method “The voltage across a resistive shunt connected between the low voltage winding and the ground is used for fault location. The wave shape is itr during any failure occu. ‘57, TESTING OF SURGE ARRESTERS ‘A srgearester or ightng reste ise device use wo proc te power stom apsins transient voltages duc to lighining and switching surge. They can be installed to protect disribation system (400V) and transmission systom (upto 765 KV) surge arrester acts as short circuit for transient over ‘voltages, and discharge the heavy cuents and recovers insulition. ‘Spark ver: The voltage that causes a spark over at each or its pplication under specified condition when appli to surge aretr (st objet). ‘The following are the tests on surge arses > Power frequency spark over test > 0% standard impulse spr over tet > Front of wave spark over test > Residual votage test > High curent impose test and oter tests 157.1. Power Frequency Spark Over Test AC voltage of power equeey is applied across the surge diverter. Sg a tes tg 80 Yes eect pare = ‘rte vita 15 ine aed te Tos ttf regener 5 tier. The ae nae eee oe v= va Gt ‘Sreaer I id have pase. This tot is doe vader boo wet nd a ‘57.2. 100% Standard imptte Spark Over Test ais done by applying standard impale voltage of 1/50 pase ‘dr dry conditions with both positive and nepatve poate of te wove > The surge arrester as 1 spark over everytime, when the Impale voltage i give, > This tat is repeated for 10 ts, andthe aretr sto spark over ver time means the surge ster isi to have pase > The magnitude of the voltage at which 100% fash over ocr isthe ‘quire spark over voltage. ‘87.3. Front of Wave Spark Over Test This tet is done by applying step fonted waves having arate of rie of 100 kV/us, per 12 kV rating, > The surge arrester has to spark ver for very step lnted waves of high peaks > The testis done by conducting 100% spark over voltage test for ‘increasing magnitudes of 1/50 pase wave, 5.74, Residual Voltage Test Pro-atod restr an arrester including. series gaps end noninaae ‘resistors in the same proportion asin he complete aetr, Residual voltage fests conduted on pro-atedaresters oF tings from 3012 kV. ‘A standard impulse wave of 1/50 use applied to the sige aster and voltage drop across the arester i ecorded using vollage divider or CRO. Magnitues of curene = 2 Rated curont ‘A graph is drawn between current magnitude and voltage across the dliverterpro-ated unit (V;) and the residual voltage is calle (Vy). 'V;_ bethe rating ofthe complete wit Let V3_ be the rating ofthe pro-ted unit. Let Vj bo the residual voltage ofthe compete anit. ‘Let Vn be the maximum permissible residual votage forthe complete wit , Mgt, r = Yt Diverter i to ve pase Vir = 7¥3 675, High Curent impulse Test “When the impulse curent wave of 410 se ie appio t x pro-ated arrester in th range of 3 to 12 KV. This et ropes for 2 times. Allow ‘he surge ase ooo othe room temperate. Surge sete is ad 0 have passed, if | > Power fequeney spark over before and fer this on docs mt differ bey more han 10% > Volage and arene waver 6 ot diferin the to ets. > There tno puncture or Nashover inthe n-ne resistance element. 5758. Other Teste Other tess condeted on sage sess usd on ext high voltage ‘ystems are: > Mea Po eo ae ae eee ‘ree oF sce ‘The cables are wod for transnison of elec eoery by underground ‘means and is mostly used for high voltages. Hence tening of ower cables seconded here. Different est ar conducted on able ae: (© Mechanica tes ~ saan mn nooo Poe (4) Therma duty tet (i) Diels power acto tst >) Power fequeney withstand voltage tes. (©) lmpole withstand voltage tt, (0) Paral scarp test. (i) Lite expetaney tt. For over voltage and withstand tes, samples have to be careful Prepare and terminated to aod leaage or end Nashover during testing ‘58.1. Dielectric Power Factor Test ‘This is done by high voltage Schorng bridge, The power fctor( Power frequency tests > Impulse voiag ets > Thermal teas 6.9.4. Powor Frequency Tests 59:.1. Power Factor otage Test Bushings are connected to the hi vole side of the fine and are Jmnmeried in ol. The tark or earths coomecied othe detector side of high ‘olage Schering bide. > Line voltage is applied in steps and ten reduced. Capacitance wc power factor ar recorde seach ep. > the power factors high ciency ofthe bushings is high and have tong ite. 69.4.2 Internal or Partial Decharge Teat Bushings are made up of composite dieeevc. When volage applic, ‘tl discharges ocar inthe bushing becuse of presence of vols cracks tad imerteions. A graph is dav between voltage and discharges which ‘ves the perfoenascs of bushings 59.4.3. Momentary Withstand Test at Power Frequency When a standard impise voltage of 150 ysce wave is applied 10 bushings, check the weeking condition of bushings and voltage for = ‘minim tne say, 30 se. ‘The busing is sid to have passed iF no flr or puncture of bushing 59.1.4. One Minute Wet Withetand Tost ‘he specified voltage is applied 1 the bushing whic is in service with ‘ny season. A bushing is silt lave passed, i the fish over does not ‘occur for oe minute Le, withstand the specifi vohage, 59.1.5, Visible Discharge Test ‘The specified voltage is eplied to the bushing jn 4 dark roo. The ‘chin is sito ave passed if no visible discharge othe than acing horns, PREPPPPRE ER Lee ee eee —— & High Votoge 59.2. impulse Vottage Test 5.9.2.1. FullWave Withstand Teat Whoo the standard impulse voltage of 150 see wave is applied to the bushings both for positive and negative polarities. ‘Out of ive consecutive appisition of standard inpalee wave — > ‘the bushing is uid have filed if wo asbover take place. > fone fash over cours, then tn consecuve applications of andar ph Voge Ting of lc Aparaas ‘540, INSULATION COORDINATION E “The sletion of suitable values for he laulation lovee OF the various ‘components ike transformers, crit breaker, bu suppor et. in aay ‘ledrical system and their erangement int mtonal manner is called Insuliton norton. lect systms insulation designers hve tc > Choose insulation levels for componeets that would withstand all kind of overvotages. mpalse wave andthe bushing i ad to have passed if 0 Mash ove > Consider protective devices that could be installed atthe sense takes pce points to limit overvolages. 5.8.22. Chopped Wet withstand and Switching Surge Test Insulation Level of an Apparains ‘The chopped wet witstand and switching urge test is conduct for high ‘voltage (220 KV and above) aplictions, The spcfied voltage applied to the bushing may be chopped wave or standard switching sure wave. (Out of five consecutive application of standard impulse wave > the bushing is sad v have filed ito ashover ake place fone Nash over oocrs, then tn conscuve applications of standard impulse wave sd the bushing i ld o have paseed if no flash over ‘takes place. 5.9.3. Thermal Tests 5.9.3.1, Temperature Rise Test “Temperature ese testis conducted in foe ar wih an ambient temperature below 40°C at arated power frequency (90 Hz) AC curent. This test is ‘conducted for long tine ts defined as that combination of voltage values (power frequency and ‘impulse voltages) which characterise is insulation with regard to ie ‘capability of withstanding the dileeie sos. Safety Margin ‘The difference between the two volt ampere curves corespnding to ‘otectivedevioes and the device to be protected, provides the safety margin forthe insulation system. 5.10.1, Necessity of insulation Coordination > Toensure reliability and continuity tothe utility concerns. > To minimize the number of fullues of lines and substations de to over voltages. > To minimize the cost involved in the design, installation and operation ‘of protective devices. >> To maintain the flash over shouldbe minimum for insulators so that the system disturbances are ls. > Bushing is sid to have passed the test if temperature ris is less than 6.10.2. insulation Problems, re, ‘Wocours duet the folowing: aca ar hatin eee > Determination of ine insulation. > ‘Selection of Basic Impulse Insulation level (BI. and insulation levels ‘of other equipment. > Selection of lighting aresters. Lightning Impulse Withstand Level 7) BIL, ‘Basic Impulse Level is established foreach sytem nominal voltage fo iferat spparaus. Various equipments should have their BI. value abov ‘Sometimes the bushing is operated withthe transformer, the temperature may increase beyond 80°C and thermal run away condition occurs. So, thermal stability test is essential > When 86% ofthe nominal system voltage is applied tothe bushings ‘which is immersed in oll and in service condition and working at For Vote > 40: Switching srg magnitude higher hn he hing ovr snd the following criterion st be adopted. > The Mash over volge ofa protztve devi is has sch that it ‘ot epee fr switching over voltages and power Honey voles. But sined over voltages occas dve 0 fas ‘norma! conditions may cause tern over loading. Therefor ‘ale shoul be hice, > Protsive devices ae wed it over elapse oii switching in EHV Hoes. Protecie devin ike org aetrs assioned itching impute level a sucha wy tht hr is mal. margin above thc come switching surge level 0 tht i ‘operate on svichng surges when the cooling eves i £103. Ideal Recuirements of Protective Devices el requirements of prt devices in parla: > tesoald ot sully ts ver for power ene ver ong. >» The volsime chances of the deve: must ie blow withstand voles ofthe preted apparatus insulation, > i hould be capable of discharging high ener contained in srpes nd recover inulin strogth ik. > tshonld not allow power fequeny foown eaeatto Hom, 1540.4. Votage-Time Characteristics Proper insltion coortiation would cone tat the vottine uncrtes of be umn wl ie above the volte hae of the protective device as shown in Fig. 59. High Ye ‘igh Vlog Teng of Bere paras Lighting rete (D) protect the taaformer (A) during the entire ied Cou (9: Aasoing the sarge voter is as shown by CV |» ‘The ee of sof srg is tha he rite! lope (urve X). ‘The rod gap flashes and protects the transformer insulation Cae (i; Assinng the sarge voltage ise sas shown by Cur 2 “The te ofr of sng ie restr han thecal slope (curve), “The ed gap cannot protect the wanformer and only the surge nestor ‘ean rowet he transformer. Line Inedaion “The insulation of ine i based om the coneideration of ightning and ‘wichng surge and power fequency over-olags. “Telit ineltion must be provided Yo prevent a ash overdue to power froquncy and switching surges end alo considering ran, dst, inslaor pollution fcon, ‘Sometimes, on oto das in the string inultor may be defective. So, liner upto 220 KV, one extra dso mist be provided and fr fines upto 400, 1, two eur diss mus be provide, ‘The line ination isnot diretly related to the ination level of the sation equpment. But the impulse Mash over of the line insulators ‘etemine the highest surge voltage that can travel into the sation from a aan, ‘verted grond wie ae asd 1 rot the lin and sould be Kept at ‘ope dance above sendy ine conduc. 108. Surge Arester Slaction ‘The selon of surge arse olage ang for EHV ad UHV systems epee: > Theme oft of votage. Metal grounded > pes see ae > Operting aac. “The flowing pe faster ae wed er is purpose. OPPPPPPPPIICLIIAA LAA | Ver n> 0020030 “Advantage of Zn0 arreters for EHV system > ‘Simpl ia constreton. > Flat V1 characteris over a wide curt ange. > The absence of spark ap that produces steep voltage gratin’ sparking occurs. Disadvantages of Zn0 arrester > Continuous flow of power frequency caren > Power lssisigh, 5.10.8. Location of Lightning Arresters ‘The protetive devices should be placed as close as posible 10, ‘apparatus isto be protected, parclarly the overhead line ends in ‘or terminate a tanner. Lighmning arrester should be installed on the transformer ‘considering the following factors: > Shielding agxinst direct stokes. 6.10.7. Equivalent Circuit of Surge Arresters ‘Surge arrests can provide low resistance paths though the daring over voltage covts. The Thevenn’s equivalent cuts as sh a : i. l Sexe ling ntl on oad 10 ry +2) ts) Resianee of rnin ements rod ext eine Sore vote Spat over voltage of surge srester Vy, seh is ope Spark over yoage of ge sete Vs, protect the transformer’ in the high voltage substton, the sreser provided between transformer ante ciuit breaker. protective level ofthe 21zbsttion insulation depends on: ‘Tye sition location. ‘The protective level off the aeser. es senuactgetad inna ane ar — ars level of circuit breaker, — {ee r instrument transformer, ‘transformers B.1.L. = ee ee eee Tegion. More Severe surge occurs due to back flash over. a ME such yay thatthe mumbo of aes sed mst be minimum and the cost should be minim and thei ais rust te proper and cre shoul be taken to avoid generation of swine over voltages duet curent chopping i = {128113 tes rete eve offer by surge ae ‘6.10.11, Statistical Approach to Insulation Coordination Satta approach elats diel the ceria stress and te esti _svengh, Sutisteal approach requires the kaowiedge ofthe diribtion Of ‘oth the anpued sess and the clerical enh, The satis! até of ‘overvotages doe t0 swing overvoltages is neceamy to compels my numberof overvolages, The distrbution of overvoages i E ‘Dates employ a numberof nonlinear elements canbe caculied By vin Aigital computers. ‘Nowadays rea time dgitlsinulators (RTDS) ar used. 15.10.12. insulation Coordination in EHV and UHV Systems “The ioslation design of EHV and UHV stations is bagad on the following principles: : > Stations Rave transformers and ober valuable equipment that have ‘on-slf storinginsultion. > The protective levels for lightning surges nd switching surges ae lost equal and even overlap. I BIL forthe equipment er the sytem chosen, then this evel eamot give protection against he swith ‘mpotes, Hence, «separate sure impedance leading (SIL) has 10 Be chosen. , st = ME aw ven, 2 = AE Vu = revo > Weis therefore, desirable w use protstive devices for limiting both Tihtning and switching over voltages. As such the SIL, above the pe tte aes ein err CEE cee te cores fro ome terme Mmperares be 57°C, he ge “porn Ug ned te wet We lemperatreis270¢, ees T= 3c “mosphere pressure = 730mm Hg ‘Air density com pection factor, sof (BY , (Gat) Assume fy = 20°, y= 70 mig = 0 (m+ 5 Te (ee = 20 a FE - 09m THO WARK QUESTIONS a RSWERS TL png for ovr velar nek? > igh volngs eng of etic apt sei the clerical equipments capable of wihsioog ewer aes, Pe Stee eee ey eerie ee tr swiching or yowe eeny tant haps 2, Define apie discharge vlge is define athe volg> which proces theo of i og fen insition. ts tat valings a wich he cecal eae Gy ineicion canes «fll which lerdr elope of weg passage of current, s 3. Differentiate flashover and puncture. s > When discharge takes place betwen tno ead inert gid over asl surface mats ealldfla or 4 > IF the discharge occurs through a solid insulation, it is cle puncte ne

You might also like