What is protocol?

Internet protocols are a set of rules and conventions that govern how
data is transmitted and received over the internet. They define the
standards for communication between devices and networks.

What is network port?

A network port is a communication endpoint in a computer network.

It is a software construct that allows networked devices or applications
to send and receive data.

Network ports are identified by a number, and each number is

associated with a specific protocol or service.

These port numbers are 16-bit unsigned integers, which means they
can range from 0 to 65,535.

What do you mean by port number?

When a network communication from the internet or another source

arrives at a server, its port number can be used to identify the
particular process to which it should be passed.

Every device connected to a network has a set of standardised ports

with a unique number.
 These are reserved numbers for specific protocols and the functions
that go along with them. For instance, communications sent over the
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) always end up on port 80,
which is one of the most frequently used ports.

How do ports make network connections more efficient?

Vastly different types of data flow to and from a computer over the same
network connection. The use of ports helps computers understand what
to do with the data they receive.

Suppose Bob transfers an MP3 audio recording to Alice using the File
Transfer Protocol (FTP). If Alice's computer passed the MP3 file data
to Alice's email application, the email application would not know how
to interpret it. But because Bob's file transfer uses the port designated
for FTP (port 21), Alice's computer is able to receive and store the file.

Meanwhile, Alice's computer can simultaneously load HTTP webpages

using port 80, even though both the webpage files and the MP3 sound
file flow to Alice's computer over the same WiFi connection.
 Are ports part of the network layer?

The OSI model is a conceptual model of how the Internet works. It

divides different Internet services and processes into 7 layers. These
layers are:

Ports are a transport layer (layer 4) concept. Only a transport protocol

such as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or User Datagram
Protocol (UDP) can indicate which port a packet should go to. TCP and
UDP headers have a section for indicating port numbers. Network
layer protocols — for instance, the Internet Protocol (IP) — are
unaware of what port is in use in a given network connection. In a
standard IP header, there is no place to indicate which port the data
packet should go to. IP headers only indicate the destination IP
address, not the port number at that IP address.

www.linkedin.com/in/farhathnathvi
Usually, the inability to indicate the port at the network layer has no
impacAtr eo np onrettsw poarkritn ogf pthroec nesestew
almost always used in conjunction with a transport layer protocol.
However, this does impact the functionality of testing software, which is
software that "pings" IP addresses using Internet Control Message
Protocol (ICMP) packets. ICMP is a network layer protocol that can ping
networked devices — but without the ability to ping specific ports,
network administrators cannot test specific services within those
devices.

Some ping software, such as My Traceroute, offers the option to send

UDP packets. UDP is a transport layer protocol that can specify a
particular port, as opposed to ICMP, which cannot specify a port. By
adding a UDP header to ICMP packets, network administrators can test
specific ports within a networked device.

Layer 1 protocols(physical layer)

USB Physical layer

varieties of 802.11 Wi-Fi physical layers
DSL
ISDN
T1 and other T-carrier links
E1 and other E-carrier links
Bluetooth physical layer
Ethernet physical layer including 10 BASE T, 100 BASE T,100 BASE
TX,100 BASE FX, 1000 BASE T and other variants
Layer 2 protocols (Data Link Layer)

CDP
Ethernet
Frame Relay
IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi
CHAP Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol
HDLC High-Level Data Link Control
LLC Logic Link Control
LACP Link Aggregation Control Protocol
LLDP Link layer discovery protocol
LCP Link Control Protocol (part of PPP)
MAC Media Access Control
PPP Point-to-Point Protocol
STP Spanning Tree Protocol
VTP VLAN Trunking Protocol
VLAN Virtual Local Area Network

Layer 3 protocols(Network Layer in OSI or Internet layer in

TCP/IP)

IPv4
IPv6
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
EIGRP Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
GRE Generic Routing Encapsulation
GLBP Gateway Load Balancing Protocol
HSRP Hot Standby Router Protocol
RIP
RIPv2
 IGRP Interior Gateway Routing protocol
ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol
ICMPv6
IGMP Internet Group Management Protocol
IPSec Internet Protocol Security
IS-IS Intermediate System- Intermediate System
MPLS Multi-Protocol Label Switching
NAT Network Address Translation
OSPF Open Shortest Path First
VRRP Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol

Layer 4 protocols (transport layer or Host-to-Host layer)

AH Authentication header over IP or Ipsec

TCP Transmission Control Protocol
UDP User Datagram Protocol
DCCP Datagram Congestion Control Protocol
ESP Encapsulating Security Payload over IP or IPSec
FCP Fibre Channel Protocol
SCTP Stream Control Transmission Protocol

Layer 5 protocols (Session Layer)

SIP Password Authentication Protocol

PPTP Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol
SMB Server Message Block protocol
NFS Network File System (NFS) Protocol
PAP Printer Access Protocol
RPC Remote Procedure Call
SMPP Short Message Peer-to-Peer
Layer 6 protocols (Presentation Layer)

TLS Transport Layer Security

SSL Secure Socket Tunneling
AFP Apple Filing Protocol

Layer 7 (Application Layer)

BitTorrent A peer to peer file sharing system

BGP Border Gateway Protocol
DNS Domain name System
DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
FTP Transfer Protocol
HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol
HTTPS Hypertext Transfer Protocol secure
IRC Internet Relay Chat
NTP Network Time Protocol
POP3 Post Office Protocol version 3
RTP Real-time Transport Protocol
SSH Secure Shell
SMTP SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol
Telnet Remote terminal access protocol
TFTP Trivial File Transfer Protocol
URL Uniform Resource Locator
 List of Common Ports and Protocols

Port Number Service Name Description Protocol

Ports 20-21 FTP File Transfer Protocol TCP

Port 22 SSH Secure Shell; used for secure logins, file TCP
transfers, and port forwarding
Telnet protocol; used for unencrypted text
Port 23 Telnet communications TCP / UDP
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, used for
Port 25 SMTP email routing between mail servers TCP
Domain Name System; translates 'host
Port 53 DNS names' into IP addresses TCP / UDP
Trivial File Transfer Protocol
Port 69 TFTP UDP
Hypertext Transfer Protocol; used for
Port 80 HTTP unencrypted web traffic TCP
ISO Transport Service Access Point (TSAP)
Port 102 ISO-TSAP TCP / UDP
Post Office Protocol; used to connect to a
mail server to retrieve emails
Port 110 POP3 TCP / UDP
Network Time Protocol
Port 123 NTP Distributed Computing Environment / UDP
Remote Procedure Call (DCE/RPC)
DCE/RPC Endpoint
Port 135 Endpoint Mapper TCP / UDP
Mapper
NetBIOS Session Service
NetBIOS-ssn
Port 139 Simple Network Management Protocol; TCP / UDP
SNMP-agents agents communicate on this port
Port 161 TCP / UDP
Collects performance data from managed
HP Performance Data
nodes
Ports 381 - 383 Collector TCP / UDP
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
LDAP
Port 389 Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure; used TCP / UDP
for encrypted
web traffic
Port 443 HTTPS TCP / UDP
Microsoft Directory Services; TCP used for
AD and Windows shares, UDP for SMB file-
sharing
Port 445 Microsoft DS SMB TCP / UDP
Used for changing or setting passwords in
Kerberos-based authentication systems,
such as Active Directory
Port 464 Kerberos TCP / UDP
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol; used to
securely transmit mail messages from email
clients to email servers.
Port 465 SMTP TCP
Syslog Protocol; for collecting and
organizing all log files sent from various
devices on a network
Port 514 syslog UDP

www.linkedin.com/in/farhathnathvi
 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol; used for
Port 587 SMTP UDP
email message submission
Enables secure remote connections and
Port 593 RPC Mapper Service TCP / UDP
function execution over HTTP.
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (over
SSL); used to store data in the LDAP
Port 636 LDAP / LDAPS directory and authenticate users to access TCP / UDP
the directory
Used by Microsoft Exchange servers to
Microsoft Exchange update routing tables for efficient message
Port 691 delivery. TCP
Routing Engine (RESvc)
Used to manage your ESXi hosts and the
Port 902 VMware vSphere virtual machines (VMs) that run on them TCP / UDP
Internet Message Access Protocol; used to
deliver and manage messages on email
Port 993 IMAP servers on behalf of email clients TCP

Post Office Protocol version 3 (over SSL);

lets email users download messages from an
Port 995 POP3 email server using an email client TCP / UDP

Allows encrypted access to and management

of databases and servers
Port 1433 Microsoft SQL Server TCP
Oracle client apps communicate with Oracle
database servers
Port 1521 Oracle Database Used to connect with MySQL clients and TCP
utilities
Port 3306 MySQL Allows client device to remotely access and TCP
control a Windows desktop computer over
this port
Port 3389 Remote Desktop Protocol TCP
Session Initiation Protocol; used to signal
and control communication sessions
Port 5060 SIP Peer-to-peer file sharing TCP / UDP

Ports 6881- Used for remote server communication and

BitTorrent configuration TCP / UDP
6999
Port 10000 Used for remote control of servers by
Webmin hacking tools and remote administration TCP
utilities

Port 31337 Back Orifice / ncat TCP / UDP

Thank you