FACTOR INFLUENCING ACCESS TO IMPROVED SEED VARIETIES BY

SMALLHOLDER MAIZE FARMERS IN LILONGWE

(A case study of Mkwinda EPA)

BY

CHIKONDI MAWANDA

A RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF

DEVELOPMENT STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENTS OF THE

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD BACHELOR SCIENCE DEGREE IN

AGRICULTURE ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT AND MICROFINACE

LILONGWE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES

BUNDA CAMPUS

P.O BOX 219

LILONGWE

APRIL , 2024
 DECLARATION

I, Chikondi Mawanda, declare that this project report is a result of my own original work

and effort, and that to the best of my knowledge, the findings have never been previously

presented to the Lilongwe University of Agriculture and natural Resources or elsewhere

for the award of any academic qualification. Where other information was sought, it has

been rightfully acknowledged.

Chikondi mawanda

Signature: _____________________________

Date: _____________________________

i
 CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

We, the undersigned, certify that this project proposal is a result of the author’s own work

and that to the best of our knowledge, it has not been submitted for any other academic

qualification within the Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources or

elsewhere. The research project report is acceptable in form and content, and that

satisfactory knowledge of the field covered by the research project was demonstrated by

the candidate through an oral presentation

Supervisor: DR. Steward Makosani

Signature: ______________________

Date: ______________________

Head of Department: Dr. Bonnet Kamwana

Signature: ______________________

Date: ______________________

Dean of Faculty: Dr. Dzanja

Signature: ______________________

Date: ______________________

ii
 DEDICATION

Dedicating this research to my family, classmates and friends. Thank you for being

supportive and patient. And above all, I thank God Almighty for everything.

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank the Mr Foster Cossam, you were so understanding and helpful,

without you I wouldn’t have made it. I would like also to thank the respondents who offered

their time and insight, without which this research would not have been possible, I am

grateful for your contribution.

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION ................................................................................................................. i

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL ....................................................................................... ii

DEDICATION ................................................................................................................... iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................... v

LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... viii

LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... ix

LIST OF ABBREVIATION ACRONYMS ....................................................................... x

ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... xi

INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Background of the study ........................................................................................... 1

1.2.1 Problem Statement ................................................................................................. 2

1.2.2 Justification ............................................................................................................ 2

1.3 Objectives .................................................................................................................. 3

1.3.1 Main objective ........................................................................................................ 3

1.3.2 Specific objectives.................................................................................................. 3

1.3.3 Research Questions ................................................................................................ 3

LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................... 4

2.1 Attributes of improved maize seed varieties used by smallholder farmers............... 4

v
 2.2 Adoption of improved maize seed varieties among smallholder farmers ................. 6

2.3 Barriers smallholder farmers face in accessing improved maize seeds. ................... 7

METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................. 8

3.1 Study Area ................................................................................................................. 8

3.2 Sampling Procedure .................................................................................................. 8

3.3 Sample Size ............................................................................................................... 8

3.4 Data Collection .......................................................................................................... 9

3.5 Data Analysis Techniques ......................................................................................... 9

3.5.1 To identify the attributes of improved maize seed varieties used by smallholder

farmers ......................................................................................................................... 9

3.5.2 To examine factors influencing the adoption of improved maize seed varieties

among smallholder farmers. ...................................................................................... 10

3.5.3 To analyze barriers smallholder farmers, face in accessing improved maize

seeds........................................................................................................................... 11

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ....................................................................................... 12

4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 12

4.2 Demographic results of respondents ....................................................................... 12

4.3. Attributes of improved maize seed varieties used by smallholder farmers............ 13

4.4 Factors influencing the adoption of improved maize seed varieties among

smallholder farmers in Mkwinda EPA .......................................................................... 15

4.4. Barriers smallholder farmers face in accessing improved maize seeds ................. 17

vi
CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................. 20

RECOMMENDATION .................................................................................................... 21

REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 22

vii
 LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1: Choices of Maize seed varieties...................................................................... 14

Table 4.2: Main comparing attributes of improved maize seed varieties used ............... 15

Table 4.3: logit model on factors influencing the adoption of improved maize seed

varieties among smallholder farmers ................................................................................ 16

Table 4.4: Barriers smallholder farmers, face in accessing improved maize seeds ........ 18

viii
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 4.1: Gender of respondents ................................................................................... 12

Figure 4.2: Educational level of respondents................................................................... 13

ix
 LIST OF ABBREVIATION ACRONYMS

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GOM Government of Malawi
AGCOM Agricultural Commercialization
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
IFAD International Fund for Agriculture Development
EPA Extension Planning Area

x
 ABSTRACT

The study investigates the factors influencing the adoption of improved maize seed

varieties among smallholder farmers in Mkwinda EPA, Lilongwe, Malawi. Using primary

data collected from 80 respondents through structured questionnaires and analyzed with

statistical tools, the research identifies critical attributes of adopted maize varieties, such

as early maturity, high yield, and drought tolerance. These characteristics are essential for

farmers seeking to mitigate climatic risks and enhance productivity. Key determinants of

adoption include gender, with female farmers showing higher adoption rates, farming

experience, access to extension services, and social networks. Significant barriers

identified are high initial costs, difficulty in accessing credit, limited access to information,

concerns about seed quality, lack of extension services, and uncertainty about seed

performance. The study recommends several strategies to enhance adoption rates,

including developing maize varieties that optimize productivity while conserving essential

traits like disease resistance and drought tolerance. Furthermore, investments in extension

training, infrastructure, and outreach programs are critical for disseminating knowledge

about improved seed types and agronomic techniques. Collaboration with financial

institutions and agricultural input suppliers is also essential to develop accessible and

affordable financing options for farmers. By addressing these barriers and leveraging

partnerships, it is possible to promote sustainable farming practices, enhance agricultural

productivity, and contribute to socioeconomic development in rural communities.

xi
 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
The revitalization of the agricultural sector has been the major concern of the Malawian

government. Agriculture is crucial for Malawi, employing 65% of the labor force,

providing 90% of exports, and contributing 30% to the GDP (Government of Malawi

[GoM], 2018). The Agriculture Commercialization (AGCOM) project aims to enhance

agriculture's role in economic growth by improving food security, increasing production

for local and international markets, and raising smallholder incomes. Maize, a staple crop

and key income source, faces production challenges due to smallholder farmers' difficulties

in accessing and adopting improved farm inputs.

Malawi's agricultural sector is primarily smallholder farming, with maize being a crucial

staple crop. However, the potential of smallholder farmers to optimize maize production is

limited due to limited access to improved farm inputs like high-yielding seeds, fertilizers,

and pest control measures.

The challenges faced by smallholder farmers in Malawi are multifaceted. Financial

constraints often impede their ability to invest in modern agricultural technologies (Smith

et al., 2019). Inadequate infrastructure, including poor transportation networks, hinders the

efficient distribution of inputs to remote rural areas (Jones & Brown, 2020). Additionally,

market limitations, limited access to information, and complex land tenure systems further

exacerbate the difficulties faced by smallholder farmers in adopting improved farming

practices (Mwale & Probst, 2018).

Improved farm inputs, such as drought-resistant seeds and balanced fertilizers, have the

potential to significantly enhance maize yields, ensuring food security and improving the

1
economic well-being of smallholder farmers (FAO, 2017). The adoption of these inputs is

closely linked to the broader goals of sustainable agriculture, offering the promise of

increased productivity and resilience in the face of climate change (IFAD, 2021).

1.2.1 Problem Statement

Smallholder farmers in Malawi have significant challenges to getting improved maize seed

varieties, which are critical for increasing agricultural production and food security. These

problems include high upfront costs, limited loan availability, inadequate extension

services, and a lack of information on new seed kinds. Furthermore, concerns regarding

seed quality and availability from local vendors impede uptake. Overcoming these

constraints is critical for empowering smallholder farmers to embrace novel farming

practices, increase maize production, and contribute to Malawi's agricultural sustainability.

1.2.2 Justification
Smallholder farmers in Malawi face significant challenges in accessing essential

agricultural inputs, which hampers their ability to adopt advanced farming practices and

improve maize production. While extensive research has been conducted on agricultural

inputs and smallholder farming, there is a need for a deeper understanding of the specific

barriers these farmers face in accessing improved maize seed varieties. This research aims

to fill this gap, providing insights that can help practitioners refine their approaches and

design more effective interventions. The study's findings will aid policymakers in creating

effective programs to overcome barriers, benefit development practitioners in enhancing

agricultural productivity, and contribute to literature on improved agricultural inputs. The

primary beneficiaries will experience improved productivity, enhancing food security and

economic growth in Malawi.

2
1.3 Objectives

1.3.1 Main objective

To analyze the factors that influences smallholder farmers access to improve farm inputs

in Mkwinda EPA.

1.3.2 Specific objectives

1. To identify the attributes of improved maize seed varieties used by smallholder

farmers in Mkwinda EPA.

2. To examine factors influencing the adoption of improved maize seed varieties

among smallholder farmers in Mkwinda EPA.

3. To analyze barriers smallholder farmers, face in accessing improved maize seeds

in Mkwinda EPA.

1.3.3 Research Questions

1. What are the attributes of improved maize seed varieties used by smallholder

farmers?

2. What are factors influencing the adoption of new improved maize seeds varieties

among smallholder farmers?

3. What are the primary barriers smallholder farmers encounter when attempting to

access new improved maize seeds?

3
 LITERATURE REVIEW
The agricultural sector in Malawi holds immense significance, serving as a primary source

of livelihood for the majority of the population and contributing substantially to the

country's economy. Smallholder farmers play a crucial role in this sector, cultivating small

plots of land for subsistence and income generation. Among the staple crops, maize stands

out as a vital commodity, serving as a primary source of sustenance and income for these

farmers. Recognizing the pivotal role of agriculture in economic development, the

Malawian government has initiated various projects and policies aimed at enhancing

agricultural productivity and food security. However, smallholder farmers in Malawi face

significant challenges in accessing essential farm inputs, including improved maize seeds,

which are critical for optimizing production and ensuring food security.

2.1 Attributes of improved maize seed varieties used by smallholder farmers

In the context of agricultural development in Malawi, the attributes of improved maize seed

varieties hold critical importance for smallholder farmers. Understanding the specific

characteristics valued by farmers in their seed selection process is essential for informing

strategies aimed at promoting the adoption of modern maize varieties. This section of the

literature review explores the diverse attributes of improved maize seed varieties preferred

by smallholder farmers, drawing insights from existing research in the field. By examining

the factors influencing farmers' choice of maize varieties, this review aims to elucidate key

considerations driving adoption patterns and inform targeted interventions to enhance

agricultural productivity and food security in Malawi.

The modern maize varieties with traits such as drought tolerance and early maturity are so

important in mitigating the effects of moisture stress in drought-prone regions. The

4
empirical findings from Fisher and Snapp (2014) research indicate a positive correlation

between farmers' perceptions of drought risk and the adoption of modern maize varieties.

Moreover, regression analysis revealed that farmers who value traits like early maturity

and drought tolerance are more inclined to adopt these modern varieties. However, Fisher

and Snapp also noted instances of disadoption among farmers dissatisfied with maize

genotype performance, particularly in terms of poor storability and yield under drought

conditions. This underscores the critical need for maize breeders to prioritize the

development of varieties that exhibit robust drought tolerance, early maturity, and

storability. Importantly, their findings emphasize the necessity of aligning crop breeding

efforts with local farmer preferences to ensure the sustained adoption and utilization of

modern maize varieties (Fisher & Snapp, 2014).

The study by Lunduka, Fisher, and Snapp (2012) investigates the adoption plateaus for

modern maize varieties in Malawi and explores whether farmer interest in a diversity of

seed attributes contributes to this phenomenon. Regression results from the study area

suggest that specific attributes of different maize varieties play a significant role in their

adoption. Hybrid maize varieties are favored for their perceived benefits in yield and

drought tolerance, while open-pollinated varieties are preferred by farmers valuing early

maturity. Additionally, local maize varieties remain popular among farm households due

to their favorable processing and consumption characteristics, including storability,

poundability, flour-to-grain ratio, and taste. The findings from the study area in Mulanje

District suggest the importance of considering diverse seed attributes in understanding

maize variety adoption patterns. However, further research using nationally representative

5
data is warranted to determine whether these findings can be generalized to Malawi as a

whole.

2.2 Adoption of improved maize seed varieties among smallholder farmers

The adoption of improved maize seed varieties among smallholder farmers is a critical

aspect of agricultural development in Malawi. Understanding the factors influencing

farmers' decisions to adopt specific maize varieties is essential for promoting sustainable

agricultural practices and enhancing food security.

The adoption of improved maize seed varieties among smallholder farmers is a crucial

determinant of agricultural productivity and food security in many developing countries,

including Nigeria. Understanding the factors influencing adoption is essential for designing

effective policies and interventions to promote sustainable agricultural development. The

results of descriptive analysis conducted by Chete (2021) reveal significant mean

differences between adopters and non-adopters of improved maize seed varieties among

smallholder farmers in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Furthermore, the study's model results

indicate several household characteristics positively influencing adoption, including age,

household size, level of education, farming experience, labor availability, contact with

extension agents, farm size, off-farm income, and membership of associations. These

findings suggest that enhancing farmers' education, expanding the coverage and depth of

extension services, and strengthening farmer associations are crucial policy actions for

promoting adoption of improved maize varieties (Chete, 2021). Additionally, addressing

availability, accessibility, and affordability issues, as well as enhancing credit access and

mitigating risk perceptions, are recommended strategies to facilitate adoption. Moreover,

fostering collaboration between researchers, innovators, and farmers to increase maize

6
productivity and ensure food security at the national level is emphasized as an essential

measure (Chete, 2021).

Improved seeds are one of the key inputs for increasing maize yields and resilience to biotic

and abiotic stresses. However, the adoption of improved maize seed varieties among

smallholder farmers in Africa remains low, ranging from 20% to 60% depending on the

country and the type of variety (Langyintuo et al. 2020). According to a study by Ogunniyi

et al. (2021), The adoption of improved maize seed varieties among smallholder farmers

in Kaduna State, Nigeria, is influenced by factors such as age, household size, education,

farming experience, labor availability, and association membership. However, main

barriers include high seed costs, low availability, lack of credit facilities, and poor seed

quality.

2.3 Barriers smallholder farmers face in accessing improved maize seeds.

Smallholder farmers in Malawi face challenges in accessing improved maize seeds,

hindering modern agricultural practices and crop yield optimization due to financial

constraints, which limit their ability to invest in high-quality seeds and agricultural inputs.

(Marenya & Barrett, 2007). Limited access to credit further exacerbates this challenge,

hindering farmers from acquiring the necessary resources to purchase improved seeds

(Feder et al., 2010). Inadequate infrastructure, including poor transportation networks and

limited market access, also restricts farmers' ability to obtain seeds in remote rural areas

(Jones & Brown, 2020). Additionally, complex land tenure systems and uncertain land

rights contribute to insecurity among farmers, affecting their willingness to invest in long-

term agricultural inputs such as improved seeds (Mwale & Probst, 2018).

7
 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Study Area
The research was conducted in Mkwinda Extension Planning Area (EPA) in Lilongwe

Rural, located to the south of Lilongwe city. The area was selected due to its significant

population of smallholder maize farmers.

3.2 Sampling Procedure

The study focused on smallholder farmers in Malawi, focusing on their access to

improved farm inputs. The study used a purposive random sampling strategy to ensure

specificity and representativeness. The participants were chosen from diverse

geographical regions, varying educational backgrounds, and those facing specific

challenges in accessing agricultural inputs. Collaboration with local extension services

and community networks was used to identify participants. The sample size was

determined considering research objectives and statistical robustness. This approach

allowed for a nuanced exploration of factors influencing farmers' access to improved

farm inputs.

3.3 Sample Size

The sample size was determined by considering the population size of smallholder farmers

in the study area and the desired confidence level. A minimum sample size was calculated

using statistical formulas, considering margin of error and confidence level. The formula

below was employed to came up with the sample.

𝑍 2 × 𝑝 × (1 − 𝑝)𝑁
𝑛=
(𝑁 − 1)𝐸 2 + 𝑍 2 × 𝑃(1 − 𝑃)

were:

8
  N is the required sample size.

 Z corresponds to the Z-score for the chosen confidence level (e.g., 1.96 for a 95%

confidence level).

 p represents the estimated proportion of smallholder farmers of maize in Mkwinda

EPA.

 E is the desired margin of error.

With an assumed p-value of to be 5%, the formula above yields a sample size of 96. Due

to financial and time constraints, the sample size was adjusted to 80.

3.4 Data Collection

Survey Questionnaires: Structured questionnaires was administered to collect quantitative

data, addressing research questions related to the challenges faced by smallholder farmers

in accessing improved farm inputs and the current status of access.

3.5 Data Analysis Techniques

In this research project, a combination of descriptive statistics and regression analysis were

employed to analyze the data collected from smallholder farmers in the Mkwinda EPA

region.

3.5.1 To identify the attributes of improved maize seed varieties used by smallholder
farmers

Descriptive statistics, including frequencies, percentages, and averages, was utilized to

identify the attributes of improved maize seed varieties used by smallholder farmers. This

analysis provides insights into the prevalence and distribution of specific seed attributes

among the sampled farmers.

9
3.5.2 To examine factors influencing the adoption of improved maize seed varieties
among smallholder farmers.
The study utilized logistic regression modeling to analyze the factors influencing the

adoption of improved maize seed varieties among smallholder farmers in the Mkwinda

EPA region, focusing on the relationship between independent variables and seed adoption.

logit(p)=β0+β1X1+β2X2+...+βnXn

Where:

 logit(p) represents the natural logarithm of the odds of adopting improved maize

seeds.

 β0 is the intercept term.

 β1, β2..., βn are the coefficients associated with the independent variables X1, X2,

Xn, respectively.

 X1, X2..., Xn represent the independent variables that may influence seed adoption,

such as farm size, access to extension services, education level, household income,

and perceptions of seed quality.

 p represents the probability of adopting improved maize seeds.

The logistic regression model was used to identify significant predictors of adoption,

providing insights into the determinants driving farmers' decisions to adopt specific seed

varieties. This analytical approach enables a deeper understanding of the factors

influencing seed adoption among smallholder farmers in the Mkwinda EPA region.

10
3.5.3 To analyze barriers smallholder farmers, face in accessing improved maize
seeds
This study will use descriptive statistics and regression analysis to analyze the barriers

faced by smallholder farmers in accessing improved maize seeds in the Mkwinda EPA

region. The analysis will identify the most prevalent challenges and provide a

comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing farmers' access and adoption of

these seeds. This will inform evidence-based recommendations and interventions aimed at

promoting agricultural development and enhancing food security in Malawi.

11
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction
This chapter presents the data, analyzes the data and interprets the findings of the

study. This chapter also discusses the findings in light with the earlier findings. The

presentation, analyses interpretation and discussions of the findings are in accordance with

the four major objectives of the study.

4.2 Demographic results of respondents

Figure 1 illustrates the gender distribution among respondents. Out of the total 80

respondents, 50 (62.50%) were female, while 30 (37.50%) were male. This indicates a

slightly higher representation of female respondents compared to male respondents in the

study sample.

70%

60%
percentage of respondents

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
Famale Male

Gender of respondents

Figure 4.1: Gender of respondents

12
The figure 1 provides insights into the educational background of respondents in the study.

It reveals that the majority of respondents possess some level of formal education, with

varying proportions across different educational levels. Only a small proportion of

respondents (26.25%) reported having no formal education.

45%
Percentage of respondents

40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
None Primary Secondary
Educational level of respondents

Figure 4.2: Educational level of respondents

4.3. Attributes of improved maize seed varieties used by smallholder farmers

The table 3 presents the distribution of maize seed varieties chosen by respondents in

Mkwinda EPA. It is evident that there is a diverse range of seed varieties being utilized,

with varying frequencies and percentage. Among the respondents, improved maize seed

varieties such as Bamtamu, Mkango, and Njobvu are the most commonly adopted.

Bamtamu, with a frequency of 11 (13.25%), emerges as the most popular choice among

smallholder farmer. The high adoption rates of improved varieties align with existing

13
literature on the adoption of improved maize seeds by smallholder farmers. Studies have

shown that farmers are more likely to adopt improved varieties when they perceive benefits

such as higher yields, disease resistance, and better adaptation to local conditions (Feder et

al., 2014)

Table 4.1: Choices of Maize seed varieties

Varieties Frequency Percent
Bamtamu 11 13.75

DK 777 3 3.25

Kanyani 9 11.25

Mbidzi 7 8.75

Mkango 7 8.75

Mwadzangati 3 3.75

Njobvu 7 8.75

Local 33 41.25

Total 80 100.00

The table 1 provides insights into the main attributes of improved maize seed varieties used

by smallholder farmers in Malawi, as reported by the respondents. These attributes play a

significant role in farmers' decision-making processes regarding seed selection and

adoption. high yield stands out prominently, with 64 respondents (80.00%) identifying it

as a key characteristic of the maize seed varieties they use. This finding aligns with existing

literature, which emphasizes the importance of yield potential in driving the adoption of

improved seed varieties among smallholder farmers (Khonje et al., 2015). Early maturity

and drought tolerance are also highlighted as important attributes, each identified by
14
32.50% of respondents. These traits are particularly relevant in regions prone to erratic

weather patterns and climatic variability, where farmers seek varieties that can withstand

drought conditions and ensure timely harvesting (Yeleliere et al., 2023). Additionally,

attributes such as disease resistance, easy harvest, improved agronomic traits, milling

quality, high germination rate, and cooking quality are also mentioned, albeit with lower

frequencies. These attributes reflect farmers' diverse preferences and priorities in selecting

maize seed varieties tailored to their specific needs and production goals.

Table 4.2: Main comparing attributes of improved maize seed varieties used

Attributes Frequency Percent

Early maturity 26 32.50

Drought tolerant 26 32.50

Disease resistant 18 22.50

High yield 64 80.00

Easy harvest 7 8.75

Improved agronomic traits 3 3.75

Milling quality 11 13.75

High germination rate 1 1.25

Cooking quality 12 15

4.4 Factors influencing the adoption of improved maize seed varieties among

smallholder farmers in Mkwinda EPA

The table presents the results of a regression analysis examining factors influencing the

15
adoption of improved maize seed varieties among smallholder farmers in Mkwinda EPA.

Each variable's coefficient, standard error, and t-value are provided, along with measures

of pseudo R-squared, Chi-square, and Akaike's information criterion (AIC).

Table 4.3: logit model on factors influencing the adoption of improved maize seed

varieties among smallholder farmers

Variables Coefficient Standard Error Odds Ratio

Neighbor adopter 1.578* .9 4.847

Sex 2.476*** .813 11.892

Farming experience .208** .085 1.232

Extension service 1.891* 1.048 6.629

Age -.183** .071 0.833

Readily market 2.605 1.619 13.530

Household size -.148 .163 1.159

Access to credit .933* .981 2.542

Pseudo r-squared 0.438

Chi-squared 47.492

Pro> chi2 0.000

*** p<.01, ** p<.05, * p<.1

The study reveals that farmers are more likely to adopt improved maize seeds if their

neighbors have already done so, indicating the influence of social networks and peer

effects. Male farmers are also more likely to adopt improved maize seed varieties

compared to female farmers, highlighting the need for gender-sensitive policies. More

16
experienced farmers are more likely to adopt improved maize seeds due to better

understanding and management of agricultural practices. Access to extension services

significantly increases the likelihood of adoption, emphasizing the critical role of

agricultural extension in providing farmers with the necessary knowledge and support to

implement new technologies. Younger farmers are more likely to adopt improved maize

seeds, as they might be more open to new technologies and less risk-averse compared to

older farmers. Access to credit is also a significant factor, with farmers with access to

credit 2.542 times more likely to adopt improved maize seeds. The variable 'Readily

market' has a coefficient of 2.605, a standard error of 1.619, and an odds ratio of 13.530,

suggesting that access to markets might have a strong influence on adoption. However,

further investigation with a larger sample size might be needed to confirm its

significance. Household size is not statistically significant, suggesting that household size

does not have a significant impact on the adoption of improved maize seeds in this

sample.

4.4. Barriers smallholder farmers face in accessing improved maize seeds

The table below, highlight the various barriers that smallholder farmers in Malawi face

when trying to access improved maize seed varieties. The barriers are ranked based on their

average scores, which reflect the degree of challenge each barrier presents.

17
Table 4.4: Barriers smallholder farmers, face in accessing improved maize seeds

RANK BARRIER AVEREGE SCORE

1 High initial costs 4.837

2 Difficulty in accessing credit or financing 4.446

3 limited access to information 3.375

4 Concerns about the availability or quality of seeds 3.333

from local suppliers.

5 Lack of access to extension services 3.182

6 Uncertainty about the performance of new seed 3.000

varieties.

High initial costs emerge as the most significant barrier, with an average score of 4.837.

This finding aligns with existing literature, which frequently identifies financial constraints

as a major hindrance to the adoption of new agricultural technologies (Balana et al., 2020).

The high costs associated with improved maize seeds deter many smallholder farmers, who

often operate with limited financial resources. This barrier underscores the need for

financial support mechanisms, such as subsidies or grants, to make these seeds more

affordable.

The second most significant barrier is the difficulty in accessing credit or financing, with

an average score of 4.446. Access to credit is crucial for farmers to invest in high-quality

inputs and technologies. The lack of accessible financial services limits farmers' ability to

18
purchase improved seeds, thereby constraining their potential to increase productivity.

Studies have shown that enhancing access to credit can significantly boost technology

adoption rates among smallholder farmers (Balana et al., 2022). Limited access to

information is the third-ranked barrier, with an average score of 3.375. This barrier

highlights the information asymmetry prevalent among smallholder farmers regarding the

benefits and proper usage of improved maize seeds. Effective dissemination of information

through extension services and community-based programs can mitigate this barrier.

Mastenbroek et al., (2020) emphasize that targeted information dissemination can

significantly influence farmers' adoption decisions.

Concerns about the availability or quality of seeds from local suppliers rank fourth, with

an average score of 3.333. This reflects the farmers' apprehensions about the reliability of

seed supply chains. Ensuring a consistent and quality-assured supply of seeds through

regulated channels can build farmer confidence and facilitate adoption.

The fifth-ranked barrier is a lack of access to extension services, which received an

average of 3.182. Extension programs are critical for teaching farmers on current

agricultural techniques and the benefits of new seed varieties. According to Ragasa et al.

(2018), enhancing extension services can assist farmers better accept new technologies.

Finally, uncertainty about the performance of new seed varieties ranks sixth, with an

average score of 3.000. Farmers' reluctance to adopt novel seeds due to performance

uncertainty can be alleviated by demonstrating the benefits and performance of these

seeds under local settings (Bernard et al., 2023)

19
 CONCLUSION
The study provides some significant insights into the factors that influence smallholder

farmers' adoption of enhanced maize seed types. Maize cultivars with attractive features

such as early maturity, high yield, and drought tolerance have the highest adoption rates.

These characteristics are strongly related to farmers' need to reduce the hazards

associated with uncertain meteorological conditions while also increasing agricultural

yield. Several factors have been identified as major predictors of adoption. Gender has an

important influence, with female farmers being more likely to embrace enhanced seed

types than their male colleagues. This emphasizes the importance of gender dynamics in

agriculture policies and initiatives. Farming experience, access to extension services, and

credit are key factors in adopting improved seeds. Experienced farmers are better

equipped to understand new seed varieties, while financial resources enable investment in

advanced practices. Social networks also influence adoption, as farmers see their

neighbors benefiting from new technologies. The study identifies various challenges to

the adoption of enhanced maize seeds, such as high initial expenditures, difficulty

obtaining credit, restricted access to information, worries about seed availability and

quality, and a lack of extension services. These variables add to the complexity of

implementing these seeds, highlighting the importance of solid support systems and

dependable information routes.

20
 RECOMMENDATION

Maize Variety Development for Enhanced Productivity and Trait Preservation

Breeding programs should focus on developing maize varieties that optimize productivity

while conserving essential traits like disease resistance and drought tolerance. This

approach integrates advanced breeding techniques and thorough phenotypic evaluations,

contributing to sustainable agricultural practices and food security.

Investment in Extension Training, Infrastructure, and Outreach Programs

Investing in extension training, infrastructure, and outreach programs is critical for

distributing knowledge to smallholder farmers about improved seed types, agronomic

techniques, and technology advancements, which will increase agricultural output.

Collaboration with Financial Institutions and Agricultural Input Suppliers

Collaboration with financial institutions and agricultural input suppliers is essential for

developing tailored financing options that are accessible and affordable for farmers. By

leveraging partnerships with these stakeholders, it is possible to design financing models

that cater to the unique circumstances and requirements of smallholder farmers. Such

collaborative efforts can facilitate access to essential agricultural inputs and services,

thereby promoting sustainable farming practices and socioeconomic development in rural

communities.

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