Dual Fuel Engines

Dr/ Nour
Eng/Samar Khaled
Internal Combustion Engines

By:
Marwan Ahmed Ibrahim
Nour El-deen Amr
Omar Hisham
Mohammed Ahmed Saeed
Abdelrahman Rezk

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1-Abstract………………………………………………………..………4

2-Introduction………………………………………………….…….….5

3- Dual Fuel Engines Operation………………………...................……6

4- Differences between Dual Fuel and Traditional Systems………..…..8

5- Advantages of Dual Fuel Engines …………………………...……....9

6- Disadvantages of Dual Fuel Engines…………………………….….11

7- Turbocharger………………………………………………...………12

8- Future of Dual Fuel Engines……………………….………………..14

9- Economics and Commercial Potential…………………..…………. 15

10- Conclusion……………………………………………..….….……16

11- References………………………………………..….……..………17

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 NIGATA Dual Fuel Engine ...................................................... ...5

Figure 2 Fuel supply mechanism……………………………………..…7

Figure 3 Dual Fuel Engine Four Strokes………………...……......….…7

Figure 4 Dual Fuel Engine Process……………………….…..…………7

Figure 5 WARTSILA Dual Fuel Engine……………………….………10

Figure 6 Turbocharger……………….…………………………………13

Figure 7 Difference Between Turbocharger and Supercharger……….. 13

Figure 8 DAIHATSU Dual Fuel Engine……………………………….14

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 Abstract

This report explores the dual fuel engine technology used in

marine applications, highlighting its advantages, operational principles,
and key differences when compared to traditional propulsion systems in
the maritime industry. Dual fuel engines, capable of using both liquid
fuels and natural gas, offer environmental and economic benefits that
make them an attractive choice for modern vessels.

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 Introduction

The maritime industry is under increasing pressure to reduce

emissions and comply with strict environmental regulations. In
response to these challenges, dual fuel engines have gained
prominence as an innovative and eco-friendly propulsion solution
for ships. In this report, we will examine the dual fuel engine
technology and its distinct advantages when compared to
traditional marine propulsion systems. Dual fuel engines are an
innovative solution that combines the use of two different fuels for
combustion, resulting in enhanced performance and reduced
emissions. This technology has gained significant attention in
recent years due to its potential to address global energy and
environmental concerns. In this essay, we will delve into the details
of dual fuel engines and explore the differences between them and
traditional systems.

Figure 1 NIGATA Dual Fuel Engine

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 Dual Fuel Engines Operation

Dual fuel engines, also known as gas and diesel engines, are
designed to operate using two different fuels, typically diesel oil and
natural gas.
The primary goal is to reduce emissions and improve efficiency
while maintaining the flexibility of using conventional marine fuels.
These engines can switch between fuels based on operational needs,
allowing for cleaner and more sustainable maritime transport.
The operation of dual fuel engines involves mixing a certain
proportion of natural gas with air in the combustion chamber. The gas is
ignited using a small amount of diesel fuel as a pilot, which initiates the
combustion process. The engine's control system manages the fuel
mixture, ensuring that the combustion remains stable and efficient.
Dual fuel engines can run exclusively on natural gas, diesel fuel, or
a combination of both, depending on the situation. The properties of
both fuels are crucial in determining the engine's performance and
emissions.
Gaseous fuels are known for their clean burning characteristics,
while liquid fuels provide higher energy density. This dual fuel approach
offers several advantages, including lower emissions of pollutants such
as CO₂ and particulate matter, improved engine efficiency, and reduced
fuel costs.

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 Figure 2 Fuel supply mechanism

Figure 3 Dual Fuel Engine Four Strokes

Figure 4 Dual Fuel Engine Process

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 Differences between Dual Fuel
and Traditional Systems
The main difference between dual fuel engines and traditional
systems lies in their combustion processes. In traditional systems, a
single fuel is used, and the combustion process is based on the
compression of the fuel-air mixture. In contrast, dual fuel engines use
two different fuels simultaneously, creating a more controlled and
efficient combustion process.

Furthermore, dual fuel engines have proven to have lower emissions

compared to traditional systems. This is due to the cleaner burning
characteristics of gaseous fuels, as well as the optimized air-fuel ratio.
However, these engines also face certain challenges, such as limited
availability of gaseous fuels and higher initial costs. Therefore, they are
mainly used in industries and vehicles that require high power and
operate for extended periods, such as marine vessels and heavy-duty
trucks.

Comparing single fuel and dual-fuel methanol engines, both have

advantages and disadvantages. Single fuel engines completely substitute
diesel with methanol, resulting in low emissions. On the other hand,
dual-fuel engines provide fuel flexibility but have limitations in
achieving high diesel substitution rates. From a commercial perspective,
single fuel engines may be cheaper to operate, especially if green
methanol is used.

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 Advantages of Dual Fuel Engines

Not all dual fuel systems are created equal. Dual Fuel systems exist
with different attributes but in general the following will be true:

I. Keep your diesel engine, convert it and run with gas

II. Fuel flexibility, if gas is interrupted full diesel operation is

available instantly while generating power

III. Full original power capacity (in one form or another, it is system
dependent}

IV. Diesel cam timing keeps exhaust cooler and provides better
scavenging, contributes to higher power density and longer valve
life.

V. Higher compression ratio, better efficiency, nearly all dual fuel

engines have better efficiency than spark gas.

VI. Exhaust emissions, specifically Nitrogen oxides, CO2 and

particulates are significantly reduced.

VII. Fail safe operation, if a problem exists with the gas system full
diesel backup is instantly provided.

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VIII. Diesel ignition, this is a huge one. You will have very long
service intervals with the ignition system (same as normal diesel
injector service). Lean burn combustion capacity, far beyond any
spark ignition system, contributes to reduced misfire, better
efficiency, higher power density, reduced Nox emissions. Diesel
pilot fuel provides lubrication to valves and rings, when
combined with clean gas, maintenance service intervals are
longer than strait diesel not shorter like spark gas.

IX. No changes should be made to your standard engine warranty

(affected by the attitude of local dealer)

X. Should be noted that certain aspects of a lean burn spark gas and
dual fuel are similar.

Figure 5 WARTSILA Dual Fuel Engine

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Disadvantages of Dual Fuel Engines
I. Dual fuel engines require diesel for ignition. Run out of
diesel and you are not running

II. Higher emissions of CO compared to strait diesel. Similar

emissions of CO as spark gas (with out catalytic converter).

III. Two fuel systems to maintain. Keep in mind however that

diesel fuel ignition is less maintenance than spark systems
and that the gas control system is mostly maintenance free.

IV. Requires the support of additional supplier, not just the OEM.
This is why ECI works to secure local distributors to
represent their products

V. Engine warranty, if you still have a warranty on your engine,

we have seen the attitude of local dealers and distributors
who immediately assume that this will void your warranty.
This is simply not the case and in the United States there is a
law that requires OEM’s to maintain their warranty in the
presents of aftermarket accessories (stated below). So what is
not so good? Just overcoming people with wrong
understanding!

VI. Less oil contaminates leads to longer lasting engine, possibly

by a factor of two. Why is this not good? Well this is sort of a
little joke but if you are a engine dealer not selling rebuild
parts its not funny. You will not sell major engine parts like
you would for standard diesel engines.

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 Turbocharger

In an internal combustion engine, a turbocharger (also known as a turbo

or a turbosupercharger) is a forced induction device that is powered by
the flow of exhaust gases. It uses this energy to compress the intake air,
forcing more air into the engine in order to produce more power for a
given displacement. The current categorization is that a turbocharger is
powered by the kinetic energy of the exhaust gases, whereas a
supercharger is mechanically powered (usually by a belt from the
engine's crankshaft).
However, up until the mid-20th century, a turbocharger was called a
"turbosupercharger" and was considered a type of supercharger. Like
other forced induction devices, a compressor in the turbocharger
pressurises the intake air before it enters the inlet manifold.
In the case of a turbocharger, the compressor is powered by the kinetic
energy of the engine's exhaust gases, which is extracted by the
turbocharger's turbine. The main components of the turbocharger are
turbine , compressor , Center housing hub rotating assembly.
Turbochargers use the vehicle’s exhaust gas; two fans – a turbine fan and
a compressor fan – rotate from exhaust gas. Conversely, superchargers
are powered directly by the engine; a belt pulley drives gears that cause
a compressor fan to rotate.

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 Figure 6 Turbocharger

Figure 7 Difference Between Turbocharger and Supercharger

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 Future of Dual Fuel Engines

The potential for further development and improvement of dual

fuel engines is promising. As the demand for clean and sustainable
energy increases, these engines have a crucial role to play.
Advancements in technology, such as better fuel injection systems and
control algorithms, can make them more efficient and cost-effective.

Moreover, dual fuel engines can contribute significantly to reducing

carbon emissions and promoting energy efficiency. As the world shifts
towards renewable energy sources, dual fuel engines can serve as a
bridge technology, providing a cleaner alternative to traditional fossil
fuel engines.

Figure 8 DAIHATSU Dual Fuel Engine

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 Economics and Commercial Potential

Industries using cogeneration power systems will benefit from the

use of dual fuel systems. While the initial cost of adapting the engines
may cause industries to be hesitant to convert, tightening air quality
standards, significant fluctuations in fuel costs, and source reliability
issues will likely influence the need for conversion.

Engines fitted with conversion systems operate the same as

traditional diesel engines and require no special operator training.

The invention shows promise for use in the offshore drilling

industry. Currently, offshore drilling rigs fitted with the system are
saving an estimated $4000 in daily fuel costs.

Applications in marine operations and in the railroad industry have

also proven effective. The market has been estimated to be 90 units per
year, yielding cost savings of $131 million per year and saving
aproximately 15 million Btu per year.

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 Conclusion

Dual fuel engines offer a promising and sustainable alternative to

traditional marine propulsion systems.

They provide significant environmental benefits by reducing

emissions and offer cost savings through fuel flexibility.

While challenges exist, the maritime industry is increasingly

adopting dual fuel technology to meet stringent environmental
regulations and embrace a cleaner, more efficient future.

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 References

1- BENSON, R. S. and WHITEHOUSE, N. D., Internal

Combustion Engines, VoIs. 1 and 2, Pergamon Press,
Oxford(1979).

2- RICARDO, H. R. and HEMPSON, J. G. G., The High Speed

Internal Combustion Engine (5th edn), Blackie, Oxford (1968).

3- RYTI, M. and MEIER, E., 'On Selecting the Method of

Turbocharging Four-stroke Diesel Engines', Brown Boveri Review,
56, No. 1 (1969).

4- GOODLET, I. W., Turbocharging of Small Engines',

Proc. I.Mech.E., 188, No. 3/74 (1974).

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