The magnetic field around a permanent

magnet is an area where the effects of the

Describe the magnetic field around a magnetic force can be detected,
permanent magnet. characterized by lines of magnetic flux that
represent the distribution and density of the
field.

The laws of magnetic attraction and repulsion

State the laws of magnetic attraction and state that like poles repel each other (north-
repulsion for two magnets in close proximity. north or south-south), while opposite poles
attract each other (north-south).

Magnetic flux, denoted by the symbol Φ, is a

measure of the quantity of magnetism, taking
Define magnetic flux and its unit.
into account the strength and extent of a
magnetic field. Its unit is the Weber (Wb).

Magnetic flux density, denoted by the symbol

B, is the amount of magnetic flux passing
Define magnetic flux density and its unit. through a unit area perpendicular to the
direction of the magnetic field. Its unit is Tesla
(T).
 Magnetic flux density can be calculated using
Perform simple calculations involving the formula B = Φ/A, where B is the magnetic
magnetic flux density. flux density, Φ is the magnetic flux, and A is
the area.

Magnetomotive force, denoted by the symbol

Fm, is the magnetic potential that drives
Define magnetomotive force and its unit.
magnetic flux through a circuit. Its unit is
Ampere-Turns (At).

Magnetic field strength, denoted by the

symbol H, is a measure of the intensity of the
Define magnetic field strength and its unit.
magnetic field. Its unit is Ampere per meter
(A/m).

Magnetomotive force can be calculated using

Perform simple calculations involving the formula Fm = NI, where Fm is the
magnetomotive force. magnetomotive force, N is the number of
turns, and I is the current.
 Magnetic field strength can be calculated
using the formula H = NI/l, where H is the
Perform simple calculations involving
magnetic field strength, N is the number of
magnetic field strength.
turns, I is the current, and l is the length of
the magnetic path.

Permeability is a measure of how easily a

material can support the formation of a
Define permeability and distinguish between magnetic field within itself. It can be defined
different types. in terms of absolute permeability (μ0),
relative permeability (μr), and permeability in
a specific medium.

B–H curves illustrate the relationship between

magnetic flux density (B) and magnetic field
Understand the B–H curves for different
strength (H) for different magnetic materials,
magnetic materials.
showing how they respond to external
magnetic fields.

Relative permeability (μr) varies for different

Appreciate typical values of relative materials, indicating how much more or less
permeability. permeable a material is compared to a
vacuum.
 Magnetic flux density can be calculated using
the formula B = μ0μrH, where B is the
Perform calculations involving magnetic flux
magnetic flux density, μ0 is the permeability
density and permeability.
of free space, μr is the relative permeability,
and H is the magnetic field strength.

Reluctance, denoted by the symbol S, is a

measure of the opposition that a material
Define reluctance and its unit.
offers to the passage of magnetic flux. Its unit
is Ampere-Turns per Weber (At/Wb).

Reluctance can be calculated using the

formula S = mmf/Φ, where S is the
Perform calculations involving reluctance.
reluctance, mmf is the magnetomotive force,
and Φ is the magnetic flux.

Calculations on composite series magnetic

circuits involve determining the total
Perform calculations on composite series
reluctance and the resulting magnetic flux
magnetic circuits.
using the individual reluctances of each
segment.
 Electrical quantities such as voltage, current,
and resistance can be compared to magnetic
Compare electrical and magnetic quantities. quantities like magnetomotive force,
magnetic field strength, and reluctance,
highlighting their analogous relationships.

A hysteresis loop is obtained by plotting the

magnetic flux density (B) against the
magnetic field strength (H) during
Appreciate how a hysteresis loop is obtained.
magnetization and demagnetization,
illustrating the energy loss in a magnetic
material.

Hysteresis loss in a magnetic material is

Understand that hysteresis loss is proportional to the area enclosed by the
proportional to its area. hysteresis loop, indicating the energy lost as
heat during the magnetization process.

When iron filings are sprinkled on a cardboard

and the cardboard is tapped, the filings align
Describe the effect of a magnetic field on iron
themselves into a pattern that represents the
filings.
magnetic field lines, demonstrating the force
exerted by the magnetic field.
 How does the strength of a magnetic field The strength of the magnetic field decreases
relate to the distance from the magnet? as one moves away from the magnet.

Magnetic flux is the amount of magnetic field

produced by a magnetic source, represented
Define magnetic flux.
by the symbol ϕ (phi), and measured in
webers (Wb).

Magnetic field lines are directed from the

north pole to the south pole of a magnet on
What is the direction of magnetic field lines?
the outside and continue through the magnet
back to the north pole.

When unlike poles of two bar magnets are

Explain the behavior of magnets with unlike adjacent, attraction occurs, causing the
poles adjacent. magnets to pull together, with the magnetic
field being strongest between them.
 When similar poles, such as two north poles,
What happens when similar poles of magnets
are adjacent, repulsion occurs, causing the
are placed adjacent to each other?
magnets to push each other apart.

Magnetic flux density is the amount of

magnetic flux passing through a defined area
Define magnetic flux density.
that is perpendicular to the direction of the
flux, represented by the symbol B.

What is the unit of measurement for The unit of magnetic flux density is the tesla
magnetic flux density? (T).

The direction of magnetic field lines can be

determined by placing a compass in the
How can the direction of magnetic field lines
magnetic field and noting the direction in
be determined using a compass?
which the north-seeking pole of the compass
needle points.
 Magnetic field lines always form complete
Describe the characteristics of magnetic field
closed loops, never intersect, and have a
lines.
definite direction.

The magnetic pole face has a rectangular

Describe the dimensions of the magnetic pole
section with dimensions of 200 mm by 100
face in Problem 1.
mm.

Calculate the total flux emerging from the The total flux emerging from the pole is 150
pole in Problem 1. μWb.

Flux density B is calculated using the formula

How is flux density calculated in Problem 1? B = Φ / A, where Φ is the total flux and A is
the cross-sectional area.
 The cross-sectional area A is calculated as
What is the cross-sectional area of the
200 mm * 100 mm, which equals 20000 mm²
magnetic pole face in Problem 1?
or 20000 × 10⁻⁶ m².

The flux density B is calculated as B = 150 ×

Determine the flux density in Problem 1. 10⁻⁶ Wb / (20000 × 10⁻⁶ m²) = 0.0075 T or
7.5 mT.

Identify the maximum working flux density of The maximum working flux density of the
the lifting electromagnet in Problem 2. lifting electromagnet is 1.8 T.

What is the total magnetic flux produced by

The total magnetic flux produced is 353 mWb.
the lifting electromagnet in Problem 2?
 The radius of the pole face is determined
How is the radius of the pole face determined
using the formula A = πr², where A is the
in Problem 2?
cross-sectional area.

Calculate the cross-sectional area of the pole The cross-sectional area A is calculated as A
face in Problem 2. = Φ / B = 353 × 10⁻³ Wb / 1.8 T = 0.1961 m².

What is the radius of the pole face in Problem The radius r is calculated as r = √(0.1961) =
2? 0.250 m, which is 250 mm.

Magnetomotive force (mmf) is the cause of

Define magnetomotive force (mmf). the existence of a magnetic flux in a
magnetic circuit.
 The formula for calculating mmf is Fm = NI,
What is the formula for calculating
where N is the number of conductors (or
magnetomotive force (mmf)?
turns) and I is the current in amperes.

The unit of mmf is sometimes expressed as

What is the unit of magnetomotive force
'ampere-turns', but the SI unit is simply
(mmf)?
amperes.

Magnetic field strength (H) is defined as H =

Describe the formula for magnetic field NI/l, where N is the number of turns, I is the
strength (H). current in amperes, and l is the mean length
of the flux path in meters.

The current in a coil can be calculated using

How is the current in a coil calculated given the formula I = Hl/N, where H is the
the magnetizing force and number of turns? magnetizing force in A/m, l is the mean length
of the flux path, and N is the number of turns.
 Permeability is a measure of how easily a
material can support the formation of a
Define permeability in the context of
magnetic field within itself, represented by
magnetic circuits.
the constant μ0 for free space and μr for
relative permeability of materials.

In non-magnetic media, the ratio of magnetic

What is the relationship between magnetic
flux density (B) to magnetizing force (H) is a
flux density (B) and magnetizing force (H) in
constant, specifically B/H = μ0, where μ0 is
non-magnetic media?
the permeability of free space.

The relative permeability (μr) varies with the

How does the relative permeability (μr) vary type of magnetic material and is defined as
with different magnetic materials? the ratio of flux density in the material to flux
density in a vacuum.

The B-H curve, or magnetization curve, plots

measured values of flux density (B) against
Explain the significance of the B-H curve in
magnetic field strength (H) and illustrates the
magnetic materials.
magnetic properties of materials, showing
how they respond to applied magnetic fields.
 A straight line on a B-H curve indicates that
What does a straight line on a B-H curve non-magnetic materials have a constant ratio
indicate for non-magnetic materials? of B to H, meaning they do not exhibit
significant magnetic properties.

Absolute permeability (μ) is defined as the

product of the permeability of free space (μ0)
How is absolute permeability defined?
and the relative permeability (μr) of a
material, expressed as μ = μ0μr.

What is the approximate value of the The permeability of free space (μ0) is
permeability of free space (μ0)? approximately equal to 4π × 10^-7 H/m.

The relative permeability of ferromagnetic

Describe the effect of magnetic field strength
materials is proportional to the slope of the B-
on the relative permeability of ferromagnetic
H curve and varies with the strength of the
materials.
applied magnetic field.
 Describe the relative permeability of cast
The relative permeability of cast steel under
steel when a flux density of 1.2 T is produced
these conditions is calculated to be 764.
by a magnetizing force of 1250 A/m.

Define the relationship between magnetic The relationship is given by the equation B =
flux density (B) and magnetic field strength μ₀ * μᵣ * H, where μ₀ is the permeability of free
(H) in magnetic materials. space and μᵣ is the relative permeability.

How is the relative permeability (μᵣ) Relative permeability (μᵣ) is calculated using
calculated for a magnetic material? the formula μᵣ = B / (μ₀ * H).

What is the range of relative permeability for The range of relative permeability for mild
mild steel? steel is approximately 200 to 800.
 Identify the relative permeability range for The relative permeability range for Mumetal
Mumetal. is approximately 200 to 5000.

Calculate the magnetic field strength required To find the magnetic field strength (H), use
to produce a flux density of 0.25 T in an air the formula H = B / μ₀. Given B = 0.25 T and
gap of length 12 mm. μ₀ = 4π x 10⁻⁷ H/m, calculate H accordingly.

What is the relative permeability range for The relative permeability range for silicon iron
silicon iron? is approximately 1000 to 5000.

The B – H curve illustrates the relationship

between magnetic flux density (B) and
Explain the significance of the B – H curve in
magnetic field strength (H) for different
electrical circuit theory.
materials, indicating their magnetic
properties.
 What is the relative permeability range for The relative permeability range for cast iron is
cast iron? approximately 100 to 250.

Determine the mmf required to produce a flux The magnetomotive force (mmf) can be
density of 0.25 T in an air gap of length 12 calculated using the formula mmf = H * l,
mm. where l is the length of the air gap.