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Lec 2_Geo

This document provides an introduction to geostatistics, emphasizing its applications in geology, mineral exploration, and mine evaluation. It contrasts classical statistics with geostatistics, highlighting the importance of spatial relationships in data analysis. The document also outlines methods for organizing and analyzing data, including frequency distribution tables and histograms.

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16 views

Lec 2_Geo

This document provides an introduction to geostatistics, emphasizing its applications in geology, mineral exploration, and mine evaluation. It contrasts classical statistics with geostatistics, highlighting the importance of spatial relationships in data analysis. The document also outlines methods for organizing and analyzing data, including frequency distribution tables and histograms.

Uploaded by

mahmoudaliazaz218
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 36

‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬

Geostatistics
Lec No2
Dr Mosaad Ali
Chapter (1) Introduction to
Geostatistics
Some Important Terminology
Some Important Terminology
Geostatistics can be used in:

A. Pure geology (for the analysis of trace elements in a metamorphic


rock),

B. Mineral exploration (for example, for the analysis of geochemical


exploration data), and

C. Mine evaluation

This course is intended to provide a practical introduction to the


theory of gestatistical methods of mineral evaluation.
Classical Statistics
• 1.1 Classical Statistics versus Geostatistics

• To determine the characteristics of a mineral deposit, the usual practice


is to take samples, analyses the properties of those samples and infer the
characteristics of the deposit from these properties. This analysis can be
done using statistical methods. There are two types of statistical
approaches:

➢ Classical statistics and

➢ Spatial statistics (Geostatistics).


If one uses classical statistics to represent the properties of the
sample values, the assumption is made that the values are
realizations of a random variable. The relative positions of the
samples are ignored, and it is assumed that all sample values in the
mineral deposit have an equal probability of being selected.
• The following presences are ignored in the classical statistics:

1) trends,

2) zones of enrichment,

3) Pay shoots in the mineralization, or

4) The fact that two samples taken close to each other are more
likely to have similar values than if taken far apart
• Geologists usually avoid taking samples at random (random
sampling), as it is correctly accepted that samples located on a
regular grid, or approximately on a regular grid, give more
information than randomly located samples.

• In practice, classical statistics should be used only in the early


stages of exploration, when the number of samples available is
relatively small and the distances between samples are large.
• 1.2 Definitions and Remarks

• In considering a mineral deposit, the symbol Ω will represent the domain


(volume or surface) which constitutes this deposit. Consider a point z within Ω,
and a sample w centered at point z. A value 𝑥(𝑧) is associated with this sample.
For example, 𝑥(𝑧), which is a function of the position z where the sample is
taken, can be:

➢ the grade of ore,

➢ the thickness,

➢ the content per unit area, or

➢ any other quantity.


• If we take all possible samples w at all possible points z within
the ore body Ω, we can calculate the average value µ of all the
𝑥(𝑧) values in the ore body. The following notation will be used:

µ = 𝐸Ω [𝑥(𝑧)] ………. expected value of 𝑥(𝑧) in Ω.

Figure (1): Position z and value x(z) of a sample w in an ore body Ω.


1.3 Data analysis or data arrangement:

Suppose we have n sample values 𝑥𝑖, i = 1, 2, ... n. The


first step in the analysis of these values consists in
grouping them in classes, and in counting the number of
samples which fall within each class.
Definitions: ‫ﻣﮭم‬

Raw data: Data are collected and have not been yet organized
numerically.

Arrays: The way of arrangement of the numerical data in ascending or


descending order.

Maximum and minimum: refer to the maximum and the minimum


values of the data set.

Count: is the total number of samples.

Range: Difference between maximum value and the minimum value.


1.4 Different types of Data analysis such as:

• Frequency Distribution Tables

• Cumulative and Reverse Cumulative Frequency (by


numbers).

• Frequency Histogram

• Frequency Bar- Charts

• Frequency Polygon

• Pie Chart
1. Frequency Distribution Tables

In this method the raw data is arranged to different classes each class has
a specific number of data set (samples).

Selecting the number and the length of classes depends on the given data, its size
and the goal of the frequency distribution.

➢ If the number of classes is small, the data loses its original distribution
and will be concentrated in small area.

➢ If the number of classes is big, this causes the disturbance to the reader,
frequency loses its importance, as well zero classes will be obtained (i.e.,
no data belongs to these classes)
Rules of Frequency Distribution Tables:
•Recommended number of classes can be selected from the following
table
Table (1) recommended number of classes
•Always make sure that, each reading or number of data belongs to
only single class (e.g. border readings).
• It is advisable to make the length of classes is the same

No. of data No. Classes


‫ﻣﮭم‬ < (less than) 100 5-10
100 - 500 8-17
> (more than 500) 15-20
Example of the Raw Data: We are given the raw data of
weights of 80 copper samples, gms, as shown in Table (2). It
is required to build the frequency distribution table for these
data:
Table (2) raw data of weights of 80 copper samples, gms
24 15 22 28 17 12 20 16 23 16
22 15 23 18 11 21 17 30 16 29
19 39 19 18 14 20 28 18 29 24
20 22 34 12 29 25 17 23 20 18
24 14 32 27 18 21 15 19 17 16
21 19 23 26 24 31 23 15 25 22
25 16 18 23 20 10 22 15 18 13
15 26 17 20 21 19 20 21 27 31
• Steps of the Solution: ‫ﺧطوات اﻟﺣل‬

▪ Select the No. of classes (K) according to table (1):

▪ Arrange the data in ascending order (small to big)-use excel

▪ Determine the number of frequencies for each class (K)

▪ Determine the range (R) as:

Range (R) = Max. value – Min. value

▪ Determine the length of class (L) as:

𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 (𝑹)
Length of class (L) =
𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 (𝑲)
• Solution:

➢ No. of given data is 80 readings (< 100), therefore, the No. of classes is (5-
10). Take the number of classes (groups) “K” = 6.

➢ Range “R” = Max. reading – Min. reading

▪ Max. = 39

▪ Min. = 10

▪ R = 39-10 = 29.

𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑅 29
➢ Length of class (L) = = = 4.83 ≅ 5
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑎s𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝐾 6
The frequency distribution table:

The classes include tow limits:


Real class limits (Class boundaries):

A. For integer numbers:

• Lower class boundaries is obtained (for integer numbers) by subtracting


0.5 from each lower-class border.

• Upper class boundaries is obtained (for integer numbers) by adding 0.5 to


each upper-class border.
B. For NOT integer numbers:

• Lower class boundaries is obtained by subtracting 0.05 from each


lower-class border has single number after the decimal point.

• Upper class boundaries is obtained by adding 0.05 to each upper-class


border has single number after the decimal point.

• Example: for the class 10.3 – 14.5

❑ Lower class boundary is: 10.3 – 0.05 = 10.25

❑ Upper class boundary is: 14.5 + 0.05 = 14.55

• Thus, class boundaries 10.25 – 14.55


• Class marks & Class interval:

1. The center (marks) of classes can be determined as:

𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡+𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡


- Class marks = 2

10+14 24
- Example: for class 10 – 14, the class marks = = = 12
2 2

1. The class interval is estimated as:

- Class interval (L) = Upper class boundary–Lower class boundary

i. For class: 10 – 14

ii. Upper class boundary = 14+0.5 = 14.5

iii. Lower class boundary = 10 – 0.5 = 9.5

- Therefore, Class interval (L) = 14.5 – 9.5 = 5


Example: Find the class marks and intervals for the following:

▪ Case A: 8-17 ‫ﻣﮭم‬


▪ Case B: 3.4 – 6.6

▪ Case C: 2.25 – 5.75


• The Percentage Distribution of Relative Frequency:

The percentage distribution is calculated as follows:

𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠


Relative frequency= σ(𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠) × 100
• Cumulative and Reverse Cumulative Frequency

The Frequency distribution table can be modified and converted


to another type of distribution called “cumulative and reverse
cumulative distribution by numbers”.
Frequency Histogram
How to build a histogram?
• Open an Excel sheet

• Insert or copy your data in the excel sheet

• Find the max. value, min. value and range

𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 (𝑅)
• Determine the length of classes (L) = 𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 (𝑘)

• Make table contains the following columns:

1. Class No.
2. Lower limit
3. Upper limit
4. Class borders
5. Frequency

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