Engineering Applied Mathematics

| Overview Chapter 1
Contents

1 Sets
2 Number sets
3 Operations with Integers
4 Order of Operations
5 Real Number line
6 Properties of real numbers
7 Intervals
1.1. Sets

This chapter deals with the concept of a number sets, operations on sets. Concept of
number sets will be useful in studying the functions.

Definition: A set is a well-defined collection of distinct objects is called a set.

- The objects are called the elements or members of the set.

- Sets are denoted by capital letters
- The elements of a set are represented by lower case letters
- If an object is a member of a set we write , which reads “ belongs to ” or “ is in
”, otherwise we write , which reads “ does not belong to ” .
REMARK:

1.1.1. SETS OF NUMBERS:

1. Set of Natural Numbers,

2. Set of Whole Numbers,
3. Set of positive Integers ,
4. Set of negative Integers,
5. Set of Integers,
{“Z” stands for the first letter of the German word for integer: Zahlen.}
6. Set of Rational Numbers (or Quotient of Integers)

7. Set of Irrational Numbers,

For example, etc.
8. Set of Real Numbers,
9. Set of Complex Numbers,
10. Set of Even Integers,
11. Set of Odd Integers,
12. Set of Prime Numbers,
13. NULL or EMPTY SET,
A set which contains no element is called a null set, or an empty set or a void set.
It is denoted by the Greek letter (phi) or .

X: X

W
𝑍

N
B

I
B

𝜋𝑒

Figure 1: Number Sets

1.1.2. SUBSET:

If B are two sets, is called a subset of B, written B, if and only if, any element
of is also an element of B.

Symbolically:

REMARKS:
1.
2. , since every integer ‘ ’ could be written as:

3.
4.
5. is regarded as a subset of every set.
6. Every set is a subset of itself.
7. The real number zero is neither positive nor negative.

EXAMPLES:
Let B , C = {1, 2, 3, 4} and D = {3, 1, 5}
Then
B ( Because every element of is in B )
B ( Because every element of is also an element of B )
and ( Because every element of is also an element of and also note
that every element of is in so )
or is not subset of C : ( Because there is an element 5 of A which is not in C )

EXAMPLES
1.
( Because there does not exist any human being which is taller than m)
2. B
(Because we know that there does not exist any odd whose square is )

EXERCISE 1:
Determine whether each of the following statements is true or false.
1. true
2. false
3. false
4. true Because Every set is the subset of itself.
5. false
 6. true Because is regarded as a subset of every set.
7. true Because is regarded as a subset of every set.
8. true .
9. false

1.1.3. Finite and Infinite Sets:

A set which consists of a finite number of elements is called a finite set otherwise, the set
is called an infinite set. The number of elements in is denoted by

EXAMPLES:

1. The set of letters of English alphabets is finite and the number of elements in ,

2. The null set has no elements, is finite and

3. The set of positive integers is infinite.

EXERCISE:
Determine which of the following sets are finite/infinite.
1. A = {month in the year} FINITE
2. B = {even integers} INFINITE
3. D = {animals living on the earth} INFINITE
4. E = {lines parallel to x-axis} INFINITE
5. – FINITE
6. G = {circles through origin} INFINITE
 1.2. Operations with Integers

Adding and Subtracting Integers

Same Signs: If the numbers have the same sign, add, keep the sign.

Example 1 :

Opposite Signs: If the numbers have opposite signs, subtract, keep the sign of
the number with the greatest absolute value.

Example 1 :

Multiplying and Dividing Integers

Same Signs: If the signs are the same, multiply or

divide and the answer is always positive.

Opposite Signs: If the signs are different, multiply or

Divide and the answer is always negative.

If the signs are next to each other, it is also means

Multiplying and rewrite the problem with just one sign.

Example 1:

1.3. Order of Operations

To evaluate the numerical expression , Is the answer 23 or 28? That is means we

can get two different answers depending on which operation you did first. In order to make
sure everyone gets the same answer, we must a rule called the order of operations. The Order
of Operations tells us how to do a math problem with more than one operation, in the correct
order as
 1. Parentheses - ( ) or [ ]
2. Exponents or Powers
3. Multiply and Divide (from left to right)
4. Add and Subtract (from left to right)

Carryout first from left to right.

EXERCISES 1.1
In Problems 1–20, Simplify each expression.
11-
1-
12-
2-
13-
3-
14-
4-
15-
5- 2
16-
6-
17-
7-
18-
8-
19-
9- ( )
20-
10-
1.4. The Real Number Line, Intervals and Ordering

1.5. Real Number line

The real number line can be used to represent the real numbers. It consists of a horizontal
line with a point (the origin) labeled as 0 (zero). Points to the left of zero are associated with
negative numbers, and points to the right of zero are associated with positive numbers, as
shown in Figure 0.2. The real number zero is neither positive nor negative. So, when you
want to talk about real numbers that might be positive or zero, you can use the term
nonnegative real numbers. The number to the left is less than the number to the right,

Figure 2 Real Number Line

1.6. Intervals
A subset of the real line is called an interval if it contains at least two numbers and contains
all the real numbers lying between any two of its elements.
Geometrically, intervals correspond to rays and line segments on the real line,
Symbolically,
Inequality Graphical Interval

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 ] [

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 [ [

] [
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

] ]
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

] [
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 [ ]

& -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 ] [& ] [

& ] ]& ] [
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

& -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 ] [& [ [

& ] ]& [ [
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
1.7. Basic Rules of Real Numbers
Let and be real numbers.
1. Commutative Property of Addition
2. Commutative Property of Multiplication
3. Associative Property of Addition
4. Associative Property of Multiplication
5. Distributive Property.
6. Additive Identity Property :
7. Multiplicative Identity Property :
8. Additive Inverse Property :
9. Multiplicative Inverse Property
Notes:
Additive Identity: The number is the additive identity.
Multiplicative Identity: The number is the multiplicative identity.
Additive Inverse : is called the additive inverse (or opposite) of

Multiplicative Inverse: is called the multiplicative inverse (or reciprocal) of .

In the expression or or , is called the numerator of the fraction and

is called the denominator. Subtraction is defined as the inverse of addition and

Division is defined as the inverse of multiplication. Some examples for additive
identity and multiplicative identity are given in table 1.

Number Additive Inverse Multiplicative Inverse

1.8. Absolute Value

Definition: Absolute value

The absolute value of the real number is defined by

: ‫تعني ما داخل المطلق يخرج دائما موجب‬

: ‫هنذسيا تعني المسافة بين الصفر والعذد‬

1.9. The Distance Between Points on a Real Number Line

The distance between two points and on a real number line is given by

Example 1:

Calculate the distance between and on a real number

Solution:

Example 2:

Calculate the distance between and on a real number

Solution:

1.10.Ordered pair and coordinate plane

A coordinate plane is a plane containing a horizontal number line, the x-axis,
and a vertical number line, the y-axis. The intersection of these axes is called
the origin. The axes divide the coordinate-plane into four regions called

quadrants, which are numbered , and .

State which of the following statement are true or false, justify your
answer.
 ( )
 ( )
 √ ( )
 ( )
 ( )

Put the circle around the correct one in the following:

a- b- c- d-

a- b- c- d-

a- b- c- d-

a- b- c- d-

a- b- c- d-

a- b- c- d-

a- b- c- d-

a- ‫محدودة‬ b- ‫محدودة‬ c- ‫محدودة‬ d- ‫محدودة‬

If is true, then is equal to

a- b- c- d-

If a is true, then is equal to

a- b- c- d-

If is true, then is equal to

a- b- c- d-

The number is

a- Odd b- Even c- Irrational d- a , b and c are true

The number is
a- Odd b- Even c- Irrational d- a , b and c are true

If is empty set, then is equal to

a- b- c- d-

If is empty set, then is equal to

a- b- c- d-

Which set is finite?

a- b- c- d- set of stars in sky

If and B , then

a- B b- B c- B d- B

If and B , then

a- B b- B c- B d- B

If and B , then

a- B b- c- B d- B

If and B , then

a- B b- B B c- B B d- B

If , B , and then

a- b- c- B d- B

The Additive Identity is

a-- b- c- d-

The Multiplicative Identity is

a-- b- c- d-

The Additive inverse of 3 is

a-- b- c- d-

The Additive inverse of is

a-- b- c- d-

The Additive inverse of 1000 is

a-- b- c- d-

The Additive inverse of is

a-- b- c- d-

The Multiplicative inverse of 7 is

a-- b- c- d-

The Multiplicative inverse of is

a-- b- c- d-

The Multiplicative inverse of is

a-- b- c- d-

The Multiplicative inverse of is

a-- b- c- d-

Multipling the number by its Multiplicative inverse eqaul to ……..( )

a-- b- c- d-

Adding the number by its additive inverse eqaul to ……..( )

a-- b- c- d-

a-- b- c- d-

a-- b- c- d-
a-- b- c- d-

a-- b- c- d-

a-- b- c- d-

a-- b- c- d-

a-- b- c- d-

a-- undefined b- c- d-

a-- b- c- d-

a-- b- c- d-

a-- b- c- d-

a-- b- c- d-

a-- b- c- d-

a-- b- c- d-

| |
a-- b- c- d-

Fill the blank

1-

2-

3-

4-

5-

6-

7-

8-

9-

10-

11-

12-

1- On real number line, the nubers & … have the same distance from
2- An integer that is neither positive nor negative is ……………….

Write in interval form

Graph the following inequalities on real number line.
1-
2-
3-
4-
5-
6-
7-