VIVA-OCE

Q. 1. What is qualitative analysis ?

Ans. It is a type of analysis that deals with the methods which are used to determine the constituents of a
compound.
Q.2. What is a radical ?
Ans. A radical may be defined as an atom or group of atoms which carries charge and behaves as a single unit
in chemical reactions.
Q. 3. What are acidic and basic radicals ?
Ans. Radicals carrying positivecharge are called basic radicals and those carrying negative charge are called
acidic radicals.
Q. 4. What type of bond is present in an inorganic salt ?
Ans. Electrovalent bond.
Q. 5. Why do inorganic salts ionise when dissolved in water ?
Ans. Due to the high dielectric constant of water, the force of attraction holding the two ions in a salt decreases.
Thus, the two ionsget separated. The ions are further stabilised by solvation.
Q. 6. Name the coloured basic radicals.
Ans. Cu2t, Fe2+, Fe+, Crat, Ni2+, Co2+ and Mn+t,
Q. 7. What is the colour of iron salts ?
Ans. Ferrous salts are usually light green while ferric salts are generally brown.
Q. 8. Name any iron salt which is light green.
Ans. Ferrous sulphate.
 Q.9. What is the colour of nickel salts ?
Ans. Bluush green or green
Q.10. What is the colour of manganese salts ?
Ans. Light pnk or lesh colour.
Q.1l. Name the basic radicals wv hich are absent, if the given salt is white.
Ans. u Fe,Fe, (r,N , Coand Mn
Q.12. Why a salt containing lead turns black in colour, when placed for a long time in laborator
Ans. Due to the formation of black lead sulphide by the action of H,S in atmosphere.
Q.13. Name the salts which produce crackling sound when heated.
Ans.
Lead nitrate. barum nitrate. potassium bromide. sodium chloride.
Q.14. What is sublimation ?
Ans.
lris the proress by which a salt directly changes into vapour without melting. when heated On coline
vapous ondense back to the solid state.
Q.15. Tell the importance of preliminary tests in qualitative analysis.
Ans.
Sometimes.preiminary tests give authentie information about an ion in a mixture. Golden yellow colour
in lame test shows the presence of sodium In a charcoal cavity test. brown residue shows the presence c
cadmium in a salt and so on
Q16. How dry heating test is performed and what information you get if the residue changes to
yellow when hot ?
Ans.
In dry heating test. the mixture is heated in a dry test rube Yellow residue when hot shows the presence ofzne
Q.17. What is the expected information when copper sulphate is heated in a dry test tube ?
Ans. Awhite residue is formed and water condenses on the cooler walls of the test tube.
Q.18. Name the radical which produces CO, on heating.
Ans. Carbonate.
Q.19. What is the colour of residue when zincsalt is heated ?
Ans. Yellow when hot and white when cold
Q.20. what is the colour of residue when cadmium salt is heated ?
Ans. Brown when hot. brown when cold
Q.21. If the residue in dry heating test is white, name the radicals which are absent.
Ans. Cu Fe N. Mn.Co*-. Cr, Cd- Zn and Pb
Q22. How is charcoal cavity test performed ? Describe the chemistry for the formation of
incrustation as well as netallic bead.
Ans. The salt is mixed with the double the quantity of sodiun carbonate and the mixture is heated in the
charcoal caity in luminous flame (reducing flame).
PbNO)e + NaCO; PbCO, - 2NaNO;
PbCO, CO, PbO
Brown hot
(incrustation)
PbO C Pb CO ‘
(Lead)
Q.23. which lame is used in charcoal cavity test ? How is it obtained ?
Ans. Areducing flame is used in charcoal cavity test. It is obtained by closing the air holes of the burner.
EVERGREEN CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL-12
 Why should we avoid excess of cobaltnitrate in cobalt nitrate test ?
Ans. Bxcess of cobalt nitrate is avoided because it forms black cobalt oxide in the oxidising flame. This colour
masks the other colours which might be produced during thetest.
O5 n the flame test, sodium imparts yellow colour to the fame while magnesium does not
impart any colour. Why ?
Ans. In case of magnesium, when the excited electron jumps back to the ground state, the frequency of
radiation emitted does not fall in the visible region.
o.26. Write the chemistry of ffame test
Ans. In flame test, the valence electron of the atom gets excited and jumps to the higher level. When the electron
jumps back to ground state, the radiation is emitted whose frequency falls in the visible region.
O27. What is the function of blue glass in flame test ?
Ans. The blue glass can absorb apart or whole of the coloured light in certain cases. Therefore, the flame appears
to be of different colour when viewed through blue glass. This helps in identification of some basic radicals.
Q.28. Why do we use conc. HCI in preparing a paste of the salt for flame test ?
Ans. In order to convert metal salts into metal chlorides which are more volatile than other salts.
o.29. Why can't we use glass rod instead of platinum wire for performing flame test ?
Ans. This is because glass contains sodium silicate which imparts its own golden yellow colour to the flame.
Q.30. Why is platinum mnetal preferred to other metals for flame test ?
Ans. Because platinum does not react with acids and does not itself impart any characteristic colour to the flame.
Q.31. Why do barium salts not impart colour to the flame immediately ?
Ans. Because barium chloride is less volatile, it imparts colour to the flame after sometime.
Q.32. Why should we avoid the use of platinum wire for testing lead salts ?
Ans. Because lead combines with platinum and the wire gets corroded.
Q.33. why should only a particle or two of the given salt should betouched with the bead in borax
bead test ?
Ans. If salt is used in excess an opaque bead is formed.
Q.34. VWhy is borax bead test not applicable in case of white salts ?
Ans. White salts do not form coloured meta-borates.
Q.35. What is Nessler's reagent ?
Ans. It is an alkaline solution of K Hgl].
Q.36. Name the acid radicals detected wvith dil. H,SO,
Ans. Cco?, s-, sO and NO,
Q.37. Why dil. HSO,is preferred while testing acid radicals over dil. HCI?
Ans. When themixture is treated with HCI, during reaction HClgas is also given out along with the gas evolved
by the mixture, So the actual gas cannot be identified whereas with H,SO4, no such problem arises.
Q.38. Name the acid radicals detected by conc. H,SO,.

Ans. CI, Br, I, NOz and CH,CO0.

Q39. Name the radicals which are tested with the help of water extract.
Ans. NOz, NO, and CH,CO0.
Q.40. Name the radicals which are confirmed with the help of sodium carbonate extract.
Ans. S-, CI, Br, Ir, PO,sO, so3.
EVERGREEN CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL - 12 169
 Q41. How is sodium carbonate extract prepared ?
Ans. The mixture is mixed with double the amount of solid NagCO, and about 20 mL of distilled water. It is
boiled till it
reducedto one-third. and then filtered. The filtrate is sodium carbonate
Q.42. What is water extract?
is
extract or (S E the
Ans. The given salt or mixture is shaken well with distilled water and the solution is filtered Tho e
water extract or (W.E).
Q.43. What is the need of preparing S.E. ?
Ans. It is needed when the mixture is partially soluble or is insoluble in water.
Q.44. Can we use any other sodiumn salt instead of Na,CO, ?
Ans. No.
Q.45. How will you test the presence of carbonate ?
Ans. Treat a small quantity of the mixture with dil. H,S0,. Co. gas is evolved. When the gas is e
through lime water, it is turned milky.
Na,CO + 2HC1 2NaCl + H,0 + CO
Ca(OH), + CO, CaCO_ + H,0
Q. 46. What is lime water ?
Ans. A solution of Ca(O), in water is called lime water.
Q.47. What will happen if excess of CO, is passed through lime water ?
Ans.
The white precipitate of CaCO, changes into soluble caleium bicarbonate and the milkiness, therefore. distp
CaCO, + CO, + H,O ’ CaHCO)
Q.48. How do you test for sulpbhide ?
Ans. Warm the salt with dil. H,S04. H,S gas is evolved. It turns lead acetate paper black.
Na,S + 2HC1 2NaCl+ H,S
Pb(CH,COO), + H,S PbS + 2CH,COOH
Q.49. Is there any gas other than CO, which turns lime water milky ?
Ans. Yes, it is SO, gas.
Q.50. All nitrates on heating with conc. H,SO, in presence of paper pellet evolve NO, gas. What is
the function of paper pellet ?
Ans. Paper pellet (carbon) reduces HNO, to NO,.
KNO, + H,SO4 KHSO4+ HNOs
4HNO3 + C ’ 2H,O + 4NO, + CO2
Q.51. How will you test whether the given solution in a bottle is lime water ?
Ans. Take 2 mL of the solution in a test tube and blow into it by means of aglass tubing. Milkiness indicats
that the solution is lime water.
Q.52. How is ring test performed for nitrates ?
Ans. To the salt solution, freshly prepared ferrous sulphate solution is added and then sulphuric acid (conc)
added along the walls of the tube. A dark brown ring is formed at the junction of the two solutions.
Q.53. Why isthe hot reaction mixture in case of conc. H,SO, test not thrown into the sink ?
Ans. In order to avoid spurting, due to which H,SO,may fly and spol clothes and body.
Q.54. What is Tollen's reagent ?
Ans. Ammoniacal AgNO, solution is called Tollen's reagent.
Q.55. Give formula of diphenylamine reagent.
Ans. (CçH),NH.
MANUAL- 12
470 EVERGREEN CHEMISTRY LAB
 at presence
redvapours
formed. excess
chlorine
of which not violet in
Fes0; obtained 171
hydroxide. are
is the iodide, and gives
and
Na,CrO4
Brownish
confirms unknown then is
nitrate or sulphur
lead
bromnide
and
which
of of
of solution
precipitatetube. ppt.
? CS, are of
amount
layerS. iodide the matchstick
ayellow pPpt.
test of compounds
from ?
vellov amount test yellow
two white a 3H,0 or
? small in iodine
layers solution,
the? solidK,CroO- bromide chloride 7H,0 of starch.A
solution A + colouration. 7H,0
a yield NaOH. 2NagS, small (CrO,I) carbon Oxygen.
withof or starch
solution
?
two junction
+
acetate 2H,O bromine 4K,S0, upon
would +
only through PbCrO, a add
2CH,CO0Na
+ chromyl 4KgSO4 by
of acetate for
and
iodide
sulphide iodinegives
junction
reacts which + 2NaCl+ this violet
’Fe(CN)NOS]
Na,
the lead K,SO4 Lead
chromate
(yellow)
test +
? H,SO, displaces Cr2(SO)3 ZnCOg
+
NaSO4 colour
Purple S
decomposition
nitroprusside to chromyl
+ +
at vapours
add chromate disulphide
Sodium
or to 312+-Crz(SO)3 of 2H,O
and lead Now, test.
only acetate orange respond to 4CO adsorption
and + + 2KC1+
Br
evolved. with ?
colour HNO;
not
the adding conc. 2CrO,Cl,
NagCrO, Chlorine 2KC1
+
L, reduced
layer Na,S+
appears these
acid
HC1. and + matchstick
solution.
+
2NO,
at lead with produce 3Br,
loOwer
formed acetic dil. are
not(CrO,Br) onpassed.
conc.
Pass carbon physical
of sodium
before ? mixture iodine is
rng test ’ ’ addwell. do
’ which
hydrolysis to sulphate
nitroprusside blue
the with
formed. Na[Fe(CN);NOJin is
is brown chloride disulphide
solution iodides of
3H,SO4(CH,CO0)Pb
+
Na,CrO4 extract and7HSO4
7H,SO4 ZnSO,
+
NagCO3 theprepared
H,S2HNOg
agent +
H,SMANUAL-12
ring
forms added
the olution
of
2KBr
+Cl 2KI
+
Cl, bromide chemistry+ 4C
Na,SO4
(Matchstick)
a
of chemistry give
bromine to when
the
a theformulaof are Cr,Cl,
+
4NaOH due oOxidising
brown
therefore,
heavier amount
soda
the bromides
and
is mixture.
+ + + test,
sodium iodine
acid Naschromyl
prevent chromylchloride
[Fe(CN)NO).
yellow
KzCr0, shake
the
carbon 6KI6KBr
chromyl is HNO,
EVERGREEN
CHEMSTRY
LAB
instead the colour
+ matchstick
dark the
beingacetic the +
Na,S is
small the
this of in + Describe
K,Cr,O, with VWhy O.S.an of
does
Q.63.
to
suface, and K,Cr2O,
is
order is + is partdissolves Because blue is presence
in
Acidify4NaCl formed, colour HNO,
H.SO4 What What water
Why What Heat
a CF a Q.61.
Why The
VWhy
T its In To In
of of
Q.56.Ans. ET Ans.ES Ans.59. Ans. o.60. Ans. Ans.
Q.62.
Ans.
Q.64.Ans.
Ans.
o
 Q.65. Name group reagents for different groups.
Ans. Group I Dil. HCI.
Group II H,S in the presence of dil. HCI.
Group III NH,OH in presence of NH,CI.
Group IV H,S in presence of NH,OH.
Group V (NH),CO, in presence of NH, Cl and NH,OH.
Group VI - Nospecific group reagent.
radical.
Q.66. Why is it essential to add di. HCI before proceeding to the test for the basic
group II?
HS
Ans. In the precipitation of group II cations as their sulphides, H,S is used in the presence of dil. HCI
it self a weak acid and dissociates as follows :
H,S 2H+ + g2
HCI ’ Ht + CIH

Hydrochloric acid being a strong acid is largely ionised to H* and Cr. Thus, hydrogen ion concentration is
increased on RHS and consequently the concentration of sulphide ions produced by the ionisation of H.Si
sufficiently decreased due to common ion effect. As a result of which the sulphide ion concentration is
sufficient only to exceed the solubility products of the sulphides of group II cations.
Since the solubility product (Ksp) for the sulphides of group IV cations is very high, those cations are no
precipitated out under the albove conditions.
Q.67. Why is the O.S. boiled with conc. HNO, in group III?
Ans. In the presence of NH,CI, Fe(OH), Ís not precipitated because of its high solubility product. For thi
reason Fe2+ salts are oxidised to Fes+ salts by boiling with conc. HNO,, before adding NH,CI and
NH,OH; otherwise Fe2* would not be precipitated in III group.
6FeSO4 + 3H,SO, + 2HNO, ’ 3Feg (SO) + 4H,0 + 2NO
Q.68. VWhy is NH,Cl added along with NH,OH in group III ?
Ans. It is done in order to decrease the concentration of OH ions by supressing the ionisation of NHOH b;
common ion effect. If NH,OH alone is used, the concentration of OH is enough to precipitate the
hydroxides of IV, V and VI groups.
Q.69. What is blue ake ?
Ans. It is blue particles (blue litmus adsorbed on white ppt. of Al(OH)) floating in colourless solution.
Q.70. H,S gas is passed in presence of NH,OH in group IV. Explain why ?
Ans. When H,S gas is passed in alkaline medium or NH,OH, the Ht ions from the dissociation of H,S gas
combine with hydroxyl ions (OH) from the dissociation of NH,OH toform nearly unionised H,0.
H,S 2Ht + g2
2NH,0H 20H + 2NH
Ht + OH H,0
The removal of Ht ions from the solution causes more of H,S to dissociate, thereby increasing tne
concentration of S2- ions to such an extent that the ionic products of IV group metal sulphides exceed
their solubility products. Hence, they are precipitated.
Q.71. Why presence of NH, CIis quite essential before the addition of (NH),CO, in group V ?
Ans. Ammonium chloride suppresses the ionisation of NH,OH and (NH4),CO, due tocommon ion effect whie
results in the decrease in the concentration of OH and Co, ions. So the ionic product does not exceed
the solubility product of Mg(0H), or MgCOz and thereby they are not precipitated in group V.
EVERGREEN CHEMIsTRY LAB MANUAL- 12
t172
o.72. Why NagCOs cannot be used in place of (NH,),CO, in the group V ?
Ans. Na,C0; is highly ionised electrolyte, which produces very high concentration of Co3- ions. As a result ionie
product of MgCO3 may increase its Ksp and it may get precipit ated along with the radicals of group V.
o.73. Why is Pb²* included in two groups, i.e., group I and group II?
Ans. In first group, lead is precipitated as PbCl, which is slghtly soluble in water. Hence, Ph2 is not
completely precipitated in first group. To remove Pb*2 ions completely, lead is included in group II also
where it is precipitated completely as PbS.
o.74. Both NO, and Br, are reddish coloured gases. How will you distinguish between the two ?
Ans. Pass the gas through FeSO, solution, if it turns black, it indicates NO, gas otherwise Br, gas.
Q.75. Name the basic radical which is not a metal.
Ans. Ammomium ion (NH,).
Q.76. Can we use copper wire for performing flame test ?
Ans. No. because HCl acid reacts with copper.

ODISCUSSION QUESTIONS FROM NCERT LAB MANUAL

Q. 1. What is difference between qualitative and quantitative analysis ?
Ans. Qualitative analysis deals with the identification of acid or basic radicals present in the given inorganic
salt or elements like N, O, P, S halogens in an organic compound. Quantitative analysis on the other
hand deals with the estimation of the amount or concentrat:ion or percentage of the acid or basic radicals
in an inorganic salt and elementslike N. O, P, S hologens in an organiccompound.
Q. 2. Can we use glass rod instead of platinum wire for performing the flame test ? Explain your
ansWer.

Ans. No. glass rod cannot be used instead of platinum wire for performing the flame test. Glass contains
sodium silicate and thus will always impart golden yellow colour to flame and would interfere with the
identification of basic radicals.
Q. 3. Why is platinum metal preferred to other metals for lame test ?
Ans. Platinum being anoble metal does not react with acids or bases and also it does not impart any colour to flanme.
Q. 4. Name the anions detected with the help of dil. H2SO4.
Ans. co, s?, so, NO,.
Q. 5. Why is dil. H,SO4 preferred over dil. HCI while testing anions ?
Ans. Boiling point of HCI (110°C) is lower than that of HzSO4 (338°C). When salt is boiled with dil. HCI, then
HCl gas is also given out along with the gas evolved from salt by access of acid on it. So, actual gas cannot
be identified easily. But with dil. H,SO4 nosuch problem occurs.
Q. 6. Name the anions detected by conc. HzSO4.
Ans. CI, Br,I, NOz, CH,CO0.
Q. 7. How is sodium carbonate extract prepared ?
Ans. Alittle of thegiven salt is mixed with double the amount of solid NagCO3 and the mixture is boiled with
about 15 mL of distilled water for about 5 mninutes. It is then cooled and filt ered. The filtrate is called
sodium carbonate extract (S.E.).
Q. 8. What is lime water and what happens on passing CO2 gas through it ?
Ans. Theclear solution obtained by filtering the solution formed by shaking lime with water after allowing it to
stand for somnetime iscalled lime water. When CO, is passed through lime water, it becomes milky due to
EVERGREEN CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL- 12 173
 formation of nsoluble CaCOz But milkiness disappears when COg is passed in excess due to
ohble calcium bicabonate
Ca(OH:-C0; CaCO, - H0
formation i

Milkiness

CaCO; - CO - H,0 Ca(HCO,

Soluble)

Q 9. Carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide both turn lime water milky. How will you distines.
between the two
Ans. On passng the gas through KCr20- solution. if it is turned green, then it is SO2 otherwise it is CO.
Q.10. How will you test for presence of CO ion ?
Ans. If on treatingthe given salt with dil H-SO4. a colourless, odourless gas with brisk efervescence is evnke
with rrns ime water milky. then it indicates CO ion in the salt. Also. on adding MgSO4 solution to tha

saltsoution. formarion of white ppt. indicates CO ion in the salt.

cO (aq) - H,S0, (aq) sO (aq) - H,0)- CO,(g)‘
Co,g)- CaOH, (aq) CaCO, s) - H,o)
Milkiness
cO (aq) - MgsO,(aq) MgCO,(s) - so?
White ppt
Q.11. What is the composition of dark brown ring fornmed at the junction of two layers in the ring
test for nitrates ?
Ans. FesO, NO
Q12. Name the radical conârmed by sodiumnitroprusside test.
Ans. Sulphide (S²-.
Q13. What is chromylchloride test ? How does justify that CrOzCl, is acidic in nature ?
Ans. When a small amount of solid salt is mixed with an equal amount of produced KCr20- and the mixture s
heated with conc H_S0 Redvapours of chromylchloride (CrOCl) are produced When these vapours ar
passed through NaOH solurion it becomes rellow. When above solution is acidifed with acetic acid and lea
acetate soution is added to it. rellow ppt. soluble in NaOH is obtained
KgCr;0-- 2H;S0 2KHSO: - 2CrO3- H0
KCl- H,SO4 HCl KHSO,
CrO3 - 2HC1 CrO,Ci, - H,0
chlorc:

NaOH- CrO2Cl2 Na,CrO, - 2NaCl - H;0

Telo salt

(CH;CO0;Pb - NaCrO: 2CH,COONa - PbCrO,s

Yellow ppt
Reaction of CrOzCl, wirh NaOH base) indicates that it is acidic in narure. Also. CrOzCl, upon reactiot
water forms HCland chromic acid H;CrO;).
CrO:Cl, - 2H20 2HC1- H2CrO:

f174
EVERGREEN CHEMSTRY LAB MANUAL
 dobromides and iodides not respond to
Q.14 Why chromyl chloride test
Ans. Because formation of CrO,Br2 and CrO,IT does not oceur upOn reaction of salt with kCry0: and one
HSO4. instead Br2 and l2 are evoed
KCr;O- + 6kBr - 7H,SO, 3Br, + Cr; (SO,)3 + 4lk,s0, - 7H;0
KCr20- 6kI + 7HSO4 ’ 312 + Cr2 (SO)3 + 4k_S04 - 7H;0
Describe the layer test for bromnide and iodide ions.
Ans. Acidif aportion of aqueous solution of the salt wih dl HCI in case of S add dil HCl ull efenescence
ceases. boil off CO, andcool) and then add 1-2 mL of CS, andexcess of chlorine water. Shake
and allow to stand. Tellow or orange larer n CS> laver indicates Brr vhle vigonus0y
indicates I-.
violet colour in C; larer
2KBr + Cl, 2KC1 + Br 2KI - Cl;
Br + Cl, Yellow or Orange layer I; + Cl, ’lioler coloured layer
o16 Why is silver nitrate solution stored in dark coloured bottles ?
Ans. To prevent the decomposition of AgNO; by sunlight.
Q.17. How do test for presence of sulphide ion ?
Ans. Upon treating alittle amnount of salt with dil. H,SO.. if a gas having smell of rotten egg and
moist lead acetate paper black is produced. it indicates the presence of S2- in the sali. turnng
Further when
sodium nitroprusside solution is added to a portion of agueous solution or S.E.. a violet colouration is
produced
ZnS + H,S04 ZnSO4 + H,S
(CH; COO); Pb + H,S 2CH3COOH + PbS
(Black)

Na,S + Na,[Fe( CN),NO] Na [FeCN), NOS)

Sodium nitroprusside Violet colouration
Q.18. VWhy does iodine give blue colour with starch solution ?
Ans. Due to formation of blue-coloured
starch-I2 complex.
Q.19. What is nessler's reagent ?
Ans. k,Hgl solution.
Q.20. Why is original solution for cation not prepared in conc. HNO, or
conc. H,S04?
Ans. HNO3 is an oxidising agent. Upon passing HS gas (in 2nd group), it gets oxidised to giie
rellow ppt. of
sulphur which can be mistaken for yellow ppt. of AsSs. H2SO4 produces sulphate of sOme cations as
PbSO4. BaSO4. S2SO4. CasO4, which are insoluble.
Q21. Why cannot conc. HCI be used as a group reagent in place of dil. HOI for the
Ist group cations ? precipitation of
Ans.
lt is because PbCl2 dissolves in conc. HCl to form a complex ion [PbCL,J²-.
PbClz + 2HC1 ’ PbC;J?-+ 2H
e22. How can one prevent the precipitation of group IV radicals with
Ans. This is done by adding dil. HCl to the salt solution before passing HTSgroup second radicals ?
gas through it. H,S is a weak
electrolyte and ionises only slightly but HClbeing a strong electrolyte ionises completely. Therefore, in
Presence of HCl, the degree of ionisation of HzS is suppressed due to common ion effect.
H,S 2H+ + S2
HCI H+ + CH
As a result conc. of S2- ions falls. Under these conditions only the sulphides of
cations of group L et
precipitated due to their low solubility product. Sulphides of cations of group I\ are not precipitated under
these conditions as their solubility product values are high.
EVERGREEN CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL -12
175)
 III ?
before precipitation of radicals ofgroup
3. Why is it essential to boi offH.s gas
(Fe(OHW)2 being slightly soluble will react with HS)
Ans. lisdone to avoid precipitation of Fe2t as FeS.
done before precipitation of group II ?
Q . Why is heating with conc. HNO; precipitated as Fe(OH. .
ferric salts which are then completely
Ans. l1 is done to oxidise ferrous salts into which is slightly soluble and some of i
precipitated as Fe(OH)2
NO3 is not added ferrous will be prccipitated as FeS in group IV along with sulphides of groun tt
r'emains in he iltrate amd will be
CaOus.
ammonium chloride in group III ?
26. Can we use ammonium sulphate in place of sulpbat.
Ans. No because cations of group Vi.e.. Bat, Cat
Sr+ will also be precipitated as their insoluble
along with the hydroxides of the cations of group II.
while precipitating group Vcations?
2.26. Why is NH,OH before adding (NH);CO; solution
Ans. (NMDC03 usually contains NHHCO3. NH{OH is added to convert NH{HCO3 to (NH)2CO3. Otherwiss
precipitation of Ba, Cat, Srt because their carbonates are soluble in water
will not be complete
Q.27. What is aqua regia ?
Ans. lt is a mixture of 3 parts cone. HCl and l part conc. HNO3.
Q.28. Name a cation which is not obtained from a netal.
Ans. Ammonium ion, NH".
Q.29. Hov can you test the presence of ammonium ion ?
characteristic ammoniacal smell /s
Ans. Upon heating apineh of salt with conc. NaOH solution if a gas having while fumes with HCI.
dense
evolved which turns moist red litmus blue, moist turmeric paper brown and
then it indicates NH|t in the salt.
Sr+2, Cat2?
Q.30. Why are group V radicals tested in the order of Bat2.
Ans. lt is because the confirmatory test given by Cat ions (white ppt. wvith amnmonium oxalate) is also given by
Sr- and Ba* ions. Similarly. the confirmnation test given by 8P (white ppt. with ammonium sulphate)
is also given by Ba ions.
Q.31. Why does conc. HNO; kept in a bottle turn yellow in colour ?
Ans. It is due to decomposition of HNO; to form NOg.
Light
4HNO ’ 4NO, + 2H;O + O
Q.32. Why should solution be concentrated before proceeding to group V ?
Ans. Toprevent the hydrolysis of NH);CO3 because NH)2003 gets hydrolysed in dilute solution.
Q.33. Whatdo you understand by the term common ion effect ?
Ans. The suppression in the degree of dissociat ion of a weak electrolyte by addition of a strong electrolyte
having an ion commorn with it is called common ion effect.
Q.34. Why is zine sulphide not precipitate in group II?
Ans. Kgp for ZnSis high and it requires high conc. of S²- for its precipitation but in 2nd group comc. of S 10n 1s
low.

EVERGREEN CHEM1STRY LAB MANUAL-12