Matrix Inversion Calculation

To find the inverse of the matrix

1 5 0
A= 0 2 −1
​ ​ ​ ​ ​

1 0 3

we can use the formula for the inverse of a 3x3 matrix:

1
A−1 = ⋅ adj(A)
det(A)
​

Step 1: Calculate the determinant of A

The determinant of a 3x3 matrix:

det(A) = a(ei − f h) − b(di − f g) + c(dh − eg)

For the matrix A:

1 5 0
A= 0 2 −1
​ ​ ​ ​ ​

1 0 3

The determinant is:

det(A) = 1 ⋅ (2 ⋅ 3 − (−1) ⋅ 0) − 5 ⋅ (0 ⋅ 3 − (−1) ⋅ 1) + 0 ⋅ (0 ⋅ 0 − 2 ⋅ 1)

Simplifying this:

det(A) = 1 ⋅ (6) − 5 ⋅ (1) + 0

det(A) = 6 − 5 = 1

Step 2: Calculate the adjugate matrix (adj(A))

The adjugate matrix is the transpose of the cofactor matrix. The cofactor matrix is formed by calculating
the cofactors for each element of the matrix.

Let’s find the cofactor matrix step by step:

2 −1
C11 = det ( ) = 2 ⋅ 3 − (−1) ⋅ 0 = 6
0 3
​ ​ ​

0 −1
C12 = −det ( ) = −(0 ⋅ 3 − (−1) ⋅ 1) = −1
1 3
​ ​ ​

0 2
C13 = det ( ) = 0 ⋅ 0 − 2 ⋅ 1 = −2
1 0
​ ​ ​

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 5 0
C21 = −det ( ) = −(5 ⋅ 3 − 0 ⋅ 0) = −15
0 3
​ ​ ​

1 0
C22 = det ( )=1⋅3−0⋅1=3
1 3
​ ​ ​

1 5
C23 = −det ( ) = −(1 ⋅ 0 − 5 ⋅ 1) = 5
1 0
​ ​ ​

5 0
C31 = det ( ) = 5 ⋅ (−1) − 0 ⋅ 2 = −5
2 −1
​ ​

1 0
C32 = −det ( ) = −(1 ⋅ −1 − 0 ⋅ 0) = 1
0 −1
​ ​ ​

1 5
C33 = det ( )=1⋅2−5⋅0=2
0 2
​ ​ ​

Thus, the cofactor matrix is:

6 −1 −2
Cofactor(A) = −15 3
​ 5 ​ ​ ​ ​

−5 1 2

Now, take the transpose of the cofactor matrix to get the adjugate matrix:

6 −15 −5
adj(A) = −1
​ 3 1 ​ ​ ​ ​

−2 5 2

Step 3: Find the inverse

Since the determinant det(A) = 1, the inverse is simply the adjugate matrix:

6 −15 −5
−1
A = adj(A) = −1
​ 3 1
​ ​ ​

−2 5 2

Thus, the inverse of the matrix is:

6 −15 −5
A−1 = −1
​ 3 1 ​ ​ ​ ​

−2 5 2

To find the eigenvectors corresponding to the eigenvalue 1 for the matrix

2 1 1
A= 1 2 1
​ ​ ​ ​ ​

0 0 1

we need to solve the equation:

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 (A − λI)v = 0

where λ = 1 is the eigenvalue and I is the identity matrix.

Step 1: Compute A − λI

Substitute λ = 1 into the equation:

2 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
A−I = 1 2 1
​ ​ ​ ​ − 0 1 0
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ = 1 1 1
​ ​ ​ ​

0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0

Step 2: Solve (A − I)v =0

Now, we need to solve the system of linear equations given by:

1 1 1 x 0
1 1 1
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ y ​ ​ ​
= 0
​ ​ ​

0 0 0 z 0

This gives the following system of equations:

1. x + y +z =0
2. x + y + z = 0 (which is the same as the first equation)
3. 0 = 0 (this equation doesn't provide any new information)

Step 3: Solve the system

From equation (1), we have:

x+y+z =0 ⇒ x = −y − z

Thus, the eigenvector corresponding to eigenvalue 1 can be written as:

−x −y − z
v= y ​ ​ ​
= ​ y ​ ​

z z

This means that the eigenvectors corresponding to eigenvalue 1 are of the form:

−y − z
v= ​ y ​ ​

where y and z are free variables. You can express these in terms of y and z , or pick any values for them
to generate specific eigenvectors. For example:

−1
If y = 1 and z = 0, then v = 1 .
​ ​ ​

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 −1
If y = 0 and z = 1, then v = 0 .
​ ​ ​

These are two possible eigenvectors corresponding to the eigenvalue 1.

To show that the matrix

1 2 2
3 3 3
​ ​ ​

2 1
A= ​

3
​ ​

3
​ ​ − 23 ​ ​ ​

− 23 ​
2
3 ​ − 13 ​

is orthogonal, we need to verify that the matrix satisfies the condition:

AT A = I

where AT is the transpose of matrix A and I is the identity matrix.

Step 1: Compute the transpose of A

The transpose of a matrix is obtained by swapping rows with columns. Thus, the transpose AT of the
matrix A is:
1 2
3 ​

3 ​ − 23 ​

T 2 1 2
A = ​

3
​ ​

3
​ ​

3
​ ​ ​

2
3
​ − 23 ​ − 13 ​

Step 2: Compute the product AT A

Now, we calculate the product of AT and A:

1 2
3
​

3
​
− 23 ​
1
3
​
2
3
​
2
3
​

2 1 2 2 1
A A= T
​

3
​ ​

3
​ ​

3
​ ​ ​ ​

3
​ ​

3
​ ​ − 23 ​ ​ ​

2
3
​ − 23 ​ − 13 ​ − 23 ​
2
3
​ − 13 ​

Let’s compute the individual entries of AT A:

First row, first column:

1 1 2 2 2 2 1 4 4
⋅ + ⋅ + (− ) ⋅ (− ) = + + = 1
3 3 3 3 3 3 9 9 9
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

First row, second column:

1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 4
⋅ + ⋅ + (− ) ⋅ = + − = 0
3 3 3 3 3 3 9 9 9
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

First row, third column:

1 2 2 2 2 1 2 4 2
⋅ + ⋅ (− ) + (− ) ⋅ (− ) = − + = 0
3 3 3 3 3 3 9 9 9
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

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 Second row, first column:

2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 4
⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ (− ) = + − = 0
3 3 3 3 3 3 9 9 9
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Second row, second column:

2 2 1 1 2 2 4 1 4
⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ = + + =1
3 3 3 3 3 3 9 9 9
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Second row, third column:

2 2 1 2 2 1 4 2 2
⋅ + ⋅ (− ) + ⋅ (− ) = − − = 0
3 3 3 3 3 3 9 9 9
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Third row, first column:

2 1 2 2 1 2 2 4 2
⋅ + (− ) ⋅ + (− ) ⋅ (− ) = − + = 0
3 3 3 3 3 3 9 9 9
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Third row, second column:

2 2 2 1 1 2 4 2 2
⋅ + (− ) ⋅ + (− ) ⋅ = − − = 0
3 3 3 3 3 3 9 9 9
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Third row, third column:

2 2 2 2 1 1 4 4 1
⋅ + (− ) ⋅ (− ) + (− ) ⋅ (− ) = + + = 1
3 3 3 3 3 3 9 9 9
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Step 3: Conclusion

The product AT A is:

1 0 0
A A= T
0 1 0
​ ​ ​ ​ ​
=I
0 0 1
T
Since A A = I , the matrix A is indeed orthogonal.

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