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OrganicChemistry

The document contains various chemistry questions related to organic compounds, including carboxylic acids, alcohols, and esters, along with their structures and reactions. It also covers topics such as polymerization, empirical and molecular formulas, and the identification of organic compounds through chemical reactions. The questions require knowledge of organic chemistry principles and the ability to draw structures and write chemical equations.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

13 views

OrganicChemistry

Uploaded by

yaramardini19834

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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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8

(e) Ethanoic acid is a member of the homologous series of carboxylic acids.

State the general formula of this homologous series.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(f) Draw the structure of the carboxylic acid containing three carbon atoms. Show all of the atoms
and all of the bonds.

[2]

(g) When carboxylic acids react with alcohols, esters are produced.

The formula of ester X is CH3CH2CH2COOCH3.

(i) Name ester X.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Give the name of the carboxylic acid and the alcohol that react together to produce ester X.

carboxylic acid ....................................................................................................................

alcohol ................................................................................................................................
[2]

(h) Ester Y has the following composition by mass:

C, 48.65%; H, 8.11%; O, 43.24%.

Calculate the empirical formula of ester Y.

empirical formula = .............................. [3]

© UCLES 2022 0620/41/M/J/22

(i) Ester Z has the empirical formula C2H4O and a relative molecular mass of 88.

Determine the molecular formula of ester Z.

molecular formula = .............................. [1]

[Total: 19]

© UCLES 2022 0620/41/M/J/22 [Turn over

5 The reaction scheme shows five organic reactions, numbered 1 to 5.

carbon dioxide + water

2
1 3 4
sugar ethanol alkene A alkane B

compound C

(a) Name reaction 1.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Name reaction 2 and write the chemical equation for this reaction.

name ..........................................................................................................................................

equation .....................................................................................................................................
[3]

(c) Reaction 3 forms ethanol from alkene A.

(i) Identify alkene A.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State the type of reaction that occurs during reaction 3.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) State the reagents and conditions needed for reaction 3.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(d) Alkene A is converted into alkane B in reaction 4.

(i) State the reagent and conditions for reaction 4.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) State the general formula of alkanes.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2022 0620/42/M/J/22

(e) Ethanol is oxidised in reaction 5 by heating it with dilute sulfuric acid and one other reagent.

(i) Identify the other reagent in reaction 5.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Name the homologous series compound C belongs to.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Draw the structure of compound C.

Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

[1]

[Total: 15]

© UCLES 2022 0620/42/M/J/22 [Turn over

6 This question is about polymers.

(a) Polymer X is a condensation polymer.

Part of the structure of polymer X is shown.

O O O

C O O C C O

(i) How many molecules of water are produced when this part of polymer X is formed from its
monomers?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Complete the structures of the two monomers used to make polymer X.

Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds in the functional groups.

and

[2]

(iii) What type of condensation polymer is X?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Part of polymer Y has the structure shown.

O O O

C O C O C O

State the number of different types of monomer needed to make polymer Y.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

© UCLES 2022 0620/42/M/J/22

(c) Part of polymer Z has the structure shown.

CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H

C C C C C C

H CH3 H CH3 H CH3

(i) Draw and name the structure of the monomer which forms polymer Z.

Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

name ...............................................
[3]

(ii) Name the chemical process used to make the monomer that forms polymer Z.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2022 0620/42/M/J/22 [Turn over

4 Ethanol is made industrially by the reaction of ethene with steam. The reaction occurs at a
temperature of 300 °C and a pressure of 60 atmospheres.

C2H4(g) + H2O(g) C2H5OH(g)

A catalyst is used in this reaction.

The forward reaction is exothermic.

(a) State what is meant by the term catalyst.

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Complete the table using only the words increases, decreases or no change.

effect on the rate of effect on the equilibrium

the forward reaction yield of C2H5OH(g)

increasing the temperature

decreasing the pressure

[4]

(c) Ethanol is a member of the alcohol homologous series.

Members of the same homologous series have the same general formula.

(i) State the general formula of alcohols.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State two general characteristics, other than the same general formula, of all homologous
series.

1 ..........................................................................................................................................

2 ..........................................................................................................................................
[2]

© UCLES 2022 0620/43/M/J/22

(iii) One alcohol containing three carbon atoms is propan-1-ol.

Draw the structure of one other alcohol containing three carbon atoms. Show all of the
atoms and all of the bonds.

Name the alcohol you have drawn.

name ...................................................................................................................................
[2]

(d) When alcohols react with carboxylic acids, esters are produced.

(i) The structure of ester X is shown.

H H H O

H C C C C H H

H H H O C C H

H H

Name ester X.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Give the name of the alcohol and the carboxylic acid that react together to produce ester X.

alcohol ................................................................................................................................

carboxylic acid ....................................................................................................................

[2]

(e) Ester Y has the following composition by mass:

C, 58.82%; H, 9.80%; O, 31.37%.

Calculate the empirical formula of ester Y.

empirical formula = .............................. [3]

© UCLES 2022 0620/43/M/J/22 [Turn over

(f) Ester Z has the empirical formula C3H6O and a relative molecular mass of 116.

Calculate the molecular formula of ester Z.

molecular formula = .............................. [1]

[Total: 18]

© UCLES 2022 0620/43/M/J/22

1 The apparatus in the diagram was used to show that when a candle is burned both water and
carbon dioxide are formed. The gases produced when the candle burns are passed through the
apparatus using a suction pump.

U-tube to suction
pump

W
X

solution Z
candle
ice liquid water

(a) Name the items of apparatus labelled W and X.

W ...............................................................................................................................................

X ................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) Suggest why ice is placed around the U-tube.

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(d) Solution Z is used to show that carbon dioxide is produced.

Identify solution Z.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(e) Both water and carbon dioxide were made.

Identify one element that must be in the compound that makes up the candle.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(f) Describe how the apparatus could be changed to see if sulfur dioxide is made.
Give the observations if sulfur dioxide is made.

change .......................................................................................................................................

observation ................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2022 0620/61/M/J/22

1 Sodium hydrogencarbonate decomposes when heated. The products are solid sodium carbonate,
water and carbon dioxide.

A student decomposed a sample of sodium hydrogencarbonate using the apparatus shown.

A X
delivery tube

sodium
hydrogencarbonate
B

water

(a) Name the items of apparatus labelled A and B.

A ................................................................................................................................................

B ...............................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) When the sodium hydrogencarbonate was heated, a colourless liquid collected at the point
marked X.

Suggest the identity of the colourless liquid.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(d) State an observation that would indicate the sodium hydrogencarbonate had stopped reacting.

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(e) Explain why it is important to remove the delivery tube from the water as soon as heating is
stopped.

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2022 0620/62/M/J/22

5 The table shows the names or structures of organic compounds P to U.

P Q R
H H H

H C C C H propanoic acid but-1-ene

H H H
S T U
H H H

propan-1-ol methyl butanoate C C C H

H H

(a) Give the letters of the organic compounds, P to U, that are unsaturated hydrocarbons.

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Describe the test for an unsaturated hydrocarbon.

test .............................................................................................................................................

observations ..............................................................................................................................
[2]

(c) But-1-ene is an unbranched molecule.

(i) Name the unbranched isomer of but-1-ene.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Draw the structure of a branched isomer of but-1-ene. Show all of the atoms and all of the
bonds.

[1]

(d) Dodecane is an alkane with 12 carbon atoms. Dodecane can be cracked.

(i) Write the formula of dodecane.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Give the letters of all the organic compounds, P to U, that can be formed when dodecane
is cracked.

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2021 0620/42/F/M/21

(e) Name the reagent and suggest the conditions needed to convert organic compound U into
organic compound S.

reagent ......................................................................................................................................

conditions ..................................................................................................................................
[3]

(f) Organic compound S can be converted to organic compound Q by reaction with an acidified
reagent.

(i) Name the type of chemical change that happens to organic compound S.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Name the acidified reagent added to organic compound S.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(g) Organic compound T is made by reacting two compounds together.

(i) Name the homologous series that organic compound T belongs to.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Name the two compounds which react together to make organic compound T.

Draw the structures of each compound you have named. Show all of the atoms and all of
the bonds.

name ...................................................................................................................................

structure

name ...................................................................................................................................

structure

[4]

(iii) Deduce the molecular formula of organic compound T.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 20]

© UCLES 2021 0620/42/F/M/21 [Turn over

6 Polymers are large molecules built up from small molecules.

(a) State the name given to the small molecules from which polymers are made.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) The formula of a polymer is shown.

H H

C C

CH3 CH3 n

(i) Draw the structure of the small molecule from which this polymer is made. Show all of the
atoms and all of the bonds.

[2]

(ii) State the type of polymerisation used to make this polymer.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

H 2N COOH H 2N COOH H 2N COOH

(i) Name the type of natural polymer formed when amino acids combine.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Complete the diagram to show part of the structure of the natural polymer that forms when
these three amino acids combine. Show all of the bonds in the linkages.

[3]

(iii) Name the type of chemical reaction that takes place when this natural polymer is converted
back to amino acids.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2021 0620/42/F/M/21

7 Many organic compounds contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only.

(a) An organic compound V has the following composition by mass.

C, 48.65%; H, 8.11%; O, 43.24%

Calculate the empirical formula of compound V.

empirical formula = .............................. [3]

(b) Compound W has the empirical formula CH4O and a relative molecular mass of 32.

Calculate the molecular formula of compound W.

molecular formula = .............................. [1]

(c) Compounds X and Y have the same general formula.

X and Y are both carboxylic acids.

Compound X has the molecular formula C2H4O2.

Compound Y has the molecular formula C4H8O2.

(i) Deduce the general formula of compounds X and Y.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2021 0620/41/M/J/21 [Turn over

(ii) Draw the structure of compound Y. Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

Name compound Y.

name ...................................................................................................................................
[3]

(iii) Give the name used to describe a ‘family’ of similar compounds with the same general
formula, similar chemical properties and the same functional group.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) Propene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon. The formula of propene is shown.

CH3CH=CH2

(i) State the colour change observed when propene is added to aqueous bromine.

from ............................................................. to ............................................................ [1]

(ii) Propene can be produced by cracking long chain alkanes.

Pentadecane, C15H32, is cracked to produce an alkane and propene in a 1 : 2 molar ratio.

Complete the chemical equation for this reaction.

C15H32 → ....................................... + ....................................... [2]

(iii) Propene can be converted into poly(propene).

Name the type of polymerisation that occurs when propene is converted into poly(propene).

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iv) Complete the diagram to show a section of poly(propene).

C C C C

[2]

[Total: 15]

© UCLES 2021 0620/41/M/J/21

6 Molecules A and B can form condensation polymers.

A B

HO OH HOOC COOH

(a) Each molecule has two identical functional groups.

(i) Name the functional group in B.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Draw the part of the structure of the synthetic polymer that would form when two molecules
of A and two molecules of B combine. Show all of the bonds in the linkages.

[3]

(iii) Name the other product formed when molecules of A and B undergo polymerisation.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Molecule A is a simple sugar unit which can be made by hydrolysis of complex carbohydrates.

(i) Draw part of the complex carbohydrate that could be hydrolysed to make molecules of A.

Include one linkage and show all of the bonds in the linkage.

[1]

(ii) State two sets of conditions which could be used to hydrolyse the complex carbohydrate
to form A.

1 ..........................................................................................................................................

2 ..........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(iii) Name the technique used to identify the individual sugar units made by the hydrolysis of a
complex carbohydrate.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2021 0620/42/M/J/21

(i) State the name of this process.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Complete the chemical equation for this reaction.

C6H12O6 → [2]

[Total: 12]

© UCLES 2021 0620/42/M/J/21 [Turn over

7 Many organic compounds contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only.

(a) An organic compound R has the following composition by mass.

C, 69.77%; H, 11.63%; O, 18.60%

Calculate the empirical formula of compound R.

empirical formula = .............................. [2]

(b) Compound S has the empirical formula CH2O and a relative molecular mass of 60.

Calculate the molecular formula of compound S.

molecular formula = .............................. [2]

(c) Compounds T and V have the same molecular formula, C3H6O2.

● Compound T is an ester.
● Compound V contains a –COOH functional group.

(i) State the name given to compounds with the same molecular formula but different
structures.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Name the homologous series that V is a member of.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2021 0620/43/M/J/21

(iii) Draw a structure of compound T. Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

Name compound T.

name ...................................................................................................................................
[3]

(iv) Draw the structure of compound V. Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

Name compound V.

name ...................................................................................................................................
[2]

(d) Ethanol can be produced from long chain alkanes such as decane, C10H22, in a two-step
process.

step 1 step 2
decane ethene ethanol

For each of the two steps:

● name the type of chemical reaction that occurs
● write a chemical equation.

step 1: decane to ethene

type of reaction ..........................................................................................................................

chemical equation ......................................................................................................................

step 2: ethene to ethanol

type of reaction ..........................................................................................................................

chemical equation ......................................................................................................................

[4]

[Total: 15]

© UCLES 2021 0620/43/M/J/21 [Turn over

5 Alkenes and carboxylic acids are both families of similar compounds with similar chemical properties.
Alkenes and carboxylic acids have different reactions.

(a) State the term used for a ‘family’ of similar compounds.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) State the general formula of alkenes.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) The structure of but-2-ene is shown.

H H H

H C C C C H

H H H

(i) But-2-ene reacts with aqueous bromine in an addition reaction.

Describe the colour change seen when but-2-ene is added to aqueous bromine.

from ............................................................. to ............................................................ [1]

(ii) State what is meant by the term addition reaction.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Write the chemical equation for the reaction between but-2-ene and bromine.

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iv) But-2-ene forms a polymer.

Suggest the name of the polymer formed from but-2-ene.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(v) Name and draw a structural isomer of but-2-ene.

Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

name ...................................................................................................................................

structure

[2]

© UCLES 2021 0620/41/O/N/21

(d) Butanoic acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, is a carboxylic acid.

(i) Deduce the empirical formula of butanoic acid.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Complete the chemical equation for the reaction of butanoic acid and sodium carbonate,
Na2CO3.

2CH3CH2CH2COOH + Na2CO3 → .................................... + ............... + ............... [2]

(iii) Butanoic acid reacts with methanol to form an organic compound and water.

● Name the organic compound formed.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

● Draw the structure of the organic compound formed.

Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

[2]

[Total: 15]

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.

Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which itself is a department of the University of Cambridge.

© UCLES 2021 0620/41/O/N/21

6 Ethanol, C2H5OH, belongs to the homologous series called alcohols.

(a) Write the general formula of alcohols.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Explain why ethanol cannot be described as a hydrocarbon.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(i) Give the formula of the substance which reacts with steam to form ethanol.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Name a substance which will undergo fermentation to form ethanol.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) Ethanol is a fuel.

Write the chemical equation for the complete combustion of ethanol.

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2021 0620/42/O/N/21 [Turn over

(e) Ethane-1,2-diol has two alcohol functional groups.

H H

H O C C O H

H H

One molecule of ethane-1,2-diol will react with two molecules of ethanoic acid to form
molecule X.

X has two ester functional groups and a molecular formula of C6H10O4.

(i) State the empirical formula of X.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Draw the structure of X.

Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

[2]

(iii) Name the other substance formed in this reaction.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(f) Each alcohol functional group in ethane-1,2-diol reacts with acidified potassium manganate(VII)
to form a different organic compound, Y.

(i) Name the functional groups formed in Y.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Draw the structure of Y.

Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

[1]

[Total: 12]

© UCLES 2021 0620/42/O/N/21

7 (a) Ethanol is a member of the homologous series of alcohols.

Give two characteristics of members of a homologous series.

1 .................................................................................................................................................

2 .................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) Ethanol can be manufactured from ethene.

Ethene can be made from long chain hydrocarbons such as decane, C10H22.

Ethene is then converted into ethanol.

(i) Name the process used to obtain ethene from long chain hydrocarbons such as decane,
C10H22.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Complete the chemical equation to show the formation of ethene from decane, C10H22.

C10H22 → C4H8 + ................... + ................... [2]

(iii) Write the chemical equation for the conversion of ethene into ethanol.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iv) Name the type of reaction occurring when ethene is converted into ethanol.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(v) Give one condition for the reaction in which ethene is converted into ethanol.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Ethanol can also be produced by fermentation of carbohydrates such as glucose.

Give two advantages of manufacturing ethanol by fermentation compared to manufacturing

ethanol from ethene.

1 .................................................................................................................................................

2 .................................................................................................................................................
[2]

© UCLES 2021 0620/43/O/N/21

(d) (i) Under certain conditions ethene can react with chlorine to produce chloroethene.

The structure of chloroethene is shown.

H H

C C

H Cl

The equation for the chemical reaction is shown.

C2H4 + Cl 2 → C2H3Cl + HCl

State the type of chemical reaction between ethene and chlorine that this equation shows.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Chloroethene monomers can be converted into a polymer called poly(chloroethene).

State the type of polymerisation that produces poly(chloroethene) from chloroethene.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Draw a section of the poly(chloroethene) molecule made from two monomer molecules.

[2]

© UCLES 2021 0620/43/O/N/21 [Turn over

(e) The structure of part of a polymer is shown.

O O O

N C N C N C

H H H

This polymer is made from one type of monomer only.

Complete the diagram to show the structure of the monomer used to produce this polymer.
Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds in the functional groups.

[2]

[Total: 16]

© UCLES 2021 0620/43/O/N/21

1 Petroleum is a useful natural resource.

The diagram shows how petroleum can be separated into useful substances.

refinery gas

gasoline fraction

kerosene fraction

diesel oil

fuel oil fraction

lubricating oil fraction

petroleum

(a) What is the name of the separation process shown in the diagram?

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Name the fraction leaving at:

A ................................................................................................................................................

B ................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(c) Refinery gas is a mixture of hydrocarbons.

One refinery gas is butane, C4H10.

(i) Suggest the names of two other refinery gases.

............................................................... and .............................................................. [2]

(ii) Write the chemical equation for the complete combustion of butane.

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Name the toxic gas produced by the incomplete combustion of butane.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2020 0620/42/F/M/20

(d) Gasoline and kerosene are both fuels. They have different properties.

(i) Describe the differences in the properties given.

viscosity of the fuel .............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

flammability of the fuel ........................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) What difference in the molecules of gasoline and kerosene causes these differences in
properties?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(e) Hydrogen fuel cells can be used to power vehicles.

Write the word equation for the overall reaction that takes place in a hydrogen fuel cell.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 13]

© UCLES 2020 0620/42/F/M/20 [Turn over

5 There are two types of polymers.

(a) Addition polymers are made from many identical small units.

(i) What is the term used to describe these small units?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) A section of an addition polymer is shown.

H CH3 H CH3 H CH3

C C C C C C

H CH3 H CH3 H CH3

Draw the structure of the small unit used to make this addition polymer.

Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

[2]

(b) Polyamides are condensation polymers.

What does the term condensation mean when used to describe this type of polymer?

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

© UCLES 2020 0620/42/F/M/20

(c) A polyamide can be made from two different molecules.

A simplified structure of octanedioic acid is shown.

O O

H O C C O H

A simplified structure of 1,6-diaminohexane is shown.

H H

N N

H H

(i) Complete the diagram to show a section of polyamide manufactured from octanedioic acid
and 1,6-diaminohexane. Include all of the atoms and all of the bonds in the linkages.

[3]

(ii) State the name of a synthetic polyamide.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2020 0620/42/F/M/20

5 Ethanol is manufactured by two different processes.

(a) For each process, name the organic reactant and state the type of reaction.

organic reactant ............................................... type of reaction ..............................................

[4]

(b) Alcohols can be oxidised to form carboxylic acids.

Name a suitable oxidising agent for this reaction.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) Alcohols can be partially oxidised to form aldehydes.

Aldehydes are a homologous series of organic compounds.

Partial oxidation is achieved by reacting an alcohol with the oxidising agent in distillation
apparatus as shown.

thermometer

round-bottomed
flask

distillate
heat

(i) Name apparatus A.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) On the diagram, use one arrow to show where water enters apparatus A. [1]

© UCLES 2020 0620/41/M/J/20 [Turn over

(d) The table shows some information about aldehydes.

(i) Complete the table.

name ethanal propanal butanal

....................

molecular formula CH2O C 2H 4O C 3H 6O

....................

[2]

(ii) Deduce the general formula of aldehydes.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(e) The structural formula of ethanal is shown.

H O
H C C

H H

The C=O group in aldehydes is at the end of the carbon chain.

This is a reactive part of the molecule.

(i) What is the name given to the reactive part of any organic molecule?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement of a molecule of
ethanal. Inner shells have been drawn.

H O

H C C

H
H

[3]

© UCLES 2020 0620/41/M/J/20

(f) Propanone belongs to a homologous series called ketones. Ketones have the same C=O
group as aldehydes but the C=O group is not at the end of the carbon chain. Propanone has
the same molecular formula as propanal, C3H6O.

(i) What term is used to describe molecules with different structures but with the same
molecular formula?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Suggest the structure of propanone, C3H6O. Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

[2]

[Total: 17]

© UCLES 2020 0620/41/M/J/20

6 (a) Propane reacts with chlorine in a photochemical reaction as shown.

C3H8 + Cl 2 → C3H7Cl + HCl

(i) What type of reaction is this?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) What condition is needed for this photochemical reaction to occur?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Draw two structural isomers of compounds with the formula C3H7Cl.
Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

[2]

(b) Propene reacts with chlorine in an addition reaction as shown.

C3H6 + Cl 2 → C3H6Cl 2

(i) State why this is an addition reaction.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2020 0620/42/M/J/20

(ii) The structures of the reactants and products of this reaction are shown.

H H H H H H

H C C C H + Cl Cl → H C C C H

H H Cl Cl

Some bond energies are shown in the table.

bond energy
bond
in kJ / mol
C–C 347
C=C 612
C–H 413
C–Cl 339
Cl –Cl 242

Calculate the energy change for the reaction between propene and chlorine using the
following steps.

● Calculate the energy needed to break the bonds.

.............................. kJ

● Calculate the energy released when bonds are formed.

.............................. kJ

● Calculate the energy change for the reaction between propene and chlorine.

.............................. kJ / mol
[3]

© UCLES 2020 0620/42/M/J/20 [Turn over

(c) There are three functional groups in compound A.

compound A

COOH CH2OH

C C

H H

(i) Name the homologous series of compounds that contains the following structures.

C=C ....................................................................................................................................

–OH ....................................................................................................................................

–COOH ...............................................................................................................................
[3]

(ii) What would you observe when compound A is added to:

aqueous bromine ................................................................................................................

aqueous sodium carbonate? ..............................................................................................

[2]

(d) Compound A can be used as a single monomer to produce two different polymers.

(i) Draw one repeat unit of the addition polymer formed from compound A.

[2]

(ii) What type of condensation polymer is formed from compound A?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 16]

© UCLES 2020 0620/42/M/J/20

1 (a) The structures of five organic compounds, A, B, C, D and E, are shown.

Answer the questions that follow.

Each letter may be used once, more than once or not at all.

A B C
H
H H H O H H H H
H C
H C C C C H C C C H H
C C
H H H O H H H H H H

D E

H H H H H O
H C C C O H H C C C

H H H H H O H

(i) Give the letter of the compound that is propan-1-ol.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Give the letter of the compound that has the empirical formula CH2.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Give the letter of one compound that reacts with bromine in an addition reaction.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iv) Give the letter of one compound that reacts with chlorine to form the compound shown.

H Cl H

H C C C H

H H H

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(v) Give the letters of two compounds that can react with each other to form an ester.

............................................................... and .............................................................. [1]

(vi) Give the letter of the compound that is in the same homologous series as hex-1-ene.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(vii) Give the letter of one compound that is an acid.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2020 0620/43/M/J/20

(viii) Draw a structural isomer of compound D.

Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

[1]

(b) Some acids are described as weak acids.

State the meaning of the term weak acid.

weak ..........................................................................................................................................

acid ............................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 10]

© UCLES 2020 0620/43/M/J/20 [Turn over

8 (a) Part of the synthetic polymer, nylon, is shown in the diagram.

O O O O O

C C N N C C N N C

H H H H

(i) Circle one amide linkage on the diagram. [1]

(ii) Complete the structures of the two monomers that react to form nylon.

[2]

(iii) Name the other product formed when nylon is produced.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Items made from nylon are often disposed of by burying them in the ground. This is called
landfill.

Why is the disposal of nylon using landfill a problem?

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) Give the name of a natural polymer.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 6]

© UCLES 2020 0620/43/M/J/20

6 (a) Ethane, propane and butane are members of the same homologous series.

(i) Name this homologous series.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State two ways members of the same homologous series are similar.

1 ..........................................................................................................................................

2 ..........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) One mole of ethane, C2H6, contains 6.02 × 1023 molecules.

Calculate how many molecules are in 15 g of ethane.

number of ethane molecules = .............................. [1]

(c) Propane reacts with chlorine.

(i) Write the formula of the product which does not contain carbon.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Draw the structure of an organic product formed. Show all of the atoms and all of the
bonds.

[1]

(iii) State the name of this type of reaction.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2020 0620/41/O/N/20

(d) (i) Aqueous bromine was added to a sample of ethene.

Give the colour change seen.

from ............................................................. to ............................................................ [2]

(ii) Explain, in terms of bonding, why there is no colour change when aqueous bromine is
added to ethane.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(e) There are two structural isomers with the formula C4H10.

(i) Draw the structures of both of these isomers, showing all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

[2]

(ii) Butane is formed when longer chain hydrocarbons are cracked.

Complete the chemical equation to show the other product when butane is formed by
cracking.

C6H14 → C4H10 + ................................ [1]

© UCLES 2020 0620/41/O/N/20 [Turn over

(f) A compound contains 85.7% carbon and 14.3% hydrogen by mass.

(i) Calculate the empirical formula of this compound.

Show your working.

.............................. [2]

(ii) The molecular mass of the compound is 112.

Calculate the molecular formula of this compound.

.............................. [1]

[Total: 16]

© UCLES 2020 0620/41/O/N/20

7 (a) Ethanol can be manufactured by two different methods.

Method 1: fermentation of a sugar, C6H12O6

C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

Method 2: reaction of ethene with steam

C2H4 + H2O → C2H5OH

(i) Give one advantage of using fermentation compared with Method 2.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Give one disadvantage of using fermentation compared with Method 2.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Ethanol reacts with acidified potassium manganate(VII) to form water and a product that turns
litmus red.

(i) State the name of the product that turns the litmus red.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State the type of reaction that ethanol undergoes when it reacts with acidified
potassium manganate(VII).

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Ethanol reacts with methanoic acid to form an ester.

(i) Name the ester formed in this reaction.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Draw the structure of the ester formed.

Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

[1]

© UCLES 2020 0620/41/O/N/20 [Turn over

(d) The table shows the melting points of ethanol and sodium chloride.

substance melting point / °C

ethanol –114
sodium chloride 801

The difference in melting points is due to differences in attractive forces between particles in
these substances.

Name the type of attractive force in each substance, which is responsible for the difference in
melting points.

ethanol .......................................................................................................................................

sodium chloride .........................................................................................................................

[2]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2020 0620/41/O/N/20

4 Alkenes and alkanes are homologous series of compounds containing carbon and hydrogen atoms.

(a) State the name of the type of compound made from carbon and hydrogen atoms only.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Alkenes take part in addition reactions.

(i) Describe what is meant by the term addition reaction.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Draw the structure of the product made in the addition reaction between propene and
bromine. Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

[2]

(iii) Describe the colour change seen when propene is added to aqueous bromine.

from ............................................................ to ............................................................ [2]

(iv) Draw the structures of molecules of two different alkenes which both undergo an addition
reaction with steam to form butan-2-ol. Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

[2]

(c) Propane undergoes a substitution reaction with chlorine.

Write the chemical equation for the reaction between one molecule of propane and one
molecule of chlorine.

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 10]

© UCLES 2020 0620/42/O/N/20 [Turn over

5 This question is about alcohols, carboxylic acids and esters.

(a) Ethanol will react with hot aqueous potassium manganate(VII) to form ethanoic acid.

(i) State the other condition needed for this reaction to take place.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State the type of chemical change that happens to the ethanol during this reaction.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) The structure of ethanoic acid is shown.

H O

H C C

H O H

Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of

ethanoic acid.

H O

H C C

H O H

[3]

© UCLES 2020 0620/42/O/N/20

(b) Ethanoic acid is a weak acid and hydrochloric acid is a strong acid.

Complete the table to show the similarities and differences in the properties of samples of
these two acids of equal concentration.

dilute ethanoic acid dilute hydrochloric acid

extent of dissociation

colour after adding

universal indicator solution

observation when
magnesium ribbon is added

[6]

H O H C H

H C C O C H

H H C H

(i) Name the other product formed when ethanoic acid reacts with an alcohol to make this
ester.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Give one condition needed when ethanoic acid reacts with the alcohol to make this ester.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Draw the structure of the alcohol which was added to ethanoic acid to make this ester.
Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

[2]

(d) Polyesters can be manufactured from carboxylic acids and alcohols.

Hexanedioic acid has the structure: HOOC–CH2–CH2–CH2–CH2–COOH.

This structure can be simplified as shown.

O O

H O C C O H

Ethanediol has the structure: HO–CH2–CH2–OH.

This structure can be simplified as shown.

H O O H

The functional groups are found at the end of each molecule.

(i) State what is meant by the term functional group.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Determine the empirical formula of hexanedioic acid.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Calculate the percentage by mass of oxygen present in ethanediol.

Give your answer to the nearest whole number.

.............................. % [2]

(iv) Complete the diagram to show a section of polyester manufactured from hexanedioic acid
and ethanediol. Include all of the atoms and all of the bonds in the linkages.

[2]

(v) State the name of a polyester.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 22]

6 (a) A carboxylic acid and an ester are structural isomers.

(i) State the meaning of the term structural isomers.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Draw the structures of the carboxylic acid and the ester which both contain two carbon
atoms.
Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

Name the carboxylic acid and the ester.

carboxylic acid ester

name ................................................ name ................................................

[4]

(b) Part of a polyester chain is shown. This polyester is made from one monomer.

O O O O

O C O C O C O C

(i) On the diagram draw a ring around one unit of the polymer that is repeated. [1]

(ii) Name the type of polymerisation that produces polyesters.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Complete the diagram to show the structure of the monomer used to produce this polyester.
Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds in the functional groups.

[2]

(c) A polyamide is made from the two monomers shown.

H 2N NH2 HOOC COOH

Complete the diagram to show a section of the polyamide made from the two monomers.
Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds in the linkages.

[2]

(d) Naturally occurring polyamides are constituents of food.

(i) State the name given to naturally occurring polyamides.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Name the monomers which form naturally occurring polyamides.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 14]

1 Hot zinc reacts with steam to make zinc oxide and hydrogen gas.

A student wanted to use the apparatus shown to react zinc with steam and to collect the hydrogen.

water and
mineral wool zinc A

boiling tube

water

(a) Name the items of apparatus labelled A and B.

A ................................................................................................................................................

B ................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) State the purpose of the mineral wool.

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

Identify this error.

Explain why this error makes it dangerous to use the apparatus.

error ...........................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

explanation ................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(f) Tetrafluoroethene is an unsaturated compound with the formula C2F4.

Tetrafluoroethene is the monomer used to make the polymer poly(tetrafluoroethene).

(i) What is meant by the term unsaturated ?

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Describe a test to show that tetrafluoroethene is unsaturated.

test .......................................................................................................................................

observations ........................................................................................................................
[2]

(iii) Draw the structure of a molecule of tetrafluoroethene. Show all of the atoms and all of the
bonds.

[1]

(iv) Tetrafluoroethene can be polymerised to form poly(tetrafluoroethene).

Draw one repeat unit of poly(tetrafluoroethene). Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

[2]

(v) Deduce the empirical formula of:

tetrafluoroethene ................................................................................................................

poly(tetrafluoroethene). ......................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 20]

(d) Add two arrows to the diagram to show the two places where the apparatus should be heated
once the error in (c) has been corrected. [1]

(e) Describe the test for hydrogen gas.

test .............................................................................................................................................

result ..........................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 8]

5 The structures of five alkenes, A, B, C, D and E, are shown.

A B C
H H H CH3 H CH2CH3

C C C C C C

H H H H H H

D E
H CH2CH2CH3 H CH2CH2CH2CH3

C C C C

H H H H

(a) What is the general formula of alkenes?

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) What is the molecular formula of alkene D?

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) Predict which alkene, A, B, C, D or E, has the highest boiling point.

Explain your answer.

alkene .............................

explanation ................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(d) Which alkene, A, B, C, D or E, diffuses most quickly?

Explain your answer.

alkene .............................

explanation ................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(e) A student added aqueous bromine to alkene C.

C
H CH2CH3

C C

H H

Describe the colour change seen and draw the structure of the product. Show all of the atoms
and all of the bonds.

colour change from ........................................................ to .....................................................

structure

[2]

(f) Two different alcohols can be produced from alkene B by an addition reaction.

B
H CH3

C C

H H

(i) Draw the structures of the two alcohols. Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

[2]

(ii) State the reagent and conditions needed to produce an alcohol from alkene B.

reagent ...............................................................................................................................

conditions ...........................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
[3]

(g) Alkene C can be converted into a polymer.

C
H CH2CH3

C C

H H

(i) What type of polymerisation occurs?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Suggest the name of the polymer formed.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Complete the chemical equation to show this polymerisation.

H CH2CH3

n C C

H H
[3]

(iv) State the empirical formula of the polymer formed.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 19]

4 Methanol is made industrially by reacting carbon monoxide with hydrogen. The gases react at a
temperature of 250 °C and a pressure of 75 atmospheres.

CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(g)

The forward reaction is exothermic.

(a) Suggest a source of hydrogen for this industrial process.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Complete the table using only the words increases, decreases or no change.

effect on the rate effect on the equilibrium

of the reverse reaction yield of CH3OH(g)

adding a catalyst no change

increasing the temperature increases

decreasing the pressure

[4]

(c) Methanol is a member of the homologous series of alcohols.

(i) State two general characteristics of a homologous series.

1 ..........................................................................................................................................

2 ..........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Draw the structures of two different alcohols, each containing three carbon atoms. Show
all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

Name these two alcohols.

name ...................................................... name ......................................................

[4]

(iii) What term is used to describe compounds with the same molecular formula but different
structural formulae?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) Alcohols react with carboxylic acids to produce esters.

(i) The structure of ester X is shown.

O
H C H H

O C C H

H H

Name ester X.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Give the name of the carboxylic acid and the alcohol that react together to produce ester X.

carboxylic acid ....................................................................................................................

alcohol ................................................................................................................................
[2]

(iii) Ester Y is different from ester X but also has the formula C3H6O2.

Draw the structure of ester Y. Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

.............................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 17]

5 Carboxylic acids react with alcohols to form esters. The reaction is reversible.
The equation for the reaction between ethanoic acid and ethanol is shown.

CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH CH3COOCH2CH3 + H2O

(a) (i) What is the name of the ester formed in this reaction?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Draw the structure of the ester formed. Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

[1]

(b) The reaction between ethanoic acid and ethanol is exothermic.

Draw an energy level diagram for this reaction.

On your diagram label:

● the reactants and products
● the energy change of the reaction, ∆H.

energy

progress of reaction
[3]

(c) Concentrated sulfuric acid is a catalyst for this reaction.

What is meant by the term catalyst ?

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(d) The rate of reaction can be increased by increasing the temperature.

Explain why increasing the temperature increases the rate of reaction.

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [4]

(e) The reaction between ethanoic acid and ethanol reaches equilibrium.

(i) The reaction between ethanoic acid and ethanol is exothermic.

State and explain the effect, if any, of increasing the temperature on the amount of ester
at equilibrium.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) State and explain the effect, if any, of removing water from the mixture on the amount of
ester at equilibrium.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 15]

6 (a) Two hydrocarbons have the structures shown.

hydrocarbon A hydrocarbon B
H H
H H H H H C H

H C C H
H C C C C C H
C C
H H H H H H
H H

(i) Why are these two compounds hydrocarbons?

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Hydrocarbon B reacts in the same way as a typical alkane.

Describe a chemical test to tell the difference between hydrocarbon A and hydrocarbon B.

State the name of the reagent you would use and the result you would obtain with
hydrocarbon A and hydrocarbon B.

reagent ...............................................................................................................................

result with hydrocarbon A ...................................................................................................

result with hydrocarbon B ...................................................................................................

[3]

(b) Alkenes react with steam to form alcohols.

Compound C is an alcohol.

compound C
H H H H

H C C C C O H

H H H H

Draw the structure of the alkene which could be reacted with steam to make compound C.
Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

[1]

(c) Alkenes can form polymers.

(i) What type of polymerisation occurs when alkenes form polymers?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Part of the structure of a polymer is shown.

CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H

C C C C C C

H CH3 H CH3 H CH3

Draw the structure of the alkene from which this polymer can be made. Show all of the
atoms and all of the bonds.

[1]

(iii) Polymers can undergo incomplete combustion to form carbon monoxide.

Complete the chemical equation for the incomplete combustion of poly(ethene). The only
carbon-containing product is carbon monoxide.

H H

C C + ..........O2 .................... + 2n H2O

H H n
[2]

(d) Part of the structure of a polyamide is shown.

H H H

C N C N C N

O O O

This polyamide is formed from identical monomers. Complete the diagram to show the structure
of one monomer. Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

[2]

[Total: 12]

5 (a) Part of the structure of synthetic polymer A is shown.

CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3

C C C C C C

CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3

(i) What type of synthetic polymer is A?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Deduce the empirical formula of polymer A.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Draw the structure of the monomer from which polymer A is made.

[2]

(b) The formula C4H10 represents two different structural isomers.

(i) What is meant by the term structural isomers?

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Draw the structures of two structural isomers with the formula C4H10.
Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

[2]

(iii) All structural isomers of C4H10 are flammable.

Write a chemical equation for the incomplete combustion of C4H10.

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 10]

7 This question is about ethanol.

(a) Ethanol that is suitable for use as a fuel can be manufactured from sugars such as glucose,
C6H12O6, by a two-step process.

Describe how this can be done. In your answer, include:

● an equation for the reaction in which ethanol is formed

● the essential conditions for the reaction in which ethanol is formed
● the name of the process used to obtain ethanol that is pure enough to use as a fuel from
the reaction mixture.

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [5]

(i) Name the ester formed when methanol reacts with propanoic acid.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Name one other substance formed when methanol reacts with propanoic acid.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Draw the structure of an ester which is a structural isomer of the ester named in (c)(i).
Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

[3]

(iv) State the conditions needed to form an ester from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 12]

7 Addition polymerisation and condensation polymerisation are two types of polymerisation.

(a) Which functional group is present in all the monomers which are used to make addition
polymers?

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Part of an addition polymer is shown.

CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3

C C C C C C

H H H H H H

(i) How many monomer units are needed to make the part of the addition polymer shown?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Draw the structure of the monomer that is used to make this addition polymer. Show all of
the atoms and all of the bonds.

Name the monomer.

name ...................................................................................................................................
[2]

(iii) State the empirical formula of:

the monomer ......................................................................................................................

the polymer. ........................................................................................................................

[2]

(c) Complex carbohydrates are natural condensation polymers. They can be broken down into
colourless monomers which can then be separated and identified.

X is a complex carbohydrate.

Starting with a sample of X, describe how to produce, separate, detect and identify the
monomers which make it up.

Your answer should include:

● the name of the process used to break down X into its monomers
● two types of substance that can be used to break down X
● the name of the process used to separate the monomers
● the method used to detect the monomers after they have been separated
● the method used to identify the monomers after they have been separated and detected.

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [6]

(d) Synthetic polyamides are condensation polymers.

(i) Name a synthetic polyamide.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Synthetic polyamides can be made by reacting carboxylic acids with amines.

Name the other substance that is produced in this reaction.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 14]

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