Prepared by

AVVARI SREENIVASA RAO,

JUNIOR LECTURER IN PHYSICS,

Dr.V.S.KRISHNA GOVT. JUNIOR COLLEGE (B),

VISAKHAPATNAM.
 * 2 Marks Questions *
2. RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
1. Define focal length and Radius of curvature of a concave lens?
A. Focal Length ( f ) :
The distance of principle focus from optic center is called focal length of a concave lens.
Radius of Curvature ( R or C ) :
The radius of the sphere of which the curved surface of the lens forms a part is called the
radius of curvature of a concave lens. A concave lens has two radii of curvatures.

2. What do you understand by the terms ‘focus’ and ‘principal focus’ in the context of lenses?
A. Focus:
A point at which rays of light or other radiation converge or from which they appear to diverge,as
after refraction in an optical system is the focus of a lens.
Principal Focus:
The point where a beam of light parallel to the principal axis converges or appears to converge
is called the principal focus (F).

3. What is Optical Density and how is it different from mass density?

A. Optical Density:
Optical density is a measure of a materials ability to pass light. Optical density is the ratio of
speed of light in the two media.
Mass Density:
Mass density is mass per unit volume.
The mass density of an optically denser medium may be lesser than that of an optically rarer
medium.

4. What are the laws of reflection through curved mirrors?

A. i) The angle of reflection is equal to angle of incidence. i.e. ∠ = ∠ i r
ii) The incident ray, reflected ray and the normal to the reflecting surface at the point of
incidence lie in same plane.

5. Define ‘power’ of a convex lens. What is its unit?

A. Power:
The power P of a lens is defined as the tangent of the angle by which it converges or diverges a
beam of light falling at unit distant from the optical centre.
1
Power (P) = Dioptre ( D )
𝑓
6. What is ‘dispersion’? Which colour gets relatively more dispersed?
A. Dispersion:
The splitting up of a beam of white light in to its constituent colours (VIBGYOR) is called
Dispersion.
The colour which gets relatively more dispersed is violet.

7. What is myopia? How can it be corrected?

A. Myopia (Short Sightedness):
i) A short-sighted eye can see only nearer objects. Distant objects are not seen clearly.
ii) In this defect image is formed before the retina and Far point comes closer.
Correction:
This defect can be removed by using a concave lens of suitable focal length.
8. What is Hypermetropia? How can it be corrected?
A. Hypermetropia (long sightness):
i) A long-sighted eye can see distant objects clearly but nearer object are not clearly visible.
ii) Image formed behind the retina and near point moves away.
Correction:
This defect can be removed by using a convex lens.
3. WAVE OPTICS
9. What is Polarisation of Light?
A. The phenomenon in which vibration of light vector (electric vector) are confined to a
particular direction is called polarisation.

10. What is Malus Law?

A. Malus Law:
The intensity of polarized light transmitted through the analyzer varies as the square of the
cosine of the angle between the plane of transmission of the polarizer and analyzer.
I = I0cos2 θ . Where θ is the angle between the axis of the polarizer and analyzer.
11. Explain Brewster’s Law?
A. Brewster’s Law:
The tangent of the angle of polarisation is equal to the refractive index of the reflecting
medium. μ = Tan ip

4. ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS

12. What is meant by the statement that ‘charge is quantized’?
A. Charge always exists as an integer multiple of electronic charge (1.6×10 -19C). Fractions of
electronic charge are not possible. i.e., Q = ±ne where n is an integer. Hence charge is said to
be quantized.

13. Repulsion is the sure test of electrification than attraction. Why?

A. Positively charged body can attract both negatively charged and neutral bodies, but positively
charged body can only repel another positively charged body. Hence repulsion is sure test of
electrification.

14. How many electrons constitute 1C of charge?

A: Charge q = ne
Given q = 1C , e = 1.6×10-19C
𝑞 1
n= => n = => n = 6025 x 1018 electrons
𝑒 1.6 𝑥10−19

15. What happens to the weight of a body when it is charged positively?

A: Every body acquires positive charge due to the loss of electrons. Hence the weight of a body
decreases when it is positively charged.

16. The electric lines of force do not intersect. Why?

A. The tangent drawn to electric line of force gives the direction of electric field at the point. If
the electric lines of force intersect then at the point of intersection electric field will act in
two different directions, which is not possible. Hence electric lines of force do not intersect.

17. State Gauss's law in electrostatics?

 1
A: The total electric flux through any closed Gaussian surface is equal to times the algebraic sum
𝜀0
𝑞
of the charge enclosed by the surface. Here ε0 is the permittivity of free space. ∫ 𝐸. 𝑑𝑠 =
𝜀0
7.MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM
18. What is the importance of Oersted’s experiment?
A. According to Oersted’s experiment the magnetic field is associated with electric current flowing
in a conductor. He also noted that the alignment of magnetic needle is tangential to a circle drawn
by taking conductor as centre and has its plane perpendicular to the conductor.This observation
led to the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction.

19. State Ampere’s law and Biot-Savart’s Law?

A. Ampere’s Law:
The line integral of magnetic induction field B around any closed path in vaccum (or) air is equal
to μ0 times the total current through the area bounded by the closed path.
∫ B dl = μ0 i
Biot - Savarts Law:
The intensity of magnetic induction dB at a distance from a current element of length ‘dl’ arrying
a current ‘i’ is directly proportional to the length of the element , strength of the current , sine of
the angle between the direction of current and the line joining the element and the point and
Inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the element and the point .

20. A circular coil of radius ‘r’ having N turns carries a current ‘i’. What is its magnetic
moment?
A. A circular coil having ‘n’ turns carries a current ‘i’ and radius ‘r’, the magnetic moment is given
by M = n i A

21. What is the force on a conductor of length ‘l’ carrying a current ‘i’ placed in a magnetic
field of induction ‘B’? When does it become maximum?
A. The force acting on a conductor of length ‘l’ carrying the current ‘i’ placed in a magnetic field of
induction B is given by F = Bil Sin θ Where ‘θ ’ is the angle of inclination of the conductor with
the direction of the magnetic field.
When the conductor is perpendicular of the magnetic field i.e. if θ =90 0, the force becomes
maximum ∴ F = Bil

22. Distinguish between ammeter and voltmeter?

A.
Ammeter Voltmeter
1) A small resistance connected in parallel
1) A h 1) A high resistance connected in series
to a galvanometer constitutes ammeter to a galvanometer constitutes voltmeter
2) It measures current in amperes 2) It measures potential deference in volts
3) Ammeter is always connected in series 3) Voltmeter is always connected in
in electric circuits. parallel in electric circuits
4) Ammeter has low resistance 4) Voltmeter has high resistance
23. What is the principle of moving coil galvanometer?
A. When a current carrying coil is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a torque.

24. What is the smallest value of current that can be measured with a moving coil
Galvanometer?
A. The smallest current that can be measured with a moving coil galvanometer is 10-9 amp.

25. How do you convert a moving coil galvanometer into an ammeter?

A. A galvanometer can be converted into an ammeter, by connecting a low resistance called shunt
(S) in parallel to the galvanometer.

26. How do you convert a moving coil galvanometer into a voltmeter?

A. A galvanometer can be converted into a voltmeter by connecting a high resistance in series with
the galvanometer.

8. MAGNETISM AND MATTER

27. What happens to the compass needles at the Earth’s poles?
A. At the Earth’s poles the horizontal component of Earth’s magnetic field is zero. Hence the compass
needles may align in any direction.

28. What are the units of magnetic moment, magnetic induction and magnetic field?
A. Magnetic moment - Am2
Magnetic induction - Tesla
Magnetic field – Tesla

29. Magnetic lines form continuous closed loops .Why?

A. Magnetic monopoles do not exist in nature. Hence the fields lines always begin from one end
(pole) have to end at the other (pole).

30. Define magnetic declination?

A. Magnetic Declination:
The angle between the magnetic meridian and geographical meridian measured in the horizontal
plane is called magnetic declination.

31. Define magnetic inclination or angle of dip?

A. Magnetic inclination or angle of dip:
The angle made by the resultant magnetic field of the Earth at a place with the horizontal is
called magnetic inclination.

32. Classify the following materials with regard to magnetism: Manganese, Cobalt, Nickel,
Bismuth, Oxygen, Copper.
A. Manganese and Oxygen - Para
Bismuth and Copper - Dia
Cobalt and Nickel - Ferro
9. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
33. State Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction?
A. Faraday’s Laws:
a) Whenever magnetic flux linked with a coil changes, emf is induced in it.
b) The induced emf is proportional to the negative rate of change of magnetic flux linked with
 𝑑∅
the coil. ε = -
𝑑𝑡

34. State Lenz’s law?

A. Lenz’s Law:
The direction of an induced emf is always opposes the change in the magnetic flux that causes
it. Lenz’s law obeys the law of conservation of energy.
35. What are eddy currents?
A. Eddy Currents:
When the magnetic field in a metal changes with time, induced electric field is produced which
applies force and makes the free electrons of metal to move in closed paths. These are eddy
currents.
36. Define Inductance?
A. Inductance (L) is the ratio of the flux-linkage to current, it is equal to N Φ / I.
Units: Henry Dimensional formula: M L2 T-2 A-2

37. Define magnetic flux ?

A . The magnetic flux through any surface placed in a magnetic field is the total number of magnetic
lines of force crossing this surface normally. magnetic flux ϕ = B .A = BA Cosθ

10. ALTERNATING CURRENT

38. What type of transformer is used in a 6V bed lamp?
A. Step down transformer.

39. What is the phenomenon involved in the working of a transformer?

A. A transformer works on the principle of mutual induction.

40. What is transformer ratio?

𝑣𝑠 𝑁𝑠
A. =
𝑣𝑝 𝑁𝑝

41. Define power factor. On which factors does power factor depend?
A. The average power dissipated depends not only on the voltage and current but also on the
cosine of the phase angle φ between them. The quantity cosϕ is called power factor.
p = VI cosϕ
Power factor depends on nature of elements (Resistor, Inductor, Capacitor) in the circuit.

42. What is meant by wattless component of current?

A. If the voltage and current differ in phase by π / 2 , then Power factor, cos ϕ = cos900 = 0.
In this case, the current has no power. Such a current is, therefore, called wattless current.
Since this current does not perform any work, this current may also be called idle current. Such
a current flows only in purely inductive or in purely capacitive circuits.

11. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

43. What is the average wavelength of X-rays?
A. X-rays have wavelengths in the range from approximately 10−8 m to 10-12 m,

44. What is the principle of production of electromagnetic waves?

 A. Accelerated charges radiate energy in the form of electromagnetic waves. So it is the source of
an electromagnetic wave.

45. What is the ratio of speed of infrared rays and ultraviolet rays in vacuum?
A. Both infrared rays and ultraviolet rays travel with a speed of light in vacuum, hence their ratio
is 1:1.

46. What are applications of microwaves?

A. Microwaves are used in -
a) In radar and telecommunications.
b) To analyze the fine details of the molecular structure.
c) Basing on the microwaves, speed guns are designed which are used to time fast balls, and
in Tennis serves and automobiles.
d) Microwave Owen is a domestic appliance to cook the food items.

47. Microwaves are used in radars. Why?

A. As the wavelength of microwaves is short, these are used in radar systems which are used in
aircraft navigation.

48. Give two uses of infrared rays?

A. i) Infrared rays from the sun keep the Earth warm and hence help to sustain life on Earth.
ii) Infrared rays are used in solar water heaters and cookers.

12. DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER

49. What is “Work Function”?
A. The minimum amount of energy required just to eject an electron from the surface of a metal is
called the work function of the metal. It is generally denoted by ϕ0 and measured in eV.
Work function. ϕ0 = h υ0 . Where υ0 is threshold frequency

50. What is Photo Electric Effect?

A. Photo electric effect is the phenomenon of emission of electrons by metals when illuminated
by light of suitable frequency.

55. Give examples of “Photosensitive Substances”. Why are they called so?
A. Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Cesium and Rubidium are some examples of photo sensitive
metals, because the work function of these metals is very low and they are very sensitive even
to visible light also to emit electrons.

56. Write down Einstein’s Photo Electric Equation?

A. Photon energy is utilized in two ways. Some part of energy is utilized to remove the electron
from the metal surface (Work Function W0 ) and remaining part of energy appears as kinetic
energy of an electron.
Photon energy = work function + kinetic energy.
1
hυ = W0 + mv2
2

57. Write down the de-Broglie’s relation and explain the terms therein?
A. The ratio between the Planck’s constant and the momentum of the particle is called De Broglie
 ℎ ℎ
Wavelength. λ= =
𝑝 𝑚𝑣
Where v = velocity of the particle and h = Planck’s constant.

58. State Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle?

A. According to Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle, it is impossible to measure simultaneously
both the position and the momentum of the particle. ∆x ∆p =h

59. What are Cathode Rays ?

A. Cathode rays are a stream of negatively charged particles produced in a discharge tube at low
pressure and high potential difference.

15. SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS

60. What is an n-type semiconductor? What are the majority and minority charge carriers in it?
A. When pentavalent impurity is added to a pure semiconductor, then it is called n-type
semiconductor. In n-type semiconductor electrons are majority charge carriers and holes are
minority charge carriers

61. What are intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors?

A. Intrinsic semiconductors:
Pure semiconductors are called the intrinsic semiconductors. Ex: Ge, Si etc.
Extrinsic semiconductors:
Doped semiconductors are called the extrinsic semiconductors. Ex: P-type and n– type

62. What is a p-type semiconductor? What are the majority and minority charge carriers in it?
A. When trivalent impurity is added to a pure semiconductor, then it is called p-type
semiconductor. In p-type semiconductor holes are majority charge carriers and electrons are
minority charge carriers

63. What is a p – n junction diode? Define depletion layer?

A. p – n Junction Diode:
When an intrinsic semiconductor is grown with one side doped with trivalent substance and
other side with pentavalent substance, a junction is formed in the crystal called p – n junction
diode.
Depletion Layer:
A region without any charge carriers is formed at p-n junction due to the recombination of
electrons and holes is called depletion layer.

64. How is battery connected to junction diode in 1) Forward Bias 2) Reverse Bias ?
A. 1) Forward Bias:
In the forward bias positive terminal of battery is
connected to p-region and negative terminal
of battery is connected to n-region.

2) Reverse Bias:
In reverse bias negative terminal of battery is
connected to p-region and positive terminal of
battery is connected to n-region.

65. What is zener voltage (VZ ) and how will a zener diode be connected in circuits generally?
 A. The zener diode in reverse bias condition the voltage at which current rises suddenly is called
zener voltage. Generally zener diode is connected in reverse bias condition.

66. In which bias can a zener diode can be used as voltage regulator?
A. A device used to give constant output voltage even when the input voltage changes is called
voltage regulator. Zener diode can be used as voltage regulator by operating it in the breakdown
region in reverse bias condition.

66. Draw the circuit symbols for p-n-p and n-p-n transistors
A.

Circuit symbol for n-p-n Circuit symbol for p-n-p

67. Which gates are called universal gates?

A. NAND gate and NOR gate are known as the basic building blocks of logic gates or universal
gates.

16. COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

68. What are the basic blocks of a communication system?
A. Every communication system has three basic elements.
1) Transmitter 2) Transmission Channel 3) Receiver

69. What is “World wide web” (WWW)?

A. WWW may be regarded as the encyclopedia of knowledge accessible to everyone round the
clock throughout the year. Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web.

70. Mention the frequency range of speech signals?

A. Frequency range of speech signals is 300 Hz to 3100 Hz.

71. Define modulation. Why is it necessary?

A. The process of combining low (audio) frequency signal with high frequency signal is called
modulation.
Need for Modulation: Modulation is necessary to transmit a signal in the audio frequency
range over a long distance on account of (i) Suitable size of the antenna (ii) Suitable effective
power radiated by the antenna (iii) Avoid mixing up of signals from different transmitters

72. Mention the basic methods of modulation?

A. 1) Amplitude Modulation (AM).
2) Frequency Modulation (FM).
3) Phase Modulation (PM).

73. Which type of communication is employed in Mobile Phones?

A. Space wave communication is employed in mobile phones.

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