THEORY OF SECTION

TYPES OF SECTIONAL VIEW

Projection theory

 In engineering, 3-dimensonal objects and structures are

represented graphically on a 2-dimensional media.
 The act of obtaining the image of an object is termed
“projection”.
 The image obtained by projection is known as a “view”.
All projection theory are based on two variables:
 Line of sight
 Plane of projection (image plane or picture plane)
 IMAGE OR VIEW
OBJECT
PLANE OF
PROJECTION

IMAGE OR VIEW

IMAGE OR VIEW

PARALLEL PROJECTION OBJECT

PLANE OF
PROJECTION

VP

IMAGE

CONICAL OR PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION

 Conical or Perspective Projection
 Perspective projection is used to draw the three dimensional picture of an object
as it appears to the human eye.
 Perspective drawings are usually drawn for large objects such as buildings.
 In perspective projection, the picture of the object is obtained in a plane known
as the picture plane by assuming that the view is taken from a specific point
known as the station point.

Perspective projection is reality in that everything we see in the world is in

perspective such that the objects always have vanishing points. Perspective
projection is thus the true view of any object.
 Perspective projection are classified according to the number of vanishing
points used to create the drawing
 One Point (Parallel) Perspective: created when one face of the object is
parallel to the plan of projection
 Two Point (Angular) Perspective: created when the object is positioned
on and vertical edges are parallel
 Three Point (Oblique) Perspective: created when no edges of the objects
are parallel to the plane of projection
 Parallel Projection- Type1

Oblique Projection

 used for producing two-dimensional

(2D) images of three-dimensional (3D)
objects.
 Projectors are parallel to each other but not
perpendicular to projection plane
 The front or principal surface of an object (the
surface toward the plane of projection) is parallel
to the plane of projection.
 Oblique Projection
Types of Oblique Projection Clinographic projection

Cavalier projection

Sciagraphy: study of shades and shadows

Cabinet projection
 Parallel Projection- Type 2
Axonometric Projection
 An isometric projection is one type of pictorial projection
 Axonometric projection is good for rectangular or square objects rather than objects with
curved lines.
 The most common is isometric, where the angles between the three axes are equal.
 The second is diametric. Only two of the angles between the axes are equal in this type.
 Trimetric is the third type. It can have three axes with different angles between them. It is the
most common type.
 Orthographic Projection
‘ORTHO’ means ‘right-angle’ and ORTHOGRAPHIC means right-angled drawing. When the projectors are
perpendicular to the plane on which the projection is obtained it is known as Orthographic Projection.

 Two-dimensional pictures are constructed to

represent the form of a three-dimensional object.
 Each view indicated the true shape and size of the
object
 Using this method, each view is projected onto its
respective viewing plane. Each viewing plane is
referred to as a plane of projection.
 However, the projection of one face will
not provide an overall description of the
object
 The three principal (or primary) planes of
projection are known as the vertical,
horizontal and profile planes.
 The angles formed between the
horizontal and the vertical planes are
called the first, second, third and fourth
angles as shown in the figure.
 For practical purposes only the first and
third angle is used.
 When the planes of projections are extended beyond their line of intersection, they
form Four Quadrants
 POSITION OF THE OBSERVER The observer will always be on the right side of the four
quadrants.
 V.P. and H.P. are
called as
principal planes
of projection or
reference planes.
 They are always
transparent and
at right-angles to
each other.
 The projection on
V.P. is Front view
 The projection on
H.P. is Top view
 Here the viewer looks
at the 3-D shape and
projects the image onto
a screen behind the
component.

First Angle Projection

Here the viewer looks at the 3-D

shape and projects the image
onto a screen in front of the
component.
Third Angle Projection
First Angle Projection
 In first angle projection, object is
considered to lie in the first angle i.e, in
front of V.P. and above H.P.
 Observer who is theoretically at infinite
distance looks at the object from front.
 The line of sights are parallel to each
other and perpendicular to the V.P.
 The view obtained on V.P is the front
view, gives length and height of the
object but not width
 each view of the object is projected in
the direction (sense) of sight of the
object, onto the interior walls of the
box.
Third Angle Projection
 In third angle projection, object
is considered to lie in the third
angle i.e, in behind the V.P. and
below H.P.
 Observer who is theoretically at
infinite distance looks at the
object from front.
 The line of sights are parallel to
each other and perpendicular to
the V.P.
 The view obtained on V.P is the
front view, gives length and
height of the object but not
width
• The view or projection obtained on a plane when the object is so placed that all the
three axes make equal angle with the plane of projection is called an isometric view or
projection.
• Isometric projection is a true representation of isometric view of an object.
• Isometric Axes:
The lines AB, AD and AE meeting at a
point A and making an angle of 120° with
each other are termed ‘isometric axes’.
• Isometric Lines:
The lines parallel to the isometric axes
are termed isometric lines. The lines CD, CB
etc are examples of isometric lines.
• Non-isometric Lines:
The lines which are not parallel to
isometric axes are termed non-isometric
lines. The BD is an example.
• Isometric Planes:
The planes representing the faces
of the rectangular prism as well as other
planes parallel to these planes are termed
isometric planes.

• Isometric Planes are marked as 1 and Non-

isometric Planes are marked as 2
BOX METHOD:
• The isometric projection of solids like cube, square and rectangular prisms are
drawn directly when their edges are parallel to the three isometric axes.
• The isometric projection of all other types of prisms and cylinders are drawn
by enclosing them in a rectangular box.
• This method is called Box method.