JEE (Main + Adv.

) Division

Chemistry

NOTES OF
HEATING EFFECT

Motion Corporate Office

Motion Education Pvt. Ltd., 394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota-5 (Raj.)

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 HEATING EFFECT
1. HEATING EFFECT OF CARBONATE & BICARBONATE SALTS :

(a) Heating effect of carbonate salts :

Metal carbonate ¾¾
D
® metal oxide + CO2­
D
(i) MCO3 ¾¾ ® MO + CO2 [M = Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba]
D
(ii) MgCO3 ¾¾ ® MgO + CO2

(iii) Cu
144
(OH ) 2 .CuCO 3
42444 3 ¾¾D
® 2CuO + CO2 + H2O
Basic Cu ( II) carbonate (black)

high
temperature

Cu2O + O2
(red)

D
(iv) ZnCO 3 ¾¾® ZnO + CO2
white Yellow ( hot )
white( cold )

D
(v) PbCO3 ¾¾® PbO + CO
Yellow 2

D
(vi) Li2CO3 ¾¾® Li2O + CO2
D
(vii) (NH 4 )2 CO3 ¾¾ ® 2NH 3 + H 2 O + CO 2 Very Important

350ºC
Pb3O4 + CO­ + CO2­ + H2O­

(viii) Pb(OH)2.2PbCO3
White lead
700–800ºC
Bunsen burner
3PbO + 2CO2­ + H2O­
temperature

(ix) All carbonates except (Na, K, Rb, Cs) decompose on heating giving CO2
(x) Carbonates salts of (Na, K, Rb, Cs) do not decompose on heating, they are melt on high
temperature.
(xi) Oxides of heavier metals are less stable so further decompose into metal & oxygen

D 1
(xii) Ag 2 CO3 ¾¾ ® 2Ag + CO 2 + O 2
Black 2
white
( yellowish white)

D 1
(xi) HgCO3 ¾¾® Hg + O ­ + CO2
2 2

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 (b) Heating effect of bicarbonate :
D
(i) Metal bicarbonate ¾¾ ® metal carbonate + CO2­
except (Na, K, Rb, Cs)

metal oxide + CO2

D 2–
(ii) [General reaction 2HCO¯
3
¾¾® CO3 +H2O + CO2]

(iii) All bicarbonates decompose to give carbonates and CO2. eg.

D
(iv) 2NaHCO3 ¾¾® Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
D
(v) Mg(HCO3)2 ¾¾® MgO + 2CO2 + H2O

2. HEATING EFFECT OF HYDRATED SULPHATE SALTS :

D
(i) Metal Sulphate Metal Oxide + SO3
(M=Be,Zn,Mg,Ca,Cu,Pb) 1100°C
T > 800ºC ½Cu2O + ½O2

1 O
SO2 +
2 2
CuSO 4 .5H 2O ¾100
¾¾ °C
® CuSO 4 .H 2O ¾220
¾¾ °C
® CuSO 4 ¾>¾
800°C 1
(ii) - 4 H 2O - H O
¾¾® CuO + SO2 + O2
Blue vitriol Bluish White 2 White 2
CuO + SO3
Black

°C
(iii) FeSO4 .7H 2 O ¾300
¾¾ ® FeSO4 ¾¾¾® D
Strongly Fe2O3 + SO2 + SO3 (very important)
Green vitriol -7 H 2O

(iv) D
Fe2(SO4)3 ¾¾® Fe2O3 + 3SO3
1
(v) CaSO4.2H2O 120ºC–150ºC
(CaSO4. 1 H2O) + 1 H2O
gypsum 2 2
(Plaster of paris) or calcium sulphate hemihydrate

1
1 H2O
2 D 1
CaSO4.2H2O CaSO4 + H2O
another crystallographic Dead burnt
2
form of gypsum
hard & porous 1100ºC

CaO + SO3
1
(vi) ZnSO4.7H2O¾70
¾ °C
¾ ® ZnSO4.6H2O ¾°-¾
¾70 200°C
¾ ¾>¾
¾®ZnSO4.H2O 200°C
¾¾® ZnSO¾ D > 800°C
4 ¾ ¾¾® ZnO+SO2+ O
– H 2O – 5 H 2O – H 2O 2 2
D
(vii) MgSO 4 .7H 2O ¾¾® MgSO4 ¯ [Same as ZnSO4 ]
epsom salt -7 H 2O

(viii) D
2NaHSO3 ¾¾®

D
(ix) 2NaHSO4 ¾¾® Na2SO4 + H2O + SO3
220°C
(x) Na2S2O3.5H2O ¾¾¾® Na2S2O3 + 5H2O
3Na2SO4 + Na2S5.

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3. HEATING EFFECT OF NITRATE SALTS
D
(i) Metal nitrate ¾¾ ® metal oxide + NO2 + O2
D
(ii) 2M(NO3)2 ¾¾ ® 2MO + 4NO2 + O2
[M = all bivalent metals eg. Zn+2, Mg+2, Sr+2, Ca+2, Ba+2, Cu+2, Pb+2]
D
1
(iii) 2LiNO3 ¾¾ ® Li2O + 2NO2 + O2
2
D
1
(iv) MNO3 ¾¾ ® MNO2 + O
2 2
[M=Na,K,Rb,Cs]
high
temperature

3
M2O + N2 + O
2 2
1
(v) NaNO3 ¾¾¾
500 ºC
® NaNO2 + O
2 2
3
(vi) NaNO2 ¾¾¾
800 ºC
® Na2O + N2 + O
2 2
700–800ºC
BeO + 2NO2 + 1/2 O2

(vii) BeCl2 ¾¾¾

N2 O4
® Be(NO3)2.2N2O4 ¾¾¾¾¾
Warm to 50ºC
under vaccum
® Be(NO3)2 125ºC
[Be4O(NO3)6]
basic beryllium nitrate

Exception : If formed oxide is of heavier metal then it being less stable and further decomposed in
to metal and oxygen.
D
(viii) Hg(NO3)2 ¾¾ ® Hg + 2NO2 + O2
D
(ix) 2AgNO3 ¾¾ ® 2Ag + 2NO2 + O2

4. HEATING EFFECT OF AMMONIUM SALTS :

If anionic part is oxdising in nature, then N2 will be the product (some times N2O).
D
(i) (NH4)2Cr2O7 ¾¾ ® N2 + Cr2O3 + 4H2O {This reaction is used for making artificial volcano}
(orange solid) (green)
D
(ii) NH4NO2 ¾¾ ® N2 + 2H2O
D
(iii) NH4NO3 ¾¾ ® N2O + 2H2O
D
(iv) 2NH4 ClO4 ¾¾ ® N2 + Cl2 + 2O2 + 4H2O
D
(v) 2NH4 IO3 ¾¾ ® N2 + I2 + O2 + 4H2O

If anionic part weakly oxidising or non oxidising in nature then NH3 will be the product.
D
(i) (NH4)2HPO4 ¾¾ ® HPO3 + H2O + 2NH3
D
(ii) (NH4)2SO4 ¾¾ ® NH3 + H2SO4

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 D
(iii) 2(NH4)3PO4 ¾¾ ® 2NH3 + P2O5 + 3H2O
D
(iv) (NH4)2CO3 ¾¾ ® 2NH3 + H2O + CO2

(v) D
NH4Cl ¾¾ ® NH3­ + HCl­

(vi) D
(NH4)2S ¾¾ ® NH3­ + H2S­

D
(vii) NH4F ¾¾ ® NH3 + HF

(viii) D
(NH4)2MoO4 ¾¾ ® NH3­ + MoO3 + H2O

5. HEATING EFFECT OF PHOSPHATE SALTS :

(i) 1º Phosphate salts gives metaphosphate salt on heating.

D
NaH2PO4 ¾¾® H2O + NaPO3

(ii) 2º Phosphate salts gives pyrophosphate

D
Na2HPO4 ¾¾® H2O + Na4P2O7

(iii) 3º Phosphate salt have no heating effect

D
Na3PO4 ¾¾® No effect
D
(iv) Na(NH4)HPO4.4H2O ¾¾® NaNH4HPO4 ¾High
¾¾ ¾® NaPO3 + NH3 + H2O
temp.
-4H O 2
microcosmic salt

D
(v) 2Mg(NH4)PO4 ¾¾® Mg2P2O7 + 2NH3 + H2O

6. HEATING EFFECT OF HALIDES SALTS :

D
(i) 2FeCl3 ¾¾® 2FeCl2 + Cl2

D
(ii) AuCl3 ¾¾® AuCl + Cl2

D
(iii) Hg2Cl2 ¾¾® HgCl2 + Hg

D
(iv) NH4Cl ¾¾® NH3 + HCl

D
(v) Pb(SCN)4 ¾¾® Pb(SCN)2 + (SCN)2

D
(vi) PbCl4 ¾¾® PbCl2 + Cl2
D
(vii) PbBr4 ¾¾® PbBr2 + Br2 [PbI4 does not exists]

(viii) HgI 2 HgI 2

scarlet red yellow

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7. HEATING EFFECT OF HYDRATED CHLORIDE SALTS
D
(i) MgCl2 . 6H2O ¾¾® MgO + 2HCl + 5H2O
D
(ii) 2FeCl3 . 6H2O ¾¾® Fe2O3 + 6HCl + 9H2O
D
(iii) 2AlCl3 . 6H2O ¾¾® Al2O3 + 6HCl + 9H2O

58°C 140°C
(iv) CoCl 2 .6H 2 O ¾¾¾® CoCl2 .4H 2 O ¾¾¾® CoCl 2 .2H 2O ¾-¾ ¾® CoCl 2
50°C
2H O Blue
Pink - 2 H 2O blue -2H2O Re d violet 2

Hydrated Co2+ salt - Pink Anhydrous Co2+ salt - Blue

8. HEATING EFFECT OF OXIDE :
D
¾¾® ZnO ZnO
(i) 2Ag2O 4Ag + O2 (ii) white yellow
300°C

D 1 PbO Fused PbO

(iii) PbO2 ¾¾® PbO + O (iv) (Massicot) ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
®
2 2 yellow Cooled & powdered Litharge (red)

(v) 3MnO2 ¾900 °C Pb 3O 4

¾¾ ® Mn3O4 + O2 (vi) Red lead
6PbO + O2
Litharge

D 7 ˆˆˆ†
K 2O ‡ˆˆˆ ˆ D
ˆ K 2O
(vii)2CrO5 ¾¾® Cr2O3 + O (viii) cold
2 2 (White) (yellow)

D 5 D 400°C 1
(ix) I2O5 ¾¾® I2 + O (x) HgO ¾¾® HgO ¾strong
¾¾® Hg + O
2 2 yellow red heating 2 2
3
(xi) 2CrO3 ¾420 °C
¾¾ ® Cr2O3 + 2 O2
9. HEATING EFFECT OF PERMANGANATE :
2KMnO4 ¾¾¾
513K
® K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2
dark puple (green) (black)
(almost black)

10. HEATING EFFECT OF DICHROMATE & CHROMATE SALTS :

D 3
2K2Cr2O7 ¾¾® 2K2CrO4 + Cr2O3 + O2­
2
orange yellow green

11. HEATING EFFECT OF ACIDS :

D 1 444°C
(i) 2HNO3 ¾¾® H2O + 2NO2 + O2 (ii) H2SO4 ¾¾¾® H2O + SO3
conc. 2

1
(iii) H2SO4 ¾>¾
800°C
¾¾® H2O + SO2 + O
2 2

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 (iv) 3H2SO3 ¾® 2H2SO4 + S¯ + H2O
(v) 3HNO2 ¾® HNO3 + 2NO + H2O
(vi) HClO3¾® HClO4 + ClO2 + H2O
(vii)3HOCl ¾® 2HCl +HClO3

D
(viii)4H3PO3 ¾¾® 3H3PO4 + PH3
200°C

(ix) 2H3PO2 ¾® H3PO4 + PH3

(x) 2NaH2PO2 ¾® Na2HPO4 + PH3

D
(xi) H2C2O4 ¾¾® H2O + CO + CO2
°C °C
(xii)H3PO4 ¾220
¾¾ ® H4P2O7 ¾320
¾¾ ® 4HPO3 ¾>¾
320°C
¾¾® 2P2O5 + 2H2O

Re d
(xiii)H3BO3 ¾100
¾¾ °C
® 4HBO2 ¾140
¾¾ °C
® H2B4O7 ¾¾¾® 2B O + H O
hot 2 3 2

12. HEATING EFFECTS OF ACETATE SALTS

Metal acetate D Metal + CH3COCH3

Carbonate
(M = LiBe Mg)

D
Metal oxide + CO2

D
(i) Pb(OAc)2 ¾¾® PbO + CO2 + CH3COCH3

D
(ii) Mg(OAc)2 ¾¾® MgO + CO2 + CH3COCH3

D
(iii) Be(OAc)2 ¾¾® BeO + CO2 + CH3COCH3

D
(iv) Ca(OAc)2 ¾¾® CaCO3 + CH3COCH3

D
(v) Ba(OAc)2 ¾¾® BaCO3 + CH3COCH3

D
(vi) CH3CO2K ¾¾® K2CO3 + CH3COCH3

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13. HEATING EFFECTS OF OXALATE SALTS

D
Metal oxalate Metal + CO + CO2
Carbonate
(M = LiBe Mg)

D
Metal oxide + CO2

D
(i) 7Na2C2O4 ¾¾® 7Na2CO3 + 2CO2 + 3CO + 2C
D
(ii) SnC2O4 ¾¾® SnO + CO2 + CO
D
(iii) FeC2O4 ¾¾® FeO + CO + CO2
D
(iv) Ag2C2O4 ¾¾® 2Ag + 2CO2
D
(v) HgC2O4 ¾¾® Hg + 2CO2

14. HEATING EFFECTS OF FORMATE SALTS

°C
(i) HCO2Na ¾350
¾¾ ® Na2C2O4 + H2­
D 1
(ii) HCOOAg ¾¾® HCOOH + 2Ag + O2 + CO
2

CO2
1
(iii) (HCOO)2Hg ¾® HCOOH + Hg + O2 + CO
2

CO2

Corporate Office : Motion Education Pvt. Ltd., 394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota