MFT

(1) The level of data abstraction which describes how the data is actually stored is……………

(2) DML Stands for………….

(3) Entity is a ________

a) Object of relation b) Present working model c) Thing in real world d) Model of relation

(4) A Database Management System (DBMS) is

a) Collection of interrelated data b) Collection of programs to access data
c) Collection of data describing one particular enterprise d) All of the above

(5) In an Entity-Relationship Diagram Rectangles represents……………….

(6) An Atribute is a property of an entity or a relationship type. True/False

(7) The view of total database content is

a) Conceptual view b) Internal view c) External view d) Physical View

(8) An entity set that does not have sufficient attributes to form a primary key is termed a………
a) Strong entity set b) Variant set c) Weak entity set d) Variable set

(9) In entity attribute modelling many to many relationship is represented by M:M. . True/False

(10) An E – R Diagram purpose is to support a users perception of the data and conceal the
technical aspects associated with database design. True/False

Long Answer

(11) Compare and contrast a database system and a file system.

(12) Explain the three-tier architecture of a typical database system and also provide examples of
tasks performed at each tier.

(13) Given two tables, "Orders" and "Customers," where "Orders" has a foreign key CustomerID
referencing the primary key in "Customers," create an example of these tables with sample
data.

(14) Using the Entity-Relationship (ER) model, design a simple diagram for a university
database that includes entities such as Student, Course, and Department. Include relationships
and cardinality.

(15) Given an ER diagram representing a library management system with entities such as Book,
Author, and Borrower, demonstrate how you would reduce this ER diagram to a set of
relational tables.

(16) Differentiate between logical data independence and physical data independence and also
provide examples to illustrate each type of data independence.

(17) Explain the concept of mapping constraints when transforming an ER diagram to relational
tables and also give examples of different mapping constraints and how they influence the
database design.

(18) Discuss the concept of Generalization. Explain it with the help of example.

(19) Explain the components of DBMS with a neat diagram.

(20) Compare and contrast the relational and hierarchical data models.
(21) Discuss the concept of Aggregation . Explain it with the help of example.

(22) Discuss in detail about Database languages with examples.

(23) Given the following relational schema for a university database:

Students (StudentID, Name, Major, AdvisorID)

Courses (CourseID, Title, Credits)

Enrollments (StudentID, CourseID, Grade)

Advisors (AdvisorID, AdvisorName, Department)

Describe a SQL query to retrieve the names of students and their corresponding majors.

(24) Discuss the significance of the Data Definition Language (DDL) in database management.

(25) Explain following terms in detail.

a) Entity set

b) Simple attribute

c) Composite attribute

d) Single valued attribute,

e) Multivalued attribute
,MFT

(1) An attribute is a __________ in a relation.

a) Row b) Column c) Value d) Tuple

(2) If a relation consists of a foreign key, then it is called a referenced relation of the
foreign key dependency. True/False

(3) SQL stands for __________.

(4) The DBMS that is most difficult to use is…………….

a) Microsoft's SQL Server b) Microsoft's Access

c) IBM's DB2 d) Oracle Corporation's Oracle

(5) Multiple constraints can be included in a single query. True/False

(6) The definition of primary and foreign key relationships are set using SQL

a) Keys b) Assignments c) Rules d) Constraints

(7) DDL Stands for__________.

(8) The primary key does not necessarily have to be unique for a table. True/False

(9) ‘AS’ clause is used in SQL for operation

a) Modify b) Alter c) Rename d) All

(10) __________ is a Collection of all possible value.

a) Range b) Tuple c) Domain d) Record

Long Answer

(11) Create a table named 'Employee' with attributes: EmpID, EmpName, Salary,
and Department and also apply appropriate constraints.

(12) Implement a SQL query to find the second-highest salary from the 'Employee'
table..

(13) Design a view that displays the total salary of each department. Update the
view whenever the salary of an employee changes..

(14) Design a query to retrieve the names of employees who work in the 'IT'
department and have a salary greater than 50000.

(15) Discuss in detail about aggregate functions in relational data model

(16) Write a query to delete all employees whose salary is less than the minimum
salary in the 'Finance' department.

(17) Explain in detail about the usage of group by clause.

(18) Compare and contrast the UNION and UNION ALL operators.

(19) Discuss in detail about order by and having clause.

(20) Explain the concept of Database Cursor and Stored procedure with example in
PL/SQL.

(21) Describe the role of keys in a relational database. Compare and contrast
primary keys and foreign keys, and explain their importance in enforcing data
integrity.

(22) Explain the concept of tuple and domain calculus in the context of relational
databases.

(23) Discuss the importance of JOIN operations in SQL. Provide examples of

different types of joins and explain their significance in retrieving data from multiple
tables.

(24) Discuss the differences between DDL and DML in SQL and also provide
examples of situations where each type of languages might be appropriate.

(25) Describe the role of PL/SQL in enhancing the functionality of SQL.

 MFT

(1) If no multivalued attributes exist in a relation, then the relation is in what normal form?
a) 1NF b) 2NF c) 3NF d) 4NF
(2) Normalization is a formal process for deciding which attributes should be grouped
together in a relation. True/False
(3) In the __________ normal form, a composite attribute is converted to individual
attributes.
(4) Functional Dependencies are the types of constraints that are based on______
a) Key b) Key revisited c) Superset key d) None of the mentioned
(5) If a relation is in 3NF, it does not need to be in 2NF. True/False
(6) __________ normal form is considered adequate for normal relational database design.
a) 1NF b) 2NF c) 3NF d) 4NF
(7) Lossless, dependency-preserving decomposition into BCNF is always possible .
True/False
(8) A relation R is in 3NF if every non-prime attribute of R is fully functionally dependent on
every key of R . True/False
(9) ‘The highest normal form of this relation scheme is
a) BCNF b) 2NF c) 3NF d) 4NF
(10) A prime attribute can be transitively dependent on a key in a 3 NF relation.
True/False

Long Answer
(11) Explain about Full functional dependency and Partial dependency .
(12) Explain in detail about1NF,2NF and 3NF.
(13) Define BCNF. How does BCNF differ from 3NF? Explain with example.
(14) Define normalization. List and Explain different normal forms with examples.
(15) Consider a database for a university that needs to store information about students,
courses, professors, and departments. The initial schema is as follows:

Student (Student_ID, Name, Address, Department, Course_ID, Instructor_ID,

Enrollment_Date)

Course (Course_ID, Course_Name, Department, Credits, Instructor_ID)

Professor (Instructor_ID, Name, Department, Office_Location)

Department (Department_ID, Department_Name, Dean_Name, Location)

(16) Discuss about super key and candidate key in functional dependency with example.
(17) Define multivalued dependency. Explain with example.
(18) Difference between first normal form and second normal form.
(19) Define union rule, decomposition rule, reflexivity rule, augmentation rule and
transitivity rule.
(20) Differentiate between fully functional dependency and partial dependency.
(21) Discuss in detail about Join dependency and Multivalued dependency.
(22) Explain Closure of Set of Functional dependency and Closure of Attributesets.
(23) Explain the role of functional dependency in the process of normalization.
(24) Describe about dependency-preserving decomposition in Detail.
(25) Explain the Attribute Closure in Database Design andConsider a relation R with attributes A,
B, C, and D. The set of functional dependencies for R is as follows:
A→B

BC → D

D→A

a) Determine the Closure of Attribute.

 MFT

(1) A transaction may not complete its execution successfully. Such a transaction is termed…….
a) Aborted b) Terminated c) Closed d) All of the mentioned.
(2) The “all-or-none” property is commonly referred to as
a) Isolation b) Durability c) Atomicity d) None of the mentioned
(3) Information residing in the volatile storage does not usually survive system crashes. T/F
(4) Each modification done in database transaction are first recorded into the
a) Harddrive b) Log c) Disk d) Datamart
(5) _____________is an atomic sequence of database actions.
a) Transaction b) Concurrency c) Relations d) All of the mentioned
(6) Locks help to synchronize access to the database items by concurrent transactions. T/F
(7) The timestamp-based algorithm uses a timestamp to serialize the execution of concurrent
transactions. T/F
(8) ………….means that the data used during the execution of a transaction cannot be used by a
second transaction until the first one is completed.
a) Isolation b) Durability c) Atomicity d) Consistency
(9) Once a transaction has executed commit work, its effects can no longer be undone by
a) Trace work b) Transmit work c) Rollback work d) Traceback work
(10) The protocol that indicates when a transaction may lock and unlock each of the data items is
called as __________
a) Locking protocol b) Unlocking protocol c) Granting protocol d) Conflict protocol

Long Answer

(11) Given the following schedule:

T1: R(A), W(A), R(B)
T2: W(A), R(C), W(B)
T3: R(B), W(B), W(C)
Draw the precedence graph and check for conflict serializability.

(12) Explain various recovery techniques during transaction in detail.

(13) Given a set of transactions and their resource requests:
T1: Requests X, Y; Holds Y
T2: Requests Y, X; Holds X
Determine if a deadlock exists, and if so, explain how it can be resolved using deadlock
prevention or detection.
(14) Discuss the importance of unlocking in the Two-Phase Locking protocol with example.
(15) Explain in detail about deadlock prevention and dead lock detection method.
(16) Explain log based recovery technique.
(17) Define Serializability. Explain the types of serializability with example.
(18) Describe different types of schedules in transaction.
(19) a) Explain the concept of immediate database modification in the context of transaction
processing.
b) Given a transaction T1 that performs the following operations: Start, Write(A), Write(B),
Commit , discuss how immediate modification ensures consistency in the database.
(20) Describe a scenario where the Consistency property of ACID is crucial in maintaining the
integrity of the database.
(21) Consider the following transactions and their timestamps:
T1: R(A), W(A), R(B) (timestamp = 10)
 T2: W(A), R(C), W(B) (timestamp = 15)
T3: R(B), W(B), W(C) (timestamp = 12)
a) Determine the serial order of these transactions based on their timestamps.
b) Identify if any transaction needs to be rolled back according to the Timestamp Ordering
Protocol.
(22) Given a transaction T2 with operations: Start, Write(A), Write(B), Commit , explain how
deferred modification can be applied to this transaction.
(23) a)Given a set of transactions, determine if the following schedule is conflict-serializable:
T1: R(A), W(B)
T2: W(A), R(B), W(C)
T3: R(B), W(A)
b) If a schedule is not conflict-serializable, suggest a serial equivalent schedule.
(24) Explain in detail about immediate database modification.
(25) Discuss the role of checkpoints in the recovery process after a system crash.
 MFT
(1) _________ is a key difference between SQL and NoSQL databases.
a) SQL databases are only used for large-scale applications.
b) NoSQL databases are only used for structured data.
c) SQL databases use a structured schema, while NoSQL databases are schema-less.
d) NoSQL databases rely on the ACID properties.
(2) ______ database is better suited for handling unstructured or semi-structured data.
a) SQL
b) NoSQL
c) Both are equally suitable.
d) Neither is suitable for unstructured data.
(3) Following is a common example of a SQL database management system (DBMS)
a) MongoDB
b) Redis
c) MySQL
d) Cassandra
(4) In the CAP theorem, which aspect can be compromised in a distributed system when a network
partition occurs
a) Consistency
b) Availability
c) Partition tolerance
d) All of the above
(5) you consider using a document-based NoSQL database
a) When you need to perform complex joins between tables.
b) When you have highly structured data.
c) When you need to store data in a tabular format.
d) When you want to store data as JSON-like documents.
(6) Type of database is more suitable for handling data with many-to-many relationships
a) SQL
b) NoSQL
c) Both are equally suitable.
d) Neither is suitable for handling many-to-many relationships.
(7) _______ property is associated with SQL databases and ensures transactions are processed
reliably and accurately
a) ACID
b) BASE
c) CAP
d) NoSQL
(8) Primary advantage of using NoSQL databases when it comes to scalability
a) They do not require partition tolerance.
b) They can easily scale horizontally by adding more servers.
c) They guarantee strong data consistency.
d) They use a fixed schema for data storage.
(9) Type of database is typically preferred for applications where real-time data retrieval is critical,
such as online gaming
a) SQL
b) NoSQL
c) Both are equally suitable.
d) Neither is suitable for real-time data retrieval.

(10) one key benefit of using SQL databases for complex queries and reporting
a) They have faster data retrieval times.
 b) They are more cost-effective.
c) They provide strong consistency for data.
d) They support flexible data structures.

Long Answer

(11) Explain the primary difference between SQL and NoSQL databases
(12) 'ACID is it related to SQL databases' Explain.
(13) Explain type of database, SQL or NoSQL, is better suited for structured data Explain
(14) Explain the CAP theorem and how it relates to the consistency, availability, and partition
tolerance of NoSQL databases.
(15) Discuss about SQL and NoSQL databases handle relationships between data entities
differently.
(16) Discuss spatial data in the context of a database management system, and its importance in
modern applications
(17) Discuss the difference between spatial data and traditional tabular data in a database
(18) Explain the fundamental difference between a single-database system and a multi-database
system.
(19) Discuss data sharing work between databases in a multi-database system compared to a
single-database system.
(20) Describe the data model used in SQL databases.
(21) Discuss the concept of schema flexibility in NoSQL databases.
(22) Explain four types of NoSQL databases with an example for each type.
(23) Explain the characteristics of NoSQL databases. How they address the limitations of
relational databases.
(24) Discuss about NoSQL, and explain its difference from traditional relational databases
(25) Compare and contrast the ACID properties of transactions in relational databases with the
BASE properties often associated with NoSQL databases.