8823 – 6015M

Markscheme

November 2023

Biology

Higher level

Paper 3

38 pages
 –2– 8823 – 6015M

© International Baccalaureate Organization 2023

All rights reserved. No part of this product may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information
storage and retrieval systems, without the prior written permission from the IB. Additionally, the license tied with this product prohibits use of any
selected files or extracts from this product. Use by third parties, including but not limited to publishers, private teachers, tutoring or study
services, preparatory schools, vendors operating curriculum mapping services or teacher resource digital platforms and app developers, whether
fee-covered or not, is prohibited and is a criminal offense.

More information on how to request written permission in the form of a license can be obtained from https://ibo.org/become-an-ib-school/ib-
publishing/licensing/applying-for-a-license/.

© Organisation du Baccalauréat International 2023

Tous droits réservés. Aucune partie de ce produit ne peut être reproduite sous quelque forme ni par quelque moyen que ce soit, électronique ou
mécanique, y compris des systèmes de stockage et de récupération d’informations, sans l’autorisation écrite préalable de l’IB. De plus, la
licence associée à ce produit interdit toute utilisation de tout fichier ou extrait sélectionné dans ce produit. L’utilisation par des tiers, y compris,
sans toutefois s’y limiter, des éditeurs, des professeurs particuliers, des services de tutorat ou d’aide aux études, des établissements de
préparation à l’enseignement supérieur, des fournisseurs de services de planification des programmes d’études, des gestionnaires de
plateformes pédagogiques en ligne, et des développeurs d’applications, moyennant paiement ou non, est interdite et constitue une infraction
pénale.

Pour plus d’informations sur la procédure à suivre pour obtenir une autorisation écrite sous la forme d’une licence, rendez-vous à l’adresse
https://ibo.org/become-an-ib-school/ib-publishing/licensing/applying-for-a-license/.

© Organización del Bachillerato Internacional, 2023

Todos los derechos reservados. No se podrá reproducir ninguna parte de este producto de ninguna forma ni por ningún medio electrónico o
mecánico, incluidos los sistemas de almacenamiento y recuperación de información, sin la previa autorización por escrito del IB. Además, la
licencia vinculada a este producto prohíbe el uso de todo archivo o fragmento seleccionado de este producto. El uso por parte de terceros —lo
que incluye, a título enunciativo, editoriales, profesores particulares, servicios de apoyo académico o ayuda para el estudio, colegios
preparatorios, desarrolladores de aplicaciones y entidades que presten servicios de planificación curricular u ofrezcan recursos para docentes
mediante plataformas digitales—, ya sea incluido en tasas o no, está prohibido y constituye un delito.

En este enlace encontrará más información sobre cómo solicitar una autorización por escrito en forma de licencia: https://ibo.org/become-an-ib-
school/ib-publishing/licensing/applying-for-a-license/.
 –3– 8823 – 6015M

Subject Details: Biology HL Paper 3 Markscheme

Candidates are required to answer all questions in Section A and all of the questions from one option in Section B. Maximum total = 45
marks.

1. Each row in the “Question” column relates to the smallest subpart of the question.

2. The maximum mark for each question subpart is indicated in the “Total” column.

3. Each marking point in the “Answers” column is shown by means of a semicolon (;) at the end of the marking point.

4. A question subpart may have more marking points than the total allows. This will be indicated by “max” written after the mark in the
“Total” column.
The related rubric, if necessary, will be outlined in the “Notes” column.

5. An alternative word is indicated in the “Answers” column by a slash (/). Either word can be accepted.

6. An alternative answer is indicated in the “Answers” column by “OR”. Either answer can be accepted.

7. An alternative markscheme is indicated in the “Answers” column under heading ALTERNATIVE 1 etc. Either alternative can be accepted.

8. Words inside brackets ( ) in the “Answers” column are not necessary to gain the mark.

9. Words that are underlined are essential for the mark.

10. The order of marking points does not have to be as in the “Answers” column, unless stated otherwise in the “Notes” column.
 –4– 8823 – 6015M

Section A
Question Answers Notes Mark
1. a 8; 1
1. b smaller than DNA because it is further away from well; 1
1. c a. (heat/94 °C) separates/denatures the DNA strands / breaks Mp a. do not accept denaturing of
hydrogen bonds; enzymes or proteins, they must say
b. (cooling/55 °C) allows primers to bind to the DNA strand / annealing DNA
(of primers); 2
Mp a,b and c OWTTE
c. (heating/72 °C) allows for DNA elongation max
OR
(heating/72 °C) allows Taq polymerase to synthesize new strands;

1. d a. bands of DNA much lighter/thinner

OR 1
no bands of DNA visible; max
Mp b. OWTTE
b. fewer copies of DNA;
 –5– 8823 – 6015M

Question Answers Notes Total

2. a i 4mm; Accept values between 3.5 and 4.6
mm.
Accept a correct value within the
answer box OR a correct bar drawn
on the graph.

2. a ii a. only one measurement taken;

b. a mean cannot be calculated; 2
max
c. many measurements needed to calculate a standard deviation/show a range;

(continued…)
 –6– 8823 – 6015M

(Question 2 continued)

Question Answers Notes Total

2. b a. temperature; Do not accept salt concentration as
b. water/humidity; it is the independent variable.
c. growth medium (in plate);
1
d. nutrients;
e. light max
f. CO2 (concentration);

2. c Strengths Accept answers referring to salt

a. if only one gene is mutated (m1 or m2) the plant grows the same as the tolerance instead of growth.
control (with salt)/OWTTE;
b. each protein compensates for the lack of the other (protein);

Limitations
c. all plants grow less in salt conditions (including the control); 2
d. if both genes are mutated (m1+ 2), the plant shows minimal growth; max
 –7– 8823 – 6015M

Question Answers Notes Mark

3. a i any label close to the linear polysomes; Accept lines, arrows or circles along
with the name as an annotation.

[Source: Christensen, A.K., Kahn, L.E. and Bourne,

C.M., 1987. The American Journal of Anatomy, 178,
pp.1–10 © 1987 Wiley-Liss, Inc.]

3. a ii any small circle labelled (similar to those indicated by the triangles or the lines Accept lines, arrows or circles along
on the diagram); with the name as an annotation.

[Source: Christensen, A.K., Kahn, L.E. and Bourne,

C.M., 1987. The American Journal of Anatomy, 178,
pp.1–10 © 1987 Wiley-Liss, Inc.]

(continued…)
 –8– 8823 – 6015M

(Question 3 continued)

Question Answers Notes Total

3. b x 16 000 Allow a range (+/- 2000) Scale bar
is 8mm for 0.5 µm, so magnification
is x 16 000.
8mm ÷ 0.5µm 1
= 0.008m ÷ 0.0000005m
= 16 000

3. c Y is the start codon because translation goes from 5’ to 3’

OR
Y is the start codon because it is in the 5' end of the mRNA 1
OR
Y is the start codon because it is the first to enter the ribosomes;
 –9– 8823 – 6015M

Section B
Option A – Neurobiology and behaviour
Question Answers Notes Total
4. a a. Broca’s area controls speech; Mp c: do not accept lack of
b. neurons in the Broca’s area die; understanding or communication 2
c. the patient will not be able speak/reduced speech; instead of inability to speak. max

4. b a. neuroplasticity/plasticity
OR
the brain’s ability to reorganize itself;
b. formation of new (neural) connections/synapses/pathways; 2
c. (new neural connections/synapses) in response to new max
experiences/speech therapy/stimulation;
 – 10 – 8823 – 6015M

Question Answers Notes Total

5. a label on any part of the cerebellum;

5. b a. there appears to be some correlation

OR
cerebellum volume increases with body mass/vice versa;
b. there are some exceptions/outliers (rhesus monkey and
humans/orangutan) / OWTTE;
c. the values of the body mass are not shown so the relationship is subjective 2
/OWTTE; max

5. c a. measures whether the cerebellum/brain is active/being used; Award both mp b+c if the student
b. by detecting higher blood flow; writes “detecting higher oxygenated
c. oxygenated blood (flow) is detected; blood flow”.

2
max
 – 11 – 8823 – 6015M

Question Answers Notes Total

6. a i any neurotransmitter receptor labelled;

6. a ii any part of the presynaptic membrane labelled; Do not accept if labelled too high or if
labelling is within the synaptic cleft and not
touching the membrane.

1
 – 12 – 8823 – 6015M

(continued…)

(Question 6 continued)

Question Answers Notes Total

6. b dopamine/serotonin/norepinephrine/noradrenaline/acetylcholine; Do not award a mark for GABA or
glutamate since they are fast-acting.

6. c a. slow-acting neurotransmitters modulate/control fast synaptic transmission;

b. can persist/continue to have effects for days;
c. cause changes in neurons
OR
help to establish memory; 2
d. memory is an (important) part of learning; max
e. greater synaptic transmission enhances learning
OR
learning occurs because we have new connections/reinforcement of
connections;

(continued…)
 – 13 – 8823 – 6015M

(Question 6 continued)

Question Answers Notes Total

6. d a. enhances/increases release of neurotransmitters; Mp a+b: Accept the following
b. blocks re-uptake/recycling of neurotransmitters (in presynaptic neuron); named neurotransmitters: serotonin
c. more serotonin is released than dopamine; /dopamine /norepinephrine 2
/noradrenaline.
d. brain can become depleted of serotonin; max
 – 14 – 8823 – 6015M

Question Answers Notes Total

7. a. innate behaviour is independent from the environment
OR
innate behaviour is inherited in the genes;
b. learned behaviour is acquired by experience/taught by parents;

Supports innate behaviour

c. as most kept the same migration pattern without parental contact; 3
max
Does not support innate behaviour
d. range/outliers observed for both directions;
e. overlap between the two directions;
f. no comparison to those who were not isolated; mp f: OWTTE
 – 15 – 8823 – 6015M

Question Answers Notes Total

8. a a. cilia give a faster response / vice versa; mp c: Accept long lasting/short lasting
b. cilia have greater change in cell membrane/current potential / vice versa; instead of slower/faster.
c. cilia current/potential is restored slower / vice versa;
2
max

8. b Award [1] for each correct row.

Feature of Olfactory Rod
receptor
connection no bipolar cells
to nerve intermediate OR 2
cells ganglion cells;
type of chemicals light/photo;
stimulus
perceived
8. c cochlea/organ of Corti/basilar membrane; Do not accept hair cell in semi-circular
1
canal as they are not auditory.
 – 16 – 8823 – 6015M

Question Answers Notes Total

9. Neurulation Accept answer in an annotated
a. neural plate formed from ectoderm of embryo; diagram.
b. the neural plate folds inwards forming the neural groove;
c. closing (of the neural groove) forms the neural tube;
d. incomplete closure (of neural tube) causes spina bifida;
e. formation of neural plate, folding and closing is called neurulation; Mp e: is for the definition of
neurulation, whereas mps a to d are 6
Elongation
for the processes involved. max
f. the neural tube elongates as the embryo grows;
g. the spinal cord forms from the lower part of the neural tube; Mp g: do not accept confusion
h. the brain/cerebrum develops in the upper area; between spinal cord and spine.
i. cells from the neural tube differentiate into neurons;
j. neurons travel from their origin to their final position in the brain / neuronal
migration;
 – 17 – 8823 – 6015M

Option B – Biotechnology and bioinformatics

Question Answers Notes Total

10. a A6/6A;

10. b to provide optimum temperature for bacterial growth/enzymes

OR
because the bacteria cannot be seen until they have multiplied
OR 1
for safety reasons; Lower incubation temperature
recommended by IB safety guidelines

10. c a. grows at all concentrations of antibiotic (while other colonies do not);

b. resistant to antibiotic
OR
antibiotic does not act as a bactericide; 2
c. (resistance due to) presence of plasmid;
max
d. (plasmid) containing antibiotic resistance gene;

(continued…)
 – 18 – 8823 – 6015M

(Question 10 continued)

Question Answers Notes Total

10. d Award one mark for each correct row.
Feature This Zone of
experiment inhibition
Location of spread in a disc/well;
antibiotic throughout agar
2
How the presence or width of the
effect of absence of zone of
antibiotic is colony/strain inhibition
evaluated (surrounding
the disc/well);
10. e a. test is named Gram staining;
b. cells are stained violet/with crystal violet dye;
c. add iodine;
d. then washed with alcohol/acetone; 4
e. Gram-negative are decolourized (because there is no peptidoglycan in max
their outer layer);
f. a pink counterstain/safranin/fuchsine is added;
g. Gram-negative bacteria are pink colour (from counterstain);
 – 19 – 8823 – 6015M

Question Answers Notes Total

11. a direct relationship Do not accept “linear relationship” on
OR its own.
positive correlation
OR
1
the greater the divergence time, the greater the substitutions;
max

11. b a. using BLASTn/Clustal W;

b. sequences in FASTA
Mp a: “n” must be written in BLASTn.
OR
sequences are pasted into program; 2
c. program aligns the nucleotides (according to similarities) max
OR
the outcome shows the sequences aligned and the differences shown (as
lines);
 – 20 – 8823 – 6015M

Question Answers Notes Total

12. a i antigen/surface protein/glycoprotein;

12. a ii colour change/different absorbance;

1
12. b PCR Accept other valid method.
OR
Microarray
1
max
OR
DNA hybridization;
 – 21 – 8823 – 6015M

Question Answers Notes Total

13. a a. (hypothesis supported as)
smooth surface (stainless steel) has no biofilm whereas rougher surface
(shrimp/crab) has more biofilm
OR
slightly rough surface (shrimp) has less biofilm than the very rough surface
(crab)
OR
the rougher the surface the greater the biofilm;

b. (hypothesis not supported as) 2

more surfaces should be tested before valid conclusion can be made
OR
same species/material with different degrees of roughness should be
tested for valid conclusions
OR
since different species/material were used the differences may be due to
other factors;

13. b i a. formation of EPS (extracellular polymeric substance/exopolysaccharide); Accept other valid property.
b. cooperation/quorum sensing; 1
c. antibiotic resistance; max

(continued…)
 – 22 – 8823 – 6015M

(Question 13 continued)

Question Answers Notes Total

13. b ii Either Brief account must match method for
a. sewage treatment; 2 marks
b. bacteria (in trickle beds) digest/break down sewage;
Either Mp b: Also accept aerobic or
c. bioremediation of oil spills; anaerobic bacteria.
d. Pseudomonas break down oil/use oil as energy source;
Either 2
e. bioremediation of methyl mercury; max
f. Pseudomonas convert (methyl mercury) to less harmful form/mercury ions
used by other bacteria;
Either
g. another named valid example;
h. brief account of method of another example;

14. a. antithrombin is directly purified from the milk of goats; Only benefits are expected
b. production in goats yields larger amounts;
c. production in goats is faster/cheaper;
3
max
d. no need to handle human blood;
e. less chances of contamination by disease-causing organisms/HIV/hepatitis;
 – 23 – 8823 – 6015M

Question Answers Notes Total

15. a. genetically modified crop plants produce new proteins; Accept valid examples for any of the
b. target gene identified; marking points.
c. target gene linked to other sequences/promoter that control its expression; Mp b+c refer to the gene to be
manipulated.
d. recombinant DNA introduced into whole plants/leaf discs/protoplasts;
e. marker genes used to identify/indicate successful uptake;
f. by physical method Mp e is for stating need/purpose of
marker gene, whereas mp h is for the
OR description of the marker gene.
chemical method
OR 6
Mp f is for naming a type of method, max
using a vector; whereas mp g is for its description.
g. description of method e.g., calcium chloride used to open membrane
pores;
h. description of mode of testing the uptake e.g., use of antibiotic to detect
plasmid with resistance has been taken up;
i. DNA must be taken up by plant/chloroplast/chromosomal DNA;
j. description of why change in recombinant plant increases yield e.g.,
resistance to salty environment;
 – 24 – 8823 – 6015M

Option C – Ecology and Conservation

Question Answers Notes Total

16. a acorn barnacles;

16. b primary consumers/second trophic level/herbivores;

1

(continued…)
 – 25 – 8823 – 6015M

(Question 16 continued)

Question Answers Notes Total

16. c i no change/not much change
OR
Pisaster population wouldn’t change much;
1

16. c ii a. Thais population decreases (from lack of main food);

b. Thais will feed more on bivalves reducing number of bivalves;
OR
Fewer Thais means bivalves might increase in number;
c. Pisaster decreases (slightly) in numbers (from lack of Thais and acorn
barnacles); 2
max

16. d a. (Pisaster) has a disproportionate effect (on the community);

b. it feeds on all the organisms in the community;
c. it maintains/regulates populations of other species/autotrophs; Mp b and c: Accept named
d. it maintains species diversity/biodiversity 2
examples.
OR max
if eliminated species diversity/biodiversity is decreased;
 – 26 – 8823 – 6015M

Question Answers Notes Total

17. a species 1
OR
1
hatched line identified;

17. b a. high numbers/reproduce in favourable conditions /OWTTE; Mp a is about the relation with
b. are very sensitive/highly intolerant species; conditions whereas mp c is about
c. over time changes in numbers indicate changes in environmental changes.
conditions/pollution/oxygen level/OWTTE;
Mp b: “intolerant” applies to 3
d. indicator species are used to calculate Lincoln/biotic index; Stoneflies, as it is specified in the max
question.

Mp d: Do not accept the Simpson’s

index.
17. c a. eutrophication results in algal bloom/the excess of producers;
b. biological oxygen demand/BOD is the amount of dissolved oxygen needed
by aerobic organisms/bacteria;
c. the higher the BOD, the less oxygen in the water; 3
max
d. decomposition carried out by aerobic organisms/bacteria, lowering oxygen;
e. eutrophication leads to an increased BOD because bacteria decompose
algae;
 – 27 – 8823 – 6015M

Question Answers Notes Total

18. a a. anywhere between 0–6: lag; Award marks for any two correct labels
b. anywhere between 6–18: exponential/log/growth/rapid within the correct range.
reproduction/increase; Phase names in marking points are
c. anywhere between 18–24: decelerating/transitional; expected. Do not accept phase 1,
phase 2, etc., as labels.
d. above 24 / between 24–30: plateau/stationary growth/stable;

2
max

(continued…)
 – 28 – 8823 – 6015M

(Question 18 continued)

Question Answers Notes Total

18. b a. both are sigmoid Mp a: Do not accept “both experience
OR growth/plateau” as it doesn’t mean the
both have a similar pattern; same pattern.
b. both start exponential growth at day 6/same time Do not accept contrasting statements
OR since ”compare” is only for similarities.
both reach plateau/carrying capacity/maximum biomass at day 24/same
time; 2
c. error bars are similar in both curves;
max

18. c a. light;
b. space/surface area;
c. food/nutrients/minerals/resources;
d. pH; 2
e. temperature; max
f. oxygen/carbon dioxide;
g. disease;
h. predation (by herbivores);
 – 29 – 8823 – 6015M

Question Answers Notes Total

19. a a. leaching;
b. run-off;
c. flooding/weathering;
d. (small particle) erosion;
1
max

.
19. b a. the rate of turnover in the phosphorus cycle is low/non-renewable
OR
phosphorous cycle takes many years to complete;
b. consumption faster than production;
c. most of the input is lost (to rivers and lakes); 3
d. most P comes from mines
max
OR
a constant input from mined P is required;
e. eventually the P reserves/mines will be depleted;
 – 30 – 8823 – 6015M

Question Answers Notes Total

20. a. introduction of an alien species disrupts natural relationships;
b. absence of natural predators increases population of alien
species
OR
alien species can become invasive in absence of natural
predators;
c. niches might overlap;
d. species must compete for (limited) resources available;
e. alien species may have selective advantages that allow them to
6
out-compete indigenous species / OWTTE
max
OR
competitive exclusion;
f. reduction/extinction of endemic/indigenous species;
g. named example of alien species e.g., introduction of cane toad to
Mps g+h must match.
limit cane beetle;
Mp g: Named example includes
h. specific effect on the environment of introduction of alien species specific name and/or type/purpose of
e.g., death of native species due to toxin present in cane toad; introduction. Do not accept vague
examples, i.e., “frog”, “rat”, “beetle”, etc.
Verify any unfamiliar examples.
 – 31 – 8823 – 6015M

Option D – Human physiology

Question Answers Notes Total
21. a they ate raw meat/berries that contained vitamin C/ascorbic acid
OR 1
their diet contained vitamin C/ascorbic acid;
21. b a. most animals can produce vitamin C;
b. only animals that require vitamin C can be used
OR 2
max
animals that can produce their own vitamin C cannot be used;
c. (animals that can produce vitamin C) have the enzyme / gene;
 – 32 – 8823 – 6015M

Question Answers Notes Total

22. a i labelled arrow from arteriole to sinusoid and any hepatocyte Do not accept a direct arrow from the
OR arteriole to hepatocytes.
labelled arrow directly from sinusoid to any hepatocyte; 1

22. a ii labelled arrow from any hepatocyte to sinusoid then towards central vein Do not accept a direct arrow from the
OR hepatocyte to the central vein.
labelled arrow from any hepatocyte to sinusoid; 1

22. b a. amino acids broken down; Mp c: Do not accept unspecified

b. glucose can be stored as / released from glycogen; vitamin.
c. vitamin A/B12/D/K can be stored;
d. plasma proteins / named plasma protein produced; Do not accept produce/secrete bile,
e. synthesis of cholesterol detoxify alcohol as these are not
OR
2
nutrients.
surplus cholesterol converted to bile salts; max
f. iron is stored;
g. fatty acids stored as lipids/fats;

22. c i cancer / cirrhosis / hepatitis / (non-alcoholic) fatty liver disease / jaundice; Accept other verified chronic liver
disease. 1
Do not accept alcoholism. max

22. c ii a. they engulf erythrocytes/RBCs/foreign matter/phagocytosis/OWTTE; Do not accept breaking down of

b. breakdown of erythrocytes; hemoglobin. 1
max
 – 33 – 8823 – 6015M

Question Answers Notes Total

23. a direct relation/positive correlation
OR
the higher the osmolarity, the higher the ADH concentration;

23. b a. peptide hormones bind to plasma membrane receptors (of the target Accept named peptide hormones (other
cell); than ADH).
b. activating a cascade mediated by second messengers inside the
cell/cytoplast; 3
c. (second messengers) trigger synthesis of enzymes/other proteins; max
d. peptide hormones do not enter the target cell;

23. c it secretes hormones directly into the blood; 1

 – 34 – 8823 – 6015M

Question Answers Notes Total

24. a a. genetic differences between males and females; Mp d: lifestyle includes smoking, obesity,
b. differences in hormones; sedentary, lack of exercise, stress and
c. differences in diet other accepted risk factors.
OR
males eat more saturated fats than women; 1
d. difference in lifestyle; max

24. b a. excessive salt/fat in diet; Mp c: include smoking, obesity,

b. lack of flexibility in arteries sedentary, lack of exercise, stress and
OR other accepted risk factors.
2
presence of (arterial) plaque/cholesterol/LDL; max
c. lifestyle;
d. age/genetics;
(continued…)
 – 35 – 8823 – 6015M

(Question 24 continued)

Question Answers Notes Total

24. c a. ECG measures the electrical activity of the heart/OWTTE; Do not accept descriptions of the
b. even R-R interval shows a regular heart rate contraction cycles or blood
OR pressure.
equal distance between each cycle shows normal/rhythmic heartbeat Answers must relate to the ECG
OR pattern/waves.
the pattern on the ECG should be regular;
c. regular P-wave shows normal sinoatrial node/SAN electrical/atrial activity;
d. QRS wave/rhythm/complex/ventricular depolarization is triggered by signals 3
from the AV node max
OR
QRS wave/rhythm/complex is regular;
e. unsynchronized contractions/fibrillations (of atria or ventricles) show
abnormal activity
OR
irregular ST/QT/T waves could indicate health abnormalities;
 – 36 – 8823 – 6015M

Question Answers Notes Total

25. a the higher the altitude, the lower the partial pressure Do not accept linear relationship.
OR
inverse relationship;
1

(continued…)
 – 37 – 8823 – 6015M

(Question 25 continued)

Question Answers Notes Total

25. b a. lower oxygen partial pressure reduces oxygen availability (for the Mp a: Do not accept lower oxygen
blood); concentration at high altitude. Partial
b. less oxygen diffuses/is exchanged with the blood pressure must be mentioned.

OR Mp c: Do not accept increased hemoglobin

affinity for oxygen instead of saturation.
less oxygen diffuses across the alveolar membrane/alveoli;
c. less saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen; Mp d: Allow higher CO2 decreasing 3
d. more CO2 remains in the blood hemoglobin affinity for oxygen. max
OR
less CO2 is exhaled;
e. breathing rate/depth is increased (in the short term);
f. (to compensate for the lack of oxygen) the body will produce more
erythrocytes/RBCs/hemoglobin;
 – 38 – 8823 – 6015M

Question Answers Notes Total

26. Secretion of acid
a. hydrochloric acid/HCl is produced by parietal cells of the Mp a: accept lining/wall/epithelial cells.
stomach; Mp a: do not accept stomach alone.
b. controlled by nervous/(vagus) nerve/hypothalamus stimulation; Mp d: Do not accept channels instead of
c. stomach wall produces hormones/gastrin; pumps. If channels used more than once,
d. release of hydrogen ions/H+ occurs through protein do not award the mark for the first
carriers/pumps; occurrence, and allow ECF for the others.
e. exchange of ions (H+/K+) occurs through proton pump/ATPase
pump;
6
Control by medication max
f. proton pump inhibitors/PPIs irreversibly block the proton pump;
g. PPIs decrease of hydrogen ions/H+ into the lumen of the
stomach
OR
PPIs reduce the amount of hydrochloric acid/HCl produced;
h. PPIs make the stomach less acidic;
i. antacids neutralize the acid in the stomach (in the short term,
as long term this increases acid secretion);